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Tsuchiya Y, Seki T, Kobayashi K, Komazawa-Sakon S, Shichino S, Nishina T, Fukuhara K, Ikejima K, Nagai H, Igarashi Y, Ueha S, Oikawa A, Tsurusaki S, Yamazaki S, Nishiyama C, Mikami T, Yagita H, Okumura K, Kido T, Miyajima A, Matsushima K, Imasaka M, Araki K, Imamura T, Ohmuraya M, Tanaka M, Nakano H. Fibroblast growth factor 18 stimulates the proliferation of hepatic stellate cells, thereby inducing liver fibrosis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6304. [PMID: 37813881 PMCID: PMC10562492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis results from chronic liver injury triggered by factors such as viral infection, excess alcohol intake, and lipid accumulation. However, the mechanisms underlying liver fibrosis are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that the expression of fibroblast growth factor 18 (Fgf18) is elevated in mouse livers following the induction of chronic liver fibrosis models. Deletion of Fgf18 in hepatocytes attenuates liver fibrosis; conversely, overexpression of Fgf18 promotes liver fibrosis. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals that overexpression of Fgf18 in hepatocytes results in an increase in the number of Lrat+ hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), thereby inducing fibrosis. Mechanistically, FGF18 stimulates the proliferation of HSCs by inducing the expression of Ccnd1. Moreover, the expression of FGF18 is correlated with the expression of profibrotic genes, such as COL1A1 and ACTA2, in human liver biopsy samples. Thus, FGF18 promotes liver fibrosis and could serve as a therapeutic target to treat liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Tsuchiya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Takao Seki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
| | - Sachiko Komazawa-Sakon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Shichino
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2669 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishina
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Kyoko Fukuhara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ikejima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hidenari Nagai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toho University Omori Medical Center, 6-11-1 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Igarashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toho University Omori Medical Center, 6-11-1 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueha
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2669 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Akira Oikawa
- Laboratory of Quality Analysis and Assessment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasyo, Uji-shi, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shinya Tsurusaki
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soh Yamazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Chiharu Nishiyama
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
| | - Tetuo Mikami
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Atopy Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Taketomo Kido
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyajima
- Laboratory of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Kouji Matsushima
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2669 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Mai Imasaka
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya-shi, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Kimi Araki
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Toru Imamura
- Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8560, Japan
| | - Masaki Ohmuraya
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya-shi, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Nakano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan.
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Udomsinprasert W. Interleukin-1 family cytokines in liver cell death: a new therapeutic target for liver diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:1125-1143. [PMID: 37975716 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2285763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver cell death represents a basic biological process regulating the progression of liver diseases via distinct mechanisms. Accumulating evidence has uncovered participation of interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokines in liver cell death. Upon activation of cell death induced by hepatotoxic stimuli, IL1 family cytokines released by hepatic dead cells stimulate recruitment of immune cells, which in turn influence inflammation and subsequent liver injury, thus highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets in liver diseases. Enhancing our comprehension of mechanisms underlying IL1 family cytokine signaling in cell death responses could pave the way for novel therapeutic interventions aimed at addressing liver cell death-related liver pathologies. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the recent findings reported in preclinical and clinical studies on mechanisms of liver cell death, alongside participation of IL1 family members consisting of IL1α, ILβ, IL18, and IL33 in liver cell death and their significant implications in liver diseases. EXPERT OPINION Discovery of new and innovative therapeutic approaches for liver diseases will need close cooperation between fundamental and clinical scientists to better understand the multi-step processes behind IL1 family cytokines' contributions to liver cell death.
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3
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Vitale I, Pietrocola F, Guilbaud E, Aaronson SA, Abrams JM, Adam D, Agostini M, Agostinis P, Alnemri ES, Altucci L, Amelio I, Andrews DW, Aqeilan RI, Arama E, Baehrecke EH, Balachandran S, Bano D, Barlev NA, Bartek J, Bazan NG, Becker C, Bernassola F, Bertrand MJM, Bianchi ME, Blagosklonny MV, Blander JM, Blandino G, Blomgren K, Borner C, Bortner CD, Bove P, Boya P, Brenner C, Broz P, Brunner T, Damgaard RB, Calin GA, Campanella M, Candi E, Carbone M, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Cecconi F, Chan FKM, Chen GQ, Chen Q, Chen YH, Cheng EH, Chipuk JE, Cidlowski JA, Ciechanover A, Ciliberto G, Conrad M, Cubillos-Ruiz JR, Czabotar PE, D'Angiolella V, Daugaard M, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, De Maria R, De Strooper B, Debatin KM, Deberardinis RJ, Degterev A, Del Sal G, Deshmukh M, Di Virgilio F, Diederich M, Dixon SJ, Dynlacht BD, El-Deiry WS, Elrod JW, Engeland K, Fimia GM, Galassi C, Ganini C, Garcia-Saez AJ, Garg AD, Garrido C, Gavathiotis E, Gerlic M, Ghosh S, Green DR, Greene LA, Gronemeyer H, Häcker G, Hajnóczky G, Hardwick JM, Haupt Y, He S, Heery DM, Hengartner MO, Hetz C, Hildeman DA, Ichijo H, Inoue S, Jäättelä M, Janic A, Joseph B, Jost PJ, Kanneganti TD, Karin M, Kashkar H, Kaufmann T, Kelly GL, Kepp O, Kimchi A, Kitsis RN, Klionsky DJ, Kluck R, Krysko DV, Kulms D, Kumar S, Lavandero S, Lavrik IN, Lemasters JJ, Liccardi G, Linkermann A, Lipton SA, Lockshin RA, López-Otín C, Luedde T, MacFarlane M, Madeo F, Malorni W, Manic G, Mantovani R, Marchi S, Marine JC, Martin SJ, Martinou JC, Mastroberardino PG, Medema JP, Mehlen P, Meier P, Melino G, Melino S, Miao EA, Moll UM, Muñoz-Pinedo C, Murphy DJ, Niklison-Chirou MV, Novelli F, Núñez G, Oberst A, Ofengeim D, Opferman JT, Oren M, Pagano M, Panaretakis T, Pasparakis M, Penninger JM, Pentimalli F, Pereira DM, Pervaiz S, Peter ME, Pinton P, Porta G, Prehn JHM, Puthalakath H, Rabinovich GA, Rajalingam K, Ravichandran KS, Rehm M, Ricci JE, Rizzuto R, Robinson N, Rodrigues CMP, Rotblat B, Rothlin CV, Rubinsztein DC, Rudel T, Rufini A, Ryan KM, Sarosiek KA, Sawa A, Sayan E, Schroder K, Scorrano L, Sesti F, Shao F, Shi Y, Sica GS, Silke J, Simon HU, Sistigu A, Stephanou A, Stockwell BR, Strapazzon F, Strasser A, Sun L, Sun E, Sun Q, Szabadkai G, Tait SWG, Tang D, Tavernarakis N, Troy CM, Turk B, Urbano N, Vandenabeele P, Vanden Berghe T, Vander Heiden MG, Vanderluit JL, Verkhratsky A, Villunger A, von Karstedt S, Voss AK, Vousden KH, Vucic D, Vuri D, Wagner EF, Walczak H, Wallach D, Wang R, Wang Y, Weber A, Wood W, Yamazaki T, Yang HT, Zakeri Z, Zawacka-Pankau JE, Zhang L, Zhang H, Zhivotovsky B, