1
|
Wiser MF. Knobs, Adhesion, and Severe Falciparum Malaria. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:353. [PMID: 37505649 PMCID: PMC10385726 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8070353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum can cause a severe disease with high mortality. A major factor contributing to the increased virulence of P. falciparum, as compared to other human malarial parasites, is the sequestration of infected erythrocytes in the capillary beds of organs and tissues. This sequestration is due to the cytoadherence of infected erythrocytes to endothelial cells. Cytoadherence is primarily mediated by a parasite protein expressed on the surface of the infected erythrocyte called P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein-1 (PfEMP1). PfEMP1 is embedded in electron-dense protuberances on the surface of the infected erythrocytes called knobs. These knobs are assembled on the erythrocyte membrane via exported parasite proteins, and the knobs function as focal points for the cytoadherence of infected erythrocytes to endothelial cells. PfEMP1 is a member of the var gene family, and there are approximately 60 antigenically distinct PfEMP1 alleles per parasite genome. Var gene expression exhibits allelic exclusion, with only a single allele being expressed by an individual parasite. This results in sequential waves of antigenically distinct infected erythrocytes and this antigenic variation allows the parasite to establish long-term chronic infections. A wide range of endothelial cell receptors can bind to the various PfEMP1 alleles, and thus, antigenic variation also results in a change in the cytoadherence phenotype. The cytoadherence phenotype may result in infected erythrocytes sequestering in different tissues and this difference in sequestration may explain the wide range of possible clinical manifestations associated with severe falciparum malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Wiser
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marin AA, Juillard A, Katzin AM, Carvalho LJ, Grau GE. Perillyl alcohol modulates activation, permeability and integrity of human brain endothelial cells induced by Plasmodium falciparum. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 118:e230033. [PMID: 37403869 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760230033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe immunovasculopathy caused for Plasmodium falciparum infection, which is characterised by the sequestration of parasitised red blood cells (pRBCs) in brain microvessels. Previous studies have shown that some terpenes, such as perillyl alcohol (POH), exhibit a marked efficacy in preventing cerebrovascular inflammation, breakdown of the brain-blood barrier (BBB) and brain leucocyte accumulation in experimental CM models. OBJECTIVE To analyse the effects of POH on the endothelium using human brain endothelial cell (HBEC) monolayers co-cultured with pRBCs. METHODOLOGY The loss of tight junction proteins (TJPs) and features of endothelial activation, such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression were evaluated by quantitative immunofluorescence. Microvesicle (MV) release by HBEC upon stimulation by P. falciparum was evaluated by flow cytometry. Finally, the capacity of POH to revert P. falciparum-induced HBEC monolayer permeability was examined by monitoring trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER). FINDINGS POH significantly prevented pRBCs-induced endothelial adhesion molecule (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) upregulation and MV release by HBEC, improved their trans-endothelial resistance, and restored their distribution of TJPs such as VE-cadherin, Occludin, and JAM-A. CONCLUSIONS POH is a potent monoterpene that is efficient in preventing P. falciparum-pRBCs-induced changes in HBEC, namely their activation, increased permeability and alterations of integrity, all parameters of relevance to CM pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana A Marin
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- University of Sydney, Department of Pathology, Vascular Immunology Unit, Sydney Medical School, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Annette Juillard
- University of Sydney, Department of Pathology, Vascular Immunology Unit, Sydney Medical School, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alejandro M Katzin
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Leonardo Jm Carvalho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Georges Er Grau
- University of Sydney, Department of Pathology, Vascular Immunology Unit, Sydney Medical School, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ariff A, Song Y, Aguilar R, Nhabomba A, Manaca MN, Khoo SK, Wiertsema S, Bassat Q, Barbosa A, Quintó L, Laing IA, Guinovart C, Alonso PL, Dobaño C, Le Souëf P, Zhang G. Genetic variants of TLR4, including the novel variant, rs5030719, and related genes are associated with susceptibility to clinical malaria in African children. Malar J 2023; 22:177. [PMID: 37287037 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04549-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a deadly disease caused by Plasmodium spp. Several blood phenotypes have been associated with malarial resistance, which suggests a genetic component to immune protection. METHODS One hundred and eighty-seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 37 candidate genes were genotyped and investigated for associations with clinical malaria in a longitudinal cohort of 349 infants from Manhiça, Mozambique, in a randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) (AgeMal, NCT00231452). Malaria candidate genes were selected according to involvement in known malarial haemoglobinopathies, immune, and pathogenesis pathways. RESULTS Statistically significant evidence was found for the association of TLR4 and related genes with the incidence of clinical malaria (p = 0.0005). These additional genes include ABO, CAT, CD14, CD36, CR1, G6PD, GCLM, HP, IFNG, IFNGR1, IL13, IL1A, IL1B, IL4R, IL4, IL6, IL13, MBL, MNSOD, and TLR2. Of specific interest, the previously identified TLR4 SNP rs4986790 and the novel finding of TRL4 SNP rs5030719 were associated with primary cases of clinical malaria. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight a potential central role of TLR4 in clinical malarial pathogenesis. This supports the current literature and suggests that further research into the role of TLR4, as well as associated genes, in clinical malaria may provide insight into treatment and drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ariff
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia and Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yong Song
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia and Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Ruth Aguilar
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), 1929, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Augusto Nhabomba
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), 1929, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Maria Nelia Manaca
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), 1929, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Siew-Kim Khoo
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6008, Australia
| | - Selma Wiertsema
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6008, Australia
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), 1929, Maputo, Mozambique
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Arnoldo Barbosa
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), 1929, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Llorenç Quintó
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ingrid A Laing
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6008, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6008, Australia
| | - Caterina Guinovart
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), 1929, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Pedro L Alonso
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), 1929, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Carlota Dobaño
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), 1929, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Peter Le Souëf
- Division of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6008, Australia.
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6008, Australia.
| | - Guicheng Zhang
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, The University of Western Australia and Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia.
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6008, Australia.
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Anand A, Chandana M, Ghosh S, Das R, Singh N, Vaishalli PM, Gantasala NP, Padmanaban G, Nagaraj VA. Significance of Plasmodium berghei Amino Acid Transporter 1 in Food Vacuole Functionality and Its Association with Cerebral Pathogenesis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0494322. [PMID: 36976018 PMCID: PMC10101031 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04943-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The food vacuole plays a central role in the blood stage of parasite development by digesting host hemoglobin acquired from red blood cells and detoxifying the host heme released during hemoglobin digestion into hemozoin. Blood-stage parasites undergo periodic schizont bursts, releasing food vacuoles containing hemozoin. Clinical studies in malaria-infected patients and in vivo animal studies have shown the association of hemozoin with disease pathogenesis and abnormal host immune responses in malaria. Here, we perform a detailed in vivo characterization of putative Plasmodium berghei amino acid transporter 1 localized in the food vacuole to understand its significance in the malaria parasite. We show that the targeted deletion of amino acid transporter 1 in Plasmodium berghei leads to a swollen food vacuole phenotype with the accumulation of host hemoglobin-derived peptides. Plasmodium berghei amino acid transporter 1-knockout parasites produce less hemozoin, and the hemozoin crystals display a thin morphology compared with wild-type parasites. The knockout parasites show reduced sensitivity to chloroquine and amodiaquine by showing recrudescence. More importantly, mice infected with the knockout parasites are protected from cerebral malaria and display reduced neuronal inflammation and cerebral complications. Genetic complementation of the knockout parasites restores the food vacuole morphology with hemozoin levels similar to that of wild-type parasites, causing cerebral malaria in the infected mice. The knockout parasites also show a significant delay in male gametocyte exflagellation. Our findings highlight the significance of amino acid transporter 1 in food vacuole functionality and its association with malaria pathogenesis and gametocyte development. IMPORTANCE Food vacuoles of the malaria parasite are involved in the degradation of red blood cell hemoglobin. The amino acids derived from hemoglobin degradation support parasite growth, and the heme released is detoxified into hemozoin. Antimalarials such as quinolines target hemozoin formation in the food vacuole. Food vacuole transporters transport hemoglobin-derived amino acids and peptides from the food vacuole to the parasite cytosol. Such transporters are also associated with drug resistance. Here, we show that the deletion of amino acid transporter 1 in Plasmodium berghei leads to swollen food vacuoles with the accumulation of hemoglobin-derived peptides. The transporter-deleted parasites generate less hemozoin with thin crystal morphology and show reduced sensitivity to quinolines. Mice infected with transporter-deleted parasites are protected from cerebral malaria. There is also a delay in male gametocyte exflagellation, affecting transmission. Our findings uncover the functional significance of amino acid transporter 1 in the life cycle of the malaria parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Anand
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Manjunatha Chandana
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Rahul Das
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Nalini Singh
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Pradeep Mini Vaishalli
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Singh M, Thakur M, Mishra M, Yadav M, Vibhuti R, Menon AM, Nagda G, Dwivedi VP, Dakal TC, Yadav V. Gene regulation of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1): A molecule with multiple functions. Immunol Lett 2021; 240:123-136. [PMID: 34715236 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is one of the most extensively studied inducible cell adhesion molecules which is responsible for several immune functions like T cell activation, extravasation, inflammation, etc. The molecule is constitutively expressed over the cell surface and is regulated up / down in response to inflammatory mediators like cellular stress, proinflammatory cytokines, viral infection. These stimuli modulate the expression of ICAM-1 primarily through regulating the ICAM-1 gene transcription. On account of the presence of various binding sites for NF-κB, AP-1, SP-1, and many other transcription factors, the architecture of the ICAM-1 promoter become complex. Transcription factors in union with other transcription factors, coactivators, and suppressors promote their assembly in a stereospecific manner on ICAM-1 promoter which mediates ICAM-1 regulation in response to different stimuli. Along with transcriptional regulation, epigenetic modifications also play a pivotal role in controlling ICAM-1 expression on different cell types. In this review, we summarize the regulation of ICAM-1 expression both at the transcriptional as well as post-transcriptional level with an emphasis on transcription factors and signaling pathways involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067 India
| | - Mony Thakur
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana-123031 India
| | - Manish Mishra
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-160036 India
| | - Manisha Yadav
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh-160036 India
| | - Rajkamal Vibhuti
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana-123031 India
| | - Athira M Menon
- Genome and computational Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001 India
| | - Girima Nagda
- Department of Zoology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan-313001 India
| | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, ICGEB Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067 India
| | - Tikam Chand Dakal
- Genome and computational Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001 India
