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Lim JH, Kim Y, Kim MY, Kim EN, Kim TW, Choi BS, Kim WU, Kim HW, Park JY, Park CW. Placental growth factor deficiency initiates obesity- and aging-associated metabolic syndrome. Metabolism 2024:156002. [PMID: 39173826 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Obesity often leads to inadequate angiogenesis in expanding adipose tissue, resulting in inflammation and insulin resistance. We explored the role of placental growth factor (PlGF) in metabolic syndrome (MS) using mice models of type 2 diabetes, high-fat diet, or aging. Reduced serum PlGF levels were associated with decreased insulin sensitivity and development of MS features. PlGF was localized within endothelial cells and pericytes of adipose tissue. In vitro, low PlGF levels in hypoxic conditions worsened oxidative stress, apoptosis, and reduced autophagy. This was associated with a reduction in expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A/VEGF-R1/-R2, which was influenced by a decrease and increase in PlGF/pAMPK/PI3K-pAkt/PLCγ1-iCa++/eNOS and PTEN/GSK3β axes, respectively. PlGF-knockout mice exhibited MS traits through alterations in the same signaling pathways, and these changes were mitigated by recombinant PlGF and metformin. These enhanced angiogenesis and lipid metabolism, underscoring PlGF's role in age-related MS and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hee Lim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute for Aging and Metabolic Diseases, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yaeni Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute for Aging and Metabolic Diseases, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Nim Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum Soon Choi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Uk Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Won Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, , Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yong Park
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Whee Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute for Aging and Metabolic Diseases, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Zhu T, Chen X, Jiang S. Progress and obstacles in transplantation of brown adipose tissue or engineered cells with thermogenic potential for metabolic benefits. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1191278. [PMID: 37265692 PMCID: PMC10230949 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1191278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of brown adipose tissue (BAT), engineered thermogenic progenitor cells, and adipocytes have received much attention for the improvement of obesity and metabolic disorders. However, even though the thermogenic and metabolic potential exists early after transplantation, the whitening of the brown fat graft occurs with metabolic function significantly impaired. In this review, specific experiment designs, graft outcomes, and metabolic benefits for the transplantation of BAT or engineered cells will be discussed. The current advancements will offer guidance to further investigation, and the obstacles appearing in previous studies will require innovation of BAT transplantation methods.
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Lin J, Zhu S, Liao Y, Liang Z, Quan Y, He Y, Cai J, Lu F. Spontaneous Browning of White Adipose Tissue Improves Angiogenesis and Reduces Macrophage Infiltration After Fat Grafting in Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:845158. [PMID: 35557960 PMCID: PMC9087586 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.845158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fat grafting is a frequently used technique; however, its survival/ regeneration mechanism is not fully understood. The browning of white adipocytes, a process initiated in response to external stimuli, is the conversion of white to beige adipocytes. The physiologic significance of the browning of adipocytes following transplantation is unclear. Methods: C57BL/6 mice received 150 mg grafts of inguinal adipose tissue, and then the transplanted fat was harvested and analyzed at different time points to assess the browning process. To verify the role of browning of adipocytes in fat grafting, the recipient mice were allocated to three groups, which were administered CL316243 or SR59230A to stimulate or suppress browning, respectively, or a control group after transplantation. Results: Browning of the grafts was present in the center of each as early as 7 days post-transplantation. The number of beige cells peaked at day 14 and then decreased gradually until they were almost absent at day 90. The activation of browning resulted in superior angiogenesis, higher expression of the pro-angiogenic molecules vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), fewer macrophages, and ultimately better graft survival (Upregulation, 59.17% ± 6.64% vs. Control, 40.33% ± 4.03%, *p < 0.05), whereas the inhibition of browning led to poor angiogenesis, lower expression of VEGF-A, increased inflammatory macrophages, and poor transplant retention at week 10 (Downregulation, 20.67% ± 3.69% vs. Control, 40.33% ± 4.03%, *p < 0.05). Conclusion: The browning of WAT following transplantation improves the survival of fat grafts by the promotion of angiogenesis and reducing macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Feng Lu
- *Correspondence: Junrong Cai, ; Feng Lu,
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4
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Fischer AW, Jaeckstein MY, Gottschling K, Heine M, Sass F, Mangels N, Schlein C, Worthmann A, Bruns OT, Yuan Y, Zhu H, Chen O, Ittrich H, Nilsson SK, Stefanicka P, Ukropec J, Balaz M, Dong H, Sun W, Reimer R, Scheja L, Heeren J. Lysosomal lipoprotein processing in endothelial cells stimulates adipose tissue thermogenic adaptation. Cell Metab 2021; 33:547-564.e7. [PMID: 33357458 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In response to cold exposure, thermogenic adipocytes internalize large amounts of fatty acids after lipoprotein lipase-mediated hydrolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) in the capillary lumen of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT). Here, we show that in cold-exposed mice, vascular endothelial cells in adipose tissues endocytose substantial amounts of entire TRL particles. These lipoproteins subsequently follow the endosomal-lysosomal pathway, where they undergo lysosomal acid lipase (LAL)-mediated processing. Endothelial cell-specific LAL deficiency results in impaired thermogenic capacity as a consequence of reduced recruitment of brown and brite/beige adipocytes. Mechanistically, TRL processing by LAL induces proliferation of endothelial cells and adipocyte precursors via beta-oxidation-dependent production of reactive oxygen species, which in turn stimulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1α-dependent proliferative responses. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a physiological role for TRL particle uptake into BAT and WAT and establishes endothelial lipoprotein processing as an important determinant of adipose tissue remodeling during thermogenic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Y Jaeckstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Gottschling
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frederike Sass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nils Mangels
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Worthmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver T Bruns
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yucheng Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ou Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Harald Ittrich
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan K Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Patrik Stefanicka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Ukropec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center at the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Balaz
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Hua Dong
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Wenfei Sun
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Rudolf Reimer
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Chen HJ, Li GL, Zhang WX, Fan J, Hu L, Zhang L, Zhang J, Yan YE. Maternal nicotine exposure during pregnancy and lactation induces brown adipose tissue whitening in female offspring. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 409:115298. [PMID: 33091441 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Maternal nicotine exposure during pregnancy and lactation is associated with obesity in female offspring. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is related to energy metabolism and obesity. In this study, we explored the mechanism of maternal nicotine exposure on BAT "whitening" in female offspring. Pregnant rats were randomly assigned to nicotine (1.0 mg/kg twice per day, subcutaneous administration) or control groups. The weight, structure, and microvascular density of interscapular BAT (iBAT) and the expression of PGC-1αUCP1 signals, mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes and angiogenesis-related genes were tested in 4- and 26-week-aged female offspring. In vitro, C3H10T1/2 cells were induced to differentiate into mature brown adipocytes, and 0-50 μM nicotine was treated on cells during the differentiation process. Nicotine-exposed females had higher iBAT weight, white-like adipocytes and abnormal mitochondrial structure in iBAT at 26 weeks rather than 4 weeks. The PGC-1αUCP1 signals and brown-like genes were down-regulated at 26 weeks, but the microvascular density and the expression of pro-angiogenic factors reduced more at 4 weeks in the nicotine group. In vitro, 50 μM nicotine significantly decreased the expression of PGC-1αUCP1 signals and angiogenesis-related genes. In conclusion, maternal nicotine exposure during pregnancy and lactation led to the "whitening" of BAT in adult female offspring: nicotine decreased BAT angiogenesis in the early development stage, and then, the impairment of blood vessels programed for the reduction of BAT phenotype through down-regulating the PGC-1αUCP1 signals in adulthood. This impairment of BAT may be a potential mechanism of nicotine-induced obesity in female offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jian Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Gai-Ling Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wan-Xia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Li Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medicine Education, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Center for Animal Experiment/Animal Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - You-E Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Shama N, Kumari R, Bais S, Shrivastava A. Some important peptides and their role in obesity-current insights. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obmed.2019.100144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Evans BA, Merlin J, Bengtsson T, Hutchinson DS. Adrenoceptors in white, brown, and brite adipocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:2416-2432. [PMID: 30801689 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenoceptors play an important role in adipose tissue biology and physiology that includes regulating the synthesis and storage of triglycerides (lipogenesis), the breakdown of stored triglycerides (lipolysis), thermogenesis (heat production), glucose metabolism, and the secretion of adipocyte-derived hormones that can control whole-body energy homeostasis. These processes are regulated by the sympathetic nervous system through actions at different adrenoceptor subtypes expressed in adipose tissue depots. In this review, we have highlighted the role of adrenoceptor subtypes in white, brown, and brite adipocytes in both rodents and humans and have included detailed analysis of adrenoceptor expression in human adipose tissue and clonally derived adipocytes. We discuss important considerations when investigating adrenoceptor function in adipose tissue or adipocytes. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Adrenoceptors-New Roles for Old Players. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn A Evans
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jon Merlin
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tore Bengtsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dana S Hutchinson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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8
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Cao Y, Wang H, Wang Q, Han X, Zeng W. Three-dimensional volume fluorescence-imaging of vascular plasticity in adipose tissues. Mol Metab 2018; 14:71-81. [PMID: 29914852 PMCID: PMC6034070 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The vascular system is central to sustaining tissue survival and homeostasis. Blood vessels are densely present in adipose tissues and exert essential roles in their metabolism. However, conventional immunohistochemistry methods have intrinsic limitations in examining the 3D vascular network in adipose tissues as well as other organs in general. Methods We established a 3D volume fluorescence-imaging technique to visualize the vasculatures in mouse adipose tissues by combining the optimized steps of whole-mount immunolabeling, tissue optical clearing, and lightsheet volume fluorescence-imaging. To demonstrate the strength of this novel imaging procedure, we comprehensively assessed the intra-adipose vasculatures under obese conditions or in response to a cold challenge. Results We show the entirety of the vascular network in mouse adipose tissues on the whole-tissue level at a single-capillary resolution for the first time in the field. We accurately quantify the pathological changes of vasculatures in adipose tissues in wild-type or obese mice (ob/ob, db/db, or diet-induced obesity). In addition, we identify significant and reversible changes of the intra-adipose vasculatures in the mice subjected to cold challenge (i.e., 4°). Furthermore, we demonstrate that the cold-induced vascular plasticity depends on the sympathetic-derived catecholamine signal and is involved in the beiging process of white adipose tissues. Conclusions We report a 3D volume fluorescence-imaging procedure that is compatible with many areas of vascular research and is poised to serve the field in future investigations of the vascular system in adipose tissues or other research scenarios. 3D vascular network in adipose tissues is visualized at single-capillary resolution. Pathological remodeling of vasculatures is characterized under the obese conditions. Vascular plasticity during cold challenge is involved in the beiging process of WAT. Sympathetic-derived catecholamine signal regulates the vascular plasticity in WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cao
- Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangli Han
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenwen Zeng
- Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, 100084, China.
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9
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The role of nitric oxide in diabetic skin (patho)physiology. Mech Ageing Dev 2018; 172:21-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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10
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Jin H, Li D, Wang X, Jia J, Chen Y, Yao Y, Zhao C, Lu X, Zhang S, Togo J, Ji Y, Zhang L, Feng X, Zheng Y. VEGF and VEGFB Play Balancing Roles in Adipose Differentiation, Gene Expression, and Function. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2036-2049. [PMID: 29596616 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is the result of abnormal adipose development and energy metabolism. Using vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) B-knockout and inducible VEGF downregulation mouse models, we have shown that VEGFB inactivation caused expansion of white adipose, whitening of brown adipose, an increase in fat accumulation, and a reduction in energy consumption. At the same time, expression of the white adipose-associated genes was increased and brown adipose-associated genes decreased. VEGF repression, in contrast, induced brown adipose expansion and brown adipocyte development in white adipose, increased energy expenditure, upregulated brown adipose-associated genes, and downregulated white adipose-associated genes. When VEGFB-knockout and VEGF-repressed mice are crossed together, VEGF and VEGFB can counteractively regulate large numbers of genes and efficiently reverse each other's roles. These genes, under counteractive VEGF and VEGFB regulations, include transcription factors, adhesion molecules, and metabolic enzymes. This balancing role is confirmed by morphologic and functional changes. This study reports that VEGF and VEGFB counteractively regulate adipose development and function in energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Jin
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Li
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xutong Wang
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jia Jia
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yapeng Yao
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunlan Zhao
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaodan Lu
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Shujie Zhang
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jacques Togo
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Ji
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Luqing Zhang
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuechao Feng
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yaowu Zheng
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Intermittent fasting promotes adipose thermogenesis and metabolic homeostasis via VEGF-mediated alternative activation of macrophage. Cell Res 2017; 27:1309-1326. [PMID: 29039412 PMCID: PMC5674160 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2017.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF), a periodic energy restriction, has been shown to provide health benefits equivalent to prolonged fasting or caloric restriction. However, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of IF-mediated metabolic benefits is limited. Here we show that isocaloric IF improves metabolic homeostasis against diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction primarily through adipose thermogenesis in mice. IF-induced metabolic benefits require fasting-mediated increases of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in white adipose tissue (WAT). Furthermore, periodic adipose-VEGF overexpression could recapitulate the metabolic improvement of IF in non-fasted animals. Importantly, fasting and adipose-VEGF induce alternative activation of adipose macrophage, which is critical for thermogenesis. Human adipose gene analysis further revealed a positive correlation of adipose VEGF-M2 macrophage-WAT browning axis. The present study uncovers the molecular mechanism of IF-mediated metabolic benefit and suggests that isocaloric IF can be a preventive and therapeutic approach against obesity and metabolic disorders.
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12
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Mild cold induced thermogenesis: are BAT and skeletal muscle synergistic partners? Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20171087. [PMID: 28831023 PMCID: PMC5617911 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two well-described thermogenic sites; brown adipose tissue (BAT) and skeletal muscle, which utilize distinct mechanisms of heat production. In BAT, mitochondrial metabolism is the molecular basis of heat generation, while it serves only a secondary role in supplying energy for thermogenesis in muscle. Here, we wanted to document changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure in these two tissue types based upon adaptation to mild (16°C) and severe (4°C) cold in mice. When reared at thermoneutrality (29°C), mitochondria in both tissues were loosely packed with irregular cristae. Interestingly, adaptation to even mild cold initiated ultrastructural remodeling of mitochondria including acquisition of more elaborate cristae structure in both thermogenic sites. The shape of mitochondria in the BAT remained mostly circular, whereas the intermyofibrilar mitochondria in the skeletal muscle became more elongated and tubular. The most dramatic remodeling of mitochondrial architecture was observed upon adaptation to severe cold. In addition, we report cold-induced alteration in levels of humoral factors: fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), IL1α, peptide YY (PYY), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and interleukin 6 (IL6) were all induced whereas both insulin and leptin were down-regulated. In summary, adaptation to cold leads to enhanced cristae formation in mitochondria in skeletal muscle as well as the BAT. Further, the present study indicates that circulating cytokines might play an important role in the synergistic recruitment of the thermogenic program including cross-talk between muscle and BAT.
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13
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Bal NC, Singh S, Reis FCG, Maurya SK, Pani S, Rowland LA, Periasamy M. Both brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle thermogenesis processes are activated during mild to severe cold adaptation in mice. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16616-16625. [PMID: 28794154 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.790451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermogenesis is an important homeostatic mechanism essential for survival and normal physiological functions in mammals. Both brown adipose tissue (BAT) (i.e. uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-based) and skeletal muscle (i.e. sarcolipin (SLN)-based) thermogenesis processes play important roles in temperature homeostasis, but their relative contributions differ from small to large mammals. In this study, we investigated the functional interplay between skeletal muscle- and BAT-based thermogenesis under mild versus severe cold adaptation by employing UCP1-/- and SLN-/- mice. Interestingly, adaptation of SLN-/- mice to mild cold conditions (16 °C) significantly increased UCP1 expression, suggesting increased reliance on BAT-based thermogenesis. This was also evident from structural alterations in BAT morphology, including mitochondrial architecture, increased expression of electron transport chain proteins, and depletion of fat droplets. Similarly, UCP1-/- mice adapted to mild cold up-regulated muscle-based thermogenesis, indicated by increases in muscle succinate dehydrogenase activity, SLN expression, mitochondrial content, and neovascularization, compared with WT mice. These results further confirm that SLN-based thermogenesis is a key player in muscle non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) and can compensate for loss of BAT activity. We also present evidence that the increased reliance on BAT-based NST depends on increased autonomic input, as indicated by abundant levels of tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y. Our findings demonstrate that both BAT and muscle-based NST are equally recruited during mild and severe cold adaptation and that loss of heat production from one thermogenic pathway leads to increased recruitment of the other, indicating a functional interplay between these two thermogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh C Bal
- From the School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India, .,the Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and.,the Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida 32827
| | - Sushant Singh
- the Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and.,the Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida 32827
| | - Felipe C G Reis
- the Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida 32827
| | - Santosh K Maurya
- the Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and.,the Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida 32827
| | - Sunil Pani
- From the School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Leslie A Rowland
- the Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and
| | - Muthu Periasamy
- the Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and .,the Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida 32827
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14
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Olsen JM, Csikasz RI, Dehvari N, Lu L, Sandström A, Öberg AI, Nedergaard J, Stone-Elander S, Bengtsson T. β 3-Adrenergically induced glucose uptake in brown adipose tissue is independent of UCP1 presence or activity: Mediation through the mTOR pathway. Mol Metab 2017; 6:611-619. [PMID: 28580291 PMCID: PMC5444022 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Today, the presence and activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans is generally equated with the induced accumulation of [2-18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose ([18F]FDG) in adipose tissues, as investigated by positron emission tomography (PET) scanning. In reality, PET-FDG is currently the only method available for in vivo quantification of BAT activity in adult humans. The underlying assumption is that the glucose uptake reflects the thermogenic activity of the tissue. Methods To examine this basic assumption, we here followed [18F]FDG uptake by PET and by tissue [3H]-2-deoxy-d-glucose uptake in wildtype and UCP1(−/−) mice, i.e. in mice that do or do not possess the unique thermogenic and calorie-consuming ability of BAT. Results Unexpectedly, we found that β3-adrenergically induced (by CL-316,243) glucose uptake was UCP1-independent. Thus, whereas PET-FDG scans adequately reflect glucose uptake, this acute glucose uptake is not secondary to thermogenesis but is governed by an independent cellular signalling, here demonstrated to be mediated via the previously described KU-0063794-sensitive mTOR pathway. Conclusions Thus, PET-FDG scans do not exclusively reveal active BAT deposits but rather any tissue possessing an adrenergically-mediated glucose uptake pathway. In contrast, we found that the marked glucose uptake-ameliorating effect of prolonged β3-adrenergic treatment was UCP1 dependent. Thus, therapeutically, UCP1 activity is required for any anti-diabetic effect of BAT activation. β3-adrenergically glucose uptake in BAT is UCP1-independent. Glucose uptake is not secondary to thermogenesis but is through the mTOR pathway. Both glucose uptake and thermogenesis are needed to fully effect glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Olsen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert I Csikasz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nodi Dehvari
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Li Lu
- Karolinska Experimental Research and Imaging Center, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Sandström
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anette I Öberg
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sharon Stone-Elander
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tore Bengtsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Fischer AW, Shabalina IG, Mattsson CL, Abreu-Vieira G, Cannon B, Nedergaard J, Petrovic N. UCP1 inhibition in Cidea-overexpressing mice is physiologically counteracted by brown adipose tissue hyperrecruitment. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 312:E72-E87. [PMID: 27923808 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00284.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cidea is a gene highly expressed in thermogenesis-competent (UCP1-containing) adipose cells, both brown and brite/beige. Here, we initially demonstrate a remarkable adipose-depot specific regulation of Cidea expression. In classical brown fat, Cidea mRNA is expressed continuously and invariably, irrespective of tissue recruitment. However, Cidea protein levels are regulated posttranscriptionally, being conspicuously induced in the thermogenically recruited state. In contrast, in brite fat, Cidea protein levels are regulated at the transcriptional level, and Cidea mRNA and protein levels are proportional to tissue "briteness." Although routinely followed as a thermogenic molecular marker, Cidea function is not clarified. Here, we employed a gain-of-function approach to examine a possible role of Cidea in the regulation of thermogenesis. We utilized transgenic aP2-hCidea mice that overexpress human Cidea in all adipose tissues. We demonstrate that UCP1 activity is markedly suppressed in brown-fat mitochondria isolated from aP2-hCidea mice. However, mitochondrial UCP1 protein levels were identical in wild-type and transgenic mice. This implies a regulatory effect of Cidea on UCP1 activity, but as we demonstrate that Cidea itself is not localized to mitochondria, we propose an indirect inhibitory effect. The Cidea-induced inhibition of UCP1 activity (observed in isolated mitochondria) is physiologically relevant since the mice, through an appropriate homeostatic compensatory mechanism, increased the total amount of UCP1 in the tissue to exactly match the diminished thermogenic capacity of the UCP1 protein and retain unaltered nonshivering thermogenic capacity. Thus, we verified Cidea as being a marker of thermogenesis-competent adipose tissues, but we conclude that Cidea, unexpectedly, functions molecularly as an indirect inhibitor of thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; and
| | - Irina G Shabalina
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte L Mattsson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustavo Abreu-Vieira
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natasa Petrovic
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden;
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16
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Zak RB, Shute RJ, Heesch MWS, La Salle DT, Bubak MP, Dinan NE, Laursen TL, Slivka DR. Impact of hot and cold exposure on human skeletal muscle gene expression. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 42:319-325. [PMID: 28177744 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Many human diseases lead to a loss of skeletal muscle metabolic function and mass. Local and environmental temperature can modulate the exercise-stimulated response of several genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and skeletal muscle function in a human model. However, the impact of environmental temperature, independent of exercise, has not been addressed in a human model. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of exposure to hot, cold, and room temperature conditions on skeletal muscle gene expression related to mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle mass. Recreationally trained male subjects (n = 12) had muscle biopsies taken from the vastus lateralis before and after 3 h of exposure to hot (33 °C), cold (7 °C), or room temperature (20 °C) conditions. Temperature had no effect on most of the genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis, myogenesis, or proteolysis (p > 0.05). Core temperature was significantly higher in hot and cold environments compared with room temperature (37.2 ± 0.1 °C, p = 0.001; 37.1 ± 0.1 °C, p = 0.013; 36.9 ± 0.1 °C, respectively). Whole-body oxygen consumption was also significantly higher in hot and cold compared with room temperature (0.38 ± 0.01 L·min-1, p < 0.001; 0.52 ± 0.03 L·min-1, p < 0.001; 0.35 ± 0.01 L·min-1, respectively). In conclusion, these data show that acute temperature exposure alone does not elicit significant changes in skeletal muscle gene expression. When considered in conjunction with previous research, exercise appears to be a necessary component to observe gene expression alterations between different environmental temperatures in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roksana B Zak
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA.,Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - Robert J Shute
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA.,Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - Matthew W S Heesch
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA.,Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - D Taylor La Salle
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA.,Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - Matthew P Bubak
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA.,Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - Nicholas E Dinan
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA.,Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - Terence L Laursen
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA.,Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - Dustin R Slivka
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA.,Exercise Physiology Laboratory, School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
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17
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Divella R, De Luca R, Abbate I, Naglieri E, Daniele A. Obesity and cancer: the role of adipose tissue and adipo-cytokines-induced chronic inflammation. J Cancer 2016; 7:2346-2359. [PMID: 27994674 PMCID: PMC5166547 DOI: 10.7150/jca.16884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue in addition to its ability to keep lipids is now recognized as a real organ with both metabolic and endocrine functions. Recent studies demonstrated that in obese animals is established a status of adipocyte hypoxia and in this hypoxic state interaction between adipocytes and stromal vascular cells contribute to tumor development and progression. In several tumors such as breast, colon, liver and prostate, obesity represents a poor predictor of clinical outcomes. Dysfunctional adipose tissue in obesity releases a disturbed profile of adipokines with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory factors and a consequent alteration of key signaling mediators which may be an active local player in establishing the peritumoral environment promoting tumor growth and progression. Therefore, adipose tissue hypoxia might contribute to cancer risk in the obese population. To date the precise mechanisms behind this obesity-cancer link is not yet fully understood. In the light of information provided in this review that aims to identify the key mechanisms underlying the link between obesity and cancer we support that inflammatory state specific of obesity may be important in obesity-cancer link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Divella
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Oncology. Giovanni Paolo II National Cancer Institute, V.Le Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 -Bari, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Luca
- Department of Surgery Oncology. Giovanni Paolo II National Cancer Institute, V.Le Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 -Bari, Italy
| | - Ines Abbate
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Oncology. Giovanni Paolo II National Cancer Institute, V.Le Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 -Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuele Naglieri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Giovanni Paolo II National Cancer Institute, V.Le Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 -Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Daniele
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Oncology. Giovanni Paolo II National Cancer Institute, V.Le Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 -Bari, Italy
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18
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Abstract
Brown and beige adipocytes expend chemical energy to produce heat and are therefore important in regulating body temperature and body weight. Brown adipocytes develop in discrete and relatively homogenous depots of brown adipose tissue, whereas beige adipocytes are induced to develop in white adipose tissue in response to certain stimuli - notably, exposure to cold. Fate-mapping analyses have identified progenitor populations that give rise to brown and beige fat cells, and have revealed unanticipated cell-lineage relationships between vascular smooth muscle cells and beige adipocytes, and between skeletal muscle cells and brown fat. In addition, non-adipocyte cells in adipose tissue, including neurons, blood vessel-associated cells and immune cells, have crucial roles in regulating the differentiation and function of brown and beige fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshan Wang
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
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19
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Gómez-Hernández A, Beneit N, Díaz-Castroverde S, Escribano Ó. Differential Role of Adipose Tissues in Obesity and Related Metabolic and Vascular Complications. Int J Endocrinol 2016; 2016:1216783. [PMID: 27766104 PMCID: PMC5059561 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1216783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the contribution of white, brown, and perivascular adipose tissues to the pathophysiology of obesity and its associated metabolic and vascular complications. Weight gain in obesity generates excess of fat, usually visceral fat, and activates the inflammatory response in the adipocytes and then in other tissues such as liver. Therefore, low systemic inflammation responsible for insulin resistance contributes to atherosclerotic process. Furthermore, an inverse relationship between body mass index and brown adipose tissue activity has been described. For these reasons, in recent years, in order to combat obesity and its related complications, as a complement to conventional treatments, a new insight is focusing on the role of the thermogenic function of brown and perivascular adipose tissues as a promising therapy in humans. These lines of knowledge are focused on the design of new drugs, or other approaches, in order to increase the mass and/or activity of brown adipose tissue or the browning process of beige cells from white adipose tissue. These new treatments may contribute not only to reduce obesity but also to prevent highly prevalent complications such as type 2 diabetes and other vascular alterations, such as hypertension or atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Gómez-Hernández
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Beneit
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sabela Díaz-Castroverde
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Escribano
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico San Carlos, IdISSC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Mahdaviani K, Chess D, Wu Y, Shirihai O, Aprahamian TR. Autocrine effect of vascular endothelial growth factor-A is essential for mitochondrial function in brown adipocytes. Metabolism 2016; 65:26-35. [PMID: 26683794 PMCID: PMC4684900 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The obesity epidemic in the United States, as well as the accompanying condition of type 2 diabetes, puts a majority of the population at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases including coronary artery disease, stroke, and myocardial infarction. In contrast to white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT) is well vascularized, rich in mitochondria, and highly oxidative. While it is known that the angiogenic factor VEGF-A is required for brown adipocyte development, the functional consequences and exact mechanism remain to be elucidated. Here, we show that VEGF-A plays an essential autocrine role in the function of BAT. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mouse models were generated with an adipose-specific and macrophage-specific ablation of VEGF-A. Adipose tissue characteristics and thermogenic response were analyzed in vivo, and mitochondrial morphology and oxidative respiration were analyzed in vitro to assess effects of endogenous VEGF-A ablation. RESULTS VEGF-A expression levels are highest in adipocyte precursors compared to immune or endothelial cell populations within both WAT and BAT. Loss of VEGF-A in adipocytes, but not macrophages, results in decreased adipose tissue vascularization, with remarkably diminished thermogenic capacity in vivo. Complete ablation of endogenous VEGF-A decreases oxidative capacity of mitochondria in brown adipocytes. Further, acute ablation of VEGF-A in brown adipocytes in vitro impairs mitochondrial respiration, despite similar mitochondrial mass compared to controls. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that VEGF-A serves to orchestrate the acquisition of thermogenic capacity of brown adipocytes through mitochondrial function in conjunction with the recruitment of blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiana Mahdaviani
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - David Chess
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Orian Shirihai
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Tamar R Aprahamian
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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21
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Ihsan M, Watson G, Choo HC, Lewandowski P, Papazzo A, Cameron-Smith D, Abbiss CR. Postexercise muscle cooling enhances gene expression of PGC-1α. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 46:1900-7. [PMID: 24561815 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the influence of localized muscle cooling on postexercise vascular, metabolic, and mitochondrial-related gene expression. METHODS Nine physically active males performed 30 min of continuous running at 70% of their maximal aerobic velocity, followed by intermittent running to exhaustion at 100% maximal aerobic velocity. After exercise, subjects immersed one leg in a cold water bath (10°C, COLD) to the level of their gluteal fold for 15 min. The contralateral leg remained outside the water bath and served as control (CON). Core body temperature was monitored throughout the experiment, whereas muscle biopsies and muscle temperature (Tm) measurements were obtained from the vastus lateralis before exercise (PRE), immediately postexercise (POST-EX, Tm only), immediately after cooling, and 3 h postexercise (POST-3H). RESULTS Exercise significantly increased core body temperature (PRE, 37.1°C ± 0.4°C vs POST-EX, 39.3°C ± 0.5°C, P < 0.001) and Tm in both CON (PRE, 33.9°C ± 0.7°C vs POST-EX, 39.1°C ± 0.5°C) and COLD legs (PRE, 34.2°C ± 0.9°C vs POST-EX, 39.4°C ± 0.3°C), respectively (P < 0.001). After cooling, Tm was significantly lower in COLD (28.9°C ± 2.3°C vs 37.0°C ± 0.8°C, P < 0.001) whereas PGC-1α messenger RNA expression was significantly higher in COLD at POST-3H (P = 0.014). Significant time effects were evident for changes in vascular endothelial growth factor (P = 0.038) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (P = 0.019) expression. However, no significant condition effects between COLD and CON were evident for changes in both vascular endothelial growth factor and neuronal nitric oxide synthase expressions. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that an acute postexercise cooling intervention enhances the gene expression of PGC-1α and may therefore provide a valuable strategy to enhance exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ihsan
- 1Centre for Sports and Exercise Science Research, School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, AUSTRALIA; 2School of Human Life Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, AUSTRALIA; 3School of Medicine, Deakin University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA; and 4Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, NEW ZEALAND
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22
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Labbé SM, Caron A, Bakan I, Laplante M, Carpentier AC, Lecomte R, Richard D. In vivo measurement of energy substrate contribution to cold-induced brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. FASEB J 2015; 29:2046-58. [PMID: 25681456 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-266247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of cold on brown adipose tissue (BAT) energy substrate utilization in vivo using the positron emission tomography tracers [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose (glucose uptake), 14(R,S)-[(18)F]fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid [nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) uptake], and [(11)C]acetate (oxidative activity). The measurements were performed in rats adapted to 27°C, which were acutely subjected to cold (10°C) for 2 and 6 hours, and in rats chronically adapted to 10°C for 21 days, which were returned to 27°C for 2 and 6 hours. Cold exposure (acutely and chronically) led to increases in BAT oxidative activity, which was accompanied by concomitant increases in glucose and NEFA uptake. The increases were particularly high in cold-adapted rats and largely readily reduced by the return to a warm environment. The cold-induced increase in oxidative activity was meaningfully blunted by nicotinic acid, a lipolysis inhibitor, which emphasizes in vivo the key role of intracellular lipid in BAT thermogenesis. The changes in BAT oxidative activity and glucose and NEFA uptakes were paralleled by inductions of genes involved in not only oxidative metabolism but also in energy substrate replenishment (triglyceride and glycogen synthesis). The capacity of BAT for energy substrate replenishment is remarkable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien M Labbé
- *Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, and Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Centre d'Imagerie Moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Alexandre Caron
- *Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, and Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Centre d'Imagerie Moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Inan Bakan
- *Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, and Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Centre d'Imagerie Moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Mathieu Laplante
- *Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, and Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Centre d'Imagerie Moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - André C Carpentier
- *Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, and Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Centre d'Imagerie Moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Roger Lecomte
- *Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, and Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Centre d'Imagerie Moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Denis Richard
- *Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, and Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Centre d'Imagerie Moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
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23
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Sun K, Kusminski CM, Luby-Phelps K, Spurgin SB, An YA, Wang QA, Holland WL, Scherer PE. Brown adipose tissue derived VEGF-A modulates cold tolerance and energy expenditure. Mol Metab 2014; 3:474-83. [PMID: 24944907 PMCID: PMC4060212 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that local overexpression of VEGF-A in white adipose tissue (WAT) protects against diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction. The observation that VEGF-A induces a “brown adipose tissue (BAT)-like” phenotype in WAT prompted us to further explore the direct function of VEGF-A in BAT. We utilized a doxycycline (Dox)-inducible, brown adipocyte-specific VEGF-A transgenic overexpression model to assess direct effects of VEGF-A in BAT in vivo. We observed that BAT-specific VEGF-A expression increases vascularization and up-regulates expression of both UCP1 and PGC-1α in BAT. As a result, the transgenic mice show increased thermogenesis during chronic cold exposure. In diet-induced obese mice, introducing VEGF-A locally in BAT rescues capillary rarefaction, ameliorates brown adipocyte dysfunction, and improves deleterious effects on glucose and lipid metabolism caused by a high-fat diet challenge. These results demonstrate a direct positive role of VEGF-A in the activation and expansion of BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Christine M. Kusminski
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kate Luby-Phelps
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Stephen B. Spurgin
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yu A. An
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Qiong A. Wang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - William L. Holland
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Corresponding author. Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8549, USA. Tel.: +1 214 648 8715; fax: +1 214 648 8720.
