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Ayvaz C, Sadikogullari BC, Gelir A, Özdemir Z, Koramaz İ, Karagoz B, Şahin ÜA, Üstündağ B. Determination of the sensing properties of the fluorescence-based sensor for atmospheric NO 2 gas. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 323:124909. [PMID: 39146809 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Air pollution in urban areas poses a serious threat to human health and therefore the studies about the development of low cost and sensitive sensors to monitor the air quality with high spatial and low temporal resolution continue to be an extensive area in literature. In this study, oxime modified poly(4-(1-pyrenyl) styrene) (P(PySt)-NOX) probes were synthesized to use as a sensor to detect NO2 gas in ambient air. The structural characterization results showed that the probe was successfully synthesized. The sensitivity, selectivity, repeatability, and aging tests were performed during the study, and it was observed that P(PySt)-NOX loaded sensor is sensitive to NO2 for concentrations below 100 ppb. The selectivity measurements were performed against O3 and SO2 which are common interfering gases in ambient air, and it was shown that the sensor is selective to NO2. Additionally, according to the aging tests performed in laboratory for 23 days, it was observed that the sensor is stable in this time interval. The studies showed the sensor synthesized and designed in this study is suitable for NO2 concentration measurements in ambient air where the concentration levels of NO2 is below 100 ppb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coşkun Ayvaz
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | | | - Ali Gelir
- Engineering Physics Department, Istanbul Technical University, Turkiye.
| | - Zeynep Özdemir
- Environmental Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Turkiye
| | - İlayda Koramaz
- Chemistry Department, Istanbul Technical University, Turkiye
| | | | - Ülkü Alver Şahin
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkiye
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Fatima M, Ahmad A, Butt I, Arshad S, Kiani B. Geospatial modelling of ambient air pollutants and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases at regional scale in Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:929. [PMID: 39271595 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-13105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Pakistan is among the South Asian countries mostly vulnerable to the negative health impacts of air pollution. In this context, the study aimed to analyze the spatiotemporal patterns of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) incidence and its relationship with air pollutants including aerosol absorbing index (AAI), carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide. Spatial scan statistics were employed to identify temporal, spatial, and spatiotemporal clusters of COPD. Generalized linear regression (GLR) and random forest (RF) models were utilized to evaluate the linear and non-linear relationships between COPD and air pollutants for the years 2019 and 2020. The findings revealed three spatial clusters of COPD in the eastern and central regions, with a high-risk spatiotemporal cluster in the east. The GLR identified a weak linear relationship between the COPD and air pollutants with R2 = 0.1 and weak autocorrelation with Moran's index = -0.09. The spatial outcome of RF model provided more accurate COPD predictions with improved R2 of 0.8 and 0.9 in the respective years and a very low Moran's I = -0.02 showing a random residual distribution. The RF findings also suggested AAI and SO2 to be the most contributing predictors for the year 2019 and 2020. Hence, the strong association of COPD clusters with some air pollutants highlight the urgency of comprehensive measures to combat air pollution in the region to avoid future health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munazza Fatima
- Department of Geography, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Adeel Ahmad
- Taylor Geospatial Institute, St. Louis, 63103, USA
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, 63130, USA
- Institute of Geography, University of Punjab Lahore, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Ibtisam Butt
- Institute of Geography, University of Punjab Lahore, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Sana Arshad
- Department of Geography, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Behzad Kiani
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Gonzalez-Bautista E, Román-Pérez S, Manrique-Espinoza BS, Salinas-Rodríguez A, Santos-Luna R. Frailty Was Associated With Atmospheric NO2 Levels: A Geospatial Approach. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2024; 79:glae168. [PMID: 38957979 PMCID: PMC11333824 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glae168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence has linked air pollution with frailty, yet little is known about the role of NO2 in this association. Our aim was to assess the association between frailty and NO2 air concentrations in Mexican older adults. METHODS We used georeferenced data from the population-based Nutrition and Health Survey in Mexico (NHNS) 2021, representative of national and subnational regions, to measure a frailty index based on 31 health deficits in adults aged 50 and older. Air pollution due to NO2 concentrations was estimated from satellite images validated with data from surface-level stations. Maps were produced using Jensen's Natural break method. The association of frailty and NO2 concentrations was measured using the frailty index (multivariate fractional response logit regression) and a frailty binary variable (frailty index [FI] ≥0.36, multivariate logit regression). RESULTS There was a positive and significant association of the frailty index with the NO2 concentrations, adjusting for age, sex, urban and rural area, years of education, socioeconomic status, living arrangement, particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns, and indoor pollution. For each standard deviation increase in NO2 concentrations measured 10 years before the survey, the odds of being frail were 15% higher, and the frailty index was 14.5% higher. The fraction of frailty attributable to NO2 exposure ranged from 1.8% to 23.5% according to different scenarios. CONCLUSIONS Frailty was positively associated with exposure to NO2 concentrations. Mapping frailty and its associated factors like NO2 air concentrations can contribute to the design of targeted pro-healthy aging policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Gonzalez-Bautista
- Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
- Maintain Aging Research Team, CERPOP, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Susana Román-Pérez
- Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | - Aaron Salinas-Rodríguez
- Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - René Santos-Luna
- Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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Zhao Z, Chu J, Ren J, Xu C, Xu X, Cao Y, Schikowski T, Zhao Q, Liu Q, Chen G, Lu Z, Guo X, Ma W, Wang H, Ma J. Effect Modification of Heat-Related Mortality Risk by Air Pollutants in Shandong, China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 111:440-446. [PMID: 38917823 PMCID: PMC11310602 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Although studies have reported the modification effect of air pollutants on heat-related health risk, little is known on the modification effect among various particulate matter with different particle size on mortality. We aimed to investigate whether the associations of hot temperatures with daily mortality were modified by different air pollutant levels in Shandong Province, China. Daily data of air pollutants, meteorological factors, and mortality of 1,822 subdistricts in Shandong province from 2013 to 2018 were collected. We used a time-stratified case-crossover model with an interaction term between the cross-basis term for ambient temperature and the linear function of particulate matter ≤1 µm (PM1), PM2.5, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone to obtain heat-mortality associations during the hot season. Results showed that the cumulative odds ratio of extreme heat on mortality over 0 to 10 days was 3.66 (95% CI: 3.10-4.31). The mortality risk during hot seasons was stronger at high air pollutant levels. The modification effect of particulate matters on heat-related mortality decreased by its aerodynamic diameter. Females and older adults over 75 years were more vulnerable to the modification effect of air pollutants, and significant differences were detected in the association between temperatures and mortality stratified by PM1 and PM2.5. Higher heat-related mortality risks were observed at high NO2 levels, especially for cardiorespiratory disease. The findings suggest that more consideration should be given to the combined effect of very fine particles and NO2 with ambient heat when developing healthcare strategies, and women and older adults should be given priority in health-related settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghui Zhao
- Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Chu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chunxiao Xu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanwen Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, China
| | - Tamara Schikowski
- Department of Epidemiology, IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, China
- Department of Epidemiology, IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Qiyong Liu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Gongbo Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zilong Lu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaolei Guo
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Jinan, China
| | - Jixiang Ma
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Wang Y, Peng M, Hu C, Zhan Y, Yao Y, Zeng Y, Zhang Y. Excess deaths and loss of life expectancy attributed to long-term NO 2 exposure in the Chinese elderly. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 281:116627. [PMID: 38925032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence linking nitrogen dioxide (NO2) air pollution to life span of high-vulnerability older adults is extensively scarce in low- and middle-income countries. This study seeks to quantify mortality risk, excess deaths, and loss of life expectancy (LLE) associated with long-term exposure to NO2 among elderly individuals in China. METHODS A nationwide dynamic cohort of 20352 respondents ≥65 years old were enrolled from the China Longitudinal Health and Longevity Survey during 2005-2018. Residential exposures to NO2 and co-pollutants were assessed by well-validated spatiotemporal prediction models. A Cox regression model with time-dependent covariates was utilized to quantify the association of all-cause mortality with NO2 exposure, controlling for confounders such as demographics, lifestyle, health status, and ambient temperature. NO2-attributable deaths and LLE were evaluated for the years 2010 and 2020 based on the pooled NO2-mortality relation derived from multi-national cohort investigations. Decomposition analyses were conducted to dissociate net shift in NO2-related deaths between 2010 and 2020 into four primary contributing factors. RESULTS A total of 14313 deaths were recorded during follow-up of approximately 100 hundred person-years (median 3.6 years). We observed an approximately linear relationship (nonlinear P = 0.882) of NO2 exposure with all-cause death across a broad range from 6.6 to 95.7 μg/m3. Every 10-μg/m3 rise in yearly average NO2 concentration was linked to a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.045 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.031-1.059). In the updated meta-analysis of this study and 9 existing cohorts, we estimated a pooled HR of 1.043 (95% CI: 1.023-1.063) for each 10-μg/m3 growth in NO2. Reaching a 10-μg/m3 counterfactual target of NO2 concentration in China could avoid 0.33 (95% empirical CI: 0.19-0.49) million premature deaths and an LLE of 0.40 (95% empirical CI: 0.23-0.59) years in 2010, which greatly dropped to 0.24 (95% empirical CI: 0.14-0.36) million deaths and 0.21 (95% empirical CI: 0.12-0.31) years of LLE in 2020. The net fall in NO2-attributable deaths (-26.8%) between 2010 and 2020 was primarily driven by the declines in both NO2 concentration (-41.6%) and mortality rate (-27.1%) under population growth (+41.0%) and age structure transition (+0.9%). CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide national evidence for increased risk of premature death and loss of life expectancy attributed to later-life NO2 exposure among the elderly in China. In an accelerated aging society, strengthened clean air actions should be formulated to minimize the health burden and regional inequality in NO2-attributable mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Wang
- Institute of Social Development and Health Management, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Minjin Peng
- Department of Outpatient, Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Cancer, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Chengyang Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yu Zhan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yao Yao
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Center for Healthy Aging and Development Studies, National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yi Zeng
- Center for Healthy Aging and Development Studies, National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yunquan Zhang
- Institute of Social Development and Health Management, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
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Wei X, Ho KF, Yu T, Lin C, Chang LY, Chen D, Tam T, Huang B, Lau AKH, Lao XQ. The joint effect of long-term exposure to multiple air pollutants on non-accidental and cause-specific mortality: A longitudinal cohort study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134507. [PMID: 38718510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The long-term joint impacts of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) on mortality are inconclusive. To bridge this research gap, we included 283,568 adults from the Taiwan MJ cohort between 2005 and 2016 and linked with the mortality data until 31 May 2019. Participants' annual average exposures to PM2.5, NO2, and O3 were estimated using satellite-based spatial-temporal models. We applied elastic net-regularised Cox models to construct a weighted environmental risk score (WERS) for the joint effects of three pollutants on non-accidental, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality and evaluated the contribution of each pollutant. The three pollutants jointly raised non-accidental mortality risk with a WERS hazard ratio (HR) of 1.186 (95% CI: 1.118-1.259) per standard deviation increase in each pollutant and weights of 72.8%, 15.2%, and 12.0% for PM2.5, NO2, and O3, respectively. The WERS increased cardiovascular death risk [HR: 1.248 (1.042-1.496)], with PM2.5 as the first contributor and O3 as the second. The WERS also elevated the cancer death risk [HR: 1.173 (1.083-1.270)], where PM2.5 played the dominant role and NO2 ranked second. Coordinated control of these three pollutants can optimise the health benefits of air quality improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglin Wei
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Tsung Yu
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Changqing Lin
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Ly-Yun Chang
- Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dezhong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Tony Tam
- Department of Sociology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Alexis K H Lau
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Xiang Qian Lao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
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Wu Y, Bi J, Gassett AJ, Young MT, Szpiro AA, Kaufman JD. Integrating traffic pollution dispersion into spatiotemporal NO 2 prediction. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171652. [PMID: 38485010 PMCID: PMC11027090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Accurately predicting ambient NO2 concentrations has great public health importance, as traffic-related air pollution is of major concern in urban areas. In this study, we present a novel approach incorporating traffic contribution to NO2 prediction in a fine-scale spatiotemporal model. We used nationally available traffic estimate dataset in a scalable dispersion model, Research LINE source dispersion model (RLINE). RLINE estimates then served as an additional input for a validated spatiotemporal pollution modeling approach. Our analysis uses measurement data collected by the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Air Pollution in the greater Los Angeles area between 2006 and 2009. We predicted road-type-specific annual average daily traffic (AADT) on road segments via national-level spatial regression models with nearest-neighbor Gaussian processes (spNNGP); the spNNGP models were trained based on over half a million point-level traffic volume measurements nationwide. AADT estimates on all highways were combined with meteorological data in RLINE models. We evaluated two strategies to integrate RLINE estimates into spatiotemporal NO2 models: 1) incorporating RLINE estimates as a space-only covariate and, 2) as a spatiotemporal covariate. The results showed that integrating the RLINE estimates as a space-only covariate improved overall cross-validation R2 from 0.83 to 0.84, and root mean squared error (RMSE) from 3.58 to 3.48 ppb. Incorporating the estimates as a spatiotemporal covariate resulted in similar model improvement. The improvement of our spatiotemporal model was more profound in roadside monitors alongside highways, with R2 increasing from 0.56 to 0.66 and RMSE decreasing from 3.52 to 3.11 ppb. The observed improvement indicates that the RLINE estimates enhanced the model's predictive capabilities for roadside NO2 concentration gradients even after considering a comprehensive list of geographic covariates including the distance to roads. Our proposed modeling framework can be generalized to improve high-resolution prediction of NO2 exposure - especially near major roads in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhan Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jianzhao Bi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Amanda J Gassett
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael T Young
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam A Szpiro
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joel D Kaufman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Karim N, Hod R, Wahab MIA, Ahmad N. Projecting non-communicable diseases attributable to air pollution in the climate change era: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e079826. [PMID: 38719294 PMCID: PMC11086555 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Climate change is a major global issue with significant consequences, including effects on air quality and human well-being. This review investigated the projection of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) attributable to air pollution under different climate change scenarios. DESIGN This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 flow checklist. A population-exposure-outcome framework was established. Population referred to the general global population of all ages, the exposure of interest was air pollution and its projection, and the outcome was the occurrence of NCDs attributable to air pollution and burden of disease (BoD) based on the health indices of mortality, morbidity, disability-adjusted life years, years of life lost and years lived with disability. DATA SOURCES The Web of Science, Ovid MEDLINE and EBSCOhost databases were searched for articles published from 2005 to 2023. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES The eligible articles were evaluated using the modified scale of a checklist for assessing the quality of ecological studies. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two reviewers searched, screened and selected the included studies independently using standardised methods. The risk of bias was assessed using the modified scale of a checklist for ecological studies. The results were summarised based on the projection of the BoD of NCDs attributable to air pollution. RESULTS This review included 11 studies from various countries. Most studies specifically investigated various air pollutants, specifically particulate matter <2.5 µm (PM2.5), nitrogen oxides and ozone. The studies used coupled-air quality and climate modelling approaches, and mainly projected health effects using the concentration-response function model. The NCDs attributable to air pollution included cardiovascular disease (CVD), respiratory disease, stroke, ischaemic heart disease, coronary heart disease and lower respiratory infections. Notably, the BoD of NCDs attributable to air pollution was projected to decrease in a scenario that promotes reduced air pollution, carbon emissions and land use and sustainable socioeconomics. Contrastingly, the BoD of NCDs was projected to increase in a scenario involving increasing population numbers, social deprivation and an ageing population. CONCLUSION The included studies widely reported increased premature mortality, CVD and respiratory disease attributable to PM2.5. Future NCD projection studies should consider emission and population changes in projecting the BoD of NCDs attributable to air pollution in the climate change era. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42023435288.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhafizah Karim
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rozita Hod
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ikram A Wahab
- Center of Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Fakulti Sains Kesihatan, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Norfazilah Ahmad
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala lumpur, Malaysia
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Wang J, Wei JL, Cao Q, Cheng XF, Chen ZK, He JH. Chemresistive Detection of NO 2 of ppb Level in Humid Air at 350 K Using Azo-Spaced Polycroconamide. ACS Sens 2024; 9:236-243. [PMID: 38123468 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Organic molecules are of great interest for gas sensing applications. However, achieving high-performance gas sensors with high sensitivity, fast response, low consumption, and workability in humid conditions is still challenging. Herein, we report the rational design and synthesis of an ion-in-conjugation polymer, PADC (poly-4,4'-azodianiline-croconamide), obtained by the condensation of croconic acid with 4-4'diaminoazobenzene for gas sensing under humid conditions. The as-fabricated PADC-based gas sensor exhibits ultrahigh sensitivity (802.7 ppm-1 at 1 ppm), subppb detection limit, and high selectivity under humid air with an 80% humidity effect at a temperature down to 350 K. PADC shows good planarity, excellent thermostability, and a narrow band gap of 1.2 eV because of azobenzene fragments spacing previously repulsed biphenyl rings. Compared to previous humidity immunity works, PADC-based sensors realized humidity immunity at a relatively lower temperature, resulting in lower energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | | | - Qiang Cao
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xue-Feng Cheng
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ze-Kun Chen
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jing-Hui He
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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10
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Zgłobicki W, Baran-Zgłobicka B. Air pollution in major Polish cities in the period 2005-2021: Intensity, effects and attempts to reduce it. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 240:117497. [PMID: 37914007 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Air quality in Poland is among the lowest in Europe due to high emissions of harmful substances. This causes the development of diseases and leads to a high number of premature deaths. Particularly high pollution occurs in parts of urban areas. The most serious problem is unregulated emissions from buildings and vehicles. That is why it is so important to take action to improve air quality at the local level. The study assessed changes in the concentrations of NO2, O3, PM10, PM2.5 and benzo(a)pyrene in 11 major Polish cities between 2005 and 2021. In 2021 average levels were: NO2 - 25 μg/m3, O3 - 45 μg/m3, PM10 - 26 μg/m3, PM2.5 -17 μg/m3, benzo(a)pyrene - 2.1 ng/m3. The highest exceedances of WHO standards over the studied period were for PM2.5, followed by NO2 and PM10. The annual average levels fell by 17% for NO2 and by 18% for PM10 between 2005 and 2021, and by 34% for PM2.5 and 27% for benzo(a)pyrene between 2010 and 2021. The most polluted cities are Kraków, Katowice and Łódź. The highest concentrations of pollutants typically occurred in 2006 and 2011, the lowest in 2020. Strategic documents and programmes that formulate objectives for reducing emissions and improving air quality were evaluated. Policy documents enable numerous measures to improve air quality. Plans are not always effectively implemented due to a lack of formal tools and financial resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Zgłobicki
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Kraśnicka 2d, 20-718, Poland.
| | - Bogusława Baran-Zgłobicka
- Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Kraśnicka 2d, 20-718, Lublin, Poland
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11
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Kerr GH, Goldberg DL, Harris MH, Henderson BH, Hystad P, Roy A, Anenberg SC. Ethnoracial Disparities in Nitrogen Dioxide Pollution in the United States: Comparing Data Sets from Satellites, Models, and Monitors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:19532-19544. [PMID: 37934506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
In the United States (U.S.), studies on nitrogen dioxide (NO2) trends and pollution-attributable health effects have historically used measurements from in situ monitors, which have limited geographical coverage and leave 66% of urban areas unmonitored. Novel tools, including remotely sensed NO2 measurements and estimates of NO2 estimates from land-use regression and photochemical models, can aid in assessing NO2 exposure gradients, leveraging their complete spatial coverage. Using these data sets, we find that Black, Hispanic, Asian, and multiracial populations experience NO2 levels 15-50% higher than the national average in 2019, whereas the non-Hispanic White population is consistently exposed to levels that are 5-15% lower than the national average. By contrast, the in situ monitoring network indicates more moderate ethnoracial NO2 disparities and different rankings of the least- to most-exposed ethnoracial population subgroup. Validating these spatially complete data sets against in situ observations reveals similar performance, indicating that all these data sets can be used to understand spatial variations in NO2. Integrating in situ monitoring, satellite data, statistical models, and photochemical models can provide a semiobservational record, complete geospatial coverage, and increasingly high spatial resolution, enhancing future efforts to characterize, map, and track exposure and inequality for highly spatially heterogeneous pollutants like NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaige Hunter Kerr
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Daniel L Goldberg
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Maria H Harris
- Environmental Defense Fund, 257 Park Avenue South, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Barron H Henderson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Perry Hystad
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, United States
| | - Ananya Roy
- Environmental Defense Fund, 257 Park Avenue South, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Susan C Anenberg
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
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12
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Matthaios VN, Harrison RM, Koutrakis P, Bloss WJ. In-vehicle exposure to NO 2 and PM 2.5: A comprehensive assessment of controlling parameters and reduction strategies to minimise personal exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165537. [PMID: 37454853 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Vehicles are the third most occupied microenvironment, other than home and workplace, in developed urban areas. Vehicle cabins are confined spaces where occupants can mitigate their exposure to on-road nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations. Understanding which parameters exert the greatest influence on in-vehicle exposure underpins advice to drivers and vehicle occupants in general. This study assessed the in-vehicle NO2 and PM2.5 levels and developed stepwise general additive mixed models (sGAMM) to investigate comprehensively the combined and individual influences of factors that influence the in-vehicle exposures. The mean in-vehicle levels were 19 ± 18 and 6.4 ± 2.7 μg/m3 for NO2 and PM2.5, respectively. sGAMM model identified significant factors explaining a large fraction of in-vehicle NO2 and PM2.5 variability, R2 = 0.645 and 0.723, respectively. From the model's explained variability on-road air pollution was the most important predictor accounting for 22.3 and 30 % of NO2 and PM2.5 variability, respectively. Vehicle-based predictors included manufacturing year, cabin size, odometer reading, type of cabin filter, ventilation fan speed power, window setting, and use of air recirculation, and together explained 48.7 % and 61.3 % of NO2 and PM2.5 variability, respectively, with 41.4 % and 51.9 %, related to ventilation preference and type of filtration media, respectively. Driving-based parameters included driving speed, traffic conditions, traffic lights, roundabouts, and following high emitters and accounted for 22 and 7.4 % of in-vehicle NO2 and PM2.5 exposure variability, respectively. Vehicle occupants can significantly reduce their in-vehicle exposure by moderating vehicle ventilation settings and by choosing an appropriate cabin air filter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios N Matthaios
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences/Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William J Bloss
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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13
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Sun W, Han X, Cao M, Pan Z, Guo J, Huang D, Mi J, Liu Y, Guan T, Li P, Huang C, Wang M, Xue T. Middle-term nitrogen dioxide exposure and electrocardiogram abnormalities: A nationwide longitudinal study. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115562. [PMID: 37866032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, professionals, such as those from the World Health Organization, have recommended a rigorous standard for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a typical urban air pollutant affected by regular traffic emissions, based on its short-term and long-term cardiorespiratory effects. However, the association between middle-term NO2 exposure and cardiovascular disorders remains unknown. OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to examine the relationship between NO2 exposure and its middle-term cardiovascular risks indicated by electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities. METHOD We included 61,094 subjects (132,249 visits) with repeated ECG observations based on longitudinal data from the China National Stroke Screening Survey (CNSSS). The NO2 exposure concentration was derived from a predictive model, measured as the monthly average concentration in the 6 months of preceding the ECG measurement. We used the generalized estimation equation to assess the association between NO2 exposure and ECG abnormalities. RESULT For each 10 µg/m3 increase in monthly average NO2 concentration, the odds ratio of ECG abnormalities was 1.10 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09-1.12) after multiple adjustments. Stratified regression analyses of urban and rural residents showed associations between middle-term NO2 exposure and ECG abnormalities in urban (OR 1.09 [95% CI 1.08-1.11]) and rural residents (OR 1.14 [95% CI 1.10-1.19]). The association was robust within different subpopulations. Associations generally remained statistically significant (OR 1.03 [95% CI 1.02-1.05]) after extra adjustment for PM2.5. Exposure-response relationship analysis revealed a nearly linear relationship between NO2 exposure and the risk for ECG abnormalities. CONCLUSION Using the variation in ECG signals as a potentially reversible indicator for subclinical risk in cardiovascular systems, our study provides additional evidence on the increased risk posed by middle-term NO2 exposure. Our study showed that policies controlling for NO2 concentrations are beneficial to prevent cardiovascular diseases among Chinese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xueyan Han
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Man Cao
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhaoyang Pan
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Dengmin Huang
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jiarun Mi
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yuanli Liu
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Tianjia Guan
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Pengfei Li
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Conghong Huang
- College of Land Management, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Tao Xue
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing 100191, China; Advanced Institute of Information Technology, Peking University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Exposure and Health Risk Management and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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14
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Kang S, Hong YS, Park J, Kang D, Kim H, Lee J, Kim W, Kang SW, Guallar E, Cho J, Park HY. Air pollution and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cohort study in South Korea. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2023; 14:20406223231176175. [PMID: 37324407 PMCID: PMC10265343 DOI: 10.1177/20406223231176175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence on whether long-term exposure to air pollution increases the mortality risk in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is limited. Objectives We aimed to investigate the associations of long-term exposure to particulate matter with diameter <10 µm (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) with overall and disease-specific mortality in COPD patients. Design We conducted a nationwide retrospective cohort study of 121,423 adults ⩾40 years diagnosed with COPD during 1 January to 31 December 2009. Methods Exposure to PM10 and NO2 was estimated for residential location using the ordinary kriging method. We estimated the risk of overall mortality associated with 1-, 3-, and 5-years average concentrations of PM10 and NO2 using Cox proportional hazards models and disease-specific mortality using the Fine and Gray method adjusted for age, sex, income, body mass index, smoking, comorbidities, and exacerbation history. Results The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for overall mortality associated with a 10 µg/m3 increase in 1-year PM10 and NO2 exposures were 1.004 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.985, 1.023] and 0.993 (95% CI = 0.984, 1.002), respectively. The results were similar for 3- and 5-year exposures. For a 10-µg/m3 increase in 1-year PM10 and NO2 exposures, the adjusted HRs for chronic lower airway disease mortality were 1.068 (95% CI = 1.024, 1.113) and 1.029 (95% CI = 1.009, 1.050), respectively. In stratified analyses, exposures to PM10 and NO2 were associated with overall mortality in patients who were underweight and had a history of severe exacerbation. Conclusion In this large population-based study of patients with COPD, long-term PM10 and NO2 exposures were not associated with overall mortality but were associated with chronic lower airway disease mortality. PM10 and NO2 exposures were both associated with an increased risk of overall mortality, and with overall mortality in underweight individuals and those with a history of severe exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Kang
- Korea Environment Institute, Sicheong-daero, Sejong, South Korea
- Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Soo Hong
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jihwan Park
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Danbee Kang
- Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Kim
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Digital Health, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Lee
- Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woojin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | | | - Eliseo Guallar
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Juhee Cho
- Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, South Korea
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Digital Health, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Yun Park
- Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, South Korea
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15
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Lord BD, Harris AR, Ambs S. The impact of social and environmental factors on cancer biology in Black Americans. Cancer Causes Control 2023; 34:191-203. [PMID: 36562901 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-022-01664-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with early onset of chronic diseases and reduced life expectancy. The involvement of neighborhood-level factors in defining cancer risk and outcomes for marginalized communities has been an active area of research for decades. Yet, the biological processes that underlie the impact of SES on chronic health conditions, such as cancer, remain poorly understood. To date, limited studies have shown that chronic life stress is more prevalent in low SES communities and can affect important molecular processes implicated in tumor biology such as DNA methylation, inflammation, and immune response. Further efforts to elucidate how neighborhood-level factors function physiologically to worsen cancer outcomes for disadvantaged communities are underway. This review provides an overview of the current literature on how socioenvironmental factors within neighborhoods contribute to more aggressive tumor biology, specifically in Black U.S. women and men, including the impact of environmental pollutants, neighborhood deprivation, social isolation, structural racism, and discrimination. We also summarize commonly used methods to measure deprivation, discrimination, and structural racism at the neighborhood-level in cancer health disparities research. Finally, we offer recommendations to adopt a multi-faceted intersectional approach to reduce cancer health disparities and develop effective interventions to promote health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany D Lord
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bldg. 37/Room 3050, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4258, USA.
| | - Alexandra R Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bldg. 37/Room 3050, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4258, USA
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bldg. 37/Room 3050, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4258, USA
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16
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Matthaios VN, Rooney D, Harrison RM, Koutrakis P, Bloss WJ. NO 2 levels inside vehicle cabins with pollen and activated carbon filters: A real world targeted intervention to estimate NO 2 exposure reduction potential. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160395. [PMID: 36427737 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Traffic related nitrogen dioxide (NO2) poses a serious environmental and health risk factor in the urban environment. Drivers and vehicle occupants in general may have acute exposure to NO2 levels. In order to identify key controllable measures to reduce vehicle occupant's exposure, this study measures NO2 exposure inside ten different vehicles under real world driving conditions and applies a targeted intervention by replacing previously used filters with new standard pollen and new activated carbon cabin filters. The study also evaluates the efficiency of the latter as a function of duration of use. The mean in-vehicle NO2 exposure across the tested vehicles, driving the same route under comparable traffic and ambient air quality conditions, was 50.8 ± 32.7 μg/m3 for the new standard pollen filter tests and 9.2 ± 8.6 μg/m3 for the new activated carbon filter tests. When implementing the new activated carbon filters, overall we observed significant (p < 0.05) reductions by 87 % on average (range 80 - 94.2 %) in the in-vehicle NO2 levels compared to the on-road concentrations. We further found that the activated carbon filter NO2 removal efficiency drops by 6.8 ± 0.6 % per month; showing a faster decay in removal efficiency after the first 6 months of use. These results offer novel insights into how the general population can control and reduce their exposure to traffic related NO2. The use and regular replacement of activated carbon cabin air filters represents a relatively inexpensive method to significantly reduce in-vehicle NO2 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios N Matthaios
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Daniel Rooney
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences/Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William J Bloss
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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17
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Wang Y, Luo S, Wei J, Yang Z, Hu K, Yao Y, Zhang Y. Ambient NO 2 exposure hinders long-term survival of Chinese middle-aged and older adults. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158784. [PMID: 36116662 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Serval longitudinal investigations have reported relationships between long-term nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure and mortality. In developing countries such as China, however, the cohort evidence was extremely rare. In this study, we aimed to establish the concentration-response relationship between long-term exposure to NO2 and mortality in Chinese adults. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study followed up from 2011 to 2018, by enrolling 15,440 participants aged ≥45 years from 28 provincial regions of China. NO2 concentration estimates were derived from high-quality spatiotemporal datasets developed by machine learning methods and were assigned for each participant according to their residential cities. We applied Cox proportional hazard models with time-varying exposures to assess the association of all-cause death with long-term NO2 exposure. Subgroup analyses were performed to identify effect modifications. RESULTS A total of 1646 death events occurred during 105,478.5 person-years' follow-up (median 7.1 years). No evident violation for linear NO2-mortality relationship (P nonlinear = 0.332) was observed at a range of 7.4-45.0 μg/m3. Per 10-μg/m3 rise in NO2 was associated with an hazard ratio of 1.220 (95% confidence interval: 1.103-1.350) for all-cause mortality. The association between NO2 and mortality was generally robust after adjusting for co-pollutants including fine particulate matter or/and ozone. Only participants aged 65 and over (1.351 [1.193-1.531]) suffered from increased risks of death associated with NO2 exposure, and an evident effect modification by age (P = 0.008) was identified. The elevated risk of death induced by NO2 was also observed in participants living in rural areas and those with elementary school education or below, though effect modifications were non-significant in these subgroups. CONCLUSIONS This study provided novel evidence that long-term NO2 exposure could be an independent risk for mortality among Chinese middle-aged and older adults. Our findings highlighted the importance of controlling air pollution induced by vehicle emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Siqi Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, USA
| | - Zhiming Yang
- School of Economics and Management, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kejia Hu
- Institute of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yao Yao
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yunquan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
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18
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Zou K, Sun P, Huang H, Zhuo H, Qie R, Xie Y, Luo J, Li N, Li J, He J, Aschebrook-Kilfoy B, Zhang Y. Etiology of lung cancer: Evidence from epidemiologic studies. JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER CENTER 2022; 2:216-225. [PMID: 39036545 PMCID: PMC11256564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jncc.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer incidence and mortality worldwide. While smoking, radon, air pollution, as well as occupational exposure to asbestos, diesel fumes, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, nickel, and silica are well-established risk factors, many lung cancer cases cannot be explained by these known risk factors. Over the last two decades the incidence of adenocarcinoma has risen, and it now surpasses squamous cell carcinoma as the most common histologic subtype. This increase warrants new efforts to identify additional risk factors for specific lung cancer subtypes as well as a comprehensive review of current evidence from epidemiologic studies to inform future studies. Given the myriad exposures individuals experience in real-world settings, it is essential to investigate mixture effects from complex exposures and gene-environment interactions in relation to lung cancer and its subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyong Zou
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Peiyuan Sun
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huang Huang
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran Zhuo
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Ranran Qie
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Xie
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajun Luo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, the University of Chicago, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Ni Li
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Li
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie He
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yawei Zhang
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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19
