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Aranda-Merino N, Marín-Garrido A, Román-Hidalgo C, Ramos-Payán M, Abril N, Fernández-Torres R, Bello-López MÁ. Bioavailability of flumequine and diclofenac in mice exposed to a metal-drug chemical cocktail. Evaluation of the protective role of selenium. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1935-1951. [PMID: 38149319 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Organisms, including humans, are subjected to the simultaneous action of a wide variety of pollutants, the effects of which should not be considered in isolation, as many synergies and antagonisms have been found between many of them. Therefore, this work proposes an in vivo study to evaluate the effect of certain metal contaminants on the bioavailability and metabolism of pharmacologically active compounds. Because the most frequent entry vector is through ingestion, the influence of the gut microbiota and the possible protective effects of selenium has been additionally evaluated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A controlled exposure experiment in mammals (Mus musculus) to a "chemical cocktail" consisting of metals and pharmaceuticals (diclofenac and flumequine). The presence of selenium has also been evaluated as an antagonist. Mouse plasma samples were measured by UPLC-QTOF. A targeted search of 48 metabolites was also performed. KEY RESULTS Metals significantly affected the FMQ plasma levels when the gut microbiota was depleted. Hydroxy FMQ decreased if metals were present. Selenium minimized this decrease. The 3-hydroxy DCF metabolite was not found in any case. Changes in some metabolic pathways are discussed. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The presence of metals in the mouse diet as well as the prior treatment of mice with an antibiotic mixture (Abxs), which deplete the gut microbiota, has a decisive effect on the bioavailability and metabolism of the tested pharmaceuticals and dietary selenium minimize some of their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Aranda-Merino
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Marín-Garrido
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cristina Román-Hidalgo
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Ramos-Payán
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Nieves Abril
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rut Fernández-Torres
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Li B, Yao Z, Wei D, Guo L, Ma Z, Li C. Uptake, accumulation and metabolism of UV-320 in vegetables and its impact on growth and quality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171228. [PMID: 38402974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
UV-320 is classified as a Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) by the European Chemicals Agency and has attracted significant attention due to its presence in the environment. Understanding the uptake, translocation and metabolic patterns of UV-320 in vegetables is essential for assessing their ability to bioaccumulate and potential risks to human health. In this study, we investigated the uptake and translocation of UV-320 in lettuce and radish by hydroponic experiments. The results showed that the root concentration factors (Croot/Csolution, RCF) of lettuce and radish were in the range of 47.9 to 464 mL/g and 194 to 787 mL/g, respectively. The transfer factors (Cshoot/Croot, TF) were observed to be 0.001-0.012 for lettuce and 0.02-0.05 for radish. Additionally, non-targeted screening identified twelve phase I and one phase II metabolites of UV-320 in vegetables, which were confirmed based on their molecular formulas and structures. The metabolic pathways involving oxidation, ketonylation and deamination were proposed in vegetables. Also, we have observed that UV-320 inhibits the growth of vegetables. Meanwhile, we evaluated the health risk of UV-320 in lettuce and radish and found that the consumption of lettuce is relatively safe, while the consumption of radish has a risk of HQ >1 for both adults and children, which should be seriously considered. This study provides valuable insights into the behavior and ecological risks of UV-320 in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingru Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Dizhe Wei
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Linlin Guo
- Shanghai AB Sciex Analytical Instrument Trading Co, Ltd, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Zhihong Ma
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Cheng Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100097, China.
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3
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Xiong Y, Shi Q, Li J, Sy ND, Schlenk D, Gan J. Methylation and Demethylation of Emerging Contaminants in Plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1998-2006. [PMID: 38240245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Many contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) have reactive functional groups and may readily undergo biotransformations, such as methylation and demethylation. These transformations have been reported to occur during human metabolism and wastewater treatment, leading to the propagation of CECs. When treated wastewater and biosolids are used in agriculture, CECs and their transformation products (TPs) are introduced into soil-plant systems. However, little is known about whether transformation cycles, such as methylation and demethylation, take place in higher plants and hence affect the fate of CECs in terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, we explored the interconversion between four common CECs (acetaminophen, diazepam, methylparaben, and naproxen) and their methylated or demethylated TPs in Arabidopsis thaliana cells and whole wheat seedlings. The methylation-demethylation cycle occurred in both plant models with demethylation generally taking place at a greater degree than methylation. The transformation rate of demethylation or methylation was dependent on the bond strength of R-CH3, with demethylation of methylparaben or methylation of acetaminophen being more pronounced. Although not explored in this study, these interconversions may exert influences on the behavior and biological activity of CECs, particularly in terrestrial ecosystems. The study findings demonstrated the prevalence of transformation cycles between CECs and their methylated or demethylated TPs in higher plants, contributing to a more complete understanding of risks of CECs in the human-wastewater-soil-plant continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Xiong
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Qingyang Shi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jun Li
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, Chinese University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Nathan Darlucio Sy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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4
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Alderete LS, Sauvêtre A, Chiron S, Tadić Đ. Investigating the Transformation Products of Selected Antibiotics and 17 α-Ethinylestradiol under Three In Vitro Biotransformation Models for Anticipating Their Relevance in Bioaugmented Constructed Wetlands. TOXICS 2023; 11:508. [PMID: 37368608 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of three antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and ofloxacin) and one synthetic hormone (17 α-ethinylestradiol) was investigated in three in-vitro biotransformation models (i.e., pure enzymes, hairy root, and Trichoderma asperellum cultures) for anticipating the relevance of the formation of transformation products (TPs) in constructed wetlands (CWs) bioaugmented with T. asperellum fungus. The identification of TPs was carried out employing high-resolution mass spectrometry, using databases, or by interpreting MS/MS spectra. An enzymatic reaction with β-glucosidase was also used to confirm the presence of glycosyl-conjugates. The results showed synergies in the transformation mechanisms between these three models. Phase II conjugation reactions and overall glycosylation reactions predominated in hairy root cultures, while phase I metabolization reactions (e.g., hydroxylation and N-dealkylation) predominated in T. asperellum cultures. Following their accumulation/degradation kinetic profiles helped in determining the most relevant TPs. Identified TPs contributed to the overall residual antimicrobial activity because phase I metabolites can be more reactive and glucose-conjugated TPs can be transformed back into parent compounds. Similar to other biological treatments, the formation of TPs in CWs is of concern and deserves to be investigated with simple in vitro models to avoid the complexity of field-scale studies. This paper brings new findings on the emerging pollutants metabolic pathways established between T. asperellum and model plants, including extracellular enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Sosa Alderete
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology and Health, INBIAS-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrés Sauvêtre
- HSM, University Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34090 Montpellier, France
- HSM, University Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, CNRS, IRD, 30100 Ales, France
| | - Serge Chiron
- HSM, University Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Đorđe Tadić
- HSM, University Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34090 Montpellier, France
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5
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Liakh I, Harshkova D, Hrouzek P, Bišová K, Aksmann A, Wielgomas B. Green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii can effectively remove diclofenac from the water environment - A new perspective on biotransformation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 455:131570. [PMID: 37163898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of unicellular algae to remove xenobiotics (including drugs) from wastewaters is one of the rapidly developing areas of environmental protection. Numerous data indicate that for efficient phycoremediation three processes are important, i.e. biosorption, bioaccumulation, and biotransformation. Although biosorption and bioaccumulation do not raise any serious doubts, biotransformation is more problematic since its products can be potentially more toxic than the parent compounds posing a threat to organisms living in a given environment, including organisms that made this transformation. Thus, two questions need to be answered before the proper algae strain is chosen for phycoremediation, namely what metabolites are produced during biotransformation, and how resistant is the analyzed strain to a mixture of parent compound and metabolites that appear over the course of culture? In this work, we evaluated the remediation potential of the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in relation to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), as exemplified by diclofenac. To achieve this, we analysed the susceptibility of C. reinhardtii to diclofenac as well as its capability to biosorption, bioaccumulation, and biotransformation of the drug. We have found that even at a relatively high concentration of diclofenac the algae maintained their vitality and were able to remove (37.7%) DCF from the environment. A wide range of phase I and II metabolites of diclofenac (38 transformation products) was discovered, with many of them characteristic rather for animal and bacterial biochemical pathways than for plant metabolism. Due to such a large number of detected products, 18 of which were not previously reported, the proposed scheme of diclofenac transformation by C. reinhardtii not only significantly contributes to broadening the knowledge in this field, but also allows to suggest possible pathways of degradation of xenobiotics with a similar structure. It is worth pointing out that a decrease in the level of diclofenac in the media observed in this study cannot be fully explained by biotransformation (8.4%). The mass balance analysis indicates that other processes (total 22%), such as biosorption, a non-extractable residue formation, or complete decomposition in metabolic cycles can be involved in the diclofenac disappearance, and those findings open the prospects of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Liakh
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Darya Harshkova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Pavel Hrouzek
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Bišová
- Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Aksmann
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Wielgomas
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
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6
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Castan S, Sherman A, Peng R, Zumstein MT, Wanek W, Hüffer T, Hofmann T. Uptake, Metabolism , and Accumulation of Tire Wear Particle-Derived Compounds in Lettuce. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:168-178. [PMID: 36576319 PMCID: PMC9835885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tire wear particle (TWP)-derived compounds may be of high concern to consumers when released in the root zone of edible plants. We exposed lettuce plants to the TWP-derived compounds diphenylguanidine (DPG), hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM), benzothiazole (BTZ), N-phenyl-N'-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), and its quinone transformation product (6PPD-q) at concentrations of 1 mg L-1 in hydroponic solutions over 14 days to analyze if they are taken up and metabolized by the plants. Assuming that TWP may be a long-term source of TWP-derived compounds to plants, we further investigated the effect of leaching from TWP on the concentration of leachate compounds in lettuce leaves by adding constantly leaching TWP to the hydroponic solutions. Concentrations in leaves, roots, and nutrient solution were quantified by triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, and metabolites in the leaves were identified by Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry. This study demonstrates that TWP-derived compounds are readily taken up by lettuce with measured maximum leaf concentrations between ∼0.75 (6PPD) and 20 μg g-1 (HMMM). Although these compounds were metabolized in the plant, we identified several transformation products, most of which proved to be more stable in the lettuce leaves than the parent compounds. Furthermore, continuous leaching from TWP led to a resupply and replenishment of the metabolized compounds in the lettuce leaves. The stability of metabolized TWP-derived compounds with largely unknown toxicities is particularly concerning and is an important new aspect for the impact assessment of TWP in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Castan
- Centre
for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Environmental
Geosciences EDGE, University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria
- Doctoral
School in Microbiology and Environmental Science, University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria
| | - Anya Sherman
- Centre
for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Environmental
Geosciences EDGE, University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria
- Doctoral
School in Microbiology and Environmental Science, University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria
- Research
Platform for Plastics in the Environment and Society (PLENTY), University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruoting Peng
- Centre
for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Environmental
Geosciences EDGE, University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria
- Doctoral
School in Microbiology and Environmental Science, University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael T. Zumstein
- Centre
for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Environmental
Geosciences EDGE, University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wanek
- Centre
for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Division of Terrestrial
Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, 1030Vienna, Austria
| | - Thorsten Hüffer
- Centre
for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Environmental
Geosciences EDGE, University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria
- Research
Platform for Plastics in the Environment and Society (PLENTY), University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria
| | - Thilo Hofmann
- Centre
for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Environmental
Geosciences EDGE, University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria
- Research
Platform for Plastics in the Environment and Society (PLENTY), University of Vienna, 1090Vienna, Austria
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7
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Xiong Y, Shi Q, Sy ND, Dennis NM, Schlenk D, Gan J. Influence of methylation and demethylation on plant uptake of emerging contaminants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107612. [PMID: 36347118 PMCID: PMC9988749 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) as well as their transformation products (TPs) are often found in treated wastewater and biosolids, raising concerns about their environmental risks. Small changes in chemical structure, such as the addition or loss of a methyl group, as the result of methylation or demethylation reaction, may significantly alter a chemical's physicochemical properties. In this study, we evaluated the difference in accumulation and translocation between four CECs and their respective methylated or demethylated derivatives in plant models. Suspended Arabidopsis thaliana cell culture and wheat seedlings were cultivated in nutrient solutions containing individual compounds at 1 mg/L. The methylated counterparts were generally more hydrophobic and showed comparative or greater accumulation in both plant models. For example, after 1 h incubation, methylparaben was found in A. thaliana cells at levels two orders of magnitude greater than demethylated methylparaben. In contrast, the demethylated counterparts, especially those with the addition of a hydroxyl group after demethylation, showed decreased plant uptake and limited translocation. For example, acetaminophen and demethylated naproxen were not detected in the shoots of wheat seedlings after hydroponic exposure. Results from this study suggest that common transformations such as methylation and demethylation may affect the environmental fate of CECs, and should be considered to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of risks of CECs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Xiong
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Qingyang Shi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Nathan D Sy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Nicole M Dennis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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8
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Bouly L, Fenet H, Carayon JL, Gomez E, Géret F, Courant F. Metabolism of the aquatic pollutant diclofenac in the Lymnaea stagnalis freshwater gastropod. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:85081-85094. [PMID: 35790636 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21815-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of organic contaminants in Lymnaea stagnalis freshwater gastropod remains unknown. Yet, pharmaceuticals-like the NSAID diclofenac-are continuously released in the aquatic environment, thereby representing a risk to aquatic organisms. In addition, lower invertebrates may be affected by this pollution since they are likely to bioaccumulate contaminants. The metabolism of pharmaceuticals in L. stagnalis requires further investigation to understand their detoxification mechanisms and characterized the risk posed by contaminant exposure in this species. In this study, a non-targeted strategy using liquid chromatography combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry was applied to highlight metabolites formed in L. stagnalis freshwater snails exposed to 300 µg/L diclofenac for 3 and 7 days. Nineteen metabolites were revealed by this approach, 12 of which were observed for the first time in an aquatic organism exposed to diclofenac. Phase I metabolism involved hydroxylation, with detection of 3'-, 4'-, and 5-hydroxydiclofenac and three dihydroxylated metabolites, as well as cyclization, oxidative decarboxylation, and dehydrogenation, while phase II metabolism consisted of glucose and sulfate conjugation. Among these reactions, the two main DCF detoxification pathways detected in L. stagnalis were hydroxylation (phase I) and glucosidation (phase II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bouly
- Biochimie Et Toxicologie Des Substances Bioactives, EA 7417, INU Champollion, Albi, France
- HydroSciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Fenet
- HydroSciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Luc Carayon
- Biochimie Et Toxicologie Des Substances Bioactives, EA 7417, INU Champollion, Albi, France
| | - Elena Gomez
- HydroSciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Géret
- Biochimie Et Toxicologie Des Substances Bioactives, EA 7417, INU Champollion, Albi, France
| | - Frédérique Courant
- HydroSciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier, France.
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9
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Bigott Y, Gallego S, Montemurro N, Breuil MC, Pérez S, Michas A, Martin-Laurent F, Schröder P. Fate and impact of wastewater-borne micropollutants in lettuce and the root-associated bacteria. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154674. [PMID: 35318055 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The reuse of water for agricultural practices becomes progressively more important due to increasing demands for a transition to a circular economy. Treated wastewater can be an alternative option of blue water used for the irrigation of crops but its risks need to be evaluated. This study assesses the uptake and metabolization of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) derived from treated wastewater into lettuce as well as the impact on root-associated bacteria under a realistic and worst-case scenario. Lettuce was grown in a controlled greenhouse and irrigated with water or treated wastewater spiked with and without a mixture of fourteen different PPCPs at 10 μg/L or 100 μg/L. After harvesting the plants, the same soil was reused for a consecutive cultivation campaign to test for the accumulation of PPCPs. Twelve out of fourteen spiked PPCPs were detected in lettuce roots, and thirteen in leaves. In roots, highest concentrations were measured for sucralose, sulfamethoxazole and citalopram, while sucralose, acesulfame and carbamazepine were the highest in leaves. Higher PPCP concentrations were found in lettuce roots irrigated with spiked treated wastewater than in those irrigated with spiked water. The absolute bacterial abundance remained stable over both cultivation campaigns and was not affected by any of the treatments (type of irrigation water (water vs. wastewater) nor concentration of PPCPs). However, the irrigation of lettuce with treated wastewater had a significant effect on the microbial α-diversity indices at the end of the second cultivation campaign, and modified the structure and community composition of root-associated bacteria at the end of both campaigns. Five and fourteen bacterial families were shown to be responsible for the observed changes at the end of the first and second cultivation campaign, respectively. Relative abundance of Haliangium and the clade Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium was significantly affected in response to PCPPs exposure. Caulobacter, Cellvibrio, Hydrogenophaga and Rhizobacter were significantly affected in microcosms irrigated with wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Bigott
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sara Gallego
- AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - Nicola Montemurro
- ENFOCHEM, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, (Spain)
| | - Marie-Christine Breuil
- AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - Sandra Pérez
- ENFOCHEM, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, (Spain)
| | - Antonios Michas
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fabrice Martin-Laurent
- AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - Peter Schröder
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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10
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Chen W, Hou X, Mao X, Jiao S, Wei L, Wang Y, Liu J, Jiang G. Biotic and Abiotic Transformation Pathways of a Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffin Congener, 1,2,5,6,9,10-C 10H 16Cl 6, in a Rice Seedling Hydroponic Exposure System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9486-9496. [PMID: 35622943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a typical congener of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) with six chlorine atoms (CP-4, 1,2,5,6,9,10-C10H16Cl6, 250 ng/mL) was selected to elaborate the comprehensive environmental transformation of SCCPs in rice seedling exposure system. CP-4 was quickly absorbed, translocated, and phytovolatilized by seedlings with a small quality of CP-4 (5.81-36.5 ng) being detected in the gas phase. Only 21.4 ± 1.6% of an initial amount (10,000 ng) of CP-4 remained in the exposure system at the end of exposure. Among the transformed CP-4, some were attributed to the degradation of the rhizosphere microorganism (9.1 ± 5.8%), root exudates (2.2 ± 4.2%), and abiotic transformation (3.0 ± 2.8%) that were proved by several transformation products found in the root exudate exposure groups and unplanted controls, and a majority was phytotransformed by rice seedlings. Here, 61 products were determined through complex transformation pathways, including multihydroxylation, -HCl elimination, dechlorination, acetylation, sulfation, glycosylation, and amide acid conjugation. The acetylated and amide acid conjugates of CPs were first observed. Phase I and Phase II phytometabolic reactions of CPs were found intertwining. These findings demonstrate that multiactive transformation reactions contribute to the overlook of CPs accumulated in plants and are helpful for the environmental and health risk assessments of SCCPs in agricultural plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingwang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaowei Mao
- School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Suning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linfeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
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11
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Shi Q, Xiong Y, Kaur P, Sy ND, Gan J. Contaminants of emerging concerns in recycled water: Fate and risks in agroecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:152527. [PMID: 34953850 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recycled water (RW) has been increasingly recognized as a valuable source of water for alleviating the global water crisis. When RW is used for agricultural irrigation, many contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are introduced into the agroecosystem. The ubiquity of CECs in field soil, combined with the toxic, carcinogenic, or endocrine-disrupting nature of some CECs, raises significant concerns over their potential risks to the environment and human health. Understanding such risks and delineating the fate processes of CECs in the water-soil-plant continuum contributes to the safe reuse of RW in agriculture. This review summarizes recent findings and provides an overview of CECs in the water-soil-plant continuum, including their occurrence in RW and irrigated soil, fate processes in agricultural soil, offsite transport including runoff and leaching, and plant uptake, metabolism, and accumulation. The potential ecological and human health risks of CECs are also discussed. Studies to date have shown limited accumulation of CECs in irrigated soils and plants, which may be attributed to multiple attenuation processes in the rhizosphere and plant, suggesting minimal health risks from RW-fed food crops. However, our collective understanding of CECs is rather limited and knowledge of their offsite movement and plant accumulation is particularly scarce for field conditions. Given a large number of CECs and their occurrence at trace levels, it is urgent to develop strategies to prioritize CECs so that future research efforts are focused on CECs with elevated risks for offsite contamination or plant accumulation. Irrigating specific crops such as feed crops and fruit trees may be a viable option to further minimize potential plant accumulation under field conditions. To promote the beneficial reuse of RW in agriculture, it is essential to understand the human health and ecological risks imposed by CEC mixtures and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Shi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Yaxin Xiong
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Parminder Kaur
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Nathan Darlucio Sy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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12
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Shen M, Gong X, Huang S, Shen Y, Ye YX, Xu J, Ouyang G. Noncovalently Tagged Gas Phase Complex Ions for Screening Unknown Contaminant Metabolites in Plants. Anal Chem 2021; 93:14929-14933. [PMID: 34730331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Screening the metabolites of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) from complicated biological matrices is an important but challenging task. Although stable isotope labeling (SIL) is frequently used to facilitate the identification of contaminant metabolites from redundant interfering components, the isotopically labeled reagents are expensive and difficult to synthesize, which greatly constrains the application of the SIL method. Herein, a new online noncovalent tagging method was developed for screening the metabolites of 1H-benzotriazol (BT) based on the characteristic structural moieties reserved in the metabolites. By selecting β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as a macrocyclic tagging reagent, metabolites with the reserved moiety were expected to exhibit a characteristic shift of the mass-to-charge ratio (Δm/z = 1134.3698) after being noncovalently tagged by β-CD. Based on the characteristic mass shift, the suspected features were reduced by 1 order of magnitude, as numerous interfering species that could not be effectively tagged by β-CD were excluded. From these suspected features, two metabolites of BT that have not been reported before were successfully screened out. The significant characteristic mass shift caused by the noncovalent tagging method is easier to identify with more confidence than the previously reported SIL method. Besides, noncovalent tagging reagents can be much more accessible and less expensive than isotopically labeled reagents. Hence, this online noncovalent tagging method can be an intriguing alternative to the conventional SIL method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhui Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinying Gong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuyao Huang
- Instrumental Analysis & Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yong Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu-Xin Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianqiao Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.,College of Chemistry, Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Testing for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
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13
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Sousa B, Lopes J, Leal A, Martins M, Soares C, Azenha M, Fidalgo F, Teixeira J. Specific glutathione-S-transferases ensure an efficient detoxification of diclofenac in Solanum lycopersicum L. plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 168:263-271. [PMID: 34666279 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac (DCF) is a very common pharmaceutical that, due to its high use and low removal rate, is considered a prominent contaminant in surface and groundwater worldwide. In this study, Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Micro-Tom (tomato) was used to disclose the role of glutathione (GSH)-related enzymes, as GSH conjugation with DCF is a well reported detoxification mechanism in mammals and some plant species. To achieve this, S. lycopersicum plants were exposed to 0.5 and 5 mg L-1 of DCF for 5 weeks under a semi-hydroponic experiment. The results here obtained point towards an efficient DCF detoxification mechanism that prevents DCF bioaccumulation in fruits, minimizing any concerns for human health. Although a systemic response seems to be present in response to DCF, the current data also shows that its detoxification is mostly a root-specific process. Furthermore, it appears that GSH-mediated DCF detoxification is the main mechanism activated, as glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was greatly enhanced in roots of tomato plants treated with 5 mg L-1 DCF, accompanied by increased glutathione reductase activity, responsible for GSH regeneration. By applying a targeted gene expression analysis, we provide evidence, for the first time, that SlGSTF4 and SlGSTF5 genes, coding for GSTs from phi class, were the main players driving the conjugation of this contaminant. In this sense, and even though tomato plants appear to be somewhat tolerant to DCF exposure, research on GST activity can prove to be instrumental in remediating DCF-contaminated environments and improving plant growth under such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Sousa
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre and Inov4Agro, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Jorge Lopes
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre and Inov4Agro, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - André Leal
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre and Inov4Agro, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Martins
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre and Inov4Agro, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristiano Soares
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre and Inov4Agro, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Azenha
- CIQ-UP, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Fidalgo
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre and Inov4Agro, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Teixeira
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre and Inov4Agro, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
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14
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Mulkiewicz E, Wolecki D, Świacka K, Kumirska J, Stepnowski P, Caban M. Metabolism of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by non-target wild-living organisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 791:148251. [PMID: 34139498 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the environment is a fact, and aquatic and soil organisms are chronically exposed to trace levels of these emerging pollutants. This review presents the current state of knowledge on the metabolic pathways of NSAIDs in organisms at various levels of biological organisation. More than 150 publications dealing with target or non-target analysis of selected NSAIDs (mainly diclofenac, ibuprofen, and naproxen) were collected. The metabolites of phase I and phase II are presented. The similarity of NSAIDs metabolism to that in mammals was observed in bacteria, microalgae, fungi, higher plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. The differences, such as newly detected metabolites, the extracellular metabolism observed in bacteria and fungi, or phase III metabolism in plants, are highlighted. Metabolites detected in plants (conjugates with sugars and amino acids) but not found in any other organisms are described. Selected, in-depth studies with isolated bacterial strains showed the possibility of transforming NSAIDs into assimilable carbon sources. It has been found that some of the metabolites show higher toxicity than their parent forms. The presence of metabolites of NSAIDs in the environment is the cumulative effect of their introduction with wastewaters, their formation in wastewater treatment plants, and their transformation by non-target wild-living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Mulkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Daniel Wolecki
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Klaudia Świacka
- Department of Marine Ecosystems Functioning, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, al. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kumirska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magda Caban
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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15
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Impact of Irrigation with Treated Domestic Wastewater on Squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) Fruit and Seed under Semi-Arid Conditions. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7080226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of using municipal treated wastewater in irrigation on plant growth and seed quality of squash as compared to fresh water. The physico-chemical properties of both water sources were investigated. Soil, fruits and seeds were tested for heavy metals presence and accumulation. A number of seed composition parameters were also measured. Growth parameters (fruit length, diameter and oven-dried weight) were increased in response to irrigation with treated wastewater as compared to control. All tested heavy metals concentrations were below the toxic limit of the Jordanian standards. Crude protein content was highest (41.28%) in naked seeds under treated wastewater treatment, whereas the lowest content (33.57%) was under freshwater treatment of the whole seeds.
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16
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Diclofenac Alters the Cell Cycle Progression of the Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081936. [PMID: 34440705 PMCID: PMC8392695 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to verify the hypothesis that a potential cause of the phytotoxicity of diclofenac (DCF, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) is an effect of cell cycle progression. This research was conducted using synchronous cultures of a model organism, green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The project examined DCF effects on selected parameters that characterize cell cycle progression, such as cell size, attainment of commitment points, DNA replication, number of nuclei formed during cells division and morphology of cells in consecutive stages of the cell cycle, together with the physiological and biochemical parameters of algae cells at different stages. We demonstrated that individual cell growth remained unaffected, whereas cell division was delayed in the DCF-treated groups grown in continuous light conditions, and the number of daughter cells from a single cell decreased. Thus, the cell cycle progression is a target affected by DCF, which has a similar anti-proliferative effect on mammalian cells.
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17
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Cho M, Kim K. Diclofenac modified the root system architecture of Arabidopsis via interfering with the hormonal activities of auxin. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 413:125402. [PMID: 33626476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac, a pharmaceutical and personal care product, is accumulating in various environmental matrices worldwide. Increased irrigation has facilitated an influx of environmental diclofenac into agricultural products, which potentially threatens non-target living organisms. In this study, we demonstrated that diclofenac modified the growth and root developmental processes of plants by disturbing the activity of auxin, a group of major phytohormones. Exogenous diclofenac treatment retarded growth and induced oxidative stress in young seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana. In the developmental perspective, diclofenac altered the root system architecture, which was also similarly observed under exogenous IAA (a natural form of phytoalexins) treatment. The effects of diclofenac on the root development of A. thaliana were mediated through canonical auxin signaling pathways. However, when diclofenac and IAA were treated in combination, diclofenac suppressed the activity of IAA in root system architecture. At the molecular level, diclofenac significantly inhibited the activity of IAA upregulating the expression of early auxin-responsive marker genes. In conclusion, diclofenac modified the root development of A. thaliana via interfering with the activities of natural auxin. These results indicate that diclofenac could potentially act as an environmental contaminant disturbing the natural developmental processes of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cho
- SELS Center, Division of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Environmental Science, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangmin Kim
- SELS Center, Division of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Environmental Science, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Rocha DC, da Silva Rocha C, Tavares DS, de Morais Calado SL, Gomes MP. Veterinary antibiotics and plant physiology: An overview. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:144902. [PMID: 33636760 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are considered one of the greatest advances of medicine and, in addition to their use in treating a wide spectrum of illnesses, they have been widely employed to promote animal growth. As many of those pharmaceuticals are only partially absorbed by the digestive system, a considerable fraction is excreted in its original active form or only partially metabolized. Therefore, the use of animal excrement in agriculture represents one of the principal routes of insertion of antibiotics into the environment. Within that context, plants, principally those of agricultural interest, will be exposed to those compounds when present in the soil or when irrigated with contaminated water. Although not yet fully understood, there are reports of phytotoxic effects of antibiotics that can diminish agricultural production. This review is designed to provide a general and integrative overview of physiological alterations observed in plants caused by environmental exposures to veterinary-use antibiotics. This text principally focuses on the processes involved in antibody absorption and accumulation, and their effects on the primary (photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen assimilation) and oxidative metabolisms of plants. We also bring attention to germinative and plant establishment processes under conditions of antibiotic contamination. The different effects of different antibiotics on plant physiology are listed here to provide a better understanding of their phytotoxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Cristina Rocha
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Camila da Silva Rocha
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Davi Santos Tavares
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Campus UFLA, C.P. 3037, 37200-000 Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Loise de Morais Calado
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Ambiental, Departamento de Farmacologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Pedrosa Gomes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Plantas sob Estresse, Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos, 100, Centro Politécnico Jardim das Américas, C.P. 19031, 81531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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19
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Zhang Q, Kong W, Wei L, Hou X, Ma Q, Liu Y, Luo Y, Liao C, Liu J, Schnoor JL, Jiang G. Compartmentalization and Excretion of 2,4,6-Tribromophenol Sulfation and Glycosylation Conjugates in Rice Plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2980-2990. [PMID: 33544574 PMCID: PMC8232829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The most environmentally abundant bromophenol congener, 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP, 6.06 μmol/L), was exposed to rice for 5 d both in vivo (intact seedling) and in vitro (suspension cell) to systematically characterize the fate of its sulfation and glycosylation conjugates in rice. The 2,4,6-TBP was rapidly transformed to produce 6 [rice cells (3 h)] and 8 [rice seedlings (24 h)] sulfated and glycosylated conjugates. The predominant sulfation conjugate (TP408, 93.0-96.7%) and glycosylation conjugate (TP490, 77.1-90.2%) were excreted into the hydroponic solution after their formation in rice roots. However, the sulfation and glycosylation conjugates presented different translocation and compartmentalization behaviors during the subsequent Phase III metabolism. Specifically, the sulfated conjugate could be vertically transported into the leaf sheath and leaf, while the glycosylation conjugates were sequestered in cell vacuoles and walls, which resulted in exclusive compartmentalization within the rice roots. These results showed the micromechanisms of the different compartmentalization behaviors of 2,4,6-TBP conjugates in Phase III metabolism. Glycosylation and sulfation of the phenolic hydroxyl groups orchestrated by plant excretion and Phase III metabolism may reduce the accumulation of 2,4,6-TBP and its conjugates in rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Wenqian Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Linfeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Xingwang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Qianchi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Yanna Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Yadan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
| | - Jerald L Schnoor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
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Cheng Z, Sun H, Sidhu HS, Sy ND, Wang X, Gan J. Conjugation of Di- n-butyl Phthalate Metabolites in Arabidopsis thaliana and Potential Deconjugation in Human Microsomes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2381-2391. [PMID: 33496166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasticizers, due to the widespread use of plastics, occur ubiquitously in the environment. The reuse of waste resources (e.g., treated wastewater, biosolids, animal waste) and other practices (e.g., plastic mulching) introduce phthalates into agroecosystems. As a detoxification mechanism, plants are known to convert phthalates to polar monophthalates after uptake, which are followed by further transformations, including conjugation with endogenous biomolecules. The objective of this study was 2-fold: to obtain a complete metabolic picture of the widely used di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) by using a suite of complementary techniques, including stable isotope labeling, 14C tracing, and high-resolution mass spectrometry, and to determine if conjugates are deconjugated in human microsomes to release bioactive metabolites. In Arabidopsis thaliana cells, the primary initial metabolite of DnBP was mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), and MnBP was rapidly metabolized via hydroxylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, and malonylation to seven transformation products. One of the conjugates, MnBP-acyl-β-d-glucoside (MnBP-Glu), was incubated in human liver (HLM) and intestinal (HIM) microsomes and was found to undergo rapid transformations. Approximately 15% and 10% of MnBP-Glu were deconjugated to the free form MnBP in HIM and HLM, respectively. These findings highlight that phthalates, as diesters, are susceptible to hydrolysis to form monoesters that can be readily conjugated via a phase II metabolism in plants. Conjugates may be deconjugated to release bioactive compounds after human ingestion. Therefore, an accurate assessment of the dietary exposure of phthalates and other contaminants must consider plant metabolites, especially including conjugates, to better predict their potential environmental and human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Harmanpreet S Sidhu
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Nathan Darlucio Sy
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Xinru Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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21
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Sun J, Yang X, Shen H, Xu Y, Zhang A, Gan J. Uptake and metabolism of nonylphenol in plants: Isomer selectivity involved with direct conjugation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116064. [PMID: 33248833 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP), an environmental estrogen, is actually a complicated mixture of isomers, although it is commonly considered to be a single compound. There are many routes for crops to come into contact with NP; however, little is known about the plant uptake and metabolism of NP, especially at the isomer level. This study comparatively evaluated the uptake and in-planta metabolism of 4-n-NP and its 10 isomers using both carrot cells and intact plants. The rapid metabolism of 4-n-NP was observed in the callus tissues and intact plants with half-lives of 2 h and 4.72 d, respectively. Six conjugates of 4-n-NP were identified in the cell extracts using high resolution mass spectrometry. The primary transformation pathway was found to be the direct conjugation (Phase II metabolism) with the parent compound at the hydroxyl. Furthermore, 4-NP isomers with short side chains and/or bulky α-substituents were more resistant to plant metabolism and showed a greater tendency for accumulation. The influence of the side chains to the isomer selectivity was verified by the molecular docking between glycosyltransferase and 4-NP isomers. This study highlighted the necessity to consider isomer-specificity in the plant accumulation of NP and the environmental and human health implications of NP conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Xindong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Hong Shen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Testing and Risk Warning of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Anping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
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22
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Majewska M, Harshkova D, Pokora W, Baścik-Remisiewicz A, Tułodziecki S, Aksmann A. Does diclofenac act like a photosynthetic herbicide on green algae? Chlamydomonas reinhardtii synchronous culture-based study with atrazine as reference. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111630. [PMID: 33396150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF) is one of the commonly used and frequently detected drugs in water bodies, and several studies indicate its toxic effect on plants and algae. Studies performed with asynchronous Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultures indicated that DCF inhibit the growth of population of the algae. Here, a synchronous population of C. reinhardtii, in which all cells are in the same developmental phase, is used. Following changes in cells size, photosynthetic activity and gene expression, we could compare, at the level of single cell, DCF-mediated effects with the effects caused by atrazine, a triazine herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis and triggers oxidative stress. Application of DCF and atrazine at the beginning of the cell cycle allowed us to follow the changes occurring in the cells in the subsequent stages of their development. Synchronized Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultures (strain CC-1690, wild type) were exposed to diclofenac sodium salt (135 mg/L) or atrazine (77.6 µg/L). The cell suspension was sampled hourly (0-10 h) in the light period of the cell cycle to determine cell number and volume, photosynthetic pigment content, chlorophyll a fluorescence (OJIP test) in vivo, and selected gene expression (real-time qPCR), namely psbA, psaA, FSD1, MSD3 and APX1. The two toxicants differently influenced C. reinhardtii cells. Both substances decreased photosynthetic "vitality" (PI - performance index) of the cells, albeit for different reasons. While atrazine significantly disrupted the photosynthetic electron transport, resulting in excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and limited cell growth, DCF caused silencing of photosystem II (PSII) reaction centers, transforming them into "heat sinks", thus preventing significant ROS overproduction. Oxidative stress caused by atrazine was the probable reason for the rapid appearance of phytotoxic action soon after entering the cells, while the effects of DCF could only be seen several hours after treatment. A comparison of DCF-caused effects with the effects caused by atrazine led us to conclude that, although DCF cannot be regarded as typical photosynthetic herbicide, it exhibits an algicidal activity and can be potentially dangerous for aquatic plants and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Majewska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Darya Harshkova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Pokora
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Baścik-Remisiewicz
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Szymon Tułodziecki
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Aksmann
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Cheng Z, Sun H, Sidhu HS, Sy ND, Gan J. Metabolism of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in Arabidopsis thaliana: Exploration of metabolic pathways by deuterium labeling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114886. [PMID: 32505963 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) is the primary monoester transformation product of the commonly used plasticizer, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), and has been frequently detected in various environmental compartments (e.g., soil, biosolids, plants). Plants growing in contaminated soils can take up MEHP, and consumption of the contaminated plants may result in unintended exposure for humans and other organisms. The metabolism of MEHP in plants is poorly understood, but critical for evaluating the potential human and environmental health risks. The present study represents the first attempt to explore the metabolic fate of MEHP in plants. We used Arabidopsis thaliana cells as a plant model and explored metabolic pathways of MEHP using deuterium stable isotope labelling (SIL) coupled with time-of-flight high resolution mass spectrometer (TOF-HRMS). A. thaliana rapidly took up MEHP from the culture medium and mediated extensive metabolism of MEHP. Combining SIL with TOF-HRMS analysis was proved as a powerful method for identification of unknown MEHP metabolites. Four phase Ⅰ and three phase Ⅱ metabolites were confirmed or tentatively identified. Based on the detected transformation products, hydroxylation, oxidation, and malonylation are proposed as the potential MEHP metabolism pathways. In cells, the maximum fraction of each transformation product accounted for 2.8-56.5% of the total amount of metabolites during the incubation. For individual metabolites, up to 2.9-100% was found in the culture medium, suggesting plant excretion. The results in the cell culture experiments were further confirmed in cabbage and A. thaliana seedlings. The findings suggest active metabolism of MEHP in plants and highlight the need to include metabolites in refining environmental risk assessment of plasticizers in the agro-food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Cheng
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Harmanpreet S Sidhu
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Nathan Darlucio Sy
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States.
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24
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Ando D, Fujisawa T. Metabolism of esfenvalerate in tomato plants ( Solanum lycopersicum). JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2020; 45:138-146. [PMID: 32913416 PMCID: PMC7453297 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d20-022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic fate of esfenvalerate (1), 14C-labeled at the chlorophenyl or phenoxyphenyl ring, in tomato plants was investigated by spraying it three times at 15 g/ha. The overall metabolic trend of 1 was similar in foliage and fruit. The applied 1 gradually penetrated into the foliage/fruit, and approximately 30% of the total radioactive residue (TRR) distributed within the plant. The applied radioactivity remained mostly intact on the plant surface, while its degradation proceeded via ester cleavage to produce two corresponding acids derived from the chlorophenyl and phenoxyphenyl moieties, followed by saccharide conjugation at the inner tissues (each <5%TRR). While 1 retained its optical configuration (2S,αS) on the plant surface and in the fruit, a very slight isomerization at the α-cyanobenzyl carbon occurred to form a (2S,αR) isomer in the foliage (≤1%TRR). The isomerization at another asymmetric carbon C2 in the isovaleric acid moiety did not proceed on/in the plant for 1 or its metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ando
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 4–2–1 Takarazuka, Hyogo 665–8555, Japan
| | - Takuo Fujisawa
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 4–2–1 Takarazuka, Hyogo 665–8555, Japan
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25
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Chen W, Yu M, Zhang Q, Hou X, Kong W, Wei L, Mao X, Liu J, Schnoor JL, Jiang G. Metabolism of SCCPs and MCCPs in Suspension Rice Cells Based on Paired Mass Distance (PMD) Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9990-9999. [PMID: 32600037 PMCID: PMC7703871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) are mixtures of complex chemical compounds with intensive usage. They are frequently detected in various environmental samples. However, the interaction between CPs and plants, especially the biotransformation behaviors of CPs within plants, is poorly understood. In this study, 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexachlorodecane (CP-4, a typical standard of individual SCCP congeners) and 52%-MCCP (a commercial mixture standard of MCCPs with 52% chlorine content by mass) were selected as representative chemicals to explore the metabolic behaviors of SCCPs and MCCPs using suspension rice cell culture exposure systems. Both 79.53% and 40.70% of CP-4 and 52%-MCCP were metabolized by suspension rice cells, respectively. A complementary suspected screening strategy based on the pair mass distances (PMD) analysis algorithm was used to study the metabolism of CPs mediated by the plant cells. Forty and 25 metabolic products for CP-4 and 52%-MCCP, respectively, were identified, including (multi-) hydroxylation, dechlorination, -HCl- elimination metabolites, (hydroxylation-) sulfation, and glycosylation conjugates. Here, we propose a comprehensive metabolic molecular network and provide insight on degradation pathways of SCCPs and MCCPs in plants for the first time, aiding in further understanding of the transformation behaviors of CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Environmental Medical and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingwang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Wenqian Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linfeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaowei Mao
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jerald L Schnoor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
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26
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Tadić Đ, Gramblicka M, Mistrik R, Flores C, Piña B, Bayona JM. Elucidating biotransformation pathways of ofloxacin in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114002. [PMID: 31991361 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics can be uptaken by plants from soil desorption or directly from irrigation water, but their metabolization pathways in plants are largely unknown. In this paper, an analytical workflow based on high-resolution mass spectrometry was applied for the systematic identification of biotransformation products of ofloxacin in lettuce. The targeted metabolites were selected by comparing the mass chromatograms of exposed with control samples using an advanced spectra-processing method (Fragment Ion Search). The innovative methodology presented allowed us to identify a total of 11 metabolites, including 5 ofloxacin metabolites that are being reported for the first time in plants. Accordingly, major transformation pathways were proposed revealing insight into how ofloxacin and related chemicals are metabolized in lettuce. Furthermore, the influence of biotransformation on potential residual antimicrobial activity of identified compounds was discussed. Human exposure to antibiotics at doses below the minimum inhibitory concentrations is crucial in human risk assessment, including food ingestion; however, in the case of ofloxacin presented results reveal that plant metabolites should also be considered so as not to underestimate their risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Đorđe Tadić
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michal Gramblicka
- HighChem Ltd., Leškova 11, 811 04, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Cintia Flores
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory/Organic Contaminants, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Benjamin Piña
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Bayona
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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Kanwar MK, Xie D, Yang C, Ahammed GJ, Qi Z, Hasan MK, Reiter RJ, Yu JQ, Zhou J. Melatonin promotes metabolism of bisphenol A by enhancing glutathione-dependent detoxification in Solanum lycopersicum L. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 388:121727. [PMID: 31796366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a widely distributed organic compound, is toxic to animals and plants. Here we show the mechanism of BPA detoxification by melatonin (MEL) in tomato, which is otherwise poorly understood in plants. BPA treatment decreased the quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and increased the membrane lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation dose-dependently, whereas exogenous MEL alleviated the BPA effects on Fv/Fm, lipid peroxidation, ROS accumulation and BPA uptake. Furthermore, BPA elevated the glutathione (GSH) content, activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione reductase (GR), and the transcript levels of GSH1, GR1, GST1 and MEL biosynthesis genes (COMT, T5H, and SNAT), whereas BPA + MEL showed even a more profound induction. Silencing GSH1, GR1 and GST1 genes compromised the BPA detoxification potential of tomato plants as revealed by an increased level of ROS, lipid peroxidation and BPA uptake, and a decreased Fv/Fm and GST activity; these changes were alleviated by MEL application. Under in vitro conditions, BPA was glutathionylated by GSH, which was further catalyzed by GST to cysteine and N-acetylcysteine conjugates. These findings suggest a crucial role for MEL in BPA detoxification via GSH and GST, and can be useful to reduce BPA residue for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Kanwar
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dongling Xie
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China.
