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Zhang YJ, Sun J, Chen XJ, Cheng R, Liu ZT, Cao L, Feng YL. The residues and health risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Pheretima (an earthworm-derived traditional medicine) from southeastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:17275-17288. [PMID: 38340303 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Minimal research exists on polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), despite their significant contributions to domestic and international health protection. This study is the first to investigate the levels, profiles, and health risks of PCB residue in Pheretima, a typical TCM produced from earthworm. Seventy-seven Pheretima samples from different regions of China were analyzed for 45 PCB congeners. PCBs were found in all samples exhibiting species-dependent discrepancies. ∑45PCBs was ranging from 0.532 to 25.2 µg/kg (mean 4.46 µg/kg), with CB-11 being the most abundant congener contributing 71.8% ± 10.8% to ∑45PCBs, followed by CB-47, which were all non-Aroclor congeners called unintentionally produced PCBs (UP-PCBs). The average estimated daily intake of ∑45PCBs, ∑7ID-PCBs (indicative polychlorinated biphenyls), and CB-11 were 0.71, 0.04, and 0.51 ng/kg bw/d, respectively. The ∑HQ of PCBs in Pheretima samples was 2.97 × 10-4-2.46 × 10-2 (mean 2.77 × 10-3, 95th 4.21 × 10-3), while the ∑RQ ranged from 1.19 × 10-8 to 2.88 × 10-6 (mean 4.87 × 10-7, 95th 2.31 × 10-6). These findings indicate that Pheretima ingestion does not pose significant non-carcinogenic risks. However, certain individual samples exhibit an acceptable level of potential risks, particularly when considering that PCBs are recognized as endocrine disruptors and classified as probable carcinogens. These results contribute to the safety evaluation of traditional medicines and suggest the potential use of Pheretima as a bioindicator for PCB pollution. It is advisable to monitor UP-PCBs as indicator congeners and gather additional toxicological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutical Analysis, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Sun
- Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, 210019, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Jiang Chen
- Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing, 210019, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Tong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Cao
- Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, 210019, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Long Feng
- Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, 210019, People's Republic of China
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Duffel MW, Lehmler HJ. Complex roles for sulfation in the toxicities of polychlorinated biphenyls. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:92-122. [PMID: 38363552 PMCID: PMC11067068 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2311270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic toxicants derived from legacy pollution sources and their formation as inadvertent byproducts of some current manufacturing processes. Metabolism of PCBs is often a critical component in their toxicity, and relevant metabolic pathways usually include their initial oxidation to form hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs). Subsequent sulfation of OH-PCBs was originally thought to be primarily a means of detoxication; however, there is strong evidence that it may also contribute to toxicities associated with PCBs and OH-PCBs. These contributions include either the direct interaction of PCB sulfates with receptors or their serving as a localized precursor for OH-PCBs. The formation of PCB sulfates is catalyzed by cytosolic sulfotransferases, and, when transported into the serum, these metabolites may be retained, taken up by other tissues, and subjected to hydrolysis catalyzed by intracellular sulfatase(s) to regenerate OH-PCBs. Dynamic cycling between PCB sulfates and OH-PCBs may lead to further metabolic activation of the resulting OH-PCBs. Ultimate toxic endpoints of such processes may include endocrine disruption, neurotoxicities, and many others that are associated with exposures to PCBs and OH-PCBs. This review highlights the current understanding of the complex roles that PCB sulfates can have in the toxicities of PCBs and OH-PCBs and research on the varied mechanisms that control these roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Duffel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States
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Deen L, Clark A, Hougaard KS, Petersen KU, Frederiksen M, Wise LA, Wesselink AK, Meyer HW, Bonde JP, Tøttenborg SS. Exposure to airborne polychlorinated biphenyls and type 2 diabetes in a Danish cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:117000. [PMID: 37634693 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research indicates an association between higher-chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, less is known about the extent to which PCB exposure in indoor air, composed primarily of lower-chlorinated PCBs, affects T2D risk. We assessed the association between indoor air exposure to PCBs in residential buildings and T2D incidence. METHODS The register-based 'Health Effects of PCBs in Indoor Air' (HESPAIR) cohort comprises 51,921 Danish residents of two residential areas with apartments built with and without PCB-containing materials (reference apartments). We assessed exposure status by combining register-based information on relocation history with extrapolated values of exposure based on PCB-measurements in indoor air from subsets of the apartments. T2D cases were identified in the Danish registers during 1977-2018. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using Cox regression analyses with time-varying exposure. RESULTS We identified 2737 incident T2D cases during the follow-up. Exposure to ≥3300 ng/m3 PCB × year (3rd tertile of PCByear) was associated with higher risk of T2D (HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.02-1.30) compared with exposure to <300 ng/m3 PCB × year (reference). However, among individuals with lower cumulated PCByear, the risk was similar to residents with exposure <300 ng/m3 PCB × year (300-899 ng/m3 PCB × year: HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.87-1.11; 900-3299 ng/m3 PCB × year: HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.83-1.10). DISCUSSION We observed a marginally higher risk of T2D, but there was no evidence of an exposure-response relationship. The results should be interpreted with caution until confirmed in other independent studies of PCB exposure in indoor air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Deen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark; Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - Karin Sørig Hougaard
- Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Denmark
| | - Kajsa Ugelvig Petersen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark
| | | | - Lauren A Wise
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, United States
| | - Amelia K Wesselink
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, United States
| | - Harald William Meyer
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Bonde
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark; Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sandra Søgaard Tøttenborg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark; Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lu YS, Wen X, Chen J, He XR, Yu J, Qiu J, Qian YZ, Xu YY. Multiomics reveals new biomarkers and mechanistic insights into the combined toxicity effects of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl and atrazine exposures in MCF-7 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122030. [PMID: 37336346 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Humans are constantly exposed to complicated chemical mixtures from the environment and food rather than being exposed to a single pollutant. The underlying mechanisms of the complicated combined toxicity of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are still mainly unexplored. In this study, two representative EDCs, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB153) and atrazine (ATZ), were selected to explore their combined effects on MCF-7 cell proliferation at environmental exposure concentrations by an integrated analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics. The results showed that 1 μM ATZ and PCB153 combined exposure significantly accelerated MCF-7 cell growth by 18.2%. More than 400 metabolites detected by UHPLC-QTOF/MS were used to observe metabolism differences induced by binary mixtures. Metabolomics analysis verified that ATZ and PCB153 exposure alone or in combination could have an additive effect on metabolism and induce significant disruption to glycolysis, purine metabolism and the TCA cycle, which provide energy demand and biosynthetic substrates for cell proliferation. Compared to PCB153 and ATZ exposure alone, a combined effect was observed in purine and pyrimidine metabolic pathways. Hexokinase 3 (HK3) and cytochrome P450 19 subfamily A1 (CYP19A1) were identified as differentially expressed genes based on transcriptomic analysis. By integrating metabolome and transcriptome analysis, the proliferation effects of ATZ and PCB153 were induced at low doses in MCF-7 cells through potential interference with the downstream transcription signaling of CYP19A1. Furthermore, molecular docking indicated that PCB153 and ATZ directly affected CYP19A1. Altogether, the regulation of pivotal metabolites and differentially expressed genes could provide helpful information to reveal the mechanism by which PCB153 and ATZ affect MCF-7 cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xing Wen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; Faculty of Printing and Packaging and Digital Media, Xi' an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Ju Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; Faculty of Printing and Packaging and Digital Media, Xi' an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Xiao-Rong He
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; Faculty of Printing and Packaging and Digital Media, Xi' an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Jiang Yu
- Faculty of Printing and Packaging and Digital Media, Xi' an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yong-Zhong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yan-Yang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Marvanová S, Pěnčíková K, Pálková L, Ciganek M, Petráš J, Lněničková A, Vondráček J, Machala M. Benzo[b]naphtho[d]thiophenes and naphthylbenzo[b]thiophenes: Their aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated activities and environmental presence. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:162924. [PMID: 36933742 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocyclic compounds (PASHs) belong among ubiquitous environmental pollutants; however, their toxic effects remain poorly understood. Here, we studied the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated activity of dibenzothiophene, benzo[b]naphtho[d]thiophenes, and naphthylbenzo[b]thiophenes, as well as their presence in two types of environmental matrices: river sediments collected from both rural and urban areas, and in airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) sampled in cities with different levels and sources of pollution. Benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene, benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]thiophene, 2,2-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene, and 2,1-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene were newly identified as efficient AhR agonists in both rat and human AhR-based reporter gene assays, with 2,2-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene being the most potent compound identified in both species. Benzo[b]naphtho[1,2-d]thiophene and 3,2-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene elicited AhR-mediated activity only in the rat liver cell model, while dibenzothiophene and 3,1-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene were inactive in either cell type. Independently of their ability to activate the AhR, benzo[b]naphtho[1,2-d]thiophene, 2,1-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene, 3,1-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene, and 3,2-naphthylbenzo[b]thiophene inhibited gap junctional intercellular communication in a model of rat liver epithelial cells. Benzo[b]naphtho[d]thiophenes were dominant PASHs present in both PM2.5 and sediment samples, with benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene being the most abundant one, followed by benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]thiophene. The levels of naphthylbenzo[b]thiophenes were mostly low or below detection limit. Benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene and benzo[b]naphtho[2,3-d]thiophene were identified as the most significant contributors to the AhR-mediated activity in the environmental samples evaluated in this study. Both induced nuclear translocation of the AhR, and they induced CYP1A1 expression in a time-dependent manner, suggesting that their AhR-mediated activity may depend on the rate of their intracellular metabolism. In conclusion, some PASHs could be significant contributors to the overall AhR-mediated toxicity of complex environmental samples suggesting that more attention should be paid to the potential health impacts of this group of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soňa Marvanová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Pěnčíková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Pálková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ciganek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Petráš
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Lněničková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Deen L, Clark A, Hougaard KS, Meyer HW, Frederiksen M, Pedersen EB, Petersen KU, Flachs EM, Bonde JPE, Tøttenborg SS. Risk of cardiovascular diseases following residential exposure to airborne polychlorinated biphenyls: A register-based cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 222:115354. [PMID: 36709868 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoor air in buildings constructed with materials containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may be contaminated with especially lower-chlorinated PCBs. So far, the cardiovascular consequences of living with such contamination are unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) following residential exposure to predominantly lower-chlorinated PCBs in indoor air. METHODS The Health Effects of PCBs in Indoor Air (HESPAIR) cohort is register-based with 51 921 residents of two residential areas near Copenhagen: Farum Midtpunkt and Brøndby Strand Parkerne. Here, indoor air was contaminated with PCB in one third of the apartments due to construction with materials containing PCB. Individual PCB exposure was estimated based on register-based information on relocation dates and indoor air PCB measurements in subsets of the apartments. Information on CVD was retrieved from the Danish National Patient Register for the follow-up period of 1977-2018. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios using Cox regression with time-varying exposure. RESULTS Cumulative residential exposure to airborne PCB was not associated with a higher overall risk for CVD (HR for highly exposed (≥3300 ng/m3 PCB × year): 1.02, 95% CI 0.94-1.10). This was also the case for most of the specific cardiovascular diseases, apart from acute myocardial infarction where a higher risk was observed for residents exposed to ≥3300 ng/m3 PCB × year compared to the reference group (HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.00-1.35). However, no exposure-response relationship was apparent and additional adjustment for education attenuated the risk estimate. DISCUSSION In this, to our knowledge, first study ever to examine the risk of CVD following residential exposure to PCBs in indoor air, we observed limited support for cardiovascular effects of living in PCB-contaminated indoor air. Considering the prevalence of exposure to airborne PCBs and lack of literature on their potential health effects, these findings need to be corroborated in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Deen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark; Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Alice Clark
- Real World Science, Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin Sørig Hougaard
- Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Harald William Meyer
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark
| | - Marie Frederiksen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ellen Bøtker Pedersen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark
| | - Kajsa Ugelvig Petersen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark
| | - Esben Meulengracht Flachs
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Ellekilde Bonde
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark; Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sandra Søgaard Tøttenborg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark; Department of Public Health, The Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Chenchen H, Keqi H, Yanhong Z, Yiye J, Yankuan T, Xiaojun L, Bixian M. In vitro hepatic metabolism of polychlorinated biphenyls with different chlorine-substituted structures in rats and humans: Kinetics, metabolism, and potential nuclear receptor affinities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 864:161043. [PMID: 36549545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the biotransformation behavior and potential nuclear receptor affinities of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with different chlorine-substituted structures (PCB 77/110/136/174) were explored using human and rat liver microsomes (HLM and RLM). The rate constants (kobs) of PCBs showed the variations in the order patterns for the HLM (PCB 136 > PCB 110 > PCB 174 > PCB 77) and RLM (PCB 110 > PCB 136 > PCB 174 > PCB 77). However, studied PCBs showed similar metabolite profiles and enantioselective of PCBs between HLM and RLM. The Mono-OH-PCBs were the major metabolites of PCB 77/174, whereas mono-OH- and di-OH-PCBs were the major metabolites of PCB 110/136 for the HLM and RLM, indicating that OH-PCBs could be further oxidized. Enantiomeric enrichment of (-)-PCB 136 and (+)-PCB 174 was observed in microsomal metabolism. Moreover, the inflection point of the enantiomer fraction for PCB 136 metabolized by the HLM suggests a competitive metabolism between individual atropisomers. Furthermore, molecular docking results demonstrated the relatively high affinity between PCBs (or OH-PCBs) and certain nuclear receptors, indicating that abnormal metabolic enzyme expression and endocrine disruption occur in PCB-exposed humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Chenchen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; China University of Mining & Technology, School of Environmental Science & Spatial Informatics, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hu Keqi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-MaCao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zeng Yanhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-MaCao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jiang Yiye
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tian Yankuan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-MaCao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Luo Xiaojun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-MaCao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mai Bixian
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Young AS, Herkert N, Stapleton HM, Coull BA, Hauser R, Zoeller T, Behnisch PA, Felzel E, Brouwer A, Allen JG. Hormone receptor activities of complex mixtures of known and suspect chemicals in personal silicone wristband samplers worn in office buildings. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 315:137705. [PMID: 36592838 PMCID: PMC9937064 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to increasingly complex mixtures of hormone-disrupting chemicals from a variety of sources, yet, traditional research methods only evaluate a small number of chemicals at a time. We aimed to advance novel methods to investigate exposures to complex chemical mixtures. Silicone wristbands were worn by 243 office workers in the USA, UK, China, and India during four work shifts. We analyzed extracts of the wristbands for: 1) 99 known (targeted) chemicals; 2) 1000+ unknown chemical features, tentatively identified through suspect screening; and 3) total hormonal activities towards estrogen (ER), androgen (AR), and thyroid hormone (TR) receptors in human cell assays. We evaluated associations of chemicals with hormonal activities using Bayesian kernel machine regression models, separately for targeted versus suspect chemicals (with detection ≥50%). Every wristband exhibited hormonal activity towards at least one receptor: 99% antagonized TR, 96% antagonized AR, and 58% agonized ER. Compared to men, women were exposed to mixtures that were more estrogenic (180% higher, adjusted for country, age, and skin oil abundance in wristband), anti-androgenic (110% higher), and complex (median 836 detected chemical features versus 780). Adjusted models showed strong associations of jointly increasing chemical concentrations with higher hormonal activities. Several targeted and suspect chemicals were important co-drivers of overall mixture effects, including chemicals used as plasticizers, fragrance, sunscreen, pesticides, and from other or unknown sources. This study highlights the role of personal care products and building microenvironments in hormone-disrupting exposures, and the substantial contribution of chemicals not often identifiable or well-understood to those exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Young
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Nicholas Herkert
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Dr, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 9 Circuit Dr, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Brent A Coull
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Morrill Science Center, Amherst 01003, USA
| | - Peter A Behnisch
- BioDetection Systems, Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Emiel Felzel
- BioDetection Systems, Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Abraham Brouwer
- BioDetection Systems, Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joseph G Allen
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Benoit L, Koual M, Tomkiewicz C, Bats AS, Antignac JP, Coumoul X, Barouki R, Cano-Sancho G. Impact of mixtures of persistent organic pollutants on breast cancer aggressiveness. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107615. [PMID: 36343552 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer (BC) is frequent with a poor prognosis in case of metastasis. The role of the environment has been poorly evaluated in its progression. We searched to assess whether a mixture of pollutants could be responsible of BC aggressiveness. METHODS Patients undergoing surgery for their BC were prospectively included in the METAPOP cohort. Forty-two POPs were extracted, among them 17 dioxins (PCDD/F), 16 polychlorobiphenyls (PCB), 8 polybromodiphenylethers (PBDE) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (PBB153) were measured in the adipose tissue surrounding the tumor. BC aggressiveness was defined using tumor size and metastasis (distant or lymph nodes). Two complementary models were used to evaluate the impact of the mixture of pollutants: the BKMR (Bayesian Kernel machine regression) and WQS (weighted quantile sum regression) models. The WQS estimates the weight (positive or negative) of a certain chemical based on its quantile and the BKMR model applies a kernel-based approach to estimate posterior inclusion probabilities. The sub-group of patients with a body mass index (BMI) > 22 kg/ m2 was also analyzed. RESULTS Ninety-one patients were included. Of these, 38 patients presented a metastasis, and the mean tumor size was 25.4 mm. The mean BMI was 24.5 kg/m2 (+/- 4.1). No statistical association was found in the general population. However, in patients with a BMI > 22 kg/ m2, our mixture was positively associated with tumor size (OR: 9.73 95 %CI: 1.30-18.15) and metastasis (OR = 3.98 95 %CI = 1.09-17.53) using the WQS model. Moreover, using the BKMR model on chemical families, dioxin like chemicals and PCDD were associated with a higher risk of metastasis. DISCUSSION These novel findings identified a mixture associated with breast cancer aggressiveness in patients with a BMI > 22 kg/ m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Benoit
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, T3S, Toxicologie Environnementale, Cibles thérapeutiques, Signalisation cellulaire et Biomarqueurs, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Service de Chirurgie Cancérologique Gynécologique et du Sein, Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Meriem Koual
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, T3S, Toxicologie Environnementale, Cibles thérapeutiques, Signalisation cellulaire et Biomarqueurs, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Service de Chirurgie Cancérologique Gynécologique et du Sein, Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Céline Tomkiewicz
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, T3S, Toxicologie Environnementale, Cibles thérapeutiques, Signalisation cellulaire et Biomarqueurs, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Bats
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Service de Chirurgie Cancérologique Gynécologique et du Sein, Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM UMR-S 1147, Université Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | | | - Xavier Coumoul
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, T3S, Toxicologie Environnementale, Cibles thérapeutiques, Signalisation cellulaire et Biomarqueurs, France; Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Robert Barouki
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, T3S, Toxicologie Environnementale, Cibles thérapeutiques, Signalisation cellulaire et Biomarqueurs, France; Université Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
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10
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Deen L, Hougaard KS, Clark A, Meyer HW, Frederiksen M, Gunnarsen L, Andersen HV, Hougaard T, Petersen KKU, Ebbehøj NE, Bonde JP, Tøttenborg SS. Cancer Risk following Residential Exposure to Airborne Polychlorinated Biphenyls: A Danish Register-Based Cohort Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:107003. [PMID: 36306207 PMCID: PMC9616107 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are biopersistent chemicals classified as human carcinogens. This classification is primarily based on evidence on higher-chlorinated PCBs found in food. The carcinogenic potential of airborne lower-chlorinated PCBs remains largely unexplored. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate cancer risk following residential exposure to airborne PCBs. METHODS Cancer risk was examined in the Health Effects of PCBs in Indoor Air (HESPAIR) cohort of 38,613 residents of two partly PCB-contaminated residential areas in Greater Copenhagen, identified by nationwide registries. PCB exposure was based on relocation dates and indoor air PCB measurements in subsets of apartments. Cancer diagnoses were extracted from the Danish Cancer Registry for the follow-up period of 1970-2018. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios with time-varying cumulative exposure and a 10-y lag using Cox regression. RESULTS Overall risk of cancer was not associated with PCByear, [hazard ratio (HR) for high-exposed vs. low-exposed =0.98; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.88, 1.09], but residents exposed to ≥3,000 ng/m3 PCB×year had higher risk of liver cancer (HR =2.81; 95% CI: 1.28, 6.15) and meningiomas (HR =3.49; 95% CI: 1.84, 6.64), with indications of exposure-response relationships. Results were suggestive of a higher risk of pancreatic cancer (HR =1.59; 95% CI: 0.95, 2.64) at the highest aggregated PCB level. For testis cancer, a higher risk was observed among residents exposed to 300-949 ng/m3 PCB×year relative to residents exposed to <300 ng/m3 PCB×year (HR =2.97; 95% CI: 1.41, 6.28), but the risk was not higher for residents exposed to ≥950 ng/m3 PCB×year. Apart from this, the risk of specific cancers was similar across exposure groups. DISCUSSION In this, to our knowledge, first population-based cohort study of residential exposure to airborne PCBs, we found no association between exposure to PCBs in indoor air in private homes and the risk for most of the specific cancers. Higher risk of liver cancer and meningiomas were observed. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10605.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Deen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin Sørig Hougaard
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alice Clark
- Department of Epidemiology, Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Harald William Meyer
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Frederiksen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Gunnarsen
- Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle Vibeke Andersen
- Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kajsa Kirstine Ugelvig Petersen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Erik Ebbehøj
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Bonde
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sandra Søgaard Tøttenborg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Zhang CY, Li X, Keil Stietz KP, Sethi S, Yang W, Marek RF, Ding X, Lein PJ, Hornbuckle KC, Lehmler HJ. Machine Learning-Assisted Identification and Quantification of Hydroxylated Metabolites of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Animal Samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13169-13178. [PMID: 36047920 PMCID: PMC9573770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory studies of the disposition and toxicity of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyl (OH-PCB) metabolites are challenging because authentic analytical standards for most unknown OH-PCBs are not available. To assist with the characterization of these OH-PCBs (as methylated derivatives), we developed machine learning-based models with multiple linear regression (MLR) or random forest regression (RFR) to predict the relative retention times (RRT) and MS/MS responses of methoxylated (MeO-)PCBs on a gas chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometry system. The final MLR model estimated the retention times of MeO-PCBs with a mean absolute error of 0.55 min (n = 121). The similarity coefficients cos θ between the predicted (by RFR model) and experimental MS/MS data of MeO-PCBs were >0.95 for 92% of observations (n = 96). The levels of MeO-PCBs quantified with the predicted MS/MS response factors approximated the experimental values within a 2-fold difference for 85% of observations and 3-fold differences for all observations (n = 89). Subsequently, these model predictions were used to assist with the identification of OH-PCB 95 or OH-PCB 28 metabolites in mouse feces or liver by suggesting candidate ranking information for identifying the metabolite isomers. Thus, predicted retention and MS/MS response data can assist in identifying unknown OH-PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yun Zhang
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Xueshu Li
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kimberly P. Keil Stietz
- Department
of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Sunjay Sethi
- Department
of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Weizhu Yang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Rachel F. Marek
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering and IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department
of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Keri C. Hornbuckle
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering and IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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12
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Zhang CY, Li X, Flor S, Ruiz P, Kruve A, Ludewig G, Lehmler HJ. Metabolism of 3-Chlorobiphenyl (PCB 2) in a Human-Relevant Cell Line: Evidence of Dechlorinated Metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12460-12472. [PMID: 35994059 PMCID: PMC9573771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Lower chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls (LC-PCBs) and their metabolites make up a class of environmental pollutants implicated in a range of adverse outcomes in humans; however, the metabolism of LC-PCBs in human models has received little attention. Here we characterize the metabolism of PCB 2 (3-chlorobiphenyl), an environmentally relevant LC-PCB congener, in HepG2 cells with in silico prediction and nontarget high-resolution mass spectrometry. Twenty PCB 2 metabolites belonging to 13 metabolite classes, including five dechlorinated metabolite classes, were identified in the cell culture media from HepG2 cells exposed for 24 h to 10 μM or 3.6 nM PCB 2. The PCB 2 metabolite profiles differed from the monochlorinated metabolite profiles identified in samples from an earlier study with PCB 11 (3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl) under identical experimental conditions. A dechlorinated dihydroxylated metabolite was also detected in human liver microsomal incubations with monohydroxylated PCB 2 metabolites but not PCB 2. These findings demonstrate that the metabolism of LC-PCBs in human-relevant models involves the formation of dechlorination products. In addition, untargeted metabolomic analyses revealed an altered bile acid biosynthesis in HepG2 cells. Our results indicate the need to study the disposition and toxicity of complex PCB 2 metabolites, including novel dechlorinated metabolites, in human-relevant models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yun Zhang
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response,
Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Xueshu Li
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Susanne Flor
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Patricia Ruiz
- Office
of Innovation and Analytics, Simulation Science Section, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, United States
| | - Anneli Kruve
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 16, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriele Ludewig
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Phone: (319) 335-4981. Fax: (319) 335-4290.
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13
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Li X, Lim JJ, Wang K, Prasad B, Bhatt DK, Cui JY, Lehmler HJ. The disposition of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) differs between germ-free and conventional mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 92:103854. [PMID: 35331926 PMCID: PMC9090986 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The disposition of toxicants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), in germ-free (GF) vs. conventional (CV) mice has received little attention to date. Here, we investigate PCB levels in three-month-old female CV and GF mice exposed orally daily for 3 days to 0, 6, or 30 mg/kg body weight of the Fox River Mixture (FRM), an environmental PCB mixture. We euthanized animals 24 h after the final dose. PCB profiles in tissues differed from the FRM profile but were similar in tissues across all 4 PCB exposure groups. PCB levels in CV but not GF mice followed the difference in PCB dose. Importantly, PCB levels were higher in CV than GF mice exposed to the same dose. Hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme or lipid levels did not explain these trends in PCB tissue levels. Thus, toxicity studies with CV and GF animals need to assess the toxicokinetics of the toxicant investigated. CAPSULE: PCB levels are typically higher in conventional than germ-free mice exposed to the same dose of PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Joe Jongpyo Lim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Deepak K Bhatt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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14
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Šimečková P, Pěnčíková K, Kováč O, Slavík J, Pařenicová M, Vondráček J, Machala M. In vitro profiling of toxic effects of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on nuclear receptor signaling, disruption of endogenous metabolism and induction of cellular stress. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:151967. [PMID: 34843781 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may interact with multiple intracellular receptors and related signaling pathways. We comprehensively evaluated the toxicity profiles of six environmentally relevant PAHs differing in structure, genotoxicity and their ability to activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). We focused particularly on their impact on intracellular hormone-, xenobiotic- and lipid-sensing receptors, as well as on cellular stress markers, combining a battery of human reporter gene assays and qRT-PCR evaluation of endogenous gene expression in human hepatocyte-like HepaRG cells, with LC/MS-MS analysis of cellular sphingolipids. The effects of PAHs included: activation of estrogen receptor α (in case of fluoranthene (Fla), pyrene (Pyr), benz[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)), suppression of androgen receptor activity (Fla, BaA, BaP and benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF)), enhancement of dexamethasone-induced glucocorticoid receptor activity (chrysene (Chry), BaA, and BaP), and potentiation of triiodothyronine-induced thyroid receptor α activity (all tested PAHs). PAHs also induced transcription of endogenous gene targets of constitutive androstane receptor (Fla, Pyr), or repression of target genes of pregnane X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (in case of the AhR-activating PAHs - Chry, BaA, BaP, and BkF) in HepaRG cells. In the same cell model, the AhR agonists reduced the expression of glucose metabolism genes (PCK1, G6PC and PDK4), and they up-regulated levels of glucosylceramides, together with a concomitant induction of expression of UGCG, glucosylceramide synthesis enzyme. Finally, both BaP and BkF were found to induce expression of early stress and genotoxicity markers: ATF3, EGR1, GDF15, CDKN1A/p21, and GADD45A mRNAs, while BaP alone increased levels of IL-6 mRNA. Overall, whereas low-molecular-weight PAHs exerted significant effects on nuclear receptors (with CYP2B6 induction observed already at nanomolar concentrations), the AhR activation by 4-ring and 5-ring PAHs appeared to be a key mechanism underlying their impact on nuclear receptor signaling, endogenous metabolism and induction of early stress and genotoxicity markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Šimečková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Pěnčíková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Kováč
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Slavík
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Pařenicová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic.
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15
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Lokteva ES, Shishova VV, Tolkachev NN, Maslakov KI, Kamaev AO, Maksimov SV, Golubina EV. Hydrodehalogenation of 4-chlorophenol and 4-bromophenol over Pd–Fe/Al2O3: influence of catalyst reduction conditions. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2022.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Saktrakulkla P, Li X, Martinez A, Lehmler HJ, Hornbuckle KC. Hydroxylated Polychlorinated Biphenyls Are Emerging Legacy Pollutants in Contaminated Sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2269-2278. [PMID: 35107261 PMCID: PMC8851693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We measured the concentrations of 837 hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs, in 275 chromatographic peaks) and 209 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, in 174 chromatographic peaks) in sediments from New Bedford Harbor in Massachusetts, Altavista wastewater lagoon in Virginia, and the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal in Indiana, USA and in the original commercial PCB mixtures Aroclors 1016, 1242, 1248, and 1254. We used the correlation between homologues and the peak responses to quantify the full suite of OH-PCBs including those without authentic standards available. We found that OH-PCB levels are approximately 0.4% of the PCB levels in sediments and less than 0.0025% in Aroclors. The OH-PCB congener distributions of sediments are different from those of Aroclors and are different according to sites. We also identified a previously unknown compound, 4-OH-PCB52, which together with 4'-OH-PCB18 made up almost 30% of the OH-PCBs in New Bedford Harbor sediments but less than 1.2% in the Aroclors and 3.3% in any other sediments. This indicates site-specific environmental transformations of PCBs to OH-PCBs. We conclude that the majority of OH-PCBs in these sediments are generated in the environment. Our findings suggest that these toxic breakdown products of PCBs are prevalent in PCB-contaminated sediments and present an emerging concern for humans and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panithi Saktrakulkla
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Xueshu Li
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Andres Martinez
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Keri C. Hornbuckle
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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17
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Little M, Dutta M, Li H, Matson A, Shi X, Mascarinas G, Molla B, Weigel K, Gu H, Mani S, Cui JY. Understanding the physiological functions of the host xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors PXR and CAR on the gut microbiome using genetically modified mice. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:801-820. [PMID: 35256948 PMCID: PMC8897037 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological activation of the xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is well-known to increase drug metabolism and reduce inflammation. Little is known regarding their physiological functions on the gut microbiome. In this study, we discovered bivalent hormetic functions of PXR/CAR modulating the richness of the gut microbiome using genetically engineered mice. The absence of PXR or CAR increased microbial richness, and absence of both receptors synergistically increased microbial richness. PXR and CAR deficiency increased the pro-inflammatory bacteria Helicobacteraceae and Helicobacter. Deficiency in both PXR and CAR increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, which has bile salt hydrolase activity, corresponding to decreased primary taurine-conjugated bile acids (BAs) in feces, which may lead to higher internal burden of taurine and unconjugated BAs, both of which are linked to inflammation, oxidative stress, and cytotoxicity. The basal effect of PXR/CAR on the gut microbiome was distinct from pharmacological and toxicological activation of these receptors. Common PXR/CAR-targeted bacteria were identified, the majority of which were suppressed by these receptors. hPXR-TG mice had a distinct microbial profile as compared to wild-type mice. This study is the first to unveil the basal functions of PXR and CAR on the gut microbiome.
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Key Words
- BA, bile acid
- BSH, bile salt hydrolase
- Bile acids
- CA, cholic acid
- CAR
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- CITCO, 6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime
- CV, conventional
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- DCA, deoxycholic acid
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- Feces
- GF, germ free
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- Gut microbiome
- HDCA, hyodeoxycholic acid
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IFNγ, interferon-gamma
- IL, interleukin
- IS, internal standards
- Inflammation
- LCA, lithocholic acid
- LC–MS/MS, liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
- MCA, muricholic acid
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- Mice
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
- Nuclear receptor
- OH, hydroxylated
- OTUs, operational taxonomy units
- PA, indole-3 propionic acid
- PBDEs, polybrominated diphenyl ethers
- PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls
- PCoA, Principle Coordinate Analysis
- PXR
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- PiCRUSt, Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Observed States
- QIIME, Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology
- SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids
- SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism
- SPF, specific-pathogen-free
- T, wild type
- T-, taurine conjugated
- TCPOBOP, 1,4-bis-[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene, 3,3′,5,5′-Tetrachloro-1,4-bis(pyridyloxy)benzene
- TGR-5, Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5
- TLR4, toll-like receptor 4
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- YAP, yes-associated protein
- hPXR-TG, humanized PXR transgenic
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Little
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Moumita Dutta
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Adam Matson
- University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| | - Xiaojian Shi
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Gabby Mascarinas
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Bruk Molla
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Kris Weigel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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18
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19
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Tam N, Lai KP, Kong RYC. Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals reproductive impairments caused by PCBs and OH-PCBs through the dysregulation of ER and AR signaling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149913. [PMID: 34474298 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Reports have highlighted the presence of PCBs and their metabolites, OH-PCBs, in human serum as well as their endocrine-disrupting effects on reproductive function through direct interactions with the androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor (ER). However, the molecular mechanisms directly linking the actions of PCBs and OH-PCBs on the AR and ER to induce reproductive impairment remain poorly understood. In this study, we characterized the cellular response to PCBs and OH-PCBs acting on AR and ER transactivation at the transcriptome level coupled with bioinformatics analysis to identify the downstream pathways of androgen and estrogen signaling that leads to reproductive dysfunction. We first confirmed the agonistic and antagonistic effects of several PCBs and OH-PCBs on AR- and ER-mediated reporter gene activity using the androgen-responsive LNCaP and estrogen-responsive MCF-7 cell lines, respectively. Anti-estrogenic activity was not detected among the tested compounds; however, we found that in addition to anti-androgenic and estrogenic activity, PCB 28 and PCB 138 exhibited androgenic activity, while most of the tested OH-PCBs showed a synergistic effect on DHT-mediated transactivation of the AR. Bioinformatics analysis of transcriptome profiles from selected PCBs and OH-PCBs revealed various pathways that were dysregulated depending on their agonistic, antagonistic, or synergistic effects. The OH-PCBs with estrogenic activity affected pathways including vitamin metabolism and calcium transport. Other notable dysregulated pathways include cholesterol transport in response to androgenic PCBs, thyroid hormone metabolism in response to anti-androgenic PCBs, and antioxidant pathways in response to androgen-synergistic OH-PCBs. Our results demonstrate that PCBs and OH-PCBs directly alter specific pathways through androgen- or estrogen-mediated signaling, thereby providing additional insights into the mechanisms by which these compounds cause reproductive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Tam
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Keng Po Lai
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, PR China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Richard Yuen Chong Kong
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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20
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Gährs M, Schrenk D. Suppression of apoptotic signaling in rat hepatocytes by non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls depends on the receptors CAR and PXR. Toxicology 2021; 464:153023. [PMID: 34743025 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs) represent a sub-group of persistent organic pollutants found in food, environmental samples and human and animal tissues. Promotion of pre-neoplastic lesions in rodent liver has been suggested as an indicator for a possible increased risk of liver cancer in humans exposed to NDL-PCBs. In rodent hepatocytes, suppression of DNA damage-triggered apoptosis is a typical mode of action of liver tumor promoters. Here, we report that NDL-PCBs suppress apoptosis in rat hepatocytes treated in culture with an apoptogenic dose of UV light. Suppression became less pronounced when the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and/or the pregnane-X-receptor (PXR) where knocked-out using siRNAs, while knocking-out both receptors led to a full reconstitution of apoptosis. In contrast, suppression of apoptosis by the CAR or PXR activators phenobarbital or dexamethasone were CAR- or PXR-specific. Induction and suppression of apoptosis were paralleled by changes in caspase 3/7, 8 and 9 activities. Our findings indicate that NDL-PCBs can suppress UV-induced apoptosis in rat hepatocytes by activating CAR and PXR. It needs further investigation if these mechanisms of action are also of relevance for human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Gährs
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Dieter Schrenk
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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21
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Sex Dependent Action of Aroclor 1254 on Basal and sGnRHa-Stimulated Secretion of LH from the Pituitary Cells of Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio L. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2020-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in many vertebrates, changing the hormonal regulation of reproduction. To identify one of the possible sites of action of PCBs on gonadotropin release in common carp, the direct effects of Aroclor 1254 on luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion from dispersed pituitary cells were investigated. Pituitary cells were obtained from sexually mature male and female common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) at the time of natural spawning. The cells were incubated with different concentrations of Aroclor 1254 (5, 10, 50 and 100 ng mL–1 medium) and/or salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (sGnRHa) at a concentration of 10−8 M. LH levels were measured in the cultured medium by the ELISA method after 10 hours of cell incubation. Incubation of male pituitary cells in the presence of tested concentrations of Aroclor did not change the basal LH secretion to the media. In the female pituitary cell incubations Aroclor (5, 10 and 100 ng mL–1 medium) caused a significant increase in LH concentrations in comparison to control incubations. In the case of sGnRHastimulated LH secretion in incubations of cells of both sexes, all the concentrations of Aroclor significantly stimulated LH release and potentiated stimulatory effects of sGnRH analogue. These results indicate that endocrine disrupters, such as Aroclor 1254, may affect reproduction in fish, acting also directly on gonadotrophs at the level of the pituitary gland, changing LH secretion.
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22
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Slováčková J, Slavík J, Kulich P, Večeřa J, Kováč O, Paculová H, Straková N, Fedr R, Silva JP, Carvalho F, Machala M, Procházková J. Polychlorinated environmental toxicants affect sphingolipid metabolism during neurogenesis in vitro. Toxicology 2021; 463:152986. [PMID: 34627992 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SLs) are important signaling molecules and functional components of cellular membranes. Although SLs are known as crucial regulators of neural cell physiology and differentiation, modulations of SLs by environmental neurotoxicants in neural cells and their neuronal progeny have not yet been explored. In this study, we used in vitro models of differentiated neuron-like cells, which were repeatedly exposed during differentiation to model environmental toxicants, and we analyzed changes in sphingolipidome, cellular morphology and gene expression related to SL metabolism or neuronal differentiation. We compared these data with the results obtained in undifferentiated neural cells with progenitor-like features. As model polychlorinated organic pollutants, we used 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB11) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB153). PCB153 revealed itself as the most prominent deregulator of SL metabolism and as potent toxicant during early phases of in vitro neurogenesis. TCDD exerted only minor changes in the levels of analysed lipid species, however, it significantly changed the rate of pro-neuronal differentiation and deregulated expression of neuronal markers during neurogenesis. PCB11 acted as a potent disruptor of in vitro neurogenesis, which induced significant alterations in SL metabolism and cellular morphology in both differentiated neuron-like models (differentiated NE4C and NG108-15 cells). We identified ceramide-1-phosphate, lactosylceramides and several glycosphingolipids to be the most sensitive SL species to exposure to polychlorinated pollutants. Additionally, we identified deregulation of several genes related to SL metabolism, which may be explored in future as potential markers of developmental neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Slováčková
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Slavík
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kulich
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Večeřa
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Kováč
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Paculová
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nicol Straková
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Fedr
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - João Pedro Silva
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiřina Procházková
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic.
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23
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Kofoed AB, Deen L, Hougaard KS, Petersen KU, Meyer HW, Pedersen EB, Ebbehøj NE, Heitmann BL, Bonde JP, Tøttenborg SS. Maternal exposure to airborne polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and risk of adverse birth outcomes. Eur J Epidemiol 2021; 36:861-872. [PMID: 34420151 PMCID: PMC8416822 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-021-00793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human health effects of airborne lower-chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls (LC-PCBs) are largely unexplored. Since PCBs may cross the placenta, maternal exposure could potentially have negative consequences for fetal development. We aimed to determine if exposure to airborne PCB during pregnancy was associated with adverse birth outcomes. In this cohort study, exposed women had lived in PCB contaminated apartments at least one year during the 3.6 years before conception or the entire first trimester of pregnancy. The women and their children were followed for birth outcomes in Danish health registers. Logistic regression was performed to estimate odds ratios (OR) for changes in secondary sex ratio, preterm birth, major congenital malformations, cryptorchidism, and being born small for gestational age. We performed linear regression to estimate difference in birth weight among children of exposed and unexposed mothers. All models were adjusted for maternal age, educational level, ethnicity, and calendar time. We identified 885 exposed pregnancies and 3327 unexposed pregnancies. Relative to unexposed women, exposed women had OR 0.97 (95% CI 0.82, 1.15) for secondary sex ratio, OR 1.13 (95% CI 0.76, 1.67) for preterm birth, OR 1.28 (95% CI 0.81, 2.01) for having a child with major malformations, OR 1.73 (95% CI 1.01, 2.95) for cryptorchidism and OR 1.23 (95% CI 0.88, 1.72) for giving birth to a child born small for gestational age. The difference in birth weight for children of exposed compared to unexposed women was − 32 g (95% CI—79, 14). We observed an increased risk of cryptorchidism among boys after maternal airborne LC-PCB exposure, but due to the proxy measure of exposure, inability to perform dose–response analyses, and the lack of comparable literature, larger cohort studies with direct measures of exposure are needed to investigate the safety of airborne LC-PCB exposure during pregnancy
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Bungum Kofoed
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 20F, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Laura Deen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 20F, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin Sørig Hougaard
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kajsa Ugelvig Petersen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 20F, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Harald William Meyer
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 20F, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ellen Bøtker Pedersen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 20F, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Erik Ebbehøj
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 20F, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Berit Lilienthal Heitmann
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Section for General Practice, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Bonde
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 20F, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sandra Søgaard Tøttenborg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 20F, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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24
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Zhang CY, Flor S, Ruiz P, Ludewig G, Lehmler HJ. Characterization of the Metabolic Pathways of 4-Chlorobiphenyl (PCB3) in HepG2 Cells Using the Metabolite Profiles of Its Hydroxylated Metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9052-9062. [PMID: 34125531 PMCID: PMC8264946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of the metabolism of lower chlorinated PCB, such as 4-chlorobiphenyl (PCB3), is challenging because of the complex metabolite mixtures formed in vitro and in vivo. We performed parallel metabolism studies with PCB3 and its hydroxylated metabolites to characterize the metabolism of PCB3 in HepG2 cells using nontarget high-resolution mass spectrometry (Nt-HRMS). Briefly, HepG2 cells were exposed for 24 h to 10 μM PCB3 or its seven hydroxylated metabolites in DMSO or DMSO alone. Six classes of metabolites were identified with Nt-HRMS in the culture medium exposed to PCB3, including monosubstituted metabolites at the 3'-, 4'-, 3-, and 4- (1,2-shift product) positions and disubstituted metabolites at the 3',4'-position. 3',4'-Di-OH-3 (4'-chloro-3,4-dihydroxybiphenyl), which can be oxidized to a reactive and toxic PCB3 quinone, was a central metabolite that was rapidly methylated. The resulting hydroxylated-methoxylated metabolites underwent further sulfation and, to a lesser extent, glucuronidation. Metabolomic analyses revealed an altered tryptophan metabolism in HepG2 cells following PCB3 exposure. Some PCB3 metabolites were associated with alterations of endogenous metabolic pathways, including amino acid metabolism, vitamin A (retinol) metabolism, and bile acid biosynthesis. In-depth studies are needed to investigate the toxicities of PCB3 metabolites, especially the 3',4'-di-OH-3 derivatives identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yun Zhang
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Susanne Flor
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Patricia Ruiz
- Office
of Innovation and Analytics, Simulation Science Section, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, United States
| | - Gabriele Ludewig
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- . Tel.: (319) 335-4981. Fax: (319) 335-4290
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25
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Bleak TC, Calaf GM. Breast and prostate glands affected by environmental substances (Review). Oncol Rep 2021; 45:20. [PMID: 33649835 PMCID: PMC7879422 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.7971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental endocrine disruptor chemicals are substances that can alter the homeostasis of the endocrine system in living organisms. They can be released from several products used in daily activities. Once in the organism, they can disrupt the endocrine function by mimicking or blocking naturally occurring hormones due to their similar chemical structure. This endocrine disruption is the most important cause of the well‑known hormone‑associate types of cancer. Additionally, it is decisive to determine the susceptibility of each organ to these compounds. Therefore, the present review aimed to summarize the effect of different environmental substances such as bisphenol A, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and polychlorinated biphenyls in both the mammary and the prostate tissues. These organs were chosen due to their association with the hormonal system and their common features in carcinogenic mechanisms. Outcomes derived from the present review may provide evidence that should be considered in future debates regarding the effects of endocrine disruptors on carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy C. Bleak
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Arica 1000000, Chile
| | - Gloria M. Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Arica 1000000, Chile
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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26
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Role of estrogen receptor alpha in MEHP-induced proliferation and invasion of SH-SY5Y cells. Toxicology 2021; 453:152734. [PMID: 33631300 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptors are involved in regulating the proliferation and invasion process of neuroblastoma. As a kind of estrogen-like environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs), whether mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) can affect the proliferation and invasion of neuroblastoma cells via ERs is unknown. The present study aimed to explore the role of ERα in MEHP-induced proliferation, migration, and invasion of SH-SY5Y cells. SH-SY5Y cells were cultured in DMEM with 10 % FBS. Wild-type SH-SY5Y cells and ERα-knockdown SH-SY5Y cells were treated with MEHP (0, 10, 50, and 250 μM) for 12 h and 24 h. The viability of SH-SY5Y cells was detected with a CCK8 kit and cell cycle was measured by flow cytometry. Cell migration was measured using a scratch assay, and cell invasion was tested using a Transwell migration assay. The expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2), ERα, and ERβ were detected with real-time qPCR and western blotting. MEHP promoted the proliferation of SH-SY5Y cells. The results also showed that MEHP significantly increased the relative migration distance of wild-type SH-SY5Y cells. Conversely, MEHP treatment did not increase the relative migration distance of ERα-knockdown SH-SY5Y cells, suggesting that MEHP promotes the migration of neuroblastoma through ERα. Similarly, MEHP significantly increased the relative number of invaded wild-type SH-SY5Y cells, while the MEHP-induced invasion effect was significantly decreased in ERα-knockdown SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, the expression levels of PCNA, MMP-2, MMP-9, and ERα cells were upregulated by MEHP in wild-type SH-SY5Y, and the expression level of its tissue inhibitor TIMP-2 was downregulated. In contrast, the expression of PCNA, MMP-2, MMP-9, and ERα was significantly downregulated in ERα-knockdown SH-SY5Y cells, while the expression of TIMP-2 was significantly upregulated. In conclusion, MEHP can upregulate PCNA, MMP-2, and MMP-9, and downregulate TIMP-2, further promoting proliferation, migration, and invasion of neuroblastoma through ERα.