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Cui M, Zhan C, Wu W, Guo D, Song Y. Acute Gaseous Air Pollution Exposure and Hospitalizations for Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Time-Series Analysis in Tianjin, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192013344. [PMID: 36293925 PMCID: PMC9603069 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke has always been an important problem troubling human health. Short-term exposure to air pollutants is associated with increased hospital admissions. The rise of pollutants such as O3 has caused a huge social and economic burden. This study aims to explore the relationship between short-term exposure to ambient gaseous pollutants and daily hospitalizations for ischemic stroke, utilizing a four-year time-series study in Tianjin. METHODS Collecting the data of gaseous pollutants (NO2, SO2, CO, O3), meteorological data (including daily average temperature and relative humidity) and the number of hospitalizations due to ischemic stroke in Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from 2013 to 2016. Poisson regression generalized additive model with single-day and multi-day moving average lag structure was used to estimate adverse effects of gaseous pollutants on daily hospitalizations. Subgroup analysis was performed to detect modification effect by gender and age. RESULTS In total, there were 9081 ischemic stroke hospitalizations. After controlling for the meteorological factors in the same period, no significant findings were found with the increase of NO2, SO2, CO and O3 concentrations at most of the time in the single-pollutant model. Similarly, in the stratified analysis, no associations between gaseous pollutants and ischemic stroke were observed in this study. CONCLUSIONS Short-term exposure to NO2, SO2, CO and O3 was not distinctly associated with daily hospitalizations for ischemic stroke in Tianjin. Multicenter studies in the future are warranted to explore the associations between gaseous pollution exposure and ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Cui
- General Medicine Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Changqing Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Wuhu No.2 People’s Hospital, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- General Medicine Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Dandan Guo
- General Medicine Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yijun Song
- General Medicine Department, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13012270022
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20
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Jin T, Amini H, Kosheleva A, Danesh Yazdi M, Wei Y, Castro E, Di Q, Shi L, Schwartz J. Associations between long-term exposures to airborne PM 2.5 components and mortality in Massachusetts: mixture analysis exploration. Environ Health 2022; 21:96. [PMID: 36221093 PMCID: PMC9552465 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-022-00907-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have documented PM2.5's links with adverse health outcomes. Comparatively fewer studies have evaluated specific PM2.5 components. The lack of exposure measurements and high correlation among different PM2.5 components are two limitations. METHODS We applied a novel exposure prediction model to obtain annual Census tract-level concentrations of 15 PM2.5 components (Zn, V, Si, Pb, Ni, K, Fe, Cu, Ca, Br, SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, OC, EC) in Massachusetts from 2000 to 2015, to which we matched geocoded deaths. All non-accidental mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and respiratory mortality were examined for the population aged 18 or over. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression models were used to examine the cumulative associations between PM2.5 components mixture and outcomes and each component's contributions to the cumulative associations. We have fit WQS models on 15 PM2.5 components and a priori identified source groups (heavy fuel oil combustion, biomass burning, crustal matter, non-tailpipe traffic source, tailpipe traffic source, secondary particles from power plants, secondary particles from agriculture, unclear source) for the 15 PM2.5 components. Total PM2.5 mass analysis and single component associations were also conducted through quasi-Poisson regression models. RESULTS Positive cumulative associations between the components mixture and all three outcomes were observed from the WQS models. Components with large contribution to the cumulative associations included K, OC, and Fe. Biomass burning, traffic emissions, and secondary particles from power plants were identified as important source contributing to the cumulative associations. Mortality rate ratios for cardiovascular mortality were of greater magnitude than all non-accidental mortality and respiratory mortality, which is also observed in cumulative associations estimated from WQS, total PM2.5 mass analysis, and single component associations. CONCLUSION We have found positive associations between the mixture of 15 PM2.5 components and all non-accidental mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and respiratory mortality. Among these components, Fe, K, and OC have been identified as having important contribution to the cumulative associations. The WQS results also suggests potential source effects from biomass burning, traffic emissions, and secondary particles from power plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfan Jin
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Heresh Amini
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Kosheleva
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mahdieh Danesh Yazdi
- Department of Family, Population, & Preventive Medicine, Program in Public Health, Stony Brook University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yaguang Wei
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edgar Castro
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qian Di
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Liuhua Shi
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Liu S, Lim YH, Chen J, Strak M, Wolf K, Weinmayr G, Rodopolou S, de Hoogh K, Bellander T, Brandt J, Concin H, Zitt E, Fecht D, Forastiere F, Gulliver J, Hertel O, Hoffmann B, Hvidtfeldt UA, Verschuren WMM, Jöckel KH, Jørgensen JT, So R, Amini H, Cole-Hunter T, Mehta AJ, Mortensen LH, Ketzel M, Lager A, Leander K, Ljungman P, Severi G, Boutron-Ruault MC, Magnusson PKE, Nagel G, Pershagen G, Peters A, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Rizzuto D, van der Schouw YT, Schramm S, Sørensen M, Stafoggia M, Tjønneland A, Katsouyanni K, Huang W, Samoli E, Brunekreef B, Hoek G, Andersen ZJ. Long-term Air Pollution Exposure and Pneumonia-related Mortality in a Large Pooled European Cohort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 205:1429-1439. [PMID: 35258439 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202106-1484oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Ambient air pollution exposure has been linked to mortality from chronic cardiorespiratory diseases, while evidence on respiratory infections remains more limited. Objectives: We examined the association between long-term exposure to air pollution and pneumonia-related mortality in adults in a pool of eight European cohorts. Methods: Within the multicenter project ELAPSE (Effects of Low-Level Air Pollution: A Study in Europe), we pooled data from eight cohorts among six European countries. Annual mean residential concentrations in 2010 for fine particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC), and ozone were estimated using Europe-wide hybrid land-use regression models. We applied stratified Cox proportional hazard models to investigate the associations between air pollution and pneumonia, influenza, and acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) mortality. Measurements and Main Results: Of 325,367 participants, 712 died from pneumonia and influenza combined, 682 from pneumonia, and 695 from ALRI during a mean follow-up of 19.5 years. NO2 and BC were associated with 10-12% increases in pneumonia and influenza combined mortality, but 95% confidence intervals included unity (hazard ratios, 1.12 [0.99-1.26] per 10 μg/m3 for NO2; 1.10 [0.97-1.24] per 0.5 10-5m-1 for BC). Associations with pneumonia and ALRI mortality were almost identical. We detected effect modification suggesting stronger associations with NO2 or BC in overweight, employed, or currently smoking participants compared with normal weight, unemployed, or nonsmoking participants. Conclusions: Long-term exposure to combustion-related air pollutants NO2 and BC may be associated with mortality from lower respiratory infections, but larger studies are needed to estimate these associations more precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jie Chen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences and
| | - Maciek Strak
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences and.,National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Kathrin Wolf
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Weinmayr
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sophia Rodopolou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tom Bellander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine.,Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jørgen Brandt
- Department of Environmental Science.,iClimate, Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, and
| | - Hans Concin
- Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine (aks), Bregenz, Austria
| | - Emanuel Zitt
- Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine (aks), Bregenz, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine 3, Landeskrankenhaus Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Daniela Fecht
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Forastiere
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service/Azienda Sanitaria Locale Roma 1, Rome, Italy.,Science Policy & Epidemiology Environmental Research Group King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Gulliver
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability & School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Ole Hertel
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Barbara Hoffmann
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - W M Monique Verschuren
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Rina So
- Section of Environmental Health
| | | | | | - Amar J Mehta
- Section of Epidemiology, and.,Statistics Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laust H Mortensen
- Section of Epidemiology, and.,Statistics Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Ketzel
- Department of Environmental Science.,Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Petter Ljungman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine.,Department of Cardiology, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gianluca Severi
- University Paris-Saclay, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" team, The Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations UMR1018, Villejuif, France.,Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications "G. Parenti" (DISIA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- University Paris-Saclay, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" team, The Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations UMR1018, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Gabriele Nagel
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Göran Pershagen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine.,Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Germany
| | - Ole Raaschou-Nielsen
- Department of Environmental Science.,Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Debora Rizzuto
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Schramm
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mette Sørensen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Natural Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Massimo Stafoggia
- Institute of Environmental Medicine.,Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service/Azienda Sanitaria Locale Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Diet, Genes and Environment (DGE), Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Klea Katsouyanni
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Science Policy & Epidemiology Environmental Research Group King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Evangelia Samoli
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Zorana J Andersen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Shi L, Rosenberg A, Wang Y, Liu P, Danesh Yazdi M, Réquia W, Steenland K, Chang H, Sarnat JA, Wang W, Zhang K, Zhao J, Schwartz J. Low-Concentration Air Pollution and Mortality in American Older Adults: A National Cohort Analysis (2001-2017). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7194-7202. [PMID: 34932337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mounting epidemiological evidence has documented the associations between long-term exposure to multiple air pollutants and increased mortality. There is a pressing need to determine whether risks persist at low concentrations including below current national standards. Air pollution levels have decreased in the United States, and better understanding of the health effects of low-level air pollution is essential for the amendment of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). A nationwide, population-based, open cohort study was conducted to estimate the association between long-term exposure to low-level PM2.5, NO2, O3, and all-cause mortality. The study population included all Medicare enrollees (ages 65 years or older) in the contiguous U.S. from 2001 to 2017. We further defined three low-exposure subcohorts comprised of Medicare enrollees who were always exposed to low-level PM2.5 (annual mean ≤12-μg/m3), NO2 (annual mean ≤53-ppb), and O3 (warm-season mean ≤50-ppb), respectively, over the study period. Of the 68.7-million Medicare enrollees, 33.1% (22.8-million, mean age 75.9 years), 93.8% (64.5-million, mean age 76.2 years), and 65.0% (44.7-million, mean age 75.6 years) were always exposed to low-level annual PM2.5, annual NO2, and warm-season O3 over the study period, respectively. Among the low-exposure cohorts, a 10-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5, 10-ppb increase in NO2, and 10-ppb increase in warm-season O3, were, respectively, associated with an increase in mortality rate ranging between 10 and 13%, 2 and 4%, and 12 and 14% in single-pollutant models, and between 6 and 8%, 1 and 3%, and 9 and 11% in tripollutant models, using three statistical approaches. There was strong evidence of linearity in concentration-response relationships for PM2.5 and NO2 at levels below the current NAAQS, suggesting that no safe threshold exists for health-harmful pollution levels. For O3, the concentration-response relationship shows an increasingly positive association at levels above 40-ppb. In conclusion, exposure to low levels of PM2.5, NO2, and warm-season O3 was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuhua Shi
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Andrew Rosenberg
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Yifan Wang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Pengfei Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0002, United States
| | - Mahdieh Danesh Yazdi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Weeberb Réquia
- School of Public Policy and Government, Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Brasília, Distrito Federal 72125590, Brazil
| | - Kyle Steenland
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Howard Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jeremy A Sarnat
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Wenhao Wang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingxuan Zhao
- Surveillance and Health Services Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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23