| | - Vinod Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana-123031 India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kumar V, Ray S, Aggarwal S, Biswas D, Jadhav M, Yadav R, Sabnis SV, Banerjee S, Talukdar A, Kochar SK, Shetty S, Sehgal K, Patankar S, Srivastava S. Multiplexed quantitative proteomics provides mechanistic cues for malaria severity and complexity. Commun Biol 2020; 3:683. [PMID: 33204009 PMCID: PMC7672109 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of severe malaria remains a critical global challenge. In this study, using a multiplexed quantitative proteomics pipeline we systematically investigated the plasma proteome alterations in non-severe and severe malaria patients. We identified a few parasite proteins in severe malaria patients, which could be promising from a diagnostic perspective. Further, from host proteome analysis we observed substantial modulations in many crucial physiological pathways, including lipid metabolism, cytokine signaling, complement, and coagulation cascades in severe malaria. We propose that severe manifestations of malaria are possibly underpinned by modulations of the host physiology and defense machinery, which is evidently reflected in the plasma proteome alterations. Importantly, we identified multiple blood markers that can effectively define different complications of severe falciparum malaria, including cerebral syndromes and severe anemia. The ability of our identified blood markers to distinguish different severe complications of malaria may aid in developing new clinical tests for monitoring malaria severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Sandipan Ray
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Shalini Aggarwal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Deeptarup Biswas
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Manali Jadhav
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Radha Yadav
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Sanjeev V Sabnis
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Soumaditya Banerjee
- Medicine Department, Medical College Hospital Kolkata, 88, College Street, Kolkata, 700073, India
| | - Arunansu Talukdar
- Medicine Department, Medical College Hospital Kolkata, 88, College Street, Kolkata, 700073, India
| | - Sanjay K Kochar
- Department of Medicine, Malaria Research Centre, S.P. Medical College, Bikaner, 334003, India
| | - Suvin Shetty
- Dr. L H Hiranandani Hospital, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | | | - Swati Patankar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Siddiqui AJ, Adnan M, Jahan S, Redman W, Saeed M, Patel M. Neurological disorder and psychosocial aspects of cerebral malaria: what is new on its pathogenesis and complications? A minireview. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2020; 67. [PMID: 32636351 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2020.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recently, malaria is remain considered as the most prevalent infectious disease, affecting the human health globally. High morbidity and mortality worldwide is often allied with cerebral malaria (CM) based disorders of the central nervous system, especially across many tropical and sub-tropical regions. These disorders are characterised by the infection of Plasmodium species, which leads to acute or chronic neurological disorders, even after having active/effective antimalarial drugs. Furthermore, even during the treatment, individual remain sensitive for neurological impairments in the form of decrease blood flow and vascular obstruction in brain including many more other changes. This review briefly explains and update on the epidemiology, burden of disease, pathogenesis and role of CM in neurological disorders with behaviour and function in mouse and human models. Moreover, the social stigma, which plays an important role in neurological disorders and a factor for assessing CM, is also discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sadaf Jahan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah city, Saudi Arabia
| | - Whitni Redman
- Surgery Department, Division of Biomedical Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Mοhd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, PO Box 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mitesh Patel
- Bapalal Vaidya Botanical Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Old and Recent Advances in Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Malaria Including Perspectives in Ethiopia. ScientificWorldJournal 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/1295381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria, caused by apicomplexan parasite, is an old disease and continues to be a major public health threat in many countries. This article aims to present different aspects of malaria including causes, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment in an articulate and comprehensive manner. Six Plasmodium species are recognized as the etiology of human malaria, of which Plasmodium falciparum is popular in East and Southern Africa. Malaria is transmitted mainly through Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus, the two most effective malaria vectors in the world. Half of the world’s population is at risk for malaria infection. Globally, the morbidity and mortality rates of malaria have become decreased even though few reports in Ethiopia showed high prevalence of malaria. The malaria parasite has a complex life cycle that takes place both inside the mosquito and human beings. Generally, diagnosis of malaria is classified into clinical and parasitological diagnoses. Lack of clear understanding on the overall biology of Plasmodium has created a challenge in an effort to develop new drugs, vaccines, and preventive methods against malaria. However, three types of vaccines and a lot of novel compounds are under perclinical and clinical studies that are triggered by the occurrence of resistance among commonly used drugs and insecticides. Antiadhesion adjunctive therapies are also under investigation in the laboratory. In addition to previously known targets for diagnostic tool, vaccine and drug discovery scientists from all corner of the world are in search of new targets and chemical entities.
Collapse
|
9
|
Stringent Selection of Knobby Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Erythrocytes during Cytoadhesion at Febrile Temperature. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020174. [PMID: 31991814 PMCID: PMC7074740 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the erythrocyte membrane induced by Plasmodium falciparum invasion allow cytoadhesion of infected erythrocytes (IEs) to the host endothelium, which can lead to severe complications. Binding to endothelial cell receptors (ECRs) is mainly mediated by members of the P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) family, encoded by var genes. Malaria infection causes several common symptoms, with fever being the most apparent. In this study, the effects of febrile conditions on cytoadhesion of predominately knobless erythrocytes infected with the laboratory isolate IT4 to chondroitin-4-sulfate A (CSA), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and CD36 were investigated. IEs enriched for binding to CSA at 40 °C exhibited significantly increased binding capacity relative to parasites enriched at 37 °C. This interaction was due to increased var2csa expression and trafficking of the corresponding PfEMP1 to the IE surface as well as to a selection of knobby IEs. Furthermore, the enrichment of IEs to ICAM-1 at 40 °C also led to selection of knobby IEs over knobless IEs, whereas enrichment on CD36 did not lead to a selection. In summary, these findings demonstrate that knobs are crucial for parasitic survival in the host, especially during fever episodes, and thus, that selection pressure on the formation of knobs could be controlled by the host.
Collapse
|
10
|
Darling TK, Mimche PN, Bray C, Umaru B, Brady LM, Stone C, Eboumbou Moukoko CE, Lane TE, Ayong LS, Lamb TJ. EphA2 contributes to disruption of the blood-brain barrier in cerebral malaria. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008261. [PMID: 31999807 PMCID: PMC6991964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) function is a key feature of cerebral malaria. Increased barrier permeability occurs due to disassembly of tight and adherens junctions between endothelial cells, yet the mechanisms governing junction disassembly and vascular permeability during cerebral malaria remain poorly characterized. We found that EphA2 is a principal receptor tyrosine kinase mediating BBB breakdown during Plasmodium infection. Upregulated on brain microvascular endothelial cells in response to inflammatory cytokines, EphA2 is required for the loss of junction proteins on mouse and human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Furthermore, EphA2 is necessary for CD8+ T cell brain infiltration and subsequent BBB breakdown in a mouse model of cerebral malaria. Blocking EphA2 protects against BBB breakdown highlighting EphA2 as a potential therapeutic target for cerebral malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thayer K. Darling
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Patrice N. Mimche
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Christian Bray
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Banlanjo Umaru
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Lauren M. Brady
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Colleen Stone
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Carole Else Eboumbou Moukoko
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Lawrence S. Ayong
- Malaria Research Unit, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Tracey J. Lamb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mischlinger J, Pitzinger P, Veletzky L, Groger M, Zoleko-Manego R, Adegnika AA, Agnandji ST, Lell B, Kremsner PG, Tannich E, Mombo-Ngoma G, Mordmüller B, Ramharter M. Use of Capillary Blood Samples Leads to Higher Parasitemia Estimates and Higher Diagnostic Sensitivity of Microscopic and Molecular Diagnostics of Malaria Than Venous Blood Samples. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1296-1305. [PMID: 29800345 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diagnosis of malaria is usually based on samples of peripheral blood. However, it is unclear whether capillary (CAP) or venous (VEN) blood samples provide better diagnostic performance. Quantitative differences of parasitemia between CAP and VEN blood and diagnostic performance characteristics were investigated. Methods Patients were recruited between September 2015 and February 2016 in Gabon. Light microscopy and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) measured parasitemia of paired CAP and VEN samples. CAP and VEN performance characteristics using microscopy were evaluated against a qPCR gold standard. Results Microscopy revealed a median parasitemia of 495/μL in CAP and 429/μL in VEN samples, manifesting in a 16.6% (P = .04) higher CAP parasitemia compared with VEN parasitemia. Concordantly, in qPCR -0.278 (P = .006) cycles were required for signal detection in CAP samples. CAP sensitivity of microscopy relative to the gold standard was 81.5% vs VEN sensitivity of 73.4%, while specificities were 91%. CAP and VEN sensitivities dropped to 63.3% and 45.9%, respectively, for a subpopulation of low-level parasitemias, whereas specificities were 92%. Conclusions CAP sampling leads to higher parasitemias compared to VEN sampling and improves diagnostic sensitivity. These findings may have important implications for routine diagnostics, research, and elimination campaigns of malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Mischlinger
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Germany.,I Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Paul Pitzinger
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Luzia Veletzky
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Gabon.,Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Germany.,I Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Mirjam Groger
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Gabon.,Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Germany.,I Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Rella Zoleko-Manego
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Germany.,I Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Ayola A Adegnika
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, Germany
| | - Selidji T Agnandji
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bertrand Lell
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter G Kremsner
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, Germany
| | - Egbert Tannich
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ghyslain Mombo-Ngoma
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Germany.,I Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.,Université des Sciences de la Santé Gabon, Département de Parasitology, Malaria Clinical and Operational Research Unit, Melen Hospital, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Gabon.,Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Ramharter
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Germany.,I Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Penha-Gonçalves C. Genetics of Malaria Inflammatory Responses: A Pathogenesis Perspective. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1771. [PMID: 31417551 PMCID: PMC6682681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress in combating malaria in recent years the burden of severe disease and death due to Plasmodium infections remains a global public health concern. Only a fraction of infected people develops severe clinical syndromes motivating a longstanding search for genetic determinants of malaria severity. Strong genetic effects have been repeatedly ascribed to mutations and allelic variants of proteins expressed in red blood cells but the role of inflammatory response genes in disease pathogenesis has been difficult to discern. We revisited genetic evidence provided by inflammatory response genes that have been repeatedly associated to malaria, namely TNF, NOS2, IFNAR1, HMOX1, TLRs, CD36, and CD40LG. This highlighted specific genetic variants having opposing roles in the development of distinct malaria clinical outcomes and unveiled diverse levels of genetic heterogeneity that shaped the complex association landscape of inflammatory response genes with malaria. However, scrutinizing genetic effects of individual variants corroborates a pathogenesis model where pro-inflammatory genetic variants acting in early infection stages contribute to resolve infection but at later stages confer increased vulnerability to severe organ dysfunction driven by tissue inflammation. Human genetics studies are an invaluable tool to find genes and molecular pathways involved in the inflammatory response to malaria but their precise roles in disease pathogenesis are still unexploited. Genome editing in malaria experimental models and novel genotyping-by-sequencing techniques are promising approaches to delineate the relevance of inflammatory response gene variants in the natural history of infection thereby will offer new rational angles on adjuvant therapeutics for prevention and clinical management of severe malaria.
Collapse
|
13
|
Bastos MF, Albrecht L, Gomes AM, Lopes SC, Vicente CP, de Almeida RP, Cassiano GC, Fonseca RJ, Werneck CC, Pavão MS, Costa FT. A new heparan sulfate from the mollusk Nodipecten nodosus inhibits merozoite invasion and disrupts rosetting and cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2019; 114:e190088. [PMID: 31188952 PMCID: PMC6555591 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760190088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite treatment with effective antimalarial drugs, the mortality rate is
still high in severe cases of the disease, highlighting the need to find
adjunct therapies that can inhibit the adhesion of Plasmodium
falciparum-infected erythrocytes (Pf-iEs). OBJECTIVES In this context, we evaluated a new heparan sulfate (HS) from
Nodipecten nodosus for antimalarial activity and
inhibition of P. falciparum cytoadhesion and rosetting. METHODS Parasite inhibition was measured by SYBR green using a cytometer. HS was
assessed in rosetting and cytoadhesion assays under static and flow
conditions using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and human lymphatic endothelial
cell (HLEC) cells expressing intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1) and
chondroitin sulfate A (CSA), respectively. FINDINGS This HS inhibited merozoite invasion similar to heparin. Moreover, mollusk
HS decreased cytoadherence of P. falciparum to CSA and
ICAM-1 on the surface of endothelial cells under static and flow conditions.
In addition, this glycan efficiently disrupted rosettes. CONCLUSIONS These findings support a potential use for mollusk HS as adjunct therapy for
severe malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcele F Bastos
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Laboratório de Doenças Tropicais, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Letusa Albrecht
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Angélica M Gomes
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Stefanie Cp Lopes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Cristina P Vicente
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Gustavo C Cassiano
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Laboratório de Doenças Tropicais, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Roberto Jc Fonseca
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Claudio C Werneck
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Mauro Sg Pavão
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Glicobiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fabio Tm Costa
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Laboratório de Doenças Tropicais, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ghazanfari N, Mueller SN, Heath WR. Cerebral Malaria in Mouse and Man. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2016. [PMID: 30250468 PMCID: PMC6139318 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is an acute encephalopathy caused by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, which develops in a small minority of infected patients and is responsible for the majority of deaths in African children. Despite decades of research on CM, the pathogenic mechanisms are still relatively poorly defined. Nevertheless, many studies in recent years, using a combination of animal models, in vitro cell culture work, and human patients, provide significant insight into the pathologic mechanisms leading to CM. In this review, we summarize recent findings from mouse models and human studies on the pathogenesis of CM, understanding of which may enable development of novel therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Ghazanfari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bastos MF, Kayano ACAV, Silva-Filho JL, Dos-Santos JCK, Judice C, Blanco YC, Shryock N, Sercundes MK, Ortolan LS, Francelin C, Leite JA, Oliveira R, Elias RM, Câmara NOS, Lopes SCP, Albrecht L, Farias AS, Vicente CP, Werneck CC, Giorgio S, Verinaud L, Epiphanio S, Marinho CRF, Lalwani P, Amino R, Aliberti J, Costa FTM. Inhibition of hypoxia-associated response and kynurenine production in response to hyperbaric oxygen as mechanisms involved in protection against experimental cerebral malaria. FASEB J 2018; 32:4470-4481. [PMID: 29558201 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700844r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a multifactorial syndrome involving an exacerbated proinflammatory status, endothelial cell activation, coagulopathy, hypoxia, and accumulation of leukocytes and parasites in the brain microvasculature. Despite significant improvements in malaria control, 15% of mortality is still observed in CM cases, and 25% of survivors develop neurologic sequelae for life-even after appropriate antimalarial therapy. A treatment that ameliorates CM clinical signs, resulting in complete healing, is urgently needed. Previously, we showed a hyperbaric oxygen (HBO)-protective effect against experimental CM. Here, we provide molecular evidence that HBO targets brain endothelial cells by decreasing their activation and inhibits parasite and leukocyte accumulation, thus improving cerebral microcirculatory blood flow. HBO treatment increased the expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor over hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α), an oxygen-sensitive cytosolic receptor, along with decreased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 expression and kynurenine levels. Moreover, ablation of HIF-1α expression in endothelial cells in mice conferred protection against CM and improved survival. We propose that HBO should be pursued as an adjunctive therapy in CM patients to prolong survival and diminish deleterious proinflammatory reaction. Furthermore, our data support the use of HBO in therapeutic strategies to improve outcomes of non-CM disorders affecting the brain.-Bastos, M. F., Kayano, A. C. A. V., Silva-Filho, J. L., Dos-Santos, J. C. K., Judice, C., Blanco, Y. C., Shryock, N., Sercundes, M. K., Ortolan, L. S., Francelin, C., Leite, J. A., Oliveira, R., Elias, R. M., Câmara, N. O. S., Lopes, S. C. P., Albrecht, L., Farias, A. S., Vicente, C. P., Werneck, C. C., Giorgio, S., Verinaud, L., Epiphanio, S., Marinho, C. R. F., Lalwani, P., Amino, R., Aliberti, J., Costa, F. T. M. Inhibition of hypoxia-associated response and kynurenine production in response to hyperbaric oxygen as mechanisms involved in protection against experimental cerebral malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcele F Bastos
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Laboratory of Tropical Diseases-Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina A V Kayano
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Laboratory of Tropical Diseases-Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - João Luiz Silva-Filho
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Laboratory of Tropical Diseases-Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - João Conrado K Dos-Santos
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Laboratory of Tropical Diseases-Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carla Judice
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Laboratory of Tropical Diseases-Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Yara C Blanco
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Laboratory of Tropical Diseases-Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Nathaniel Shryock
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Michelle K Sercundes
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana S Ortolan
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Francelin
- Department of Functional and Structural Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Juliana A Leite
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Laboratory of Tropical Diseases-Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Oliveira
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Rosa M Elias
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels O S Câmara
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefanie C P Lopes
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Laboratory of Tropical Diseases-Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Letusa Albrecht
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Laboratory of Tropical Diseases-Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Alessandro S Farias
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Laboratory of Tropical Diseases-Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Cristina P Vicente
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio C Werneck
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Selma Giorgio
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Liana Verinaud
- Department of Functional and Structural Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Epiphanio
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Pritesh Lalwani
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Amino
- Unit of Malaria Infection and Immunity, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Julio Aliberti
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Extramural Activities, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fabio T M Costa
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Laboratory of Tropical Diseases-Prof. Dr. Luiz Jacintho da Silva, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fitri LE, Rosmarwati E, Rizky Y, Budiarti N, Samsu N, Mintaroem K. Strong renal expression of heat shock protein 70, high mobility group box 1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nitrotyrosine in mice model of severe malaria. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 50:489-498. [PMID: 28954070 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0049-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Renal damage is a consequence of severe malaria, and is generally caused by sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum -infected erythrocytes in the renal microcirculation, which leads to obstruction, hypoxia, and ischemia. This triggers high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) to send a danger signal through toll-like receptors 2 and 4. This signal up-regulates inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) and nitrotyrosine to re-perfuse the tissue, and also increases heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression. As no study has examined the involvement of intracellular secondary molecules in this setting, the present study compared the renal expressions of HSP70, HMGB1, iNOS, and nitrotyrosine between mice suffered from severe malaria and normal mice. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were divided into an infected group (intraperitoneal injection of 10 6 P. berghei ANKA) and a non-infected group. Renal damage was evaluated using hematoxylin eosin staining, and immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expressions of HSP70, HMGB1, iNOS, and nitrotyrosine. RESULTS Significant inter-group differences were observed in the renal expressions of HSP70, HMGB1, and iNOS (p=0.000, Mann-Whitney test), as well as nitrotyrosine (p=0.000, independent t test). The expressions of HSP70 and HMGB1 were strongly correlated (p=0.000, R=1.000). No correlations were observed between iNOS and HMGB, HMGB1 and nitrotyrosine, HSP70 and nitrotyrosine, or iNOS and nitrotyrosine. CONCLUSIONS It appears that HMGB1, HSP70, iNOS, and nitrotyrosine play roles in the renal damage that is observed in mice with severe malaria. Only HSP70 expression is strongly correlated with the expression of HMGB1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loeki Enggar Fitri
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Ervina Rosmarwati
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Yesita Rizky
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Niniek Budiarti
- Tropical Medicine Division, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, dr. Saiful Anwar Public Hospital, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Nur Samsu
- Renal and Hypertension Division, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, dr Saiful Anwar Public Hospital, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Karyono Mintaroem
- Department of Pathology Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Metwally NG, Tilly AK, Lubiana P, Roth LK, Dörpinghaus M, Lorenzen S, Schuldt K, Witt S, Bachmann A, Tidow H, Gutsmann T, Burmester T, Roeder T, Tannich E, Bruchhaus I. Characterisation of Plasmodium falciparum populations selected on the human endothelial receptors P-selectin, E-selectin, CD9 and CD151. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28642573 PMCID: PMC5481354 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum to evade the immune system and be sequestered within human small blood vessels is responsible for severe forms of malaria. The sequestration depends on the interaction between human endothelial receptors and P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) exposed on the surface of the infected erythrocytes (IEs). In this study, the transcriptomes of parasite populations enriched for parasites that bind to human P-selectin, E-selectin, CD9 and CD151 receptors were analysed. IT4_var02 and IT4_var07 were specifically expressed in IT4 parasite populations enriched for P-selectin-binding parasites; eight var genes (IT4_var02/07/09/13/17/41/44/64) were specifically expressed in isolate populations enriched for CD9-binding parasites. Interestingly, IT4 parasite populations enriched for E-selectin- and CD151-binding parasites showed identical expression profiles to those of a parasite population exposed to wild-type CHO-745 cells. The same phenomenon was observed for the 3D7 isolate population enriched for binding to P-selectin, E-selectin, CD9 and CD151. This implies that the corresponding ligands for these receptors have either weak binding capacity or do not exist on the IE surface. Conclusively, this work expanded our understanding of P. falciparum adhesive interactions, through the identification of var transcripts that are enriched within the selected parasite populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahla Galal Metwally
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine-Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | | | - Pedro Lubiana
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa K Roth
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Lorenzen
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schuldt
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Witt
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Bachmann
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henning Tidow
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gutsmann
- Division of Biophysics, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany
| | - Thorsten Burmester
- Institute of Zoology, Biocenter Grindel, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Zoological Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Egbert Tannich
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iris Bruchhaus
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mandala WL, Msefula CL, Gondwe EN, Drayson MT, Molyneux ME, MacLennan CA. Monocyte activation and cytokine production in Malawian children presenting with P. falciparum malaria. Parasite Immunol 2017; 38:317-25. [PMID: 27027867 PMCID: PMC4850749 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Malaria in malaria‐naïve adults is associated with an inflammatory response characterized by expression of specific activation markers on innate immune cells. Here, we investigate activation and adhesion marker expression, and cytokine production in monocytes from children presenting with cerebral malaria (CM, n = 36), severe malarial anaemia (SMA, n = 42) or uncomplicated malaria (UM, n = 66), and healthy aparasitemic children (n = 52) in Blantyre, Malawi. In all malaria groups, but particularly in the two severe malaria groups, monocyte expression of CD11b, CD11c, CD18, HLA‐DR and CD86, and percentages of TNF‐α‐ and IL‐6‐producing monocytes were lower than in healthy controls, while expression of CD11a, TLR2 and TLR4 was lower in children with severe malaria compared with controls. These levels mostly normalized during convalescence, but percentages of cytokine‐producing monocytes remained suppressed in children with SMA. In all malaria groups, especially the SMA group, a greater proportion of monocytes were loaded with haemozoin than among controls. In a P. falciparum hyperendemic area, monocytes in children with acute symptomatic malaria have reduced expression of adhesion molecules and activation markers and reduced inflammatory cytokine production. This immune suppression could be due to accumulation of haemozoin and/or previous exposure to P. falciparum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W L Mandala
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - C L Msefula
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - E N Gondwe
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - M T Drayson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation and Clinical Immunology Service, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M E Molyneux
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - C A MacLennan
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi.,Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation and Clinical Immunology Service, Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Potential cerebral malaria therapy: intramuscular arteether and vitamin D co-administration. Parasitology 2016; 143:1557-68. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016001207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYCerebral malaria (CM) shows lethality rate of 15–25% despite effective antimalarial chemotherapy. The effective adjunct treatment to counteract the CM pathogenesis is urgently required. In murine CM model, most interventions studied till date are administered before the onset of CM symptoms, which belittle its translational value to human. We studied intramuscular arteether–vitamin D (ART–VD) combination treatment for CM outcome improvement after the onset of neurological symptoms. The intramuscular dose of 50 µg kg−1 VD for 3 days combined with a loading dose of 25 mg kg−1α/β arteether followed by 12·5 mg kg−1 dose for two consecutive days led to significant improvement in survival (73% in combination group vs 29 and 0% in arteether and VD monotherapy, respectively) and clinical recovery. The treatment in all the groups partially restored the blood–brain barrier integrity and reduced the level of serum proinflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ. The brain transcripts of inflammatory chemokines viz. CXCL10, CXCL9, CCL4 and CCL5 and T cell migration in the brain microvasculature were significantly diminished in all the treatment groups. ART–VD treatment significantly reduced intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression. Taken together, our findings show that coordinated actions of ART–VD improve the outcome of experimental CM.
Collapse
|
20
|
Lisak RP, Bealmear B, Benjamins JA. Schwann cell differentiation inhibits interferon-gamma induction of expression of major histocompatibility complex class II and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 295-296:93-9. [PMID: 27235355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) upregulates major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II) antigens and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on Schwann cells (SC) in vitro, but in nerves of animals and patients MHC class II is primarily expressed on inflammatory cells. We investigated whether SC maturation influences their expression. IFN-γ induced MHC class II and upregulated ICAM-1; the axolemma-like signal 8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate (8 Br cAMP) with IFN-γ inhibited expression. Delaying addition of 8 Br cAMP to SC already exposed to IFN-γ inhibited ongoing expression; addition of IFN-γ to SC already exposed to 8 Br cAMP resulted in minimal expression. Variability of cytokine-induced MHC class II and ICAM-1 expression by SC in vivo may represent the variability of signals from axolemma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Lisak
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4201 St. Antoine Blvd., Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4201 St. Antoine Blvd., Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Beverly Bealmear
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4201 St. Antoine Blvd., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Joyce A Benjamins
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4201 St. Antoine Blvd., Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4201 St. Antoine Blvd., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Novotny LA, Bakaletz LO. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 serves as a primary cognate receptor for the Type IV pilus of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1043-55. [PMID: 26857242 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) utilizes the Type IV pilus (Tfp) to adhere to respiratory tract epithelial cells thus colonizing its human host; however, the host cell receptor to which this adhesive protein binds is unknown. From a panel of receptors engaged by Tfp expressed by other bacterial species, we showed that the majority subunit of NTHI Tfp, PilA, bound to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) and that this interaction was both specific and of high affinity. Further, Tfp-expressing NTHI inoculated on to polarized respiratory tract epithelial cells that expressed ICAM1 were significantly more adherent compared to Tfp-deficient NTHI or NTHI inoculated on to epithelial cells to which ICAM1 gene expression was silenced. Moreover, pre-incubation of epithelial cells with recombinant soluble PilA (rsPilA) blocked adherence of NTHI, an outcome that was abrogated by admixing rsPilA with ICAM1 prior to application on to the target cells. Epithelial cells infected with adenovirus or respiratory syncytial virus showed increased expression of ICAM1; this outcome supported augmented adherence of Tfp-expressing NTHI. Collectively, these data revealed the cognate receptor for NTHI Tfp as ICAM1 and promote continued development of a Tfp-targeted vaccine for NTHI-induced diseases of the airway wherein upper respiratory tract viruses play a key predisposing role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Novotny
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lauren O Bakaletz
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Human infections with Plasmodium knowlesi--zoonotic malaria. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:640-8. [PMID: 25843504 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In 2004 a large focus of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria was reported in the human population in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Plasmodium knowlesi, a parasite of the South-East Asian macaques (Macaca fascicularis and Macaca nemestrina), had entered the human population. Plasmodium knowlesi is transmitted by the leucosphyrus group of Anopheline mosquitoes and transmission is largely zoonotic and restricted to the jungle setting. Humans entering jungle transmission sites are at risk. Since 2004, human cases of P. knowlesi have been continuously reported in local communities and in travellers returning from South East Asia. Plasmodium knowlesi is the most common type of indigenous malaria reported in Malaysia. Infections are most often uncomplicated but at least 10% of patients report with severe malaria and 1-2% of cases have a fatal outcome. Parasitaemia is positively associated with the clinical and laboratory markers of severe malaria. The current literature on P. knowlesi, including epidemiology, natural hosts and vectors, pathogenesis, clinical descriptions, treatment and diagnosis, is reviewed. There are many gaps in our understanding of this disease that are highlighted here with suggestions for further research to inform pre-emptive control measures that would be required to prevent a full emergence of this parasite into the human population.
Collapse
|
23
|
Nacer A, Movila A, Sohet F, Girgis NM, Gundra UM, Loke P, Daneman R, Frevert U. Experimental cerebral malaria pathogenesis--hemodynamics at the blood brain barrier. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004528. [PMID: 25474413 PMCID: PMC4256476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria claims the lives of over 600,000 African children every year. To better understand the pathogenesis of this devastating disease, we compared the cellular dynamics in the cortical microvasculature between two infection models, Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infected CBA/CaJ mice, which develop experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), and P. yoelii 17XL (PyXL) infected mice, which succumb to malarial hyperparasitemia without neurological impairment. Using a combination of intravital imaging and flow cytometry, we show that significantly more CD8(+) T cells, neutrophils, and macrophages are recruited to postcapillary venules during ECM compared to hyperparasitemia. ECM correlated with ICAM-1 upregulation on macrophages, while vascular endothelia upregulated ICAM-1 during ECM and hyperparasitemia. The arrest of large numbers of leukocytes in postcapillary and larger venules caused microrheological alterations that significantly restricted the venous blood flow. Treatment with FTY720, which inhibits vascular leakage, neurological signs, and death from ECM, prevented the recruitment of a subpopulation of CD45(hi) CD8(+) T cells, ICAM-1(+) macrophages, and neutrophils to postcapillary venules. FTY720 had no effect on the ECM-associated expression of the pattern recognition receptor CD14 in postcapillary venules suggesting that endothelial activation is insufficient to cause vascular pathology. Expression of the endothelial tight junction proteins claudin-5, occludin, and ZO-1 in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of PbA-infected mice with ECM was unaltered compared to FTY720-treated PbA-infected mice or PyXL-infected mice with hyperparasitemia. Thus, blood brain barrier opening does not involve endothelial injury and is likely reversible, consistent with the rapid recovery of many patients with CM. We conclude that the ECM-associated recruitment of large numbers of activated leukocytes, in particular CD8(+) T cells and ICAM(+) macrophages, causes a severe restriction in the venous blood efflux from the brain, which exacerbates the vasogenic edema and increases the intracranial pressure. Thus, death from ECM could potentially occur as a consequence of intracranial hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adéla Nacer
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexandru Movila
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Fabien Sohet
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Natasha M. Girgis
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Uma Mahesh Gundra
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard Daneman
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ute Frevert
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Madkhali AM, Alkurbi MO, Szestak T, Bengtsson A, Patil PR, Wu Y, Alharthi S, Jensen ATR, Pleass R, Craig AG. An analysis of the binding characteristics of a panel of recently selected ICAM-1 binding Plasmodium falciparum patient isolates. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111518. [PMID: 25360558 PMCID: PMC4216080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The basis of severe malaria pathogenesis in part includes sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IE) from the peripheral circulation. This phenomenon is mediated by the interaction between several endothelial receptors and one of the main parasite-derived variant antigens (PfEMP1) expressed on the surface of the infected erythrocyte membrane. One of the commonly used host receptors is ICAM-1, and it has been suggested that ICAM-1 has a role in cerebral malaria pathology, although the evidence to support this is not conclusive. The current study examined the cytoadherence patterns of lab-adapted patient isolates after selecting on ICAM-1. We investigated the binding phenotypes using variant ICAM-1 proteins including ICAM-1Ref, ICAM-1Kilifi, ICAM-1S22/A, ICAM-1L42/A and ICAM-1L44/A using static assays. The study also examined ICAM-1 blocking by four anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) under static conditions. We also characterised the binding phenotypes using Human Dermal Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HDMEC) under flow conditions. The results show that different isolates have variant-specific binding phenotypes under both static and flow conditions, extending our previous observations that this variation might be due to variable contact residues on ICAM-1 being used by different parasite PfEMP1 variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aymen M. Madkhali
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed O. Alkurbi
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tadge Szestak
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Bengtsson
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pradeep R. Patil
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Saeed Alharthi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anja T. R. Jensen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard Pleass
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alister G. Craig
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ramakrishnan S, Anand V, Roy S. Vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in hypoxia and inflammation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:142-60. [PMID: 24610033 PMCID: PMC4048289 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Infection, cancer and cardiovascular diseases are the major causes for morbidity and mortality in the United States according to the Center for Disease Control. The underlying etiology that contributes to the severity of these diseases is either hypoxia induced inflammation or inflammation resulting in hypoxia. Therefore, molecular mechanisms that regulate hypoxia-induced adaptive responses in cells are important areas of investigation. Oxygen availability is sensed by molecular switches which regulate synthesis and secretion of growth factors and inflammatory mediators. As a consequence, tissue microenvironment is altered by re-programming metabolic pathways, angiogenesis, vascular permeability, pH homeostasis to facilitate tissue remodeling. Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) is the central mediator of hypoxic response. HIF regulates several hundred genes and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the primary target genes. Understanding the regulation of HIF and its influence on inflammatory response offers unique opportunities for drug development to modulate inflammation and ischemia in pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ramakrishnan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Esser C, Bachmann A, Kuhn D, Schuldt K, Förster B, Thiel M, May J, Koch-Nolte F, Yáñez-Mó M, Sánchez-Madrid F, Schinkel AH, Jalkanen S, Craig AG, Bruchhaus I, Horstmann RD. Evidence of promiscuous endothelial binding by Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:701-8. [PMID: 24444337 PMCID: PMC4114535 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The adhesion of infected red blood cells (iRBCs) to human endothelium is considered a key event in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria and other life‐threatening complications caused by the most prevalent malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. In the past 30 years, 14 endothelial receptors for iRBCs have been identified. Exposing 10 additional surface proteins of endothelial cells to a mixture of P. falciparum isolates from three Ghanaian malaria patients, we identified seven new iRBC receptors, all expressed in brain vessels. This finding strongly suggests that endothelial binding of P. falciparum iRBCs is promiscuous and may use a combination of endothelial surface moieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Esser
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
KE and EE genotypes of ICAM-1 gene K469E polymorphism is associated with severe preeclampsia. DISEASE MARKERS 2014; 2014:124941. [PMID: 24591755 PMCID: PMC3925614 DOI: 10.1155/2014/124941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia (PE) is one of the most important complications of pregnancy that is associated with significant mortality and morbidity in mother and fetus. Since the etiologic factors in its development are still unclear, we aimed to examine the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) gene K469E polymorphism in preeclamptic and control healthy women. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genetic polymorphism was analyzed in 192 PE and 186 healthy control women. PCR-RFLP method was used to identify K469E polymorphism. RESULTS The frequency of KK, KE, and EE genotypes of ICAM-1 gene was not different between PE patients and healthy pregnant women. Whereas, the frequency of KE and EE genotypes was significantly higher in severe PE than mild PE women and control group, and the risk of severe PE was 2.4-fold higher in subjects with KE genotype (OR, 2.4 [95% CI, 1 to 5.9]; P = 0.03) and 3.3-fold higher in subjects with EE genotype (OR, 3.3 [95% CI, 1.2 to 9]; P = 0.015) compared to individuals with KK genotype. CONCLUSION We concluded that KE and EE genotypes of K469E polymorphism could increase risk of severe PE.
Collapse
|
28
|
Polimeni M, Prato M. Host matrix metalloproteinases in cerebral malaria: new kids on the block against blood-brain barrier integrity? Fluids Barriers CNS 2014; 11:1. [PMID: 24467887 PMCID: PMC3905658 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-11-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a life-threatening complication of falciparum malaria, associated with high mortality rates, as well as neurological impairment in surviving patients. Despite disease severity, the etiology of CM remains elusive. Interestingly, although the Plasmodium parasite is sequestered in cerebral microvessels, it does not enter the brain parenchyma: so how does Plasmodium induce neuronal dysfunction? Several independent research groups have suggested a mechanism in which increased blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability might allow toxic molecules from the parasite or the host to enter the brain. However, the reported severity of BBB damage in CM is variable depending on the model system, ranging from mild impairment to full BBB breakdown. Moreover, the factors responsible for increased BBB permeability are still unknown. Here we review the prevailing theories on CM pathophysiology and discuss new evidence from animal and human CM models implicating BBB damage. Finally, we will review the newly-described role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and BBB integrity. MMPs comprise a family of proteolytic enzymes involved in modulating inflammatory response, disrupting tight junctions, and degrading sub-endothelial basal lamina. As such, MMPs represent potential innovative drug targets for CM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauro Prato
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Torino, C,so Raffaello 30, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Schümann K, Solomons NW. Can iron supplementation be reconciled with benefits and risks in areas hyperendemic for malaria? Food Nutr Bull 2013; 34:349-56. [PMID: 24167915 DOI: 10.1177/156482651303400307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is associated with about a million fatalities annually, largely among young children in zones of intense malarial transmission. The last thing needed would be measures that might increase the severity of clinical malaria. Thus, the finding in a field trial on Pemba Island, Tanzania, that routine oral iron supplementation produced adverse effects in iron-sufficient subjects had a ripple effect throughout the international public health community; it has effectively paralyzed efforts to redress iron-deficiency anemia in malaria-endemic regions. From a Hippocratic perspective, we consider the de facto moratorium on oral supplementation in such circumstance as a prudent interim measure. Public health programs to combat iron-deficiency anemia cannot be denied indefinitely to malaria-endemic populations, but the universal campaigns of iron provision cannot simply resume in the manner of the past. Contemporary biological and epidemiological understanding of the coevolution of humans and their pathogens should be able to provide guidance within the context of the essential and harmful aspects of iron. From these evolutionary standpoints, we identify a series of unresolved dilemmas. Toward a way forward, we highlight the pros and cons, as well as possible directions toward short-term strengthening, within three domains: tailored oral iron compounds, iron administration targeted only to iron-deficient individuals through screening, and prudent use of antimalarial prophylaxis. Although the tension between the essentiality of iron for humans and its role in pathogen virulence looms through every consideration, this recognition is a starting point toward the weighing of appropriate options balancing benefits and safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Schümann
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, Am Forum 5, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Frevert U, Nacer A, Cabrera M, Movila A, Leberl M. Imaging Plasmodium immunobiology in the liver, brain, and lung. Parasitol Int 2013; 63:171-86. [PMID: 24076429 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria is responsible for the deaths of over half a million African children annually. Until a decade ago, dynamic analysis of the malaria parasite was limited to in vitro systems with the typical limitations associated with 2D monocultures or entirely artificial surfaces. Due to extremely low parasite densities, the liver was considered a black box in terms of Plasmodium sporozoite invasion, liver stage development, and merozoite release into the blood. Further, nothing was known about the behavior of blood stage parasites in organs such as the brain where clinical signs manifest and the ensuing immune response of the host that may ultimately result in a fatal outcome. The advent of fluorescent parasites, advances in imaging technology, and availability of an ever-increasing number of cellular and molecular probes have helped illuminate many steps along the pathogenetic cascade of this deadly tropical parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Frevert
- Division of Medical Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 341 E 25 Street, New York, NY 10010, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cytoadherence of Plasmodium berghei-infected red blood cells to murine brain and lung microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Infect Immun 2013; 81:3984-91. [PMID: 23940206 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00428-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequestration of infected red blood cells (iRBC) within the cerebral and pulmonary microvasculature is a hallmark of human cerebral malaria (hCM). The interaction between iRBC and the endothelium in hCM has been studied extensively and is linked to the severity of malaria. Experimental CM (eCM) caused by Plasmodium berghei ANKA reproduces most features of hCM, although the sequestration of RBC infected by P. berghei ANKA (PbA-iRBC) has not been completely delineated. The role of PbA-iRBC sequestration in the severity of eCM is not well characterized. Using static and flow cytoadherence assays, we provide the first direct in vitro evidence for the binding of PbA-iRBC to murine brain and lung microvascular endothelial cells (MVEC). We found that basal PbA-iRBC cytoadherence to MVECs was significantly higher than that of normal red blood cells (NRBC) and of RBC infected with P. berghei K173 (PbK173-iRBC), a strain that causes noncerebral malaria (NCM). MVEC prestimulation with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) failed to promote any further significant increase in mixed-stage iRBC adherence. Interestingly, enrichment of the blood for mature parasites significantly increased PbA-iRBC binding to the MVECs prestimulated with TNF, while blockade of VCAM-1 reduced this adhesion. Our study provides evidence for the firm, flow-resistant binding to endothelial cells of iRBC from strain ANKA-infected mice, which develop CM, and for less binding of iRBC from strain K173-infected mice, which develop NCM. An understanding of P. berghei cytoadherence may help elucidate the importance of sequestration in the development of CM and aid the development of antibinding therapies to help reduce the burden of this syndrome.