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27
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Anh HQ, Watanabe I, Minh TB, Takahashi S. Unintentionally produced polychlorinated biphenyls in pigments: An updated review on their formation, emission sources, contamination status, and toxic effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142504. [PMID: 33035974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The formation, emission, environmental occurrence, and potential adverse effects of unintentionally produced polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in pigments are reviewed, providing a comprehensive and up-to-date picture on these pollutants. PCBs are typically formed during manufacturing of organic pigments that involve chlorinated intermediates and reaction solvents, rather than those of inorganic pigments. Concentrations and profiles of PCBs vary greatly among pigment types and producers, with total PCB levels ranging from lower than detection limits to several hundred ppm; major components can be low-chlorinated (e.g., CB-11) or high-chlorinated congeners (e.g., CB-209). Pigment-derived PCBs can be released into the environment through different steps including pigment production, application, and disposal. They can contaminate atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic ecosystems, and then affect organisms living there. This situation garners scientific and public attention to nonlegacy emissions of PCBs and suggests the need for appropriate monitoring, management, and abatement strategies regarding these pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Quoc Anh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam.
| | - Isao Watanabe
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
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28
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Roy MA, Duche PR, Timme-Laragy AR. The sulfate metabolite of 3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB-11) impairs Cyp1a activity and increases hepatic neutral lipids in zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127609. [PMID: 32693259 PMCID: PMC7530052 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The environmental contaminant 3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB-11) is widely detected in environmental samples, and this parent compound along with its metabolites 4-OH-PCB-11 and 4-PCB-11-Sulfate are detected in human serum. Our previous research in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos shows exposure to 20 μM PCB-11 inhibits Cyp1a enzyme activity and perturbs lipid metabolism pathways. In this study, wildtype AB embryos underwent acute exposures from 1 to 4 days post fertilization (dpf) to 0.002-20 μM 4-OH-PCB-11 or 0.2-20 μM 4-PCB-11-Sulfate, with and without co-exposures to 100 μg/L benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) or 5 nM 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126), and were assessed for in vivo EROD activity and morphometrics. Chronic exposures from 1 to 15 dpf to assess lipid accumulation using Oil-Red-O staining were also conducted with 0.2 μM parent or metabolite compounds, alongside a co-exposure experiment of 0.002-0.2 μM 4-PCB-11-Sulfate and 10 μg/L B[a]P. For acute experiments, 2 and 20 μM 4-OH-PCB-11 was lethal but no Cyp1a or morphological effects were observed at lower concentrations; 20 μM 4-PCB-11-Sulfate significantly lowered the Cyp1a activity of B[a]P and PCB-126 but did not alter morphological development. For chronic experiments, 0.2 μM 4-PCB-11-Sulfate significantly increased lipid accumulation 30% in single exposures and 44% in co-exposures with B[a]P. Further long-term studies would better elucidate the effects of this contaminant, particularly in the context of environmentally-relevant mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika A Roy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Perseverance R Duche
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Alicia R Timme-Laragy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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29
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Li X, Zhang C, Wang K, Lehmler HJ. Fatty liver and impaired hepatic metabolism alter the congener-specific distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in mice with a liver-specific deletion of cytochrome P450 reductase. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115233. [PMID: 32712482 PMCID: PMC7492420 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants that are linked to adverse health outcomes. PCB tissue levels are determinants of PCB toxicity; however, it is unclear how factors, such as an altered metabolism and/or a fatty liver, affect PCB distribution in vivo. We determined the congener-specific disposition of PCBs in mice with a liver-specific deletion of cytochrome P450 reductase (KO), a model of fatty liver with impaired hepatic metabolism, and wild-type (WT) mice. Eight-week-old male WT (MWT, n = 3), male KO (MKO, n = 5), female WT (FWT, n = 4), and female KO mice (FKO, n = 4) were exposed orally to Aroclor 1254. PCBs were quantified in adipose, blood, brain, and liver tissues by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The ΣPCB levels followed the rank order adipose > liver ∼ brain > blood in WT and adipose ∼ liver > brain > blood in KO mice. PCB levels were much higher in the liver of KO than WT mice, irrespective of the sex. A comparison across exposure groups revealed minor genotype and sex-dependent differences in the PCB congener profiles (cos Θ > 0.92). Within each exposure group, tissue profiles showed small differences between tissues (cos Θ = 0.85 to 0.98). These differences were due to a decrease in metabolically more labile PCB congeners and an increase in congeners resistant to metabolism. The tissue-to-blood ratio of PCBs decreased for adipose, increased for the brain, and remained constant for the liver with an increase in chlorination. While these ratios did not follow the trends predicted using a composition-based model, the agreement between experimental and calculated partition coefficients was reasonable. Although the distribution of PCBs differs between KO and WT mice, the magnitude of the partitioning of PCBs from the blood into tissues can be approximated using composition-based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Chunyun Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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Li X, Zhang C, Wang K, Lehmler HJ. Fatty liver and impaired hepatic metabolism alter the congener-specific distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in mice with a liver-specific deletion of cytochrome P450 reductase. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020. [PMID: 32712482 DOI: 10.25820/data.006117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants that are linked to adverse health outcomes. PCB tissue levels are determinants of PCB toxicity; however, it is unclear how factors, such as an altered metabolism and/or a fatty liver, affect PCB distribution in vivo. We determined the congener-specific disposition of PCBs in mice with a liver-specific deletion of cytochrome P450 reductase (KO), a model of fatty liver with impaired hepatic metabolism, and wild-type (WT) mice. Eight-week-old male WT (MWT, n = 3), male KO (MKO, n = 5), female WT (FWT, n = 4), and female KO mice (FKO, n = 4) were exposed orally to Aroclor 1254. PCBs were quantified in adipose, blood, brain, and liver tissues by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The ΣPCB levels followed the rank order adipose > liver ∼ brain > blood in WT and adipose ∼ liver > brain > blood in KO mice. PCB levels were much higher in the liver of KO than WT mice, irrespective of the sex. A comparison across exposure groups revealed minor genotype and sex-dependent differences in the PCB congener profiles (cos Θ > 0.92). Within each exposure group, tissue profiles showed small differences between tissues (cos Θ = 0.85 to 0.98). These differences were due to a decrease in metabolically more labile PCB congeners and an increase in congeners resistant to metabolism. The tissue-to-blood ratio of PCBs decreased for adipose, increased for the brain, and remained constant for the liver with an increase in chlorination. While these ratios did not follow the trends predicted using a composition-based model, the agreement between experimental and calculated partition coefficients was reasonable. Although the distribution of PCBs differs between KO and WT mice, the magnitude of the partitioning of PCBs from the blood into tissues can be approximated using composition-based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Chunyun Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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Vondráček J, Pěnčíková K, Ciganek M, Pivnička J, Karasová M, Hýžďalová M, Strapáčová S, Pálková L, Neča J, Matthews J, Lom MV, Topinka J, Milcová A, Machala M. Environmental six-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are potent inducers of the AhR-dependent signaling in human cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115125. [PMID: 32679438 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The toxicities of many environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in particular those of high-molecular-weight PAHs (with MW higher than 300), remain poorly characterized. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of selected environmentally relevant PAHs with MW 302 (MW302 PAHs) to activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), since this represents a major toxic mode of action of PAHs. A large number of the evaluated compounds exhibited strong AhR-mediated activities, in particular in human models. The studied MW302 PAHs also significantly contributed to the overall calculated AhR activities of complex environmental mixtures, including both defined standard reference materials and collected diesel exhaust particles. The high AhR-mediated activities of representative MW302 PAHs, e.g. naphtho[1,2-k]fluoranthene, corresponded with the modulation of expression of relevant AhR target genes in a human lung cell model, or with the AhR-dependent suppression of cell cycle progression/proliferation in estrogen-sensitive cells. This was in a marked contrast with the limited genotoxicity of the same compound(s). Given the substantial levels of the AhR-activating MW302 PAHs in combustion particles, it seems important to continue to investigate the toxic modes of action of this large group of PAHs associated with airborne particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Pěnčíková
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ciganek
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Pivnička
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Karasová
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hýžďalová
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Strapáčová
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Pálková
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Neča
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jason Matthews
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, M5S 1A8 Toronto, Canada
| | - Michal Vojtíšek Lom
- Center for Sustainable Mobility, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technická 4, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Topinka
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Milcová
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
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Zhang CY, Flor S, Ruiz P, Dhakal R, Hu X, Teesch LM, Ludewig G, Lehmler HJ. 3,3'-Dichlorobiphenyl Is Metabolized to a Complex Mixture of Oxidative Metabolites, Including Novel Methoxylated Metabolites, by HepG2 Cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12345-12357. [PMID: 32910851 PMCID: PMC7544623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
3,3'-Dichlorobiphenyl (PCB 11) is a byproduct of industrial processes and detected in environmental samples. PCB 11 and its metabolites are present in human serum, and emerging evidence demonstrates that PCB 11 is a developmental neurotoxicant. However, little is known about the metabolism of PCB 11 in humans. Here, we investigated the metabolism of PCB 11 and the associated metabolomics changes in HepG2 cells using untargeted high-resolution mass spectrometry. HepG2 cells were exposed for 24 h to PCB 11 in DMSO or DMSO alone. Cell culture media were analyzed with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Thirty different metabolites were formed by HepG2 cells exposed to 10 μM PCB 11, including monohydroxylated, dihydroxylated, methoxylated-hydroxylated, and methoxylated-dihydroxylated metabolites and the corresponding sulfo and glucuronide conjugates. The methoxylated PCB metabolites were observed for the first time in a human-relevant model. 4-OH-PCB 11 (3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl-4-ol) and the corresponding catechol metabolite, 4,5-di-OH-PCB 11 (3',5-dichloro-3,4-dihydroxybiphenyl), were unambiguously identified based on liquid and gas chromatographic analyses. PCB 11 also altered several metabolic pathways, in particular vitamin B6 metabolism. These results demonstrate that complex PCB 11 metabolite profiles are formed in HepG2 cells that warrant further toxicological investigation, particularly since catechol metabolites are likely reactive and toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yun Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Susanne Flor
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Patricia Ruiz
- Divison of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, Computational Toxicology and Methods Development Lab, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, United States
| | - Ram Dhakal
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Lynn M. Teesch
- High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Facility, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Gabriele Ludewig
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): Risk Factors for Autism Spectrum Disorder? TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8030070. [PMID: 32957475 PMCID: PMC7560399 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) includes a group of multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorders defined clinically by core deficits in social reciprocity and communication, restrictive interests and repetitive behaviors. ASD affects one in 54 children in the United States, one in 89 children in Europe, and one in 277 children in Asia, with an estimated worldwide prevalence of 1-2%. While there is increasing consensus that ASD results from complex gene x environment interactions, the identity of specific environmental risk factors and the mechanisms by which environmental and genetic factors interact to determine individual risk remain critical gaps in our understanding of ASD etiology. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that have been linked to altered neurodevelopment in humans. Preclinical studies demonstrate that PCBs modulate signaling pathways implicated in ASD and phenocopy the effects of ASD risk genes on critical morphometric determinants of neuronal connectivity, such as dendritic arborization. Here, we review human and experimental evidence identifying PCBs as potential risk factors for ASD and discuss the potential for PCBs to influence not only core symptoms of ASD, but also comorbidities commonly associated with ASD, via effects on the central and peripheral nervous systems, and/or peripheral target tissues, using bladder dysfunction as an example. We also discuss critical data gaps in the literature implicating PCBs as ASD risk factors. Unlike genetic factors, which are currently irreversible, environmental factors are modifiable risks. Therefore, data confirming PCBs as risk factors for ASD may suggest rational approaches for the primary prevention of ASD in genetically susceptible individuals.
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Anh HQ, Watanabe I, Minh TB, Tue NM, Tuyen LH, Viet PH, Takahashi S. Polychlorinated biphenyls in settled dusts from an end-of-life vehicle processing area and normal house dusts in northern Vietnam: Occurrence, potential sources, and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 728:138823. [PMID: 32570316 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations and congener-specific profiles of total 209 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were investigated in settled dust samples collected from end-of-life vehicle (ELV) processing, urban, and rural areas in northern Vietnam. Concentrations of total 209 PCBs, seven indicator congeners, and twelve dioxin-like PCBs decreased in the order: ELV working > ELV living ≈ urban > rural dusts. Penta- and hexa-CBs dominated the homolog patterns in all the samples with higher proportions in the ELV dusts compared to the urban and rural house dusts. The abundance and pattern of PCBs in the ELV dusts suggest on-going emissions of these compounds related to processing of vehicular oils and lubricants containing PCBs, whereas the presence of PCBs in the urban and rural house dusts indicate long-time releases. However, levels of some PCBs identified as by-products of pigment manufacturing (e.g., PCB-11 and PCB-209) were higher in the urban house dusts than those from other locations, resulting from human activities utilizing paints and pigments. Daily intake doses (ID), non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ), and lifetime cancer risk (CR) of PCBs through dust ingestion were estimated for ELV workers and residents in the studied areas. The workers and children in the ELV sites were estimated to be at higher risk of PCB exposure, however almost all of the HQ < 1 and CR < 10-4 indicate no serious risk related to dust-bound PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Quoc Anh
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Isao Watanabe
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Hung Viet
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
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Murati T, Miletić M, Pleadin J, Šimić B, Kmetič I. Cell membrane-related toxic responses and disruption of intercellular communication in PCB mechanisms of toxicity: A review. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1592-1601. [PMID: 32648282 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener-specific effects on cell membrane and intercellular communication is important within the studies of PCB absorption, organ-related PCB accumulation and exertion of toxic responses. Toxic potential of PCBs is linked to various deleterious effects on human health, including neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity and genotoxicity and, recently in 2016 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has upgraded the classification of PCBs to Group 1 "Carcinogenic to humans." Proposed mechanisms of aforementioned PCBs adverse effects at cellular membrane level are: (i) downregulation of gap junction intercellular communication and/or connexins; (ii) compromised membrane integrity; and (iii) altered tight junction barrier function. This study, based on an extensive literature survey, shows the progress in scientific research of each of these three levels with the aim of pointing out the earliest toxic events of PCBs, which can result in serious cell/tissue/organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teuta Murati
- Laboratory for Toxicology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Miletić
- Laboratory for Toxicology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelka Pleadin
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Branimir Šimić
- Laboratory for Toxicology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Kmetič
- Laboratory for Toxicology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Mudhoo A, Ramasamy DL, Bhatnagar A, Usman M, Sillanpää M. An analysis of the versatility and effectiveness of composts for sequestering heavy metal ions, dyes and xenobiotics from soils and aqueous milieus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 197:110587. [PMID: 32325327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The persistence and bioaccumulation of environmental pollutants in water bodies, soils and living tissues remain alarmingly related to environmental protection and ecosystem restoration. Adsorption-based techniques appear highly competent in sequestering several environmental pollutants. In this review, the recent research findings reported on the assessments of composts and compost-amended soils as adsorbents of heavy metal ions, dye molecules and xenobiotics have been appraised. This review demonstrates clearly the high adsorption capacities of composts for umpteen environmental pollutants at the lab-scale. The main inferences from this review are that utilization of composts for the removal of heavy metal ions, dye molecules and xenobiotics from aqueous environments and soils is particularly worthwhile and efficient at the laboratory scale, and the adsorption behaviors and effectiveness of compost-type adsorbents for agrochemicals (e.g. herbicides and insecticides) vary considerably because of variabilities in structure, topology, bond connectivity, distribution of functional groups and interactions of xenobiotics with the active humic substances in composts. Compost-based field-scale remediation of environmental pollutants is still sparse and arguably much challenging to implement if, furthermore, real-world soil and water contamination issues are to be addressed effectively. Hence, significant research and process development efforts should be promptly geared and intensified in this direction by extrapolating the lab-scale findings in a cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ackmez Mudhoo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mauritius, Réduit, 80837, Mauritius.
| | - Deepika Lakshmi Ramasamy
- Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, FI-50130, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Amit Bhatnagar
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Muhammad Usman
- PEIE Research Chair for the Development of Industrial Estates and Free Zones, Center for Environmental Studies and Research, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Viet Nam; School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, 4350, QLD, Australia.
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Barčauskaitė K, Žydelis R, Mažeika R. Screening of chemical composition and risk index of different origin composts produced in Lithuania. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:24480-24494. [PMID: 32304063 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08605-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The application of composts could be accompanied by potential hazards to soil and humans, caused by heavy metals and organic persistent pollutants. A total of 115 compost samples from four different origins (green waste composts, sewage sludge composts, mixed municipal waste composts after mechanical-biological treatment and mixed municipal waste compost) were collected to analyse the chemical composition, nutrients levels, seven heavy metals, 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and seven polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs). Simulation models were used to estimate the heavy metal accumulation risk in soil and to evaluate the potential ecological risk to environment. After analysing chemical parameters of compost quality, it was found that sewage sludge composts contained the highest amounts of nitrogen (2.98%), phosphorus (4.44%) and organic matter (47.6%), and the highest potassium content (1.20%) was found in mixed municipal composts after mechanical-biological treatment. After having tested all the composts, green waste composts had the lowest content of the following nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur. High molecular weight PAHs dominated in green waste, sewage sludge and mixed municipal waste composts, and the opposite tendency was observed on mixed municipal waste composts after mechanical-biological treatment; low molecular weight PAHs were abundant. It was determined that, according to the total amount of 15 PAHs (16.54 mg kg-1 d.w.) and 7 PCBs (233.53 μg kg-1 d.w.), the most contaminated composts were produced from mixed municipal waste. As it was expected, the lowest level of PCBs (13.85 μg kg-1 d.w.) was found in green waste composts. Monte Carlo simulations showed that the shortest period in which zinc concentration in soil could increase twice is 2 years when applying continuously mixed municipal waste compost after mechanical-biological treatment. Based on Monte Carlo simulation results from repeated application of green waste composts, mixed municipal waste compost and mixed municipal waste compost after mechanical-biological treatment could double the soil background level of copper in 6 and 3 years respectively. Reducing the content of heavy metals in composts would be of great significance for minimising the damage caused by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Barčauskaitė
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry Instituto Al. 1, Akademija, Kėdainiai Distr, Lithuania.
| | - Renaldas Žydelis
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry Instituto Al. 1, Akademija, Kėdainiai Distr, Lithuania
| | - Romas Mažeika
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry Instituto Al. 1, Akademija, Kėdainiai Distr, Lithuania
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Anh HQ, Watanabe I, Tue NM, Tuyen LH, Viet PH, Chi NK, Minh TB, Takahashi S. Polyurethane foam-based passive air sampling for simultaneous determination of POP- and PAH-related compounds: A case study in informal waste processing and urban areas, northern Vietnam. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125991. [PMID: 32069737 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), and unsubstituted/methylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs/Me-PAHs) were simultaneously monitored in the air samples collected from Vietnamese urban and vehicular waste processing areas by using polyurethane foam-based passive air sampling (PUF-PAS) method. Concentrations (pg m-3) of organic pollutants decreased in the order: PAHs (median 29,000; range 5100-100,000) > Me-PAHs (6000; 1000-33,000) > PCBs (480; 170-1100) > PBDEs (11; 5.3-86) > NBFRs (0.20; n. d. - 51) > BB-153 (n.d.). The difference in total PCB and PBDE concentrations between the urban and waste processing air samples was not statistically significant. Meanwhile, levels of PAHs, Me-PAHs, benzo [a]pyrene equivalents (BaP-EQs), and toxic equivalents of dioxin-like PCBs (WHO-TEQs) were much higher in the waste processing sites. This is the first report on the abundance of mono- and di-CBs (notably CB-11) in the air from a developing country, suggesting their roles as emerging and ubiquitous air pollutants. Our results have indicated potential sources of specific organic pollutants such as dioxin-like PCBs, PAHs, and Me-PAHs from improper treatment of end-of-life vehicles and other vehicle related materials (e.g., waste oils and rubber tires), as well as current emission of PCBs and PBDEs in the urban area in Vietnam. Further atmospheric monitoring studies should be conducted in this developing country that cover both legacy and emerging contaminants with a focus on areas affected by rapid urbanization and informal waste processing activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Quoc Anh
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan; Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Isao Watanabe
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan; Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Hung Viet
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Ngo Kim Chi
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan.
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39
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Šimečková P, Hubatka F, Kotouček J, Turánek Knötigová P, Mašek J, Slavík J, Kováč O, Neča J, Kulich P, Hrebík D, Stráská J, Pěnčíková K, Procházková J, Diviš P, Macaulay S, Mikulík R, Raška M, Machala M, Turánek J. Gadolinium labelled nanoliposomes as the platform for MRI theranostics: in vitro safety study in liver cells and macrophages. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4780. [PMID: 32179785 PMCID: PMC7075985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents are extensively used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Liposomes are potential nanocarrier-based biocompatible platforms for development of new generations of MRI diagnostics. Liposomes with Gd-complexes (Gd-lip) co-encapsulated with thrombolytic agents can serve both for imaging and treatment of various pathological states including stroke. In this study, we evaluated nanosafety of Gd-lip containing PE-DTPA chelating Gd+3 prepared by lipid film hydration method. We detected no cytotoxicity of Gd-lip in human liver cells including cancer HepG2, progenitor (non-differentiated) HepaRG, and differentiated HepaRG cells. Furthermore, no potential side effects of Gd-lip were found using a complex system including general biomarkers of toxicity, such as induction of early response genes, oxidative, heat shock and endoplasmic reticulum stress, DNA damage responses, induction of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, and changes in sphingolipid metabolism in differentiated HepaRG. Moreover, Gd-lip did not show pro-inflammatory effects, as assessed in an assay based on activation of inflammasome NLRP3 in a model of human macrophages, and release of eicosanoids from HepaRG cells. In conclusion, this in vitro study indicates potential in vivo safety of Gd-lip with respect to hepatotoxicity and immunopathology caused by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Kotouček
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Josef Mašek
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Slavík
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Kováč
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Neča
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kulich
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Hrebík
- Central European Institute of Technology CEITEC, Structural Virology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Stráská
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Pavel Diviš
- Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Robert Mikulík
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Neurology Department, St. Anne's University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Raška
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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40
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Williams RS, Curnick DJ, Barber JL, Brownlow A, Davison NJ, Deaville R, Perkins M, Jobling S, Jepson PD. Juvenile harbor porpoises in the UK are exposed to a more neurotoxic mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls than adults. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:134835. [PMID: 31806345 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of 209 persistent and bio-accumulative toxic pollutants present as complex mixtures in human and animal tissues. Harbor porpoises accumulate some of the highest levels of PCBs because they are long-lived mammals that feed at a high trophic level. Studies typically use the sum of a suite of individual chlorobiphenyl congeners (CBs) to investigate PCBs in wildlife. However, toxic effects and thresholds of CB congeners differ, therefore population health risks of exposure may be under or over-estimated dependent on the congener profiles present. In this study, we found congener profiles varied with age, sex and location, particularly between adult females and juveniles. We found that adult females had the highest proportions of octa-chlorinated congeners whilst juveniles had the highest proportions of tri- and tetra-chlorinated congeners. This is likely to be a consequence of pollutant offloading between mothers and calves during lactation. Analysis of the individual congener toxicities found that juveniles were exposed to a more neurotoxic CB mixture at a time when they were most vulnerable to its effects. These findings are an important contribution towards our understanding of variation in congener profiles and the potential effects and threats of PCB exposure in cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie S Williams
- Zoological Society of London, Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.
| | - David J Curnick
- Zoological Society of London, Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Jonathan L Barber
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Andrew Brownlow
- Scottish Marine Animal Stranding Scheme, SRUC Veterinary Services, Drummondhill, Inverness IV2 4JZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Nicholas J Davison
- Scottish Marine Animal Stranding Scheme, SRUC Veterinary Services, Drummondhill, Inverness IV2 4JZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Rob Deaville
- Zoological Society of London, Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Matthew Perkins
- Zoological Society of London, Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Susan Jobling
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Paul D Jepson
- Zoological Society of London, Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
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41
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Goya-Jorge E, Doan TQ, Scippo ML, Muller M, Giner RM, Barigye SJ, Gozalbes R. Elucidating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonism from a chemical-structural perspective. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 31:209-226. [PMID: 31916862 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2019.1708460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) plays an important role in several biological processes such as reproduction, immunity and homoeostasis. However, little is known on the chemical-structural and physicochemical features that influence the activity of AhR antagonistic modulators. In the present report, in vitro AhR antagonistic activity evaluations, based on a chemical-activated luciferase gene expression (AhR-CALUX) bioassay, and an extensive literature review were performed with the aim of constructing a structurally diverse database of contaminants and potentially toxic chemicals. Subsequently, QSAR models based on Linear Discriminant Analysis and Logistic Regression, as well as two toxicophoric hypotheses were proposed to model the AhR antagonistic activity of the built dataset. The QSAR models were rigorously validated yielding satisfactory performance for all classification parameters. Likewise, the toxicophoric hypotheses were validated using a diverse set of 350 decoys, demonstrating adequate robustness and predictive power. Chemical interpretations of both the QSAR and toxicophoric models suggested that hydrophobic constraints, the presence of aromatic rings and electron-acceptor moieties are critical for the AhR antagonism. Therefore, it is hoped that the deductions obtained in the present study will contribute to elucidate further on the structural and physicochemical factors influencing the AhR antagonistic activity of chemical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Goya-Jorge
- CEEI (Centro Europeo de Empresas Innovadoras), ProtoQSAR SL, Parque Tecnológico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - T Q Doan
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, ULiège, Liège, Belgium
| | - M L Scippo
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, FARAH-Veterinary Public Health, ULiège, Liège, Belgium
| | - M Muller
- Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regeneration, GIGA-Research, ULiège, Liège, Belgium
| | - R M Giner
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - S J Barigye
- CEEI (Centro Europeo de Empresas Innovadoras), ProtoQSAR SL, Parque Tecnológico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - R Gozalbes
- CEEI (Centro Europeo de Empresas Innovadoras), ProtoQSAR SL, Parque Tecnológico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- R&D Department, MolDrug AI Systems SL, Valencia, Spain
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42
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Saktrakulkla P, Dhakal RC, Lehmler HJ, Hornbuckle KC. A semi-target analytical method for quantification of OH-PCBs in environmental samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020. [PMID: 31359319 DOI: 10.25820/036e-b439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) are oxidative metabolites of PCBs and residuals found in original Aroclors. OH-PCBs are known to play a role as genotoxicants, carcinogens, and hormone disruptors, and therefore it is important to quantify their presence in human tissues, organisms, and environmental matrices. Of 837 possible mono-OH-PCBs congeners, there are only ~ 70 methoxylated PCB (MeO-PCB) standards commercially available. Hence, a semi-target analytical method is needed for unknown OH-PCBs. The mass concentrations of these unknowns are sometimes determined by assuming the peak responses of other available compounds. This can bias the results due to the choices and availabilities of standards. To overcome this issue, we investigated the peak responses of all commercially available MeO-PCB standards with gas chromatography (GC) coupling with triple quadrupole (QqQ) mass spectrometry (MS) system, with positive electron impact (EI) ionization at 20-70 eV in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. We found correlations between the relative peak responses (RRFs) and the number of chlorine (#Cl) in the molecules of MeO-PCBs. Among the studied models, the quadratic regression of #Cl is the most suitable model in the RRF prediction (RRF = β1 × #Cl^2 + β0) when the peak responses are captured at 30 eV. We evaluated the performance of the model by analyzing 12 synthesized MeO-PCB standards and a PCB-contaminated sediment collected from a wastewater lagoon. We further demonstrate the utility of the model using a different chromatography column and GC-EI-MS system. We found the method and associated model to be sufficiently simple, accurate, and versatile for use in quantifying OH-PCBs in complex environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panithi Saktrakulkla
- Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Ram C Dhakal
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Keri C Hornbuckle
- Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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43
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Klocke C, Sethi S, Lein PJ. The developmental neurotoxicity of legacy vs. contemporary polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): similarities and differences. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:8885-8896. [PMID: 31713823 PMCID: PMC7220795 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06723-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Although banned from production for decades, PCBs remain a significant risk to human health. A primary target of concern is the developing brain. Epidemiological studies link PCB exposures in utero or during infancy to increased risk of neuropsychiatric deficits in children. Nonclinical studies of legacy congeners found in PCB mixtures synthesized prior to the ban on PCB production suggest that non-dioxin-like (NDL) congeners are predominantly responsible for the developmental neurotoxicity associated with PCB exposures. Mechanistic studies suggest that NDL PCBs alter neurodevelopment via ryanodine receptor-dependent effects on dendritic arborization. Lightly chlorinated congeners, which were not present in the industrial mixtures synthesized prior to the ban on PCB production, have emerged as contemporary environmental contaminants, but there is a paucity of data regarding their potential developmental neurotoxicity. PCB 11, a prevalent contemporary congener, is found in the serum of children and their mothers, as well as in the serum of pregnant women at increased risk for having a child diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD). Recent data demonstrates that PCB 11 modulates neuronal morphogenesis via mechanisms that are convergent with and divergent from those implicated in the developmental neurotoxicity of legacy NDL PCBs. This review summarizes these data and discusses their relevance to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Klocke
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Sunjay Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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44
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Saktrakulkla P, Dhakal RC, Lehmler HJ, Hornbuckle KC. A semi-target analytical method for quantification of OH-PCBs in environmental samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:8859-8871. [PMID: 31359319 PMCID: PMC6986979 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05775-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) are oxidative metabolites of PCBs and residuals found in original Aroclors. OH-PCBs are known to play a role as genotoxicants, carcinogens, and hormone disruptors, and therefore it is important to quantify their presence in human tissues, organisms, and environmental matrices. Of 837 possible mono-OH-PCBs congeners, there are only ~ 70 methoxylated PCB (MeO-PCB) standards commercially available. Hence, a semi-target analytical method is needed for unknown OH-PCBs. The mass concentrations of these unknowns are sometimes determined by assuming the peak responses of other available compounds. This can bias the results due to the choices and availabilities of standards. To overcome this issue, we investigated the peak responses of all commercially available MeO-PCB standards with gas chromatography (GC) coupling with triple quadrupole (QqQ) mass spectrometry (MS) system, with positive electron impact (EI) ionization at 20-70 eV in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. We found correlations between the relative peak responses (RRFs) and the number of chlorine (#Cl) in the molecules of MeO-PCBs. Among the studied models, the quadratic regression of #Cl is the most suitable model in the RRF prediction (RRF = β1 × #Cl^2 + β0) when the peak responses are captured at 30 eV. We evaluated the performance of the model by analyzing 12 synthesized MeO-PCB standards and a PCB-contaminated sediment collected from a wastewater lagoon. We further demonstrate the utility of the model using a different chromatography column and GC-EI-MS system. We found the method and associated model to be sufficiently simple, accurate, and versatile for use in quantifying OH-PCBs in complex environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panithi Saktrakulkla
- Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Ram C Dhakal
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Keri C Hornbuckle
- Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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45
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Šimečková P, Marvanová S, Kulich P, Králiková L, Neča J, Procházková J, Machala M. Screening of Cellular Stress Responses Induced by Ambient Aerosol Ultrafine Particle Fraction PM0.5 in A549 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6310. [PMID: 31847237 PMCID: PMC6940800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of airborne particles on the expression status of markers of cellular toxic stress and on the release of eicosanoids, linked with inflammation and oxidative damage, remain poorly characterized. Therefore, we proposed a set of various methodological approaches in order to address complexity of PM0.5-induced toxicity. For this purpose, we used a well-characterized model of A549 pulmonary epithelial cells exposed to a non-cytotoxic concentration of ambient aerosol particle fraction PM0.5 for 24 h. Electron microscopy confirmed accumulation of PM0.5 within A549 cells, yet, autophagy was not induced. Expression profiles of various cellular stress response genes that have been previously shown to be involved in early stress responses, namely unfolded protein response, DNA damage response, and in aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and p53 signaling, were analyzed. This analysis revealed induction of GREM1, EGR1, CYP1A1, CDK1A, PUMA, NOXA and GDF15 and suppression of SOX9 in response to PM0.5 exposure. Analysis of eicosanoids showed no oxidative damage and only a weak anti-inflammatory response. In conclusion, this study helps to identify novel gene markers, GREM1, EGR1, GDF15 and SOX9, that may represent a valuable tool for routine testing of PM0.5-induced in vitro toxicity in lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Miroslav Machala
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Hudcova 296/70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.Š.); (S.M.); (P.K.); (L.K.); (J.N.); (J.P.)
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46
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Cao LY, Ren XM, Guo LH. Estrogen-related receptor γ is a novel target for Lower-Chlorinated Polychlorinated Biphenyls and their hydroxylated and sulfated metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113088. [PMID: 31491697 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Airborne lower-chlorinated PCBs are vulnerable to metabolization to PCB sulfates through further sulfation of the hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs). However, studies on the toxic effects and mechanisms of PCB sulfates are still very limited. Here, we investigated for the first time the potential endocrine disruption effects of PCB sulfates through estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) in comparison with their OH-PCBs precursors and PCB parent compounds. The binding affinity of thirteen PCBs/OH-PCBs/PCB sulfates was measured by using fluorescence competitive binding assays based on fluorescence polarization (FP). All of the tested chemicals could bind to ERRγ with the Kd (dissociation constant) values ranging from not available (NA) to 3.2 μM 4'-OH-PCB 12 showed the highest binding affinity with Kd value of 3.2 μM, which was comparable to that of a synthetic ERRγ agonist GSK4716. The effects of the thirteen chemicals on the ERRγ transcriptional activity were determined by using the luciferase reporter gene assay. We found the PCBs/OH-PCBs/PCB sulfates acted as agonists for ERRγ, with the lowest observed effective concentration reaching 3 μM. The binding affinity and agonistic activity of PCBs towards ERRγ were both enhanced after hydroxylation, while further sulfation of OH-PCBs decreased the activity instead. Molecular docking simulation showed that OH-PCBs had lower binding energy than the corresponding PCBs and PCB sulfates, indicating that OH-PCBs had higher binding affinity theoretically. In addition, OH-PCBs could form hydrogen bonds with amino acids Glu316 and Arg247 while PCBs and PCB sulfates could not, which might be the main factor impacting the binding affinity and agonistic activity. Overall, ERRγ is a novel target for lower-chlorinated PCBs and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Ying Cao
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Xiao-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Liang-Hong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.
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47
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Ren XM, Li CH, Zhang JQ, Guo LH. Binding and activity of sulfated metabolites of lower-chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls towards thyroid hormone receptor alpha. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 180:686-692. [PMID: 31146155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There has been long-standing evidence that the lower-chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls (LC-PCBs) can be metabolized to hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs), which play important roles in the LC-PCBs induced toxicity. Recently, multiple studies have demonstrated the further metabolic transformation of OH-PCBs to LC-PCB sulfates in vitro and in vivo. Several studies found LC-PCB sulfates could bind with thyroid hormone (TH) transport proteins in the serum, indicating the potential relevance of these metabolites in the TH system disruption effects. However, the interaction of LC-PCB sulfates with the TH nuclear receptor (TR), another kind of important functional protein in the TH system, has not been explored. Here, by using a fluorescence competitive binding assay, we demonstrated that LC-PCB sulfates could bind with TRα. Moreover, the LC-PCB sulfates had higher binding potency than their corresponding OH-PCB precursors. By using a luciferase reporter gene assay, we found the LC-PCB sulfates showed agonistic activity towards the TRα signaling pathway. Molecular docking simulation showed all the tested LC-PCB sulfates could fit into the ligand binding pocket of the TRα. The LC-PCB sulfates formed hydrogen bond interaction with arginine 228 residue of TRα by their sulfate groups, which might facilitate the TR binding and agonistic activity. The present study suggests that interaction with the TR might be another possible mechanism by which LC-PCB sulfate induce TH system disruption effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Chuan-Hai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, PR China
| | - Jian-Qing Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.8 Longyuan Road, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang-Hong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, PR China.
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48
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Wahlang B, Jin J, Beier JI, Hardesty JE, Daly EF, Schnegelberger RD, Falkner KC, Prough RA, Kirpich IA, Cave MC. Mechanisms of Environmental Contributions to Fatty Liver Disease. Curr Environ Health Rep 2019; 6:80-94. [PMID: 31134516 PMCID: PMC6698418 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-019-00232-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fatty liver disease (FLD) affects over 25% of the global population and may lead to liver-related mortality due to cirrhosis and liver cancer. FLD caused by occupational and environmental chemical exposures is termed "toxicant-associated steatohepatitis" (TASH). The current review addresses the scientific progress made in the mechanistic understanding of TASH since its initial description in 2010. RECENT FINDINGS Recently discovered modes of actions for volatile organic compounds and persistent organic pollutants include the following: (i) the endocrine-, metabolism-, and signaling-disrupting chemical hypotheses; (ii) chemical-nutrient interactions and the "two-hit" hypothesis. These key hypotheses were then reviewed in the context of the steatosis adverse outcome pathway (AOP) proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The conceptual understanding of the contribution of environmental exposures to FLD has progressed significantly. However, because this is a new research area, more studies including mechanistic human data are required to address current knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banrida Wahlang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Juliane I Beier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Josiah E Hardesty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Erica F Daly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Regina D Schnegelberger
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - K Cameron Falkner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Russell A Prough
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Irina A Kirpich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology COBRE Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Matthew C Cave
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- University of Louisville Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Hepatobiology & Toxicology COBRE Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- The Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY, 40206, USA.
- The Jewish Hospital Liver Transplant Program, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
- Kosair Charities Clinical & Translational Research Building, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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49
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Rodenburg LA, Delistraty DA. Alterations in fingerprints of polychlorinated biphenyls in benthic biota at the Portland Harbor Superfund Site (Oregon, USA) suggest metabolism. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 223:74-82. [PMID: 30771650 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the sources and fate of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in several species of benthic biota, including clams (Corbicula fluminea), oligochaetes (Lumbriculus variegatus), and mussels (Margaritifera falcata and Anodonta nuttalliana) at the Portland Harbor Superfund Site (PHSS), their congener fingerprints were examined. First, diagnostic ratios of congeners known to be metabolizable vs. recalcitrant in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathway were significantly lower in biota than in its co-located sediment, indicating metabolism may have occurred. Next, the congener patterns were analyzed using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). The dominant fingerprint (by mass) in benthic biota is related to Aroclor 1260 but displays differences in the fingerprint that are consistent with weathering via absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This fingerprint is similar to one isolated from PCBs in fish from Washington State, indicative of common metabolic pathways and consistent with CYP metabolism. When metabolism is taken into account, the spatial distribution of the PMF-isolated PCB fingerprints in biota matches well with those from co-located sediment samples, suggesting that the same mix of sources at one location partitions into biota and sediment. In accordance to their higher hydrophobicity, higher molecular weight (MW) PCB formulations were proportionately more abundant in biota than in sediment, although low MW PCBs (e.g., PCBs 4 and 11) do bioaccumulate in benthic organisms and should not be ignored in risk assessment efforts. Finally, fingerprinting suggests potential reasons why lab-based and field-based biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) differ substantially for bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Rodenburg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm, Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Damon A Delistraty
- Washington State Department of Ecology, North 4601 Monroe Street, Spokane, WA 99205, USA
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50
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Wahlang B, Jin J, Hardesty JE, Head KZ, Shi H, Falkner KC, Prough RA, Klinge CM, Cave MC. Identifying sex differences arising from polychlorinated biphenyl exposures in toxicant-associated liver disease. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 129:64-76. [PMID: 31026535 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exposures to persistent environmental pollutants like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been associated with liver diseases such as toxicant-associated steatohepatitis (TASH). However, previously published PCB hepatotoxicity studies evaluated mostly male animal models. Moreover, epidemiologic studies on PCB-exposed cohorts evaluating sex differences are scarce. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine hepato-toxicological responses of PCB exposures in the context of sex-dependent outcomes. Male and female C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to Aroclor 1260 (20 mg/kg), and PCB126 (20 μg/kg), by gavage for two weeks. Female mice appeared to be more sensitive to PCB-induced hepatotoxic effects as manifested by increased liver injury markers, namely, hepatic Serpine1 expression. Additionally, compared to their male counterparts, PCB-exposed females exhibited dysregulated hepatic gene expression favoring lipid accumulation rather than lipid breakdown; accompanied by dyslipidemia. Sex differences were also observed in the expression and activation of PCB targets such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) while PCB-induced pancreatic toxicity was similar in both sexes. Importantly, PCB exposure appeared to cause pro-androgenic, anti-estrogenic along with sex-dependent thyroid hormone effects. The overall findings demonstrated that the observed PCB-mediated hepatotoxicity was sex-dependent; confirming the existence of sex differences in environmental exposure-induced markers of TASH and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banrida Wahlang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; UofL Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Josiah E Hardesty
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Kimberly Z Head
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Hongxue Shi
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - K Cameron Falkner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Russell A Prough
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Carolyn M Klinge
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Matthew C Cave
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; UofL Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA.
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