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Eum KD, Honda TJ, Wang B, Kazemiparkouhi F, Manjourides J, Pun VC, Pavlu V, Suh H. Long-term nitrogen dioxide exposure and cause-specific mortality in the U.S. Medicare population. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 207:112154. [PMID: 34634310 PMCID: PMC8810665 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 1971, the annual National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) has remained at 53 ppb, the impact of long-term NO2 exposure on mortality is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES We examined associations between long-term NO2 exposure (12-month moving average of NO2) below the annual NAAQS and cause-specific mortality among the older adults in the U.S. METHODS Cox proportional-hazard models were used to estimate Hazard Ratio (HR) for cause-specific mortality associated with long-term NO2 exposures among about 50 million Medicare beneficiaries living within the conterminous U.S. from 2001 to 2008. RESULTS A 10 ppb increase in NO2 was associated with increased mortality from all-cause (HR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.05-1.06), cardiovascular (HR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.10-1.11), respiratory disease (HR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.08-1.11), and cancer (HR: 1.01; 95% CI: 1.00-1.02) adjusting for age, sex, race, ZIP code as strata ZIP code- and state-level socio-economic status (SES) as covariates, and PM2.5 exposure using a 2-stage approach. NO2 was also associated with elevated mortality from ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, and lung cancer. We found no evidence of a threshold, with positive and significant HRs across the range of NO2 exposures for all causes of death examined. Exposure-response curves were linear for all-cause, supra-linear for cardiovascular-, and sub-linear for respiratory-related mortality. HRs were highest consistently among Black beneficiaries. CONCLUSIONS Long-term NO2 exposure is associated with elevated risks of death by multiple causes, without evidence of a threshold response. Our findings raise concerns about the sufficiency of the annual NAAQS for NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Do Eum
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
| | | | - Bingyu Wang
- Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Justin Manjourides
- Bouvè College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vivian C Pun
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Virgil Pavlu
- Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Helen Suh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With cardiovascular disease (CVD) being the top cause of deaths worldwide, it is important to ensure healthy cardiovascular aging through enhanced understanding and prevention of adverse health effects exerted by external factors. This review aims to provide an updated understanding of environmental influences on cardiovascular aging, by summarizing epidemiological and mechanistic evidence for the cardiovascular health impact of major environmental stressors, including air pollution, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), metals, and climate change. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies generally support positive associations of exposure to multiple chemical environmental stressors (air pollution, EDCs, toxic metals) and extreme temperatures with increased risks of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the population. Environmental stressors have also been associated with a number of cardiovascular aging-related subclinical changes including biomarkers in the population, which are supported by evidence from relevant experimental studies. The elderly and patients are the most vulnerable demographic groups to majority environmental stressors. Future studies should account for the totality of individuals' exposome in addition to single chemical pollutants or environmental factors. Specific factors most responsible for the observed health effects related to cardiovascular aging remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Yanta District, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, 710061, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaowei Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Yanta District, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, 710061, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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25
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Chen H, Zhang S, Shen W, Salazar C, Schneider A, Wyatt L, Rappold AG, Diaz-Sanchez D, Devlin RB, Samet JM, Tong H. The influence of dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the association between short-term exposure to ambient nitrogen dioxide and respiratory and cardiovascular outcomes among healthy adults. Environ Health 2021; 20:123. [PMID: 34872587 PMCID: PMC8650256 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00809-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-term exposure to ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is associated with adverse respiratory and cardiovascular outcomes. Supplementation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) has shown protection against exposure to fine particulate matter. This study aims to investigate whether habitual omega-3 PUFA intake differentially modify the associations between respiratory and cardiovascular responses and short-term exposure to ambient NO2. METHODS Sixty-two healthy participants were enrolled into low or high omega-3 groups based on their habitual omega-3 PUFA intake. Each participant was repeatedly assessed for lung function, blood lipids, markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis, vascular function, and heart rate variability (HRV) in up to five sessions, each separated by at least 7 days. This study was carried out in the Research Triangle area of North Carolina, USA between October 2016 and September 2019. Daily ambient NO2 concentrations were obtained from an area air quality monitoring station on the day of outcome assessment (Lag0), 4 days prior (Lag1-4), as well as 5-day moving average (5dMA). The associations between short-term exposure to NO2 and the measured indices were evaluated using linear mixed-effects models stratified by omega-3 levels and adjusted by covariates including relative humidity and temperature. RESULTS The average concentration of ambient NO2 during the study periods was 5.3±3.8 ppb which was below the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). In the high omega-3 group, an interquartile range (IQR) increase in short-term NO2 concentrations was significantly associated with increased lung function [e.g. 1.2% (95%CI: 0.2%, 2.2%) in FVC at lag1, 2.6% (95%CI: 0.4%, 4.8%) in FEV1 at 5dMA], decreased blood lipids [e.g. -2.6% (95%CI: -4.4%, -0.9%) in total cholesterol at lag2, -3.1% (95%CI: -6.1%, 0.0%) in HDL at 5dMA, and -3.1% (95%CI: -5.5%, -0.7%) in LDL at lag2], improved vascular function [e.g. 8.9% (95%CI: 0.6%, 17.2%) increase in FMD and 43.1% (95%CI: -79.8%, -6.3%) decrease in endothelin-1 at 5dMA], and changed HRV parameters [e.g. -7.2% (95%CI: -13.6%, -0.8%) in HFn and 13.4% (95%CI: 0.2%, 28.3%) in LF/HF ratio at lag3]. In the low omega-3 group, an IQR increase in ambient NO2 was associated with elevations in coagulation markers (von Willebrand Factor, D-dimer) and a decrease in HRV (very-low frequency); however, null associations were observed between short-term NO2 exposure and changes in lung function, blood lipids, and vascular function. CONCLUSIONS The results in this study imply that dietary omega-3 PUFA consumption may offer respiratory and vascular benefits in response to short-term exposure of healthy adults to NO2 levels below the NAAQS. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT02921048 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 100 ORAU Way, 37830, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wan Shen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 100 ORAU Way, 37830, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
- Department of Public and Allied Health, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Claudia Salazar
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 104 Mason Farm Rd, 27514, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Lauren Wyatt
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 104 Mason Farm Rd, 27514, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ana G Rappold
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 104 Mason Farm Rd, 27514, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David Diaz-Sanchez
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 104 Mason Farm Rd, 27514, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert B Devlin
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 104 Mason Farm Rd, 27514, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - James M Samet
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 104 Mason Farm Rd, 27514, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Haiyan Tong
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 104 Mason Farm Rd, 27514, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Qian Y, Li H, Rosenberg A, Li Q, Sarnat J, Papatheodorou S, Schwartz J, Liang D, Liu Y, Liu P, Shi L. Long-Term Exposure to Low-Level NO2 and Mortality among the Elderly Population in the Southeastern United States. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:127009. [PMID: 34962424 PMCID: PMC8713651 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mounting evidence has shown that long-term exposure to fine particulate matter [PM ≤2.5μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5)] and ozone (O3) can increase mortality. However, the health effects associated with long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are less clear, in particular the evidence is scarce for NO2 at low levels that are below the current international guidelines. METHODS We constructed a population-based full cohort comprising all Medicare beneficiaries (aged ≥65, N=13,590,387) in the southeastern United States from 2000 to 2016, and we then further defined the below-guideline cohort that included only those who were always exposed to low-level NO2, that is, with annual means below the current World Health Organization guidelines (i.e., ≤21 ppb). We applied previously estimated spatially and temporally resolved NO2 concentrations and assigned annual means to study participants based on their ZIP code of residence. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association between long-term exposure to low-level NO2 and all-cause mortality, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS About 71.1% of the Medicare beneficiaries in the southeastern United States were always exposed to low-level NO2 over the study period. We observed an association between long-term exposure to low-level NO2 and all-cause mortality, with a hazard ratio (HR)= 1.042 (95% CI: 1.040, 1.045) in single-pollutant models and a HR= 1.047 (95% CI: 1.045, 1.049) in multipollutant models (adjusting for PM2.5 and O3), per 10-ppb increase in annual NO2 concentrations. The penalized spline indicates a linear exposure-response relationship across the entire NO2 exposure range. Medicare enrollees who were White, female, and residing in urban areas were more vulnerable to long-term NO2 exposure. CONCLUSION Using a large and representative cohort, we provide epidemiological evidence that long-term exposure to NO2, even below the national and global ambient air quality guidelines, was approximately linearly associated with a higher risk of mortality among older adults, independent of PM2.5 and O3 exposure. Improving air quality by reducing NO2 emissions, therefore, may yield significant health benefits. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9044.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Qian
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Haomin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrew Rosenberg
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Qiulun Li
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jeremy Sarnat
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stefania Papatheodorou
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Donghai Liang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Pengfei Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Liuhua Shi
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Huang S, Li H, Wang M, Qian Y, Steenland K, Caudle WM, Liu Y, Sarnat J, Papatheodorou S, Shi L. Long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 776:145968. [PMID: 33640547 PMCID: PMC8499020 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient air pollution is among the greatest environmental risks to human health. However, little is known about the health effects of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a traffic-related air pollutant. Herein, we aimed to conduct a meta-analysis to investigate the long-term effects of NO2 on mortality. METHODS We conducted a systematic search for studies that were published up to February 2020 and performed a meta-analysis of all available epidemiologic studies evaluating the associations between long-term exposure to NO2 with all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality. Overall pooled effect estimates as well as subgroup-specific pooled estimates (e.g. location, exposure assessment method, exposure metric, study population, age at recruitment, and key confounder adjustment) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using random-effects models. Risk of bias assessment was accessed by following WHO global air quality guidelines. Publication bias was accessed by visually inspecting funnel plot and Egger's liner regression was used to test of asymmetry. RESULTS Our search initially retrieved 1349 unique studies, of which 34 studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality was 1.06 (95%CI: 1.04-1.08, n = 28 studies, I2 = 98.6%) per 10 ppb increase in annual NO2 concentrations. The pooled HRs for cardiovascular and respiratory mortality per 10 ppb increment were 1.11 (95%CI: 1.07-1.16, n = 20 studies, I2 = 99.2%) and 1.05 (95%CI: 1.02-1.08, n = 17 studies, I2 = 94.6%), respectively. The sensitivity analysis pooling estimates from multi-pollutant models suggest an independent effect of NO2 on mortality. Funnel plots indicate that there is no evidence for publication bias in our study. CONCLUSION We provide robust epidemiological evidence that long-term exposure to NO2, a proxy for traffic-sourced air pollutants, is associated with a higher risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality that might be independent of other common air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Huang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Haomin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mingrui Wang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yaoyao Qian
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kyle Steenland
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William Michael Caudle
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeremy Sarnat
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Liuhua Shi
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Wei Y, Yazdi MD, Di Q, Requia WJ, Dominici F, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J. Emulating causal dose-response relations between air pollutants and mortality in the Medicare population. Environ Health 2021; 20:53. [PMID: 33957920 PMCID: PMC8103595 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00742-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fine particulate matter (PM2.5), ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are major air pollutants that pose considerable threats to human health. However, what has been mostly missing in air pollution epidemiology is causal dose-response (D-R) relations between those exposures and mortality. Such causal D-R relations can provide profound implications in predicting health impact at a target level of air pollution concentration. METHODS Using national Medicare cohort during 2000-2016, we simultaneously emulated causal D-R relations between chronic exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and all-cause mortality. To relax the contentious assumptions of inverse probability weighting for continuous exposures, including distributional form of the exposure and heteroscedasticity, we proposed a decile binning approach which divided each exposure into ten equal-sized groups by deciles, treated the lowest decile group as reference, and estimated the effects for the other groups. Binning continuous exposures also makes the inverse probability weights robust against outliers. RESULTS Assuming the causal framework was valid, we found that higher levels of PM2.5, O3, and NO2 were causally associated with greater risk of mortality and that PM2.5 posed the greatest risk. For PM2.5, the relative risk (RR) of mortality monotonically increased from the 2nd (RR, 1.022; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.018-1.025) to the 10th decile group (RR, 1.207; 95% CI, 1.203-1.210); for O3, the RR increased from the 2nd (RR, 1.050; 95% CI, 1.047-1.053) to the 9th decile group (RR, 1.107; 95% CI, 1.104-1.110); for NO2, the DR curve wiggled at low levels and started rising from the 6th (RR, 1.005; 95% CI, 1.002-1.018) till the highest decile group (RR, 1.024; 95% CI, 1.021-1.027). CONCLUSIONS This study provided more robust evidence of the causal relations between air pollution exposures and mortality. The emulated causal D-R relations provided significant implications for reviewing the national air quality standards, as they inferred the number of potential early deaths prevented if air pollutants were reduced to specific levels; for example, lowering each air pollutant concentration from the 70th to 60th percentiles would prevent 65,935 early deaths per year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaguang Wei
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Landmark Center 4th West, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Mahdieh Danesh Yazdi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Landmark Center 4th West, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Qian Di
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Weeberb J. Requia
- School of Public Policy and Government, Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Brasília, Distrito Federal Brazil
| | - Francesca Dominici
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
| | - Antonella Zanobetti
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Landmark Center 4th West, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Landmark Center 4th West, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215 USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA USA
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Filippini T, Rothman KJ, Cocchio S, Narne E, Mantoan D, Saia M, Goffi A, Ferrari F, Maffeis G, Orsini N, Baldo V, Vinceti M. Associations between mortality from COVID-19 in two Italian regions and outdoor air pollution as assessed through tropospheric nitrogen dioxide. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143355. [PMID: 33187703 PMCID: PMC7609227 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
After the appearance of COVID-19 in China last December 2019, Italy was the first European country to be severely affected by the outbreak. The first diagnosis in Italy was on February 20, 2020, followed by the establishment of a light and a tight lockdown on February 23 and on March 8, 2020, respectively. The virus spread rapidly, particularly in the North of the country in the 'Padan Plain' area, known as one of the most polluted regions in Europe. Air pollution has been recently hypothesized to enhance the clinical severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection, acting through adverse effects on immunity, induction of respiratory and other chronic disease, upregulation of viral receptor ACE-2, and possible pathogen transportation as a virus carrier. We investigated the association between air pollution and subsequent COVID-19 mortality rates within two Italian regions (Veneto and Emilia-Romagna). We estimated ground-level nitrogen dioxide through its tropospheric levels using data available from the Sentinel-5P satellites of the European Space Agency Copernicus Earth Observation Programme before the lockdown. We then examined COVID-19 mortality rates in relation to the nitrogen dioxide levels at three 14-day lag points after the lockdown, namely March 8, 22 and April 5, 2020. Using a multivariable negative binomial regression model, we found an association between nitrogen dioxide and COVID-19 mortality. Although ecological data provide only weak evidence, these findings indicate an association between air pollution levels and COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Filippini
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Kenneth J Rothman
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Silvia Cocchio
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Mantoan
- Department for Health and Social Affairs of Veneto Region, Venice, Italy
| | - Mario Saia
- Azienda Zero of Veneto Region, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Nicola Orsini
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincenzo Baldo
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Vinceti
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Al-Hemoud A, Gasana J, Alajeel A, Alhamoud E, Al-Shatti A, Al-Khayat A. Ambient exposure of O 3 and NO 2 and associated health risk in Kuwait. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:14917-14926. [PMID: 33222061 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11481-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), indissoluble air pollutants in the atmosphere, have been confirmed in various parts of the world to have detrimental health effects on humans. Currently, such information is lacking in Kuwait. The objectives of this study are to investigate the spatial and temporal variations of O3 and NO2 concentrations in Kuwait during a 4-year period (2014-2017) and to quantify the associated short- and long-term health effects, including all-cause, respiratory, and cardiovascular mortalities and morbidities during the same study period. Exposure assessment showed that the annual levels (22.5-26.4 ppb), SOMO35, and the 8-hour 4-year mean (38 ppb) of O3 were very low and below the World Health Organization (WHO) (50 ppb) and Kuwaiti (70 ppb) regulatory limits. The annual mean levels of NO2 ranged from 30.3 to 43.8 ppb and were significantly higher than both WHO and Kuwait limits (21 ppb). As expected, O3 and NO2 levels showed opposing trends, with higher concentrations of NO2 recorded in early morning and mid-evening, during autumn and winter, and during Saturdays (the so-called weekend effect). Health effects indicated high respiratory diseases due to short-term exposure to NO2. Contrary to the western countries' pollution levels, Kuwait showed lower O3 and higher NO2 levels. There is potential for substantial health improvements in Kuwait by reducing NO2 pollution through stringent control measures of stationary and mobile sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al-Hemoud
- Crisis Decision Support Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Crisis Decision Support Program, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P. O. Box 24885, 13109, Safat, Kuwait.
| | - Janvier Gasana
- Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University, P. O. Box 24923, 13110, Safat, Kuwait
| | | | - Ebrahim Alhamoud
- Faculty of Law, Kuwait University, P. O. Box 5475, 13055, Safat, Kuwait
| | | | - Ahmed Al-Khayat
- Techno-Economics Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P. O. Box 24885, 13109, Safat, Kuwait
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Southerland VA, Anenberg SC, Harris M, Apte J, Hystad P, van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, Beyers M, Roy A. Assessing the Distribution of Air Pollution Health Risks within Cities: A Neighborhood-Scale Analysis Leveraging High-Resolution Data Sets in the Bay Area, California. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:37006. [PMID: 33787320 PMCID: PMC8011332 DOI: 10.1289/ehp7679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution-attributable disease burdens reported at global, country, state, or county levels mask potential smaller-scale geographic heterogeneity driven by variation in pollution levels and disease rates. Capturing within-city variation in air pollution health impacts is now possible with high-resolution pollutant concentrations. OBJECTIVES We quantified neighborhood-level variation in air pollution health risks, comparing results from highly spatially resolved pollutant and disease rate data sets available for the Bay Area, California. METHODS We estimated mortality and morbidity attributable to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC), and fine particulate matter [PM ≤2.5μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5)] using epidemiologically derived health impact functions. We compared geographic distributions of pollution-attributable risk estimates using concentrations from a) mobile monitoring of NO2 and BC; and b) models predicting annual NO2, BC and PM2.5 concentrations from land-use variables and satellite observations. We also compared results using county vs. census block group (CBG) disease rates. RESULTS Estimated pollution-attributable deaths per 100,000 people at the 100-m grid-cell level ranged across the Bay Area by a factor of 38, 4, and 5 for NO2 [mean=30 (95% CI: 9, 50)], BC [mean=2 (95% CI: 1, 2)], and PM2.5, [mean=49 (95% CI: 33, 64)]. Applying concentrations from mobile monitoring and land-use regression (LUR) models in Oakland neighborhoods yielded similar spatial patterns of estimated grid-cell-level NO2-attributable mortality rates. Mobile monitoring concentrations captured more heterogeneity [mobile monitoring mean=64 (95% CI: 19, 107) deaths per 100,000 people; LUR mean=101 (95% CI: 30, 167)]. Using CBG-level disease rates instead of county-level disease rates resulted in 15% larger attributable mortality rates for both NO2 and PM2.5, with more spatial heterogeneity at the grid-cell-level [NO2 CBG mean=41 deaths per 100,000 people (95% CI: 12, 68); NO2 county mean=38 (95% CI: 11, 64); PM2.5 CBG mean=59 (95% CI: 40, 77); and PM2.5 county mean=55 (95% CI: 37, 71)]. DISCUSSION Air pollutant-attributable health burdens varied substantially between neighborhoods, driven by spatial variation in pollutant concentrations and disease rates. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7679.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica A. Southerland
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Susan C. Anenberg
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Maria Harris
- Environmental Defense Fund, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joshua Apte
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering and School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Perry Hystad
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Randall V. Martin
- Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Matt Beyers
- Alameda County Public Health Department, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Ananya Roy
- Environmental Defense Fund, San Francisco, California, USA
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Systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies of long term outdoor nitrogen dioxide exposure and mortality. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246451. [PMID: 33539450 PMCID: PMC7861378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine whether long term exposure to outdoor nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is associated with all-cause or cause-specific mortality. Methods MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, Global Health and Toxline databases were searched using terms developed by a librarian. Screening, data extraction and risk of bias assessment were completed independently by two reviewers. Conflicts were resolved through consensus and/or involvement of a third reviewer. Pooling of results across studies was conducted using random effects models, heterogeneity among included studies was assessed using Cochran’s Q and I2 measures, and sources of heterogeneity were evaluated using meta-regression. Sensitivity of pooled estimates to individual studies was examined and publication bias was evaluated using Funnel plots, Begg’s and Egger’s tests, and trim and fill. Results Seventy-nine studies based on 47 cohorts, plus one set of pooled analyses of multiple European cohorts, met inclusion criteria. There was a consistently high degree of heterogeneity. After excluding studies with probably high or high risk of bias in the confounding domain (n = 12), pooled hazard ratios (HR) indicated that long term exposure to NO2 was significantly associated with mortality from all/ natural causes (pooled HR 1.047, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.023–1.072 per 10 ppb), cardiovascular disease (pooled HR 1.058, 95%CI 1.026–1.091), lung cancer (pooled HR 1.083, 95%CI 1.041–1.126), respiratory disease (pooled HR 1.062, 95%CI1.035–1.089), and ischemic heart disease (pooled HR 1.111, 95%CI 1.079–1.144). Pooled estimates based on multi-pollutant models were consistently smaller than those from single pollutant models and mostly non-significant. Conclusions For all causes of death other than cerebrovascular disease, the overall quality of the evidence is moderate, and the strength of evidence is limited, while for cerebrovascular disease, overall quality is low and strength of evidence is inadequate. Important uncertainties remain, including potential confounding by co-pollutants or other concomitant exposures, and limited supporting mechanistic evidence. (PROSPERO registration number CRD42018084497)
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Kephart JL, Fandiño-Del-Rio M, Williams KN, Malpartida G, Lee A, Steenland K, Naeher LP, Gonzales GF, Chiang M, Checkley W, Koehler K. Nitrogen dioxide exposures from LPG stoves in a cleaner-cooking intervention trial. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106196. [PMID: 33160161 PMCID: PMC8173774 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stoves have been promoted in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) as a clean energy alternative to biomass burning cookstoves. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize kitchen area concentrations and personal exposures to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) within a randomized controlled trial in the Peruvian Andes. The intervention included the provision of an LPG stove and continuous fuel distribution with behavioral messaging to maximize compliance. METHODS We measured 48-hour kitchen area NO2 concentrations at high temporal resolution in homes of 50 intervention participants and 50 control participants longitudinally within a biomass-to-LPG intervention trial. We also collected 48-hour mean personal exposures to NO2 among a subsample of 16 intervention and 9 control participants. We monitored LPG and biomass stove use continuously throughout the trial. RESULTS In 367 post-intervention 24-hour kitchen area samples of 96 participants' homes, geometric mean (GM) highest hourly NO2 concentration was 138 ppb (geometric standard deviation [GSD] 2.1) in the LPG intervention group and 450 ppb (GSD 3.1) in the biomass control group. Post-intervention 24-hour mean NO2 concentrations were a GM of 43 ppb (GSD 1.7) in the intervention group and 77 ppb (GSD 2.0) in the control group. Kitchen area NO2 concentrations exceeded the WHO indoor hourly guideline an average of 1.3 h per day among LPG intervention participants. GM 48-hour personal exposure to NO2 was 5 ppb (GSD 2.4) among 35 48-hour samples of 16 participants in the intervention group and 16 ppb (GSD 2.3) among 21 samples of 9 participants in the control group. DISCUSSION In a biomass-to-LPG intervention trial in Peru, kitchen area NO2 concentrations were substantially lower within the LPG intervention group compared to the biomass-using control group. However, within the LPG intervention group, 69% of 24-hour kitchen area samples exceeded WHO indoor annual guidelines and 47% of samples exceeded WHO indoor hourly guidelines. Forty-eight-hour NO2 personal exposure was below WHO indoor annual guidelines for most participants in the LPG intervention group, and we did not measure personal exposure at high temporal resolution to assess exposure to cooking-related indoor concentration peaks. Further research is warranted to understand the potential health risks of LPG-related NO2 emissions and inform current campaigns which promote LPG as a clean-cooking option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah L Kephart
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Magdalena Fandiño-Del-Rio
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kendra N Williams
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gary Malpartida
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Laboratory, Research Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Biomedical Research Unit, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Kyle Steenland
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Luke P Naeher
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Gustavo F Gonzales
- Laboratories of Investigation and Development, Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; High Altitude Research Institute, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marilu Chiang
- Biomedical Research Unit, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru
| | - William Checkley
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Kirsten Koehler
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Zhao S, Liu S, Sun Y, Liu Y, Beazley R, Hou X. Assessing NO 2-related health effects by non-linear and linear methods on a national level. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 744:140909. [PMID: 32702544 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to NO2 pollution has a significant adverse effect on residents' health. However, few studies have assessed the health effects associated with NO2 pollution. Compared with PM2.5 pollution, the harmfulness of NO2 pollution has not been quantitatively studied or clearly identified. In this study, we assessed the NO2 exposure-related health effects by non-linear and linear methods, taking advantage of online monitoring and survey data. We also assessed the economic cost of NO2 pollution in 338 cities in China. Our results showed that the average annual concentration of NO2 in the top fifteen cities with more than ten million permanent residents (except for Shenzhen, in the Guangdong province) exceeded the annual Grade II standards (40 μg/m3). The estimated national NO2-related all-cause mortality for non-linear and linear methods were 388.5 × 103 (95% CI: 198.1 × 103-748.2 × 103) and 374.1 × 103 (95% CI: 194.3 × 103-695.9 × 103), respectively. The total calculated national economic cost was about 28.8 billion US$ (95% CI: 14.7-55.4) in 2016. In addition, the comparison results showed that the harm caused by PM2.5 pollution was about four times that of NO2 pollution. Our statistics contribute to the limited research on NO2 pollution's effects on health and the economy in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shiliang Liu
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yongxiu Sun
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yixuan Liu
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Robert Beazley
- Department of Natural Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fernow Hall 302, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Hou
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310016, China
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Yang T, Deng W, Liu Y, Zhao W, Liu J, Cao Y, Deng J. Association between ambient air pollution and laryngeal neoplasms incidence in twelve major Chinese cities, 2006-2013. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:39274-39282. [PMID: 32642903 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09948-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence has suggested that ambient air pollution is an increasingly important risk factor for respiratory diseases without assessing its influence on laryngeal neoplasms incidence in China. We constructed two-way fixed effect models and Poisson regression models to explore the effects of ambient air pollutants including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter less than or equal to 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) on incidence of laryngeal neoplasms in twelve major cities in China over the period 2006-2013. The annual average concentration for PM10, SO2, and NO2 was 107.22 μg/m3, 44.07 μg/m3, and 46.71 μg/m3 with standard deviations of 24.84 μg/m3, 13.68 μg/m3, and 9.19 μg/m3, respectively. We observed that ambient air pollutants were significantly positively correlated with the incidence of laryngeal neoplasms, especially for NO2. The relative risks of overall incidence of laryngeal neoplasms in the current period were 1.20, 1.04, and 1.00 for NO2, SO2, and PM10, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of 1.01-1.43, 0.93-1.16, and 0.96-1.05, respectively. Moreover, this deleterious impact was stronger in the male than in the female, likely due to genetic predisposition caused by longer exposure to more serious air pollution for men. Our findings complement the epidemiological evidence of laryngeal neoplasms due to ambient air pollution and reinforce the necessity of policy efforts to control the noxious air pollution emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianan Yang
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wenhao Deng
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yexin Liu
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Weigang Zhao
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiahao Liu
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yunfei Cao
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianwei Deng
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Raaschou-Nielsen O, Thorsteinson E, Antonsen S, Holst GJ, Sigsgaard T, Geels C, Frohn LM, Christensen JH, Brandt J, Pedersen CB, Hvidtfeldt UA. Long-term exposure to air pollution and mortality in the Danish population a nationwide study. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 28:100605. [PMID: 33163948 PMCID: PMC7610042 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown higher mortality in association with exposure to air pollution. We investigated this association with focus on differences between socioeconomic groups. METHODS We included all Danes born between 1921 and 1985 aged 30-85 years from 1991 to 2015 (N = 4,401,348). We applied a nested case-control design and identified those who died during follow-up and selected five controls per case. We modelled NO2, fine particulate matter (PM2·5), black carbon (BC) particles, and ozone (O3) as five-year average concentrations at the residential addresses of 672,895 all natural cause mortality cases and 3,426,533 controls in conditional logistic regression with adjustment for individual and neighbourhood level socio-demographic variables. FINDINGS In single pollutant models, a 10 μg/m3 (BC: 1 μg/m3) increase in NO2, PM2·5, BC, and O3 was associated with natural cause mortality rate ratios (MRR) of 1·05 (95% confidence interval 1·04-1·06), 1·08 (1·04-1·13), 1·05 (1·02-1·08), and 0·96 (0·95-0·97), respectively. The patterns were similar for respiratory disease and lung cancer mortality. O3 was associated with higher risk of CVD mortality. The rate differences for a unit increase in PM2·5, NO2, and BC were largest among those with the lowest income; this pattern was not detected when considering the relative risk measure, MRR. INTERPRETATION Long-term concentration of air pollution at the residence was associated with higher natural cause mortality in the Danish population and the strength of the association differed by socioeconomic group. We recommend that future studies express socioeconomic differences in absolute rather than relative risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Raaschou-Nielsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Erla Thorsteinson
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus BSS, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs allè 26, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs allè 26, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - Sussie Antonsen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus BSS, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs allè 26, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs allè 26, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - Gitte J Holst
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 2, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Boulevard 2, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Camilla Geels
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lise M Frohn
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jesper H Christensen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Brandt
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- iClimate - Aarhus University interdisciplinary Center for Climate Change, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Carsten B Pedersen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus BSS, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs allè 26, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark
- Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, CIRRAU, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs allè 26, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - Ulla A. Hvidtfeldt
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Filippini T, Rothman KJ, Goffi A, Ferrari F, Maffeis G, Orsini N, Vinceti M. Satellite-detected tropospheric nitrogen dioxide and spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Northern Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:140278. [PMID: 32758963 PMCID: PMC7297152 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Following the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) last December 2019 in China, Italy was the first European country to be severely affected, with the first local case diagnosed on 20 February 2020. The virus spread quickly, particularly in the North of Italy, with three regions (Lombardy, Veneto and Emilia-Romagna) being the most severely affected. These three regions accounted for >80% of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases when the tight lockdown was established (March 8). These regions include one of Europe's areas of heaviest air pollution, the Po valley. Air pollution has been recently proposed as a possible risk factor of SARS-CoV-2 infection, due to its adverse effect on immunity and to the possibility that polluted air may even carry the virus. We investigated the association between air pollution and subsequent spread of the SARS-CoV-2 infection within these regions. We collected NO2 tropospheric levels using satellite data available at the European Space Agency before the lockdown. Using a multivariable restricted cubic spline regression model, we compared NO2 levels with SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence rate at different time points after the lockdown, namely March 8, 22 and April 5, in the 28 provinces of Lombardy, Veneto and Emilia-Romagna. We found little association of NO2 levels with SARS-CoV-2 prevalence up to about 130 μmol/m2, while a positive association was evident at higher levels at each time point. Notwithstanding the limitations of the use of aggregated data, these findings lend some support to the hypothesis that high levels of air pollution may favor the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Filippini
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Kenneth J Rothman
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nicola Orsini
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Vinceti
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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39
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Turner MC, Andersen ZJ, Baccarelli A, Diver WR, Gapstur SM, Pope CA, Prada D, Samet J, Thurston G, Cohen A. Outdoor air pollution and cancer: An overview of the current evidence and public health recommendations. CA Cancer J Clin 2020; 70:10.3322/caac.21632. [PMID: 32964460 PMCID: PMC7904962 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Outdoor air pollution is a major contributor to the burden of disease worldwide. Most of the global population resides in places where air pollution levels, because of emissions from industry, power generation, transportation, and domestic burning, considerably exceed the World Health Organization's health-based air-quality guidelines. Outdoor air pollution poses an urgent worldwide public health challenge because it is ubiquitous and has numerous serious adverse human health effects, including cancer. Currently, there is substantial evidence from studies of humans and experimental animals as well as mechanistic evidence to support a causal link between outdoor (ambient) air pollution, and especially particulate matter (PM) in outdoor air, with lung cancer incidence and mortality. It is estimated that hundreds of thousands of lung cancer deaths annually worldwide are attributable to PM air pollution. Epidemiological evidence on outdoor air pollution and the risk of other types of cancer, such as bladder cancer or breast cancer, is more limited. Outdoor air pollution may also be associated with poorer cancer survival, although further research is needed. This report presents an overview of outdoor air pollutants, sources, and global levels, as well as a description of epidemiological evidence linking outdoor air pollution with cancer incidence and mortality. Biological mechanisms of air pollution-derived carcinogenesis are also described. This report concludes by summarizing public health/policy recommendations, including multilevel interventions aimed at individual, community, and regional scales. Specific roles for medical and health care communities with regard to prevention and advocacy and recommendations for further research are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C. Turner
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zorana J. Andersen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, United States
| | - W. Ryan Diver
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Susan M. Gapstur
- Behavioral and Epidemiology Research Group, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - C. Arden Pope
- Department of Economics, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States
| | - Diddier Prada
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, United States
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jonathan Samet
- Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - George Thurston
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - Aaron Cohen
- Health Effects Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, Washington, United States
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40
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Effect of Lockdown Measures on Atmospheric Nitrogen Dioxide during SARS-CoV-2 in Spain. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12142210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 has affected many countries and regions. In order to contain the spread of infection, many countries have adopted lockdown measures. As a result, SARS-CoV-2 has negatively influenced economies on a global scale and has caused a significant impact on the environment. In this study, changes in the concentration of the pollutant Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) within the lockdown period were examined as well as how these changes relate to the Spanish population. NO2 is one of the reactive nitrogen oxides gases resulting from both anthropogenic and natural processes. One major source in urban areas is the combustion of fossil fuels from vehicles and industrial plants, both of which significantly contribute to air pollution. The long-term exposure to NO2 can also cause severe health problems. Remote sensing is a useful tool to analyze spatial variability of air quality. For this purpose, Sentinel-5P images registered from January to April of 2019 and 2020 were used to analyze spatial distribution of NO2 and its evolution under the lockdown measures in Spain. The results indicate a significant correlation between the population’s activity level and the reduction of NO2 values.
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Kephart JL, Fandiño-Del-Rio M, Williams KN, Malpartida G, Steenland K, Naeher LP, Gonzales GF, Chiang M, Checkley W, Koehler K. Nitrogen dioxide exposures from biomass cookstoves in the Peruvian Andes. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:735-744. [PMID: 32064681 PMCID: PMC8884918 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Household air pollution from biomass cookstoves is a major contributor to global morbidity and mortality, yet little is known about exposures to nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ). OBJECTIVE To characterize NO2 kitchen area concentrations and personal exposures among women with biomass cookstoves in the Peruvian Andes. METHODS We measured kitchen area NO2 concentrations at high-temporal resolution in 100 homes in the Peruvian Andes. We assessed personal exposure to NO2 in a subsample of 22 women using passive samplers. RESULTS Among 97 participants, the geometric mean (GM) highest hourly average NO2 concentration was 723 ppb (geometric standard deviation (GSD) 2.6) and the GM 24-hour average concentration was 96 ppb (GSD 2.6), 4.4 and 2.9 times greater than WHO indoor hourly (163 ppb) and annual (33 ppb) guidelines, respectively. Compared to the direct-reading instruments, we found similar kitchen area concentrations with 48-hour passive sampler measurements (GM 108 ppb, GSD 3.8). Twenty-seven percent of women had 48-hour mean personal exposures above WHO annual guidelines (GM 18 ppb, GSD 2.3). In univariate analyses, we found that roof, wall, and floor type, as well as higher SES, was associated with lower 24-hour kitchen area NO2 concentrations. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Kitchen area concentrations and personal exposures to NO2 from biomass cookstoves in the Peruvian Andes far exceed WHO guidelines. More research is warranted to understand the role of this understudied household air pollutant on morbidity and mortality and to inform cleaner-cooking interventions for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah L. Kephart
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Magdalena Fandiño-Del-Rio
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kendra N. Williams
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gary Malpartida
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Laboratory, Research Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- Biomedical Research Unit, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Perú
| | - Kyle Steenland
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Luke P. Naeher
- Environmental Health Science Department, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Gustavo F. Gonzales
- Laboratories of Investigation and Development, Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
- High Altitude Research Institute, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Marilú Chiang
- Biomedical Research Unit, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Perú
| | - William Checkley
- Center for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kirsten Koehler
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Kazemiparkouhi F, Eum KD, Wang B, Manjourides J, Suh HH. Long-term ozone exposures and cause-specific mortality in a US Medicare cohort. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:650-658. [PMID: 30992518 PMCID: PMC7197379 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We examined the association of long-term, daily 1-h maximum O3 (ozone) exposures on cause-specific mortality for 22.2 million US Medicare beneficiaries between 2000-2008. We modeled the association between O3 and mortality using age-gender-race stratified log-linear regression models, adjusted for state of residence. We examined confounding by (1) adjusting for PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters <2.5 μm) and NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) exposures, temperature, and neighborhood-level characteristics and behaviors, and (2) decomposing O3 into its temporal and spatio-temporal components and comparing estimated risk ratios. We also examined sensitivity of our results to alternate exposure measures based on warm-season 8-h daily maximum and 24-h average exposures. We found increased risks from long-term O3 exposures to be strongest and most consistent for mortality from respiratory disease (1.030, 95% CI: 1.027, 1.034) (including COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)), CHF (congestive heart failure), and lung cancer (1.015, 95% CI: 1.010, 1.020), with no evidence of confounding by PM2.5, NO2, and temperature and with results similar across O3 exposure measures. While significant, associations between long-term O3 exposures and CVD (cardiovascular)-related mortality (1.005, 95% CI: 1.003, 1.007) were confounded by PM2.5 and varied with the exposure measure, with associations no longer significantly positive when warm-season 8-h maximum or 24-h average O3 was used to assess exposures. In this large study, we provide strong evidence that O3 exposure is associated with mortality from respiratory-related causes and for the first-time, lung cancer, but raise questions regarding O3-related impacts on CVD mortality. Our findings demonstrate the need to further identify potential confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ki-Do Eum
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Bingyu Wang
- College of Computer and Information Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Helen H Suh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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Monthly-Term Associations Between Air Pollutants and Respiratory Morbidity in South Brazil 2013-2016: A Multi-City, Time-Series Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16203787. [PMID: 31600878 PMCID: PMC6843508 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16203787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most air pollution research conducted in Brazil has focused on assessing the daily-term effects of pollutants, but little is known about the health effects of air pollutants at an intermediate time term. The objective of this study was to determine the monthly-term association between air pollution and respiratory morbidity in five cities in South Brazil. An ecological time-series study was performed using the municipality as the unit of observation in five cities in South Brazil (Gravataí, Triunfo, Esteio, Canoas, and Charqueadas) between 2013 and 2016. Data for hospital admissions was obtained from the records of the Hospital Information Service. Air pollution data, including PM10, SO2, CO, NO2, and O3 (µg/m3) were obtained from the environmental government agency in Rio Grande do Sul State. Panel multivariable Poisson regression models were adjusted for monthly counts of respiratory hospitalizations. An increase of 10 μg/m3 in the monthly average concentration of PM10 was associated with an increase of respiratory hospitalizations in all age groups, with the maximum effect on the population aged between 16 and 59 years (IRR: Incidence rate ratio 2.04 (95% CI: Confidence interval = 1.97–2.12)). For NO2 and SO2, stronger intermediate-term effects were found in children aged between 6 and 15 years, while for O3 higher effects were found in children under 1 year. This is the first multi-city study conducted in South Brazil to account for intermediate-term effects of air pollutants on respiratory health.
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Jiang Y, Niu Y, Xia Y, Liu C, Lin Z, Wang W, Ge Y, Lei X, Wang C, Cai J, Chen R, Kan H. Effects of personal nitrogen dioxide exposure on airway inflammation and lung function. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 177:108620. [PMID: 31400563 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few epidemiological studies have evaluated the respiratory effects of personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a major traffic-related air pollutant. The biological pathway for these effects remains unknown. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the short-term effects of personal NO2 exposure on lung function, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and DNA methylation of genes involved. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal panel study among 40 college students with four repeated measurements in Shanghai from May to October in 2016. We measured DNA methylation of the key encoding genes of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2A) and arginase (ARG2). We applied linear mixed-effect models to assess the effects of NO2 on respiratory outcomes. RESULTS Personal exposure to NO2 was 27.39 ± 23.20 ppb on average. In response to a 10-ppb increase in NO2 exposure, NOS2A methylation (%5 mC) decreased 0.19 at lag 0 d, ARG2 methylation (%5 mC) increased 0.21 and FeNO levels increased 2.82% at lag 1 d; and at lag 2 d the percentage of forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 s and peak expiratory flow in predicted values decreased 0.12, 0.37 and 0.67, respectively. The model performance was better compared with those estimated using fixed-site measurements. These effects were robust to the adjustment for co-pollutants and weather conditions. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that short-term personal exposure to NO2 is associated with NOS2A hypomethylation, ARG2 hypermethylation, respiratory inflammation and lung function impairment. The use of personal measurements may better predict the respiratory effects of NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Jiang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yue Niu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yongjie Xia
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Cong Liu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhijing Lin
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yihui Ge
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoning Lei
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Cuiping Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing Cai
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health, Shanghai, 201102, China.
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Tong H, Zavala J, McIntosh-Kastrinsky R, Sexton KG. Cardiovascular effects of diesel exhaust inhalation: photochemically altered versus freshly emitted in mice. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2019; 82:944-955. [PMID: 31566091 PMCID: PMC7308149 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1671278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to compare the cardiovascular effects of inhaled photochemically altered diesel exhaust (aged DE) to freshly emitted DE (fresh DE) in female C57Bl/6 mice. Mice were exposed to either fresh DE, aged DE, or filtered air (FA) for 4 hr using an environmental irradiation chamber. Cardiac responses were assessed 8 hr after exposure utilizing Langendorff preparation with a protocol consisting of 20 min of perfusion and 20 min of ischemia followed by 2 hr of reperfusion. Cardiac function was measured by indices of left-ventricular-developed pressure (LVDP) and contractility (dP/dt) prior to ischemia. Recovery of post-ischemic LVDP was examined on reperfusion following ischemia. Fresh DE contained 460 µg/m3 of particulate matter (PM), 0.29 ppm of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and no ozone (O3), while aged DE consisted of 330 µg/m3 of PM, 0.23 ppm O3 and no NO2. Fresh DE significantly decreased LVDP, dP/dtmax, and dP/dtmin compared to FA. Aged DE also significantly reduced LVDP and dP/dtmax. Data demonstrated that acute inhalation to either fresh or aged DE lowered LVDP and dP/dt, with a greater fall noted with fresh DE, suggesting that the composition of DE may play a key role in DE-induced adverse cardiovascular effects in female C57Bl/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Tong
- Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Jose Zavala
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gilling’s School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Rachel McIntosh-Kastrinsky
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gilling’s School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kenneth G. Sexton
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gilling’s School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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46
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Cheng CY, Cheng SY, Chen CC, Pan HY, Wu KH, Cheng FJ. Ambient air pollution is associated with pediatric pneumonia: a time-stratified case-crossover study in an urban area. Environ Health 2019; 18:77. [PMID: 31462279 PMCID: PMC6714311 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-019-0520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumonia, the leading reason underlying childhood deaths, may be triggered or exacerbated by air pollution. To date, only a few studies have examined the association of air pollution with emergency department (ED) visits for pediatric pneumonia, with inconsistent results. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the impact of short-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) and other air pollutants on the incidence of ED visits for pediatric pneumonia. METHODS PM2.5, PM10, and other air pollutant levels were measured at 11 air quality-monitoring stations in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, between 2008 and 2014. Further, we extracted the medical records of non-trauma patients aged ≤17 years and who had visited an ED with the principal diagnosis of pneumonia. A time-stratified case-crossover study design was employed to determine the hazard effect of air pollution in a total of 4024 patients. RESULTS The single-pollutant model suggested that per interquartile range increment in PM2.5, PM10, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) on 3 days before the event increased the odds of pediatric pneumonia by 14.0% [95% confidence interval (CI), 5.1-23.8%], 10.9% (95% CI, 2.4-20.0%), 14.1% (95% CI, 5.0-24.1%), and 4.5% (95% CI, 0.8-8.4%), respectively. In two-pollutant models, PM2.5 and NO2 were significant after adjusting for PM10 and SO2. Subgroup analyses showed that older children (aged ≥4 years) were more susceptible to PM2.5 (interaction p = 0.024) and children were more susceptible to NO2 during warm days (≥26.5 °C, interaction p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS Short-term exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 possibly plays an important role in pediatric pneumonia in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Older children are more susceptible to PM2.5, and all children are more susceptible to NO2 during warm days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yung Cheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Township, Kaohsiung, County, 833, Taiwan
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No.259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yu Cheng
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No.259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yunlin Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 1500, Gongye Rd, Mailiao Township, Yunlin County, 638, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Township, Kaohsiung, County, 833, Taiwan
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No.259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Yung Pan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Township, Kaohsiung, County, 833, Taiwan
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No.259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Han Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Township, Kaohsiung, County, 833, Taiwan
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No.259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Jen Cheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Niaosong Township, Kaohsiung, County, 833, Taiwan.
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No.259, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan.
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