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24
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Corvera S, Gealekman O. Adipose tissue angiogenesis: impact on obesity and type-2 diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:463-72. [PMID: 23770388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The growth and function of tissues are critically dependent on their vascularization. Adipose tissue is capable of expanding many-fold during adulthood, therefore requiring the formation of new vasculature to supply growing and proliferating adipocytes. The expansion of the vasculature in adipose tissue occurs through angiogenesis, where new blood vessels develop from those pre-existing within the tissue. Inappropriate angiogenesis may underlie adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity, which in turn increases type-2 diabetes risk. In addition, genetic and developmental factors involved in vascular patterning may define the size and expandability of diverse adipose tissue depots, which are also associated with type-2 diabetes risk. Moreover, the adipose tissue vasculature appears to be the niche for pre-adipocyte precursors, and factors that affect angiogenesis may directly impact the generation of new adipocytes. Here we review recent advances on the basic mechanisms of angiogenesis, and on the role of angiogenesis in adipose tissue development and obesity. A substantial amount of data points to a deficit in adipose tissue angiogenesis as a contributing factor to insulin resistance and metabolic disease in obesity. These emerging findings support the concept of the adipose tissue vasculature as a source of new targets for metabolic disease therapies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Modulation of Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Corvera
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Olga Gealekman
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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25
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Bagchi M, Kim LA, Boucher J, Walshe TE, Kahn CR, D'Amore PA. Vascular endothelial growth factor is important for brown adipose tissue development and maintenance. FASEB J 2013; 27:3257-71. [PMID: 23682123 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-221812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is critical for angiogenesis, but also has pleiotropic effects on several nonvascular cells. Our aim was to investigate the role of VEGF in brown adipose tissue (BAT). We show that VEGF expression increases 2.5-fold during differentiation of cultured murine brown adipocytes and that VEGF receptor-2 is phosphorylated, indicating VEGF signaling. VEGF increased proliferation in brown preadipocytes in vitro by 70%, and blockade of VEGF signaling using anti-VEGFR2 antibody DC101 increased brown adipocyte apoptosis, as determined by cell number and activation of caspase 3. Systemic VEGF neutralization in mice, accomplished by adenoviral expression of soluble Flt1, resulted in 7-fold increase in brown adipocyte apoptosis, mitochondrial degeneration, and increased mitophagy compared to control mice expressing a null adenovirus. Absence of the heparan sulfate-binding VEGF isoforms, VEGF164 and VEGF188, resulted in abnormal BAT development in mice at E15.5, with fewer brown adipocytes and lower mitochondrial protein compared to wild-type littermates. These results suggest a role for VEGF in brown adipocytes and preadipocytes to promote survival, proliferation, and normal mitochondria and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandrita Bagchi
- Department of Pathology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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26
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Gómez-Hernández A, Perdomo L, Escribano Ó, Benito M. [Role of brown and perivascular adipose tissue in vascular complications due to obesity]. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2013; 25:36-44. [PMID: 23522280 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of brown and perivascular adipose tissues to the pathophysiology of metabolic and vascular complications associated with obesity are analysed in this review. To combat obesity and prevent its highly prevalent metabolic and vascular complications, a new insight on our knowledge of the role of the thermogenic function of brown adipose tissue and its promising therapeutic potential in humans is needed in addition to conventional treatments. Owing to the impact of brown adipose tissue on energy expenditure related to lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as its potential resistance against inflammation along with perivascular adipose tissue, new perspectives in the treatment of obesity treatment could be focused on the design of new drugs, or different regimens or therapies, that increase the amount and activity of brown adipose tissue. These new treatments not only may contribute to combat obesity, but also prevent complications such as type 2 diabetes and other associated metabolic and vascular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Gómez-Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, España.
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27
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Baron DM, Clerte M, Brouckaert P, Raher MJ, Flynn AW, Zhang H, Carter EA, Picard MH, Bloch KD, Buys ES, Scherrer-Crosbie M. In vivo noninvasive characterization of brown adipose tissue blood flow by contrast ultrasound in mice. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 5:652-9. [PMID: 22776888 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.112.975607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interventions to increase brown adipose tissue (BAT) volume and activation are being extensively investigated as therapies to decrease the body weight in obese subjects. Noninvasive methods to monitor these therapies in animal models and humans are rare. We investigated whether contrast ultrasound (CU) performed in mice could detect BAT and measure its activation by monitoring BAT blood flow. After validation, CU was used to study the role of uncoupling protein 1 and nitric oxide synthases in the acute regulation of BAT blood flow. METHODS AND RESULTS Blood flow of interscapular BAT was assessed in mice (n=64) with CU by measuring the signal intensity of continuously infused contrast microbubbles. Blood flow of BAT estimated by CU was 0.5±0.1 (mean±SEM) dB/s at baseline and increased 15-fold during BAT stimulation by norepinephrine (1 µg·kg(-1)·min(-1)). Assessment of BAT blood flow using CU was correlated to that performed with fluorescent microspheres (R(2)=0.86, P<0.001). To evaluate whether intact BAT activation is required to increase BAT blood flow, CU was performed in uncoupling protein 1-deficient mice with impaired BAT activation. Norepinephrine infusion induced a smaller increase in BAT blood flow in uncoupling protein 1-deficient mice than in wild-type mice. Finally, we investigated whether nitric oxide synthases played a role in acute norepinephrine-induced changes of BAT blood flow. Genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of nitric oxide synthase 3 attenuated the norepinephrine-induced increase in BAT blood flow. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that CU can detect BAT in mice and estimate BAT blood flow in mice with functional differences in BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Baron
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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28
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Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Metabolic consequences of the presence or absence of the thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue in mice (and probably in humans). Int J Obes (Lond) 2011; 34 Suppl 1:S7-16. [PMID: 20935668 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Only with the development of the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-ablated mouse has it become possible to strictly delineate the physiological significance of the thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue. Considering the presence of active brown adipose tissue in adult humans, these insights may have direct human implications. In addition to classical nonshivering thermogenesis, all adaptive adrenergic thermogeneses, including diet-induced thermogenesis, is fully dependent on brown adipocyte activity. Any weight-reducing effect of β(3)-adrenergic agonists is fully dependent on UCP1 activity, as is any weight-reducing effect of leptin (in excess of its effect on reduction of food intake). Consequently, in the absence of the thermogenic activity of brown adipose tissue, obesity develops spontaneously. The ability of brown adipose tissue to contribute to glucose disposal is also mainly related to thermogenic activity. However, basal metabolic rate, cold-induced thermogenesis, acute cold tolerance, fevers, nonadaptive adrenergic thermogenesis and processes such as angiogenesis in brown adipose tissue itself are not dependent on UCP1 activity. Whereas it is likely that these conclusions are also qualitatively valid for adult humans, the quantitative significance of brown adipose tissue for human metabolism--and the metabolic consequences for a single individual possessing more or less brown adipose tissue--awaits clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cannon
- Department of Physiology, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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29
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Abstract
An understanding of the full powers of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is only successively being accumulated. In a paper in Nature Medicine, Bartelt et al. (2011) add further impressive aspects to the potential powers of BAT in the combat against the metabolic syndrome by demonstrating its vast capacity for triglyceride clearance and glucose disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Nedergaard
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden.
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30
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Mattsson CL, Csikasz RI, Shabalina IG, Nedergaard J, Cannon B. Caveolin-1-ablated mice survive in cold by nonshivering thermogenesis despite desensitized adrenergic responsiveness. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 299:E374-83. [PMID: 20530737 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00071.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (Cav1)-ablated mice display impaired lipolysis in white adipose tissue. They also seem to have an impairment in brown adipose tissue function, implying that Cav1-ablated mice could encounter problems in surviving longer periods in cold temperatures. To investigate this, Cav1-ablated mice and wild-type mice were transferred to cold temperatures for extended periods of time, and parameters related to metabolism and thermogenesis were investigated. Unexpectedly, the Cav1-ablated mice survived in the cold. There were no differences between Cav1-ablated and wild-type mice with regard to food intake, in behavior related to shivering, or in body temperature. The Cav1-ablated mice had a halved total fat content independently of acclimation temperature. There was no difference in brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) protein amount, and isolated brown fat mitochondria were thermogenically competent but displayed 30% higher thermogenic capacity. However, the beta(3)-adrenergic receptor amount was reduced by about one-third in the Cav1-ablated mice at all acclimation temperatures. Principally in accordance with this, a higher than standard dose of norepinephrine was needed to obtain full norepinephrine-induced thermogenesis in the Cav1-ablated mice; the higher dose was also needed for the Cav1-ablated mice to be able to utilize fat as a substrate for thermogenesis. In conclusion, the ablation of Cav1 impairs brown adipose tissue function by a desensitization of the adrenergic response; however, the desensitization is not evident in the animal as it is overcome physiologically, and Cav1-ablated mice can therefore survive in prolonged cold by nonshivering thermogenesis.
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31
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Mattson MP. Perspective: Does brown fat protect against diseases of aging? Ageing Res Rev 2010; 9:69-76. [PMID: 19969105 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The most commonly studied laboratory rodents possess a specialized form of fat called brown adipose tissue (BAT) that generates heat to help maintain body temperature in cold environments. In humans, BAT is abundant during embryonic and early postnatal development, but is absent or present in relatively small amounts in adults where it is located in paracervical and supraclavicular regions. BAT cells can 'burn' fatty acid energy substrates to generate heat because they possess large numbers of mitochondria in which oxidative phosphorylation is uncoupled from ATP production as a result of a transmembrane proton leak mediated by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Studies of rodents in which BAT levels are either increased or decreased have revealed a role for BAT in protection against diet-induced obesity. Data suggest that individuals with low levels of BAT are prone to obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease, whereas those with higher levels of BAT maintain lower body weights and exhibit superior health as they age. BAT levels decrease during aging, and dietary energy restriction increases BAT activity and protects multiple organ systems including the nervous system against age-related dysfunction and degeneration. Future studies in which the effects of specific manipulations of BAT levels and thermogenic activity on disease processes in animal models (diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancers, neurodegenerative diseases) are determined will establish if and how BAT affects the development and progression of age-related diseases. Data from animal studies suggest that BAT and mitochondrial uncoupling can be targeted for interventions to prevent and treat obesity and age-related diseases. Examples include: diet and lifestyle changes; specific regimens of mild intermittent stress; drugs that stimulate BAT formation and activity; induction of brown adipose cell progenitors in muscle and other tissues; and transplantation of brown adipose cells.
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32
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Sébert SP, Hyatt MA, Chan LLY, Yiallourides M, Fainberg HP, Patel N, Sharkey D, Stephenson T, Rhind SM, Bell RC, Budge H, Gardner DS, Symonds ME. Influence of prenatal nutrition and obesity on tissue specific fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene expression. Reproduction 2010; 139:265-74. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-09-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The recent discovery of an association between body composition, energy intake and the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene represents a promising new therapeutic target in obesity prevention. In a well, pre-established large animal model, we investigated the regulation ofFTOgene expression under conditions either leading to obesity or increased risk of obesity related disorders: i) a sedentary ‘Western’ lifestyle and ii) prenatal exposure to nutrient restriction. Pregnant sheep were either fed to fully meet their nutritional requirements throughout gestation or 50% of this amount from early-to-mid gestation. Following weaning, offspring were either made obese through exposure to a sedentary obesogenic environment or remained lean. A significant positive relationship between placentalFTOgene expression and fetal weight was found at 110 days gestation. In both the newborn and adult offspring, the hypothalamus was the major site ofFTOgene expression. HypothalamicFTOgene expression was upregulated by obesity and was further increased by prenatal nutrient restriction. Importantly, we found a strong negative relationship between the hypothalamicFTOgene expression and food intake in lean animals only that may imply FTO as a novel controller of energy intake. In contrast,FTOgene expression in the heart was downregulated in obese offspring born to nutrient restricted mothers. In addition,FTOgene expression was unaffected by obesity or prenatal diet in insulin-dependent tissues, where it changed with age possibly reflecting adaptations in cellular energetic activity. These findings extend information gained from human epidemiology and provide new insights into the regulation ofin vivoenergy metabolism to prevent obesity.
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33
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UCP1 ablation induces obesity and abolishes diet-induced thermogenesis in mice exempt from thermal stress by living at thermoneutrality. Cell Metab 2009; 9:203-9. [PMID: 19187776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2008.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1004] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
As original studies of UCP1-ablated mice failed to demonstrate an obesogenic effect, alternative mechanisms for adaptive adrenergic thermogenesis have been sought. However, we demonstrate here that in C57Bl6 mice exempt from thermal stress (i.e., kept at thermoneutrality), UCP1 ablation in itself induced obesity, even in mice fed control diet, and vastly augmented diet-induced obesity (high-fat diet); i.e., the mice exhibited increased metabolic efficiency. In wild-type mice, high-fat diet increased norepinephrine-induced thermogenesis; i.e., diet-induced thermogenesis was observed, but no such effect was observed in UCP1-ablated mice, demonstrating that diet-induced thermogenesis fully emanates from UCP1 activity. We conclude that ambient temperature is qualitatively determinative for the outcome of metabolic studies, that no other protein and no other mechanism can substitute for UCP1 in mediating diet-induced adrenergic thermogenesis, and that UCP1 activity can be determinative for obesity development in mice and possibly in humans.