Collapse
|
32
|
Barić Rafaj R, Kuleš J, Selanec J, Vrkić N, Zovko V, Zupančič M, Trampuš Bakija A, Matijatko V, Crnogaj M, Mrljak V. Markers of coagulation activation, endothelial stimulation, and inflammation in dogs with babesiosis. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:1172-8. [PMID: 23875771 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Babesia infections in dogs can result in a wide range of clinical and laboratory presentations, including coagulopathy. Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) in dogs with babesiosis is unknown. OBJECTIVES Whether inflammation in babesiosis triggers activation of ICAM-1 and the coagulation system. ANIMALS Twelve and 10 dogs with naturally occurring babesiosis before and after antiparasitic treatment, respectively, were compared with 10 healthy dogs. METHODS In this prospective study, diagnosis was made by blood smear examination and confirmed by PCR. C-reactive protein (CRP), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1), and von Willebrand factor (vWF) levels were measured by a canine ELISA kit, fibrinogen (FIB) and factor VIII activity levels were measured by coagulometric methods, and blood cell counts (WBC, RBC, PLT) were determined with an automatic analyzer. RESULTS Compared to healthy dogs, the CRP, sICAM-1, and FIB concentrations were significantly increased before therapy and remained high for 3 days after therapy in dogs with babesiosis. vWF activity was significantly decreased in dogs with babesiosis before treatment. FVIII activity did not differ between dogs with babesiosis and healthy dogs. WBC; RBC and PLT were significantly lower before treatment and normalized by 3 days after treatment. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE A proinflammatory condition in babesiosis appears to influence endothelial dysfunction and hemostatic activity. Although clearly beneficial for the parasite, sequestered blood cells can obstruct blood flow in small vessels, promote an inflammatory state, and could increase the severity of babesiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Barić Rafaj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hromatka BS, Ngeleza S, Adibi JJ, Niles RK, Tshefu AK, Fisher SJ. Histopathologies, immunolocalization, and a glycan binding screen provide insights into Plasmodium falciparum interactions with the human placenta. Biol Reprod 2013; 88:154. [PMID: 23575149 PMCID: PMC4070867 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.106195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes cytoadhere to the placenta. Infection is likely initiated at two sites where placental trophoblasts contact maternal blood: 1) via syncytiotrophoblast (STB), a multicellular transporting and biosynthetic layer that forms the surface of chorionic villi and lines the intervillous space, and 2) through invasive cytotrophoblasts, which line uterine vessels that divert blood to the placenta. Here, we investigated mechanisms of infected erythrocyte sequestration in relationship to the microanatomy of the maternal-fetal interface. Histological analyses revealed STB denudation in placental malaria, which brought the stromal cores of villi in direct contact with maternal blood. STB denudation was associated with hemozoin deposition (P = 0.01) and leukocyte infiltration (P = 0.001) and appeared to be a feature of chronic placental malaria. Immunolocalization of infected red blood cell receptors (CD36, ICAM1/CD54, and chondroitin sulfate A) in placentas from uncomplicated pregnancies showed that STB did not stain, while the underlying villous stroma was immunopositive. Invasive cytotrophoblasts expressed ICAM1. In malaria, STB denudation exposed CD36 and chondroitin sulfate A in the villous cores to maternal blood, and STB expressed ICAM1. Finally, we investigated infected erythrocyte adherence to novel receptors by screening an array of 377 glycans. Infected erythrocytes bound Lewis antigens that immunolocalized to STB. Our results suggest that P. falciparum interactions with STB-associated Lewis antigens could initiate placental malaria. Subsequent pathologies, which expose CD36, ICAM1, and chondroitin sulfate A, might propagate the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bethann S. Hromatka
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anatomy, the Center for Reproductive Sciences, and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sadiki Ngeleza
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jennifer J. Adibi
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anatomy, the Center for Reproductive Sciences, and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Richard K. Niles
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anatomy, the Center for Reproductive Sciences, and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Susan J. Fisher
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anatomy, the Center for Reproductive Sciences, and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gomez F, Tomas G, Ko WY, Ranciaro A, Froment A, Ibrahim M, Lema G, Nyambo TB, Omar SA, Wambebe C, Hirbo JB, Rocha J, Tishkoff SA. Patterns of nucleotide and haplotype diversity at ICAM-1 across global human populations with varying levels of malaria exposure. Hum Genet 2013; 132:987-99. [PMID: 23609612 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is one of the strongest selective pressures in recent human evolution. African populations have been and continue to be at risk for malarial infections. However, few studies have re-sequenced malaria susceptibility loci across geographically and genetically diverse groups in Africa. We examined nucleotide diversity at Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a malaria susceptibility candidate locus, in a number of human populations with a specific focus on diverse African ethnic groups. We used tests of neutrality to assess whether natural selection has impacted this locus and tested whether SNP variation at ICAM-1 is correlated with malaria endemicity. We observe differing patterns of nucleotide and haplotype variation in global populations and higher levels of diversity in Africa. Although we do not observe a deviation from neutrality based on the allele frequency distribution, we do observe several alleles at ICAM-1, including the ICAM-1 (Kilifi) allele, that are correlated with malaria endemicity. We show that the ICAM-1 (Kilifi) allele, which is common in Africa and Asia, exists on distinct haplotype backgrounds and is likely to have arisen more recently in Asia. Our results suggest that correlation analyses of allele frequencies and malaria endemicity may be useful for identifying candidate functional variants that play a role in malaria resistance and susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Gomez
- Department of Genetics and Biology, School of Medicine and School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wilson NO, Solomon W, Anderson L, Patrickson J, Pitts S, Bond V, Liu M, Stiles JK. Pharmacologic inhibition of CXCL10 in combination with anti-malarial therapy eliminates mortality associated with murine model of cerebral malaria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60898. [PMID: 23630573 PMCID: PMC3618178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite appropriate anti-malarial treatment, cerebral malaria (CM)-associated mortalities remain as high as 30%. Thus, adjunctive therapies are urgently needed to prevent or reduce such mortalities. Overproduction of CXCL10 in a subset of CM patients has been shown to be tightly associated with fatal human CM. Mice with deleted CXCL10 gene are partially protected against experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) mortality indicating the importance of CXCL10 in the pathogenesis of CM. However, the direct effect of increased CXCL10 production on brain cells is unknown. We assessed apoptotic effects of CXCL10 on human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBVECs) and neuroglia cells in vitro. We tested the hypothesis that reducing overexpression of CXCL10 with a synthetic drug during CM pathogenesis will increase survival and reduce mortality. We utilized atorvastatin, a widely used synthetic blood cholesterol-lowering drug that specifically targets and reduces plasma CXCL10 levels in humans, to determine the effects of atorvastatin and artemether combination therapy on murine ECM outcome. We assessed effects of atorvastatin treatment on immune determinants of severity, survival, and parasitemia in ECM mice receiving a combination therapy from onset of ECM (day 6 through 9 post-infection) and compared results with controls. The results indicate that CXCL10 induces apoptosis in HBVECs and neuroglia cells in a dose-dependent manner suggesting that increased levels of CXCL10 in CM patients may play a role in vasculopathy, neuropathogenesis, and brain injury during CM pathogenesis. Treatment of ECM in mice with atorvastatin significantly reduced systemic and brain inflammation by reducing the levels of the anti-angiogenic and apoptotic factor (CXCL10) and increasing angiogenic factor (VEGF) production. Treatment with a combination of atorvastatin and artemether improved survival (100%) when compared with artemether monotherapy (70%), p<0.05. Thus, adjunctively reducing CXCL10 levels and inflammation by atorvastatin treatment during anti-malarial therapy may represent a novel approach to treating CM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nana O. Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wesley Solomon
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Leonard Anderson
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John Patrickson
- Department of Pathology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sidney Pitts
- Department of Pathology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Vincent Bond
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mingli Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jonathan K. Stiles
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Marín-Menéndez A, Bardají A, Martínez-Espinosa FE, Bôtto-Menezes C, Lacerda MV, Ortiz J, Cisteró P, Piqueras M, Felger I, Müeller I, Ordi J, del Portillo H, Menéndez C, Wahlgren M, Mayor A. Rosetting in Plasmodium vivax: a cytoadhesion phenotype associated with anaemia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2155. [PMID: 23593522 PMCID: PMC3617122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium vivax can potentially lead to life-threatening episodes but the mechanisms underlying severe disease remain poorly defined. Cytoadhesion of infected erythrocytes may contribute to P. vivax sequestration and organ injury although its physiological impact is still unknown. Here, we aimed to describe clinically-relevant cytoadhesive phenotypes of P. vivax isolates. Methodology/Principal findings Rosetting and adhesion to CSA, CD36, ICAM1, placental and brain cryosections were determined in P. vivax peripheral isolates from 12 pregnant women, 24 non-pregnant women and 23 men from Manaus (Brazil). P. falciparum co-infection was excluded by PCR and P. vivax isolates were genotyped by assessing the size polymorphism of microsatellites ms2, ms20 and msp1F3 through capillary electrophoresis of PCR products. P. vivax monoinfection was confirmed by PCR in 59 isolates, with 50 (85%) of them being single-clone infections. One P. vivax haplotype was more frequently found among pregnant women (33%) than in non-pregnant women (0%) and men (4%; p = 0.010). Rosetting was observed in 64% of the isolates, adhesion to CSA in 15%, to ICAM1 in 12% and to placental cryosections in 9%, being similar among pregnant and non-pregnant groups. Intensity of rosetting was higher among anaemic individuals compared to non-anaemic (p = 0.010) and decreased with increasing haematocrit (p = 0.033) and haemoglobin levels (p = 0.015). Conclusions/Significance P. vivax peripheral isolates from pregnant women do not exhibit a prominent adhesion to CSA, although other parasite phenotypes still unknown may increase the propagation of certain P. vivax clones observed among pregnant hosts. Rosetting is a frequent cytoadhesive phenotype in P. vivax infections that may contribute to the development of anaemia. Despite being considered a relatively benign disease, Plasmodium vivax infection has been recently associated with fatal outcomes. The mechanisms contributing to severe disease in P. vivax malaria remain largely unknown, although scarce evidences suggests that similarly to P. falciparum, P. vivax may also adhere to host receptors on the vascular endothelium or on uninfected erythrocytes to form ‘rosettes’. Such cytoadhesion phenotypes might contribute to mild sequestration of P. vivax and poor clinical outcomes. The present study aimed to describe clinically relevant cytoadhesive phenotypes of P. vivax infected erythrocytes isolated from peripheral blood of pregnant and non-pregnant patients in the Brazilian Amazon. We did not observe any specific cytoadhesion phenotype associated to pregnancy, although a P. vivax haplotype was more frequent among pregnant women than in non-pregnant hosts. This finding suggests that other parasite phenotypes still unknown may increase the propagation of certain P. vivax clones among pregnant hosts. In addition, we found that rosetting was a frequent cytoadhesive phenotype in P. vivax infections that was associated with an increased risk of anaemia. This study places cytoadhesion and specifically rosetting as a target for the development of new therapies to treat or prevent life-threatening P. vivax malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Marín-Menéndez
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic/Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Azucena Bardají
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic/Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Flor E. Martínez-Espinosa
- Gerência de Malária, Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Camila Bôtto-Menezes
- Gerência de Malária, Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marcus V. Lacerda
- Gerência de Malária, Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jon Ortiz
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pau Cisteró
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic/Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Piqueras
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic/Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ingrid Felger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Müeller
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic/Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Jaume Ordi
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hernando del Portillo
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic/Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Menéndez
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic/Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mats Wahlgren
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alfredo Mayor