| | - Zhenyu Qi
- Agricultural Experiment Station, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Md Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Jing-Quan Yu
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Agricultural Ministry of China, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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28
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Fu Q, Fedrizzi D, Kosfeld V, Schlechtriem C, Ganz V, Derrer S, Rentsch D, Hollender J. Biotransformation Changes Bioaccumulation and Toxicity of Diclofenac in Aquatic Organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:4400-4408. [PMID: 32036646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation plays a crucial role in regulating the bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of organic compounds in organisms but is, in general, poorly understood for emerging contaminants. Here, we have used diclofenac as a model compound to study the impact of biotransformation on the bioaccumulation potential and toxicity in two keystone aquatic invertebrates: Gammarus pulex and Hyalella azteca. In both species, diclofenac was transformed into several oxidation products and conjugates, including two novel products, that is, diclofenac taurine conjugate (DCF-M403) and unexpected diclofenac methyl ester (DCF-M310.03). The ratios of biotransformation products to parent compound were 12-17 for DCF-M403 and 0.01-0.7 for DCF-M310.03 after 24 h exposure. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of diclofenac were 0.5 and 3.2 L kgww-1 in H. azteca and G. pulex, respectively, whereas BCFs of DCF-M310.03 was 164.5 and 104.7 L kgww-1, respectively, representing a 25- to 110-fold increase. Acute toxicity of DCF-M310.03 was also higher than the parent compound in both species, which correlated well with the increased bioconcentration potential. The LC50 of diclofenac in H. azteca was 216 mg L-1, while that of metabolite DCF-M310.03 was reduced to only 0.53 mg L-1, representing a 430-fold increase in acute toxicity compared to diclofenac. DCF-M403 is less toxic than its parent compound toward H. azteca, which may be linked to its slightly lower hydrophobicity. Furthermore, the transformation of diclofenac to its methyl ester derivative was explored in crude invertebrate extracts spiked with an S-adenosylmethionine cofactor, revealing possible catalysis by an S-adenosylmethionine-dependent carboxylic acid methyltransferase. Methylation of diclofenac was further detected in fish hepatocytes and human urine, indicating a broader relevance. Therefore, potentially methylated metabolites of polar contaminants should be considered for a comprehensive risk assessment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuguo Fu
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Davide Fedrizzi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Verena Kosfeld
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V) 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Schlechtriem
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V) 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Vera Ganz
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Derrer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Rentsch
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Li M, Cheng Y, Ding T, Wang H, Wang W, Li J, Ye Q. Phytotransformation and Metabolic Pathways of 14C-Carbamazepine in Carrot and Celery. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3362-3371. [PMID: 32105463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an anticonvulsant pharmaceutical compound of environmental concern due to its persistence, bioactive toxicity, and teratogenic effects. Studies on the kinetics and metabolic pathways of CBZ in plant tissues are still limited. In the present study, the phytotransformation of 14C-CBZ was explored. The 14C detected in bound residues was lower than in extractable residues (>85% of the uptaken 14C radioactivity) in plant tissues. CBZ underwent appreciable transformation in plants. A large portion of accumulated 14C radioactivity (80.3 ± 6.4%) in the cells was distributed in the cell water-soluble fraction. A total of nine radioactive transformation products of CBZ were identified, three of which were generated in vivo due to the contraction of the heterocycle ring. The proposed metabolic pathways revealed that conjugation with glutathione or phenylacetic acid was the major transformation pathway of CBZ in plants, with the contribution of epoxidation, hydroxylation, methoxylation, methylation, amination, and sulfonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment Ministry of Education, College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Yanan Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Tengda Ding
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Juying Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qingfu Ye
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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Mlynek F, Himmelsbach M, Buchberger W, Klampfl CW. A new analytical workflow using HPLC with drift-tube ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry for the detection of drug-related metabolites in plants. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1817-1824. [PMID: 31965248 PMCID: PMC7048865 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02429-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Investigations into the interaction of xenobiotics with plants (and in particular edible plants) have gained substantial interest, as water scarcity due to climate-change-related droughts requires the more frequent use of reclaimed wastewaters for irrigation in agriculture. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are common contaminants found in wastewater treatment plant effluents. For this reason, the interaction of nine edible plants with diclofenac (DCF), a widely used representative of this group of drugs, was investigated. For this purpose, plants were hydroponically grown in a medium containing DCF. For the detection of unknown DCF-related metabolites formed in the plant upon uptake of the parent drug‚ a new workflow based on the use of HPLC coupled to drift-tube ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (DTIM QTOF-MS) was developed. Thereby‚ for chromatographic peaks eluting from the HPLC, drift times were recorded, and analytes were subsequently fragmented in the DTIM QTOF-MS to provide significant fragments. All information available (retention times, drift times, fragment spectra, accurate mass) was finally combined‚ allowing the suggestion of molecular formulas for 30 DCF-related metabolites formed in the plant, whereby 23 of them were not yet known from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Mlynek
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Buchberger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
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Sathishkumar P, Meena RAA, Palanisami T, Ashokkumar V, Palvannan T, Gu FL. Occurrence, interactive effects and ecological risk of diclofenac in environmental compartments and biota - a review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:134057. [PMID: 31783460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug has turned into a contaminant of emerging concern; hence, it was included in the previous Watch List of the EU Water Framework Directive. This review paper aims to highlight the metabolism of diclofenac at different trophic levels, its occurrence, ecological risks, and interactive effects in the water cycle and biota over the past two decades. Increased exposure to diclofenac not only raises health concerns for vultures, aquatic organisms, and higher plants but also causes serious threats to mammals. The ubiquitous nature of diclofenac in surface water (river, lake canal, estuary, and sea) is compared with drinking water, groundwater, and wastewater effluent in the environment. This comprehensive survey from previous studies suggests the fate of diclofenac in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and may predict its persistence in the environment. This review offers evidence of fragmentary available data for the water environment, soil, sediment, and biota worldwide and supports the need for further data to address the risks associated with the presence of diclofenac in the environment. Finally, we suggest that the presence of diclofenac and its metabolites in the environment may represent a high risk because of their synergistic interactions with existing contaminants, leading to the development of drug-resistant strains and the formation of newly emerging pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanivel Sathishkumar
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | | | - Thavamani Palanisami
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Veeramuthu Ashokkumar
- Center of Excellence in Catalysis for Bioenergy and Renewable Chemicals (CBRC), Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thayumanavan Palvannan
- Laboratory of Bioprocess and Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Feng Long Gu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Fu Q, Malchi T, Carter LJ, Li H, Gan J, Chefetz B. Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products: From Wastewater Treatment into Agro-Food Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:14083-14090. [PMID: 31725273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Irrigation with treated wastewater (TWW) and application of biosolids introduce numerous pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) into agro-food systems. While the use of TWW and biosolids has many societal benefits, introduction of PPCPs in production agriculture poses potential food safety and human health risks. A comprehensive risk assessment and management scheme of PPCPs in agro-food systems is limited by multiple factors, not least the sheer number of investigated compounds and their diverse structures. Here we follow the fate of PPCPs in the water-soil-produce continuum by considering processes and variables that influence PPCP transfer and accumulation. By analyzing the steps in the soil-plant-human diet nexus, we propose a tiered framework as a path forward to prioritize PPCPs that could have a high potential for plant accumulation and thus pose greatest risk. This article examines research progress to date and current research challenges, highlighting the potential value of leveraging existing knowledge from decades of research on other chemicals such as pesticides. A process-driven scheme is outlined to derive a short list that may be used to refocus our future research efforts on PPCPs and other analogous emerging contaminants in agro-food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuguo Fu
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Dübendorf 8600 , Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Tomer Malchi
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences , Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
| | - Laura J Carter
- Environment Department , University of York , Heslington , York , U.K. YO10 5DD
- School of Geography, Faculty of Environment , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , U.K
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Benny Chefetz
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences , Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot 7610001 , Israel
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Hou X, Yu M, Liu A, Wang X, Li Y, Liu J, Schnoor JL, Jiang G. Glycosylation of Tetrabromobisphenol A in Pumpkin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8805-8812. [PMID: 31283198 PMCID: PMC6931399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is the most widely used brominated flame retardant (BFR), and it bioaccumulates throughout the food chains. Its fate in the first trophic level, plants, is of special interest. In this study, a four-day hydroponic exposure of TBBPA at a concentration of 1 μmol L-1 to pumpkin seedlings was conducted. A nontarget screening method for hydrophilic bromine-containing metabolites was modified, based on both typical isotope patterns of bromine and mass defect, and used to process mass spectra data. A total of 20 glycosylation and malonyl glycosylation metabolites were found for TBBPA in the pumpkin plants. Representative glycosyl TBBPA reference standards were synthesized to evaluate the contribution of this glycosylation process. Approximately 86% of parent TBBPA was metabolized to form those 20 glycosyl TBBPAs, showing that glycosylation was the most dominant metabolism pathway for TBBPA in pumpkin at the tested exposure concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Environmental Medical and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Aifeng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanlin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Jiyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Corresponding Author: Phone: 8610-62849334; fax: 8610-62849339;
| | - Jerald L. Schnoor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Huynh K, Reinhold D. Metabolism of Sulfamethoxazole by the Model Plant Arabidopsis thaliana. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4901-4911. [PMID: 30917276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytometabolism of antibiotics is a potentially significant route of human exposure to trace concentrations of antibiotics, prompting concerns about antibiotic resistance. The present study evaluated the metabolism of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a commonly used sulfonamide antibiotic, by Arabidopsis thaliana. SMX was intensively metabolized by A. thaliana, with only 1.1% of SMX in plant tissues present as the parent compound after 10 days of exposure. Untargeted screening of extractable metabolites revealed that N-glycosylation was the main transformation pathway of SMX in A. thaliana plants, with N4-glycosyl-SMX accounting for more than 80% of the extractable metabolites. Additionally, N4-glycosyl-glycoside SMX accounted for up to 4.4% of the extractable metabolites, indicating glycosylation of N4-glycosyl-SMX. The majority of minor extractable SMX metabolites were also conjugates of the parent compound, such as pterin-SMX and methyl salicylate-SMX conjugates. In 14C-SMX trials, 14C-radioactivity was detected in both extractable and bound residues in plant tissues. Extractable residues, which included 14C-SMX and its soluble metabolites, accounted for 35.8-43.6% of the uptaken 14C-radioactivity, while bound residues were 56.4-64.2%. Approximately 27.0% of the initially applied 14C-radioactivity remained in the culture media at the conclusion of the experiments, composed of both 14C-SMX and its metabolites, likely due to plant excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khang Huynh
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Dawn Reinhold
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
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Dudley S, Sun C, McGinnis M, Trumble J, Gan J. Formation of biologically active benzodiazepine metabolites in Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures and vegetable plants under hydroponic conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:622-630. [PMID: 30699383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of recycled water for agricultural irrigation comes with the concern of exposure to crops by contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs). The concentration of CECs in plant tissues will depend on uptake, translocation and metabolism in plants. However, relatively little is known about plant metabolism of CECs, particularly under chronic exposure conditions. In this study, metabolism of the pharmaceutical diazepam was investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana cells and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and radish (Raphanus sativus) seedlings grown in hydroponic solution following acute (7 d)/high concentration (1 mg L-1), and chronic (28 d)/low concentration (1 μg L-1) exposures. Liquid chromatography paired with mass spectrometry, 14C tracing, and enzyme extractions, were used to characterize the metabolic phases. The three major metabolites of diazepam - nordiazepam, temazepam and oxazepam - were detected as Phase I metabolites, with the longevity corresponding to that of human metabolism. Nordiazepam was the most prevalent metabolite at the end of the 5 d incubation in A. thaliana cells and 7 d, 28 d seedling cultivations. At the end of 7 d cultivation, non-extractable residues (Phase III) in radish and cucumber seedlings accounted for 14% and 33% of the added 14C-diazepam, respectively. By the end of 28 d incubation, the non-extractable radioactivity fraction further increased to 47% and 61%, indicating Phase III metabolism as an important destination for diazepam. Significant changes to glycosyltransferase activity were detected in both cucumber and radish seedlings exposed to diazepam. Findings of this study highlight the need to consider the formation of bioactive transformation intermediates and different phases of metabolism to achieve a comprehensive understanding of risks of CECs in agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacia Dudley
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
| | - Chengliang Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Michelle McGinnis
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - John Trumble
- Graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California Riverside, CA 92521, United States
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36
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Tian R, Zhang R, Uddin M, Qiao X, Chen J, Gu G. Uptake and metabolism of clarithromycin and sulfadiazine in lettuce. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:1134-1142. [PMID: 30823342 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are introduced into agricultural fields by the application of manure or biosolids, or via irrigation using reclaimed wastewater. Antibiotics can enter the terrestrial food chains through plant uptake, which forms an alternative pathway for human exposure to antibiotics. However, previous studies mainly focused on detecting residues of the parent antibiotics, while ignoring the identification of antibiotics transformation products in plants. Here, we evaluated the uptake and metabolism of clarithromycin (CLA) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) in lettuce under controlled hydroponic conditions. The antibiotics and their metabolites were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-MS/MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatograph Micromass triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS). The structure of CLA, SDZ and N-acetylated SDZ were confirmed with synthesized standards, verifying the reliability of the identification method. Eight metabolites of CLA and two metabolites of SDZ were detected in both the leaves and roots of lettuce. The metabolites of CLA included phases I and II transformation products, while only phase II metabolites of SDZ were observed in lettuce. The proportion of CLA metabolites was estimated to be greater than 70%, indicating that most of the CLA was metabolized in plant tissues. The proportion of SDZ metabolites was lower than 12% in the leaves and 10% in the roots. Some metabolites might have the ability to increase or acquire antibacterial activity. Therefore, in addition to the parent compounds, metabolites of antibiotics in edible vegetables are also worthy of study for risk assessment and to determine the consequences of long-term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Tian
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Misbah Uddin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xianliang Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Gege Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
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Picó Y, Alvarez-Ruiz R, Alfarhan AH, El-Sheikh MA, Alobaid SM, Barceló D. Uptake and accumulation of emerging contaminants in soil and plant treated with wastewater under real-world environmental conditions in the Al Hayer area (Saudi Arabia). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:562-572. [PMID: 30368185 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In arid and semi-arid areas the use of treated wastewater for crop irrigation and other agricultural practices, such as the use of pesticides, increase the number of emerging contaminants (ECs) in crops. Hazards of these practices to human being are largely unknown since there are few studies yet covering a short range of compounds and most of them under non-realistic conditions. This study aims at assessing this problem that will become global soon in an area of Saudi Arabia heavily affected by the reuse of treated wastewater and pesticide in order to ascertain its scale. The novelty of the study relays in the large number of ECs covered and the variety of crops (cabbage, barley, green beans, eggplants, chili, tomato and zucchini) analysed. Extraction procedure developed provided an appropriate extraction yield (up to 50% of the compounds were recovered within a 70-120% range), with good repeatability (relative standard deviations below 20% in most cases) and sensitivity (LOQ < 25 ng g-1) for the model compounds. Determination by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight (LC-QqTOF-MS) is able to identify >2000 contaminants. Sixty-four ECs were identified in wastewater but of the sixty-four compounds, six pharmaceuticals (atenolol, caffeine, carbamazepine and its metabolites 10,11-epoxycarbamazepine, gemfibrozil, and naproxen) and seven pesticides (acetamiprid, atrazine deethyl, azoxystrobin, bupirimate, diazinon, malathion, pirimicarb and some of their metabolites) were detected in plants. Furhermore, one metabolite of the ibuprofen (not detected in water or soil), the ibuprofen hexoside was also found in plants. Up to our knowledge, this study demonstrate for the first time the accumulation of ECs in crops irrigated with treated wastewater under real non-controlled environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Picó
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), Moncada-Naquera Road Km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Spain.
| | - Rodrigo Alvarez-Ruiz
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), Moncada-Naquera Road Km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Spain
| | - Ahmed H Alfarhan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A El-Sheikh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy M Alobaid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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Sun C, Dudley S, McGinnis M, Trumble J, Gan J. Acetaminophen detoxification in cucumber plants via induction of glutathione S-transferases. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:431-439. [PMID: 30176456 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) enter agroecosystems during reuse of treated wastewater and biosolids, presenting potential impacts on plant development. Here, acetaminophen, one of the most-used pharmaceuticals, was used to explore roles of glutathione (GSH) conjugation in its biotransformation in crop plants. Acetaminophen was taken up by plants, and conjugated quickly with GSH. After exposure to 5 mg L-1 acetaminophen for 144 h, GSH-acetaminophen conjugates were 15.2 ± 1.3 nmol g-1 and 1.2 ± 0.1 nmol g-1 in cucumber roots and leaves, respectively. Glutathione-acetaminophen was also observed in common bean, alfalfa, tomato, and wheat. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 decreased GSH conjugation. Moreover, the GSH conjugate was found to further convert to cysteine and N-acetylcysteine conjugates. Glutathione S-transferase activity was significantly elevated after exposure to acetaminophen, while levels of GSH decreased by 55.4% in roots after 48 h, followed by a gradual recovery thereafter. Enzymes involved in GSH synthesis, regeneration and transport were consistently induced to maintain the GSH homeostasis. Therefore, GST-mediated conjugation likely played a crucial role in minimizing phytotoxicity of acetaminophen and other PPCPs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengliang Sun
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Stacia Dudley
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Michelle McGinnis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - John Trumble
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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39
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Fu Q, Rösch A, Fedrizzi D, Vignet C, Hollender J. Bioaccumulation, Biotransformation, and Synergistic Effects of Binary Fungicide Mixtures in Hyalella azteca and Gammarus pulex: How Different/Similar are the Two Species? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13491-13500. [PMID: 30298730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic organisms are consistently exposed to a mixture of micropollutants that can bioaccumulate, undergo biotransformation, and may exert mixture effects. However, little is known on the underlying mechanisms and species-specificity. Herein we investigated bioaccumulation, biotransformation and synergistic effects of azole (i.e., prochloraz) and strobilurin (i.e., azoxystrobin) fungicides in the two aquatic invertebrate species, Hyalella azteca and Gammarus pulex. Bioaccumulation of azoxystrobin was similar, whereas bioaccumulation of prochloraz was slightly different in the two species but was still significantly below the REACH criteria for bioaccumulative substances. Similar biotransformation patterns were observed in both species, and only a few unique biotransformation reactions were detected in H. azteca such as malonyl-glucose and taurine conjugation. Toxicokinetic modeling additionally indicated that biotransformation is a more important elimination pathway in H. azteca. In mixtures, no-observed-adverse-effect levels of prochloraz decreased the LC50s of azoxystrobin in both species which correlated well with increased internal azoxystrobin concentrations. This synergistic effect is partly due to the inhibition of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases by prochloraz which subsequently triggered the reduced biotransformation of azoxystrobin (lower by five folds in H. azteca). The largely similar responses in both species suggest that the easier-to-cultivate H. azteca is a promising representative of invertebrates for toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuguo Fu
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Andrea Rösch
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Davide Fedrizzi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences , University of Copenhagen , 1871 Frederiksberg C , Denmark
| | - Caroline Vignet
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
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40
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Dudley S, Sun C, Jiang J, Gan J. Metabolism of sulfamethoxazole in Arabidopsis thaliana cells and cucumber seedlings. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1748-1757. [PMID: 30078686 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reclaimed water is a historically underutilized resource. However, with increased population growth and global climate change, reclaimed water is evolving into an economical and sustainable water resource to meet the needs of citizens, industries, and agriculture. The use of recycled water for agricultural irrigation comes with the potential risk of environmental and food contamination by pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). The levels of PPCPs in plants will depend on translocation and metabolism in plant tissues. However, relatively little is known about the metabolism of PPCPs in plants. In this study, the metabolism of the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole was investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana cells as well as cucumber seedlings grown under hydroponic conditions. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry and 14C tracing allowed for sulfamethoxazole metabolism to be comprehensively characterized through all metabolic phases. Six phase I and II metabolites were identified in A. thaliana cell cultures and cucumber seedlings. Sulfamethoxazole metabolism followed oxidation and then rapid conjugation with glutathione and leucine. Direct conjugation with the parent compound was also observed via acetylation and glucosylation. At the end of 96 and 168 h incubation, N4-acetylsulfamethoxazole was the major metabolite and >50% of the radiolabeled sulfamethoxazole became non-extractable in both A. thaliana cells and cucumber seedlings suggesting extensive phase III metabolism and detoxification. The study findings provided information for a better understanding of the uptake and metabolism of sulfamethoxazole in higher plants, highlighting the need to consider metabolic intermediates and terminal fate when assessing the risk of PPCPs in the soil-plant continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacia Dudley
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California Riverside, CA, 92521, United States; Graduate Program in Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States.
| | - Chengliang Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Ji Jiang
- Sciex, Redwood City, CA, 94065, United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
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41
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Pierattini EC, Francini A, Huber C, Sebastiani L, Schröder P. Poplar and diclofenac pollution: A focus on physiology, oxidative stress and uptake in plant organs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:944-952. [PMID: 29729512 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Poplar plants may have an important role in the removal of pharmaceuticals from contaminated waters. In this context, plant uptake of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac, as well as physiological response in terms of growth traits and stress enzymes activity was assessed in Populus alba Villafranca clone, in order to establish the effectiveness of this species against pharmaceutical active compounds pollution. This evaluation was conducted in mesocosms with 1 mg L-1 of this pharmaceutical for a maximum period of 28 days. Root appears to be the organ with clear uptake of diclofenac (14.76 ± 2.42 ng g-1 fresh weight after 1 day of treatment), and presence of products derived from its metabolism. Indeed, 4-OH-diclofenac metabolite was detected in root tissues, indicating diclofenac uptake and metabolism inside the plants, already after 1 day of treatment. Regarding enzyme activities, glutathione-S-transferases increased in roots after long-term exposure to diclofenac, while an increase in activity of ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase was detected in short and medium-term exposure, as a result of abiotic stress caused by diclofenac. Results suggest the ability of poplar to actively participate in the removal of diclofenac from water when used for phytoremediation purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Carla Pierattini
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Francini
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Christian Huber
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München - Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Luca Sebastiani
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Peter Schröder
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München - Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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42
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Fu Q, Dudley S, Sun C, Schlenk D, Gan J. Stable Isotope Labeling-Assisted Metabolite Probing for Emerging Contaminants in Plants. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11040-11047. [PMID: 30141618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformation is a notable modulator of the fate, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of contaminants in the environment. However, it is often formidable to identify unknown biotransformation products in the absence of reference standards, and this analytical challenge is particularly true for contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) that are mostly polar molecules without characteristic structures (e.g., Cl and Br) and in complex matrices such as plants. In this study, using the fibrate drug gemfibrozil as a model CEC and Arabidopsis thaliana as a model plant, we developed and demonstrated a novel analytical framework coupling deuterium stable isotope labeling with high-resolution mass spectrometry (SILAMS) in identifying plant biotransformation products. When exposed in A. thaliana cells, gemfibrozil was quickly taken up into the cells and extensively metabolized. The use of nonlabeled and deuterated gemfibrozil at a 3:1 ratio created unique diagnostic patterns in mass spectra, enabling the identification of 11 novel phase II amino acid/peptide conjugates. Similarity in mass fragmentation patterns and chromatographic behaviors was then employed to establish the probable structures. Two major metabolites were further confirmed as glutamate and glutamine conjugates using authentic standards. Most of the identified conjugates were also detected in the whole A. thaliana plant. Therefore, SILAMS offers unique advantages by excluding false matrix positives and helping discern unknown metabolites, including polar conjugates with endogenous biomolecules, with a high degree of confidence. This novel framework may be readily applied to other CECs for high-throughput metabolite screening in plants to improve our understanding of their food safety and human health risks and potential deleterious effects on other species living on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuguo Fu
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States.,Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Stacia Dudley
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Chengliang Sun
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
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43
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Quantification of Glutamate and Aspartate by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061389. [PMID: 29890641 PMCID: PMC6100480 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamic and aspartic acid fulfil numerous functions in organisms. They are proteinogenic amino acids, they function as neurotransmitters, and glutamic acid links the citrate cycle with amino acid metabolism. In addition, glutamic acid is a precursor for many bioactive molecules like γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In tomatoes, glutamic acid accumulates in ripening fruits. Here we present a simple and rapid method for quantification of glutamate and aspartate in tomatoes. A cleared extract is prepared and 2-aminoadipic acid added as internal standard. Subsequently, the amino acids are derivatised with 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene under alkaline conditions. The derivatives are separated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography using a phenyl-hexyl column and 50 mM N-methylmorpholine/acetate buffer pH 7.4 containing 12% acetonitrile as eluent and detected by UV absorption at 363 nm. The whole analysis time including separation and column equilibration takes less than 2.8 min with a flow rate of 1 mL/min and less than 1.6 min with a flow rate of 2 mL/min, making this method suitable for high-throughput applications. The method shows excellent reproducibility with intra- and inter-day SDs of approximately 4% for both aspartic and glutamic acid. Using this method we show that the glutamate/aspartate ratio changes significantly during fruit ripening.
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Sun J, Chen Q, Qian Z, Zheng Y, Yu S, Zhang A. Plant Uptake and Metabolism of 2,4-Dibromophenol in Carrot: In Vitro Enzymatic Direct Conjugation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4328-4335. [PMID: 29656645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants can extensively uptake organic contaminants from soil and subsequently transform them into various products. Those compounds containing hydroxyl may undergo direct conjugation with endogenous biomolecules in plants, and potentially be preserved as conjugates, thus enabling overlooked risk via consumptions of food crops. In this study, we evaluated the uptake and metabolism of 2,4-dibromophenol (DBP) by both carrot cells and whole plant. DBP was completely removed from cell cultures with a half-life of 10.8 h. Four saccharide conjugates, three amino acid conjugates, and one phase I metabolite were identified via ultraperformance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis. The dibromophenol glucopyranoside (glucose conjugate) was quantitated by synthesized standard and accounted for 9.3% of the initial spiked DBP at the end of incubation. The activity of glycosyltransferase was positively related to the production of 2,4-dibromophenol glucopyranoside ( p = 0.02, R2 = 0.86), implying the role of enzymatic catalysis involved in phase II metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Sun
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Qiong Chen
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Zhuxiu Qian
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Yan Zheng
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Shuai Yu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Anping Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
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45
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Schroer HW, Li X, Lehmler HJ, Just CL. Metabolism and Photolysis of 2,4-Dinitroanisole in Arabidopsis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13714-13722. [PMID: 29131608 PMCID: PMC5839145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
New insensitive munitions explosives, including 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), are replacing traditional explosive compounds to protect soldiers and simplify transport logistics. Despite the occupational safety benefits of these new explosives, feasible strategies for cleaning up DNAN from soil and water have not been developed. Here, we evaluate the metabolism of DNAN by the model plant Arabidopsis to determine whether phytoremediation can be used to clean up contaminated sites. Furthermore, we evaluate the role of photodegradation of DNAN and its plant metabolites within Arabidopsis leaves to determine the potential impact of photolysis on the phytoremediation of contaminants. When exposed to DNAN for three days, Arabidopsis took up and metabolized 67% of the DNAN in hydroponic solution. We used high resolution and tandem mass spectrometry in combination with stable-isotope labeled DNAN to confirm ten phase II DNAN metabolites in Arabidopsis. The plants separately reduced both the para- and ortho-nitro groups and produced glycosylated products that accumulated within plant tissues. Both DNAN and a glycosylated metabolite were subsequently photolyzed within leaf tissue under simulated sunlight, and [15N2]DNAN yielded 15NO2- in leaves. Therefore, photolysis inside leaves may be an important, yet under-explored, phytoremediation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter W. Schroer
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Xueshu Li
- Occupational & Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Occupational & Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246, United States
| | - Craig L. Just
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- . Phone: 319-335-5051. Fax: 319-335-5660
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46
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Analysis of emerging contaminants and nanomaterials in plant materials following uptake from soils. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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47
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Fu Q, Zhang J, Borchardt D, Schlenk D, Gan J. Direct Conjugation of Emerging Contaminants in Arabidopsis: Indication for an Overlooked Risk in Plants? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6071-6081. [PMID: 28502169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural use of treated wastewater, biosolids, and animal wastes introduces a multitude of contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) into the soil-plant system. The potential for food crops to accumulate CECs depends largely on their metabolism in plants, which at present is poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the metabolism of naproxen and ibuprofen, two of the most-used human drugs from the Profen family, in Arabidopsis thaliana cells and the Arabidopsis plant. The complementary use of high-resolution mass spectrometry and 14C labeling allowed the characterization of both free and conjugated metabolites, as well as nonextractable residues. Naproxen and ibuprofen, in their parent form, were conjugated quickly and directly with glutamic acid and glutamine, and further with peptides, in A. thaliana cells. For example, after 120 h, the metabolites of naproxen accounted for >90% of the extractable chemical mass, while the intact parent itself was negligible. The structures of glutamate and glutamine conjugates were confirmed using synthesized standards and further verified in whole plants. Amino acid conjugates may easily deconjugate, releasing the parent molecule. This finding highlights the possibility that the bioactivity of such CECs may be effectively preserved through direct conjugation, a previously overlooked risk. Many other CECs are also carboxylic acids, such as the profens. Therefore, direct conjugation may be a common route for plant metabolism of these CECs, making it imperative to consider conjugates when assessing their risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuguo Fu
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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