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34
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Xue Y, Petrovic N, Cao R, Larsson O, Lim S, Chen S, Feldmann HM, Liang Z, Zhu Z, Nedergaard J, Cannon B, Cao Y. Hypoxia-independent angiogenesis in adipose tissues during cold acclimation. Cell Metab 2009; 9:99-109. [PMID: 19117550 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of angiogenesis in relation to adipose tissue metabolism remain poorly understood. Here, we show that exposure of mice to cold led to activation of angiogenesis in both white and brown adipose tissues. In the inguinal depot, cold exposure resulted in elevated expression levels of brown-fat-associated proteins, including uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) and PGC-1alpha. Proangiogenic factors such as VEGF were upregulated, and endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors, including thrombospondin, were downregulated. In wild-type mice, the adipose tissues became hypoxic during cold exposure; in UCP1(-/-) mice, hypoxia did not occur, but, remarkably, the augmented angiogenesis was unaltered and was thus hypoxia independent. Intriguingly, VEGFR2 blockage abolished the cold-induced angiogenesis and significantly impaired nonshivering thermogenesis capacity. Unexpectedly, VEGFR1 blockage resulted in the opposite effects: increased adipose vascularity and nonshivering thermogenesis capacity. Our findings have conceptual implications concerning application of angiogenesis modulators for treatment of obesity and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xue
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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35
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Watanabe M, Yamamoto T, Mori C, Okada N, Yamazaki N, Kajimoto K, Kataoka M, Shinohara Y. Cold-Induced Changes in Gene Expression in Brown Adipose Tissue: Implications for the Activation of Thermogenesis. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:775-84. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Watanabe
- Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima
| | | | - Chihiro Mori
- Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima
| | - Naoto Okada
- Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima
| | | | | | - Masatoshi Kataoka
- Health Technology Research Center, National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Yasuo Shinohara
- Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima
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36
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Timmons JA, Wennmalm K, Larsson O, Walden TB, Lassmann T, Petrovic N, Hamilton DL, Gimeno RE, Wahlestedt C, Baar K, Nedergaard J, Cannon B. Myogenic gene expression signature establishes that brown and white adipocytes originate from distinct cell lineages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:4401-6. [PMID: 17360536 PMCID: PMC1810328 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610615104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Attainment of a brown adipocyte cell phenotype in white adipocytes, with their abundant mitochondria and increased energy expenditure potential, is a legitimate strategy for combating obesity. The unique transcriptional regulators of the primary brown adipocyte phenotype are unknown, limiting our ability to promote brown adipogenesis over white. In the present work, we used microarray analysis strategies to study primary preadipocytes, and we made the striking discovery that brown preadipocytes demonstrate a myogenic transcriptional signature, whereas both brown and white primary preadipocytes demonstrate signatures distinct from those found in immortalized adipogenic models. We found a plausible SIRT1-related transcriptional signature during brown adipocyte differentiation that may contribute to silencing the myogenic signature. In contrast to brown preadipocytes or skeletal muscle cells, white preadipocytes express Tcf21, a transcription factor that has been shown to suppress myogenesis and nuclear receptor activity. In addition, we identified a number of developmental genes that are differentially expressed between brown and white preadipocytes and that have recently been implicated in human obesity. The interlinkage between the myocyte and the brown preadipocyte confirms the distinct origin for brown versus white adipose tissue and also represents a plausible explanation as to why brown adipocytes ultimately specialize in lipid catabolism rather than storage, much like oxidative skeletal muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Timmons
- *Wenner–Gren Institute, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot–Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Berzelius Väg 35, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
School of Life Sciences, John Muir Building, Heriot–Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland. E-mail:
| | - Kristian Wennmalm
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Berzelius Väg 35, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Larsson
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Berzelius Väg 35, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas B. Walden
- *Wenner–Gren Institute, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot–Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland
| | - Timo Lassmann
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Berzelius Väg 35, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natasa Petrovic
- *Wenner–Gren Institute, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Berzelius Väg 35, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D. Lee Hamilton
- Division of Molecular Physiology, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland; and
| | - Ruth E. Gimeno
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Claes Wahlestedt
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Berzelius Väg 35, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Keith Baar
- Division of Molecular Physiology, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland; and
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- *Wenner–Gren Institute, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Cannon
- *Wenner–Gren Institute, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot–Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Wenner–Gren Institute, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail:
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37
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Shabalina I, Kramarova T, Nedergaard J, Cannon B. Carboxyatractyloside effects on brown-fat mitochondria imply that the adenine nucleotide translocator isoforms ANT1 and ANT2 may be responsible for basal and fatty-acid-induced uncoupling respectively. Biochem J 2006; 399:405-14. [PMID: 16831128 PMCID: PMC1615905 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In brown-fat mitochondria, fatty acids induce thermogenic uncoupling through activation of UCP1 (uncoupling protein 1). However, even in brown-fat mitochondria from UCP1-/- mice, fatty-acid-induced uncoupling exists. In the present investigation, we used the inhibitor CAtr (carboxyatractyloside) to examine the involvement of the ANT (adenine nucleotide translocator) in the mediation of this UCP1-independent fatty-acid-induced uncoupling in brown-fat mitochondria. We found that the contribution of ANT to fatty-acid-induced uncoupling in UCP1-/- brown-fat mitochondria was minimal (whereas it was responsible for nearly half the fatty-acid-induced uncoupling in liver mitochondria). As compared with liver mitochondria, brown-fat mitochondria exhibit a relatively high (UCP1-independent) basal respiration ('proton leak'). Unexpectedly, a large fraction of this high basal respiration was sensitive to CAtr, whereas in liver mitochondria, basal respiration was CAtr-insensitive. Total ANT protein levels were similar in brown-fat mitochondria from wild-type mice and in liver mitochondria, but the level was increased in brown-fat mitochondria from UCP1-/- mice. However, in liver, only Ant2 mRNA was found, whereas in brown adipose tissue, Ant1 and Ant2 mRNA levels were equal. The data are therefore compatible with a tentative model in which the ANT2 isoform mediates fatty-acid-induced uncoupling, whereas the ANT1 isoform may mediate a significant part of the high basal proton leak in brown-fat mitochondria.
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MESH Headings
- Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 1/biosynthesis
- Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 1/genetics
- Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 1/physiology
- Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 2/biosynthesis
- Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 2/genetics
- Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 2/physiology
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Animals
- Atractyloside/analogs & derivatives
- Atractyloside/pharmacology
- Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone/pharmacology
- Cell Respiration/drug effects
- Crosses, Genetic
- Fatty Acids/metabolism
- Fatty Acids/pharmacology
- Guanosine Diphosphate/pharmacology
- Ion Channels/deficiency
- Ion Channels/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Liver/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Liver/metabolism
- Mitochondrial Proteins/deficiency
- Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics
- Models, Biological
- Oleic Acid/pharmacology
- Organ Specificity
- Oxygen Consumption/drug effects
- Palmitates/pharmacology
- Protons
- Pyruvic Acid/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Thermogenesis/drug effects
- Thermogenesis/physiology
- Uncoupling Agents/pharmacology
- Uncoupling Protein 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G. Shabalina
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatiana V. Kramarova
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Cannon
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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