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clinic/Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bengtsson A, Joergensen L, Rask TS, Olsen RW, Andersen MA, Turner L, Theander TG, Hviid L, Higgins MK, Craig A, Brown A, Jensen ATR. A novel domain cassette identifies Plasmodium falciparum PfEMP1 proteins binding ICAM-1 and is a target of cross-reactive, adhesion-inhibitory antibodies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:240-9. [PMID: 23209327 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral Plasmodium falciparum malaria is characterized by adhesion of infected erythrocytes (IEs) to the cerebral microvasculature. This has been linked to parasites expressing the structurally related group A subset of the P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) family of IE adhesion ligands and to IEs with affinity for ICAM-1. However, recent evidence has cast doubt on both these associations, tempering hopes of the feasibility of developing a vaccine based on ICAM-1-binding PfEMP1. In this study, we report the identification of a domain cassette (DC) present in group A var genes from six genetically distinct P. falciparum parasites. The three domains in the cassette, which we call DC4, had a high level of sequence identity and cluster together phylogenetically. Erythrocytes infected by these parasites and selected in vitro for expression of DC4 adhered specifically to ICAM-1. The ICAM-1-binding capacity of DC4 was mapped to the C-terminal third of its Duffy-binding-like β3 domain. DC4 was the target of broadly cross-reactive and adhesion-inhibitory IgG Abs, and levels of DC4-specific and adhesion-inhibitory IgG increased with age among P. falciparum-exposed children. Our study challenges earlier conclusions that group A PfEMP1 proteins are not central to ICAM-1-specific IE adhesion and support the feasibility of developing a vaccine preventing cerebral malaria by inhibiting cerebral IE sequestration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Bengtsson
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1014, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Nacer A, Movila A, Baer K, Mikolajczak SA, Kappe SHI, Frevert U. Neuroimmunological blood brain barrier opening in experimental cerebral malaria. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002982. [PMID: 23133375 PMCID: PMC3486917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria is responsible for nearly one million annual deaths worldwide. Because of the difficulty in monitoring the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria in humans, we conducted a study in various mouse models to better understand disease progression in experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). We compared the effect on the integrity of the blood brain barrier (BBB) and the histopathology of the brain of P. berghei ANKA, a known ECM model, P. berghei NK65, generally thought not to induce ECM, P. yoelii 17XL, originally reported to induce human cerebral malaria-like histopathology, and P. yoelii YM. As expected, P. berghei ANKA infection caused neurological signs, cerebral hemorrhages, and BBB dysfunction in CBA/CaJ and Swiss Webster mice, while Balb/c and A/J mice were resistant. Surprisingly, PbNK induced ECM in CBA/CaJ mice, while all other mice were resistant. P. yoelii 17XL and P. yoelii YM caused lethal hyperparasitemia in all mouse strains; histopathological alterations, BBB dysfunction, or neurological signs were not observed. Intravital imaging revealed that infected erythrocytes containing mature parasites passed slowly through capillaries making intimate contact with the endothelium, but did not arrest. Except for relatively rare microhemorrhages, mice with ECM presented no obvious histopathological alterations that would explain the widespread disruption of the BBB. Intravital imaging did reveal, however, that postcapillary venules, but not capillaries or arterioles, from mice with ECM, but not hyperparasitemia, exhibit platelet marginalization, extravascular fibrin deposition, CD14 expression, and extensive vascular leakage. Blockage of LFA-1 mediated cellular interactions prevented leukocyte adhesion, vascular leakage, neurological signs, and death from ECM. The endothelial barrier-stabilizing mediators imatinib and FTY720 inhibited vascular leakage and neurological signs and prolonged survival to ECM. Thus, it appears that neurological signs and coma in ECM are due to regulated opening of paracellular-junctional and transcellular-vesicular fluid transport pathways at the neuroimmunological BBB. Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest of all human malaria parasites, can cause cerebral malaria, a severe and frequently fatal complication of this devastating disease. Young children are predominantly at risk and may progress rapidly from the first signs of neurological involvement to coma and death. Here we used a murine model for high-resolution in vivo imaging to demonstrate that cerebral malaria, but not high parasitemia and severe anemia, is associated with extensive leakage of fluid from cerebral blood vessels into the brain tissue. This vascular leakage occurs downstream from the capillary bed, at the neuroimmunological blood brain barrier, a site recently recognized as the immune cell entry point into the brain during neuroinflammation. Vascular leakage is closely associated with the appearance of neurological signs suggesting that the ultimate cause of brain edema, coma and death in cerebral malaria is a widespread opening of the neuroimmunological blood brain barrier. Indeed, vascular leakage, neurological signs, and death from ECM can be prevented with endothelial barrier-stabilizing drugs. Based on the unique role of this anatomical feature in neuroinflammation, our findings are expected to have implications for other infectious diseases and autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adela Nacer
- Division of Medical Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexandru Movila
- Division of Medical Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kerstin Baer
- Division of Medical Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Stefan H. I. Kappe
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ute Frevert
- Division of Medical Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pathogenesis of malaria in tissues and blood. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2012; 4:e2012061. [PMID: 23170190 PMCID: PMC3499994 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2012.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical manifestations of severe malaria are several and occur in different anatomical sites. Both parasite- and host-related factors contribute to the pathogenicity of the severe forms of the disease. Cytoadherence of infected red blood cells to the vascular endothelium of different organs and rosetting are unique features of malaria parasites which are likely to contribute to the vascular damage and the consequent excessive inflammatory/immune response of the host. In addition to cerebral malaria or severe anaemia, which are quite common manifestation of severe malaria, clinical evidences of thrombocytopenia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), liver and kidney disease, are reported. In primigravidae from endemic areas, life threatening placental malaria may also be present. In the following pages, some of the pathogenetic aspects will be briefly reviewed and then data on selected and less frequent manifestation of severe malaria, such as liver or renal failure or ARDS will be discussed.
Collapse
|
40
|
Elias RM, Correa-Costa M, Barreto CR, Silva RC, Hayashida CY, Castoldi Â, Gonçalves GM, Braga TT, Barboza R, Rios FJ, Keller AC, Cenedeze MA, Hyane MI, D'Império-Lima MR, Figueiredo-Neto AM, Reis MA, Marinho CRF, Pacheco-Silva A, Câmara NOS. Oxidative stress and modification of renal vascular permeability are associated with acute kidney injury during P. berghei ANKA infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44004. [PMID: 22952850 PMCID: PMC3432099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria associated-acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with 45% of mortality in adult patients hospitalized with severe form of the disease. However, the causes that lead to a framework of malaria-associated AKI are still poorly characterized. Some clinical studies speculate that oxidative stress products, a characteristic of Plasmodium infection, as well as proinflammatory response induced by the parasite are involved in its pathophysiology. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the development of malaria-associated AKI during infection by P. berghei ANKA, with special attention to the role played by the inflammatory response and the involvement of oxidative stress. For that, we took advantage of an experimental model of severe malaria that showed significant changes in the renal pathophysiology to investigate the role of malaria infection in the renal microvascular permeability and tissue injury. Therefore, BALB/c mice were infected with P. berghei ANKA. To assess renal function, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and ratio of proteinuria and creatininuria were evaluated. The products of oxidative stress, as well as cytokine profile were quantified in plasma and renal tissue. The change of renal microvascular permeability, tissue hypoxia and cellular apoptosis were also evaluated. Parasite infection resulted in renal dysfunction. Furthermore, we observed increased expression of adhesion molecule, proinflammatory cytokines and products of oxidative stress, associated with a decrease mRNA expression of HO-1 in kidney tissue of infected mice. The measurement of lipoprotein oxidizability also showed a significant increase in plasma of infected animals. Together, our findings support the idea that products of oxidative stress, as well as the immune response against the parasite are crucial to changes in kidney architecture and microvascular endothelial permeability of BALB/c mice infected with P. berghei ANKA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Elias
- Disciplina de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Correa-Costa
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia de Transplantes, Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Reinaldo Correia Silva
- Disciplina de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Y. Hayashida
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia de Transplantes, Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ângela Castoldi
- Disciplina de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giselle Martins Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia de Transplantes, Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tarcio Teodoro Braga
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia de Transplantes, Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Barboza
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco José Rios
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia de Transplantes, Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Antonio Cenedeze
- Disciplina de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Meire Ioshie Hyane
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia de Transplantes, Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Regina D'Império-Lima
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia de Transplantes, Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marlene Antônia Reis
- Divisão de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | | | - Alvaro Pacheco-Silva
- Disciplina de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Disciplina de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia de Transplantes, Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ponsford MJ, Medana IM, Prapansilp P, Hien TT, Lee SJ, Dondorp AM, Esiri MM, Day NPJ, White NJ, Turner GDH. Sequestration and microvascular congestion are associated with coma in human cerebral malaria. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:663-71. [PMID: 22207648 PMCID: PMC3266137 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of coma in severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains poorly understood. Obstruction of the brain microvasculature because of sequestration of parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs) represents one mechanism that could contribute to coma in cerebral malaria. Quantitative postmortem microscopy of brain sections from Vietnamese adults dying of malaria confirmed that sequestration in the cerebral microvasculature was significantly higher in patients with cerebral malaria (CM; n = 21) than in patients with non-CM (n = 23). Sequestration of pRBCs and CM was also significantly associated with increased microvascular congestion by infected and uninfected erythrocytes. Clinicopathological correlation showed that sequestration and congestion were significantly associated with deeper levels of premortem coma and shorter time to death. Microvascular congestion and sequestration were highly correlated as microscopic findings but were independent predictors of a clinical diagnosis of CM. Increased microvascular congestion accompanies coma in CM, associated with parasite sequestration in the cerebral microvasculature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Panote Prapansilp
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tran Tinh Hien
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Arjen M. Dondorp
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit
| | | | - Nicholas P. J. Day
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit
| | - Nicholas J. White
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit
| | - Gareth D. H. Turner
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, The John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Fonager J, Pasini EM, Braks JAM, Klop O, Ramesar J, Remarque EJ, Vroegrijk IOCM, van Duinen SG, Thomas AW, Khan SM, Mann M, Kocken CHM, Janse CJ, Franke-Fayard BMD. Reduced CD36-dependent tissue sequestration of Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes is detrimental to malaria parasite growth in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 209:93-107. [PMID: 22184632 PMCID: PMC3260870 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20110762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Adherence of parasite-infected red blood cells (irbc) to the vascular endothelium of organs plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The prevailing hypothesis of why irbc adhere and sequester in tissues is that this acts as a mechanism of avoiding spleen-mediated clearance. Irbc of the rodent parasite Plasmodium berghei ANKA sequester in a fashion analogous to P. falciparum by adhering to the host receptor CD36. To experimentally determine the significance of sequestration for parasite growth, we generated a mutant P. berghei ANKA parasite with a reduced CD36-mediated adherence. Although the cognate parasite ligand binding to CD36 is unknown, we show that nonsequestering parasites have reduced growth and we provide evidence that in addition to avoiding spleen removal, other factors related to CD36-mediated sequestration are beneficial for parasite growth. These results reveal for the first time the importance of sequestration to a malaria infection, with implications for the development of strategies aimed at reducing pathology by inhibiting tissue sequestration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Fonager
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Patil PR, Gemma S, Campiani G, Craig AG. Broad inhibition of plasmodium falciparum cytoadherence by (+)-epigallocatechin gallate. Malar J 2011; 10:348. [PMID: 22132804 PMCID: PMC3260111 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The surface antigen PfEMP-1 is a key virulence factor of the human malaria parasite implicated in the cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes to a range of receptors on host endothelium. Among these host receptors, binding to ICAM-1 is related to cerebral malaria. The majority of the mortality in children with cerebral malaria is seen within 24 h of hospital admission despite the use of effective anti-parasite drugs, therefore, the development of adjunctive therapies is urgently needed. The polyphenolic compound (+)-epigallocatechin gallate ((+)-EGCG) has been previously evaluated for anti-adhesive properties using a small number of laboratory parasite isolates. Here, this property is further explored using a new panel of ICAM-1-binding patient isolates of P. falciparum to ascertain if (+)-EGCG might be effective as a broad spectrum inhibitor of ICAM-1-based cytoadherence. Methods Plasmodium falciparum lines, including A4 and ItG as positive controls and nine new ICAM-1 binding patient isolates, were allowed to bind with ICAM-1-Fc protein under static assay conditions in the presence and absence of 50 μM (+)-EGCG. Adhesion levels of all the parasite strains were quantified by microscopy as the mean number of infected erythrocyte (IE) bound per mm2 of surface area and statistical comparisons were made to demonstrate the effect of (+)-EGCG on the binding of various parasite variants to human ICAM-1. Results This study revealed that binding of patient isolates to ICAM-1 was reduced significantly with inhibition levels of 37% in patient isolate BC-12 up to a maximum of 80% in patient isolate 8146 at 50 μM (+)-EGCG. Conclusion Evaluation of the anti-adhesive property of (+)-EGCG against a new panel of ICAM-1-binding patient isolates of P. falciparum showed that this inhibitor, identified as potential mimic of the L43 loop of human ICAM-1, was effective at blocking cytoadherence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep R Patil
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Department of Pharmaceutical and Applied Chemistry, University of Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hurrell RF. Safety and efficacy of iron supplements in malaria-endemic areas. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2011; 59:64-6. [PMID: 22123642 DOI: 10.1159/000332140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Where malaria surveillance and health care is inadequate, iron supplements given without food can increase the severity of malarial infections. The likely explanation is that the rate of iron influx into the plasma from high-dose oral supplements exceeds the rate of iron binding to transferrin and a quantity of non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) is formed. It is proposed that NTBI increases the intensity of malarial infections by increasing the sequestration of malaria-infected red cells in the capillaries of the brain and intestine, causing more cerebral malaria and further increasing the permeability of the intestinal barrier to the passage of pathogens. Bacteremia is frequently reported in children with severe malaria. At the same time, high iron doses stimulate the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the stool, further increasing the potential for bacteremia. The normal immune response to malaria, as well as other infections and inflammatory disorders, is to prevent further microbial growth by stimulating hepcidin synthesis and preventing the passage of iron into the plasma. Iron absorption is decreased and the efficacy of the iron interventions would be expected to be lower in the presence of infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Hurrell
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Xue X, Yan H, Sun X, Wang J, McCutchan TF, Pan W. From in vivo to in vitro: dynamic analysis of Plasmodium falciparum var gene expression patterns of patient isolates during adaptation to culture. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20591. [PMID: 21674009 PMCID: PMC3108956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), encoded by the var gene family, plays a crucial role in disease virulence through its involvement in binding to various host cellular receptors during infection. Growing evidence suggests that differential expression of the various var subgroups may be involved in parasite virulence. To further explore this issue, we have collected isolates from symptomatic patients in south China-Myanmar border, and characterized their sequence diversity and transcription profiles over time of var gene family, and cytoadherence properties from the time of their initial collection and extending through a two month period of adaptation to culture. Initially, we established a highly diverse, DBLα (4 cysteines) subtype-enriched, but unique local repertoire of var-DBL1α sequences by cDNA cloning and sequencing. Next we observed a rapid transcriptional decline of upsA- and upsB-subtype var genes at ring stage through qRT-PCR assays, and a switching event from initial ICAM-I binding to the CD36-binding activity during the first week of adaptive cultivation in vitro. Moreover, predominant transcription of upsA var genes was observed to be correlated with those isolates that showed a higher parasitemia at the time of collection and the ICAM-1-binding phenotype in culture. Taken together, these data indicate that the initial stage of adaptive process in vitro significantly influences the transcription of virulence-related var subtypes and expression of PfEMP1 variants. Further, the specific upregulation of the upsA var genes is likely linked to the rapid propagation of the parasite during natural infection due to the A-type PfEMP1 variant-mediated growth advantages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilong Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufu Huang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyang Xue
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - He Yan
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, China
| | - Thomas F. McCutchan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqing Pan
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ochola LB, Siddondo BR, Ocholla H, Nkya S, Kimani EN, Williams TN, Makale JO, Liljander A, Urban BC, Bull PC, Szestak T, Marsh K, Craig AG. Specific receptor usage in Plasmodium falciparum cytoadherence is associated with disease outcome. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14741. [PMID: 21390226 PMCID: PMC3048392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the basis of severe disease in malaria is incomplete. It is clear that pathology is in part related to the pro-inflammatory nature of the host response but a number of other factors are also thought to be involved, including the interaction between infected erythrocytes and endothelium. This is a complex system involving several host receptors and a major parasite-derived variant antigen (PfEMP1) expressed on the surface of the infected erythrocyte membrane. Previous studies have suggested a role for ICAM-1 in the pathology of cerebral malaria, although these have been inconclusive. In this study we have examined the cytoadherence patterns of 101 patient isolates from varying clinical syndromes to CD36 and ICAM-1, and have used variant ICAM-1 proteins to further characterise this adhesive phenotype. Our results show that increased binding to CD36 is associated with uncomplicated malaria while ICAM-1 adhesion is raised in parasites from cerebral malaria cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy B Ochola
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zougbédé S, Miller F, Ravassard P, Rebollo A, Cicéron L, Couraud PO, Mazier D, Moreno A. Metabolic acidosis induced by Plasmodium falciparum intraerythrocytic stages alters blood-brain barrier integrity. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:514-26. [PMID: 20683453 PMCID: PMC3049507 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of cerebral malaria (CM) remains largely unknown. There is growing evidence that combination of both parasite and host factors could be involved in blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. However, lack of adequate in vitro model of human BBB so far hampered molecular studies. In this article, we propose the use of hCMEC/D3 cells, a well-established human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell (EC) line, to study BBB breakdown induced by Plasmodium falciparum-parasitized red blood cells and environmental conditions. We show that coculture of parasitized erythrocytes with hCMEC/D3 cells induces cell adhesion and paracellular permeability increase, which correlates with disorganization of zonula occludens protein 1 expression pattern. Permeability increase and modification of tight junction proteins distribution are cytoadhesion independent. Finally, we show that permeability of hCMEC/D3 cell monolayers is mediated through parasite induced metabolic acidosis, which in turns correlates with apoptosis of parasitized erythrocytes. This new coculture model represents a very useful tool, which will improve the knowledge of BBB breakdown and the development of adjuvant therapies, together with antiparasitic drugs.
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a major complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection, particularly in children. The pathogenesis of cerebral malaria involves parasitized red blood cell (RBC)-mediated vascular inflammation, immune stimulation, loss of blood-brain barrier integrity, and obstruction of cerebral capillaries. Therefore, blunting vascular inflammation and immune cell recruitment is crucial in limiting the disease course. Beta interferon (IFN-β) has been used in the treatment of diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) but has not yet been explored in the treatment of CM. Therefore, we sought to determine whether IFN-β also limits disease progression in experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). Plasmodium berghei-infected mice treated with IFN-β died later and showed increased survival, with improved blood-brain barrier function, compared to infected mice. IFN-β did not alter systemic parasitemia. However, we identified multiple action sites that were modified by IFN-β administration. P. berghei infection resulted in increased expression of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 (CXCL9) in brain vascular endothelial cells that attract T cells to the brain, as well as increased T-cell chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 (CXCR3) expression. The infection also increased the cellular content of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), a molecule important for attachment of parasitized RBCs to the endothelial cell. In this article, we report that IFN-β treatment leads to reduction of CXCL9 and ICAM-1 in the brain, reduction of T-cell CXCR3 expression, and downregulation of serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). In addition, IFN-β-treated P. berghei-infected mice also had fewer brain T-cell infiltrates, further demonstrating its protective effects. Hence, IFN-β has important anti-inflammatory properties that ameliorate the severity of ECM and prolong mouse survival.
Collapse
|
49
|
Cserti-Gazdewich CM, Dzik WH, Erdman L, Ssewanyana I, Dhabangi A, Musoke C, Kain KC. Combined measurement of soluble and cellular ICAM-1 among children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Uganda. Malar J 2010; 9:233. [PMID: 20712868 PMCID: PMC2929237 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is a cytoadhesion molecule implicated in the pathogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Elevated levels of soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) have previously been reported with increased malaria disease severity. However, studies have not yet examined both sICAM-1 concentrations and monocyte ICAM-1 expression in the same cohort of patients. To better understand the relationship of soluble and cellular ICAM-1 measurements in malaria, both monocyte ICAM-1 expression and sICAM-1 concentration were measured in children with P. falciparum infection exhibiting a spectrum of clinical severity. Methods Samples were analysed from 160 children, aged 0.5 to 10.8 years, with documented P. falciparum malaria in Kampala, Uganda. The patients belonged to one of three pre-study defined groups: uncomplicated malaria (UM), severe non-fatal malaria (SM-s), and fatal malaria (SM-f). Subset analysis was done on those with cerebral malaria (CM) or severe malaria anaemia (SMA). Monocyte ICAM-1 was measured by flow cytometry. sICAM-1 was measured by enzyme immunoassay. Results Both sICAM-1 and monocyte cell-surface ICAM-1 followed a log-normal distribution. Median sICAM-1 concentrations increased with greater severity-of-illness: 279 ng/mL (UM), 462 ng/mL (SM-s), and 586 ng/mL (SM-f), p < 0.0001. sICAM-1 levels were not statistically different among children with CM compared to SMA. Monocyte ICAM-1 expression was significantly higher in cases of UM compared with SM-s or SM-f (p < 0.001) and was higher among the subset of patients with CM compared with SMA, p < 0.0014. The combination of sICAM-1 and cellular ICAM-1 identified distinct categories of patients (UM with low sICAM-1 and higher monocyte ICAM-1, CM with both sICAM-1 and monocyte ICAM-1 high, and SMA with sICAM-1 high but monocyte ICAM-1 low). Conclusion In this cohort of children with P. falciparum malaria, sICAM-1 levels were associated with severity-of-illness. Patients with UM had higher monocyte ICAM-1 expression consistent with a role for monocyte ICAM-1 in immune clearance during non-severe malaria. Among the subsets of patients with either SMA or CM, monocyte ICAM-1 levels were higher in CM, consistent with the role of ICAM-1 as a marker of cytoadhesion. Categories of disease in pediatric malaria may exhibit specific combinations of soluble and cellular ICAM-1 expression.
Collapse
|
50
|
Brown A, Higgins MK. Carbohydrate binding molecules in malaria pathology. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2010; 20:560-6. [PMID: 20655195 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between parasite-encoded proteins and host carbohydrate molecules are essential at multiple stages in the life cycle of the malaria-causing parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, and these interactions are targets for the development of therapeutics to treat the disease. Here we review recent structural studies of carbohydrate binding modules that mediate recognition events important for cell invasion and cytoadhesion. In particular we focus on the structures of two molecules; the erythrocyte binding antigen, EBA-175 involved in erythrocyte invasion and the VAR2CSA protein that mediates binding of infected erythrocytes to the placenta. These proteins both use Duffy-binding like (DBL) domains, a Plasmodium specific fold, to bind host carbohydrates, but recent results show that they differ significantly in their architectures and modes of ligand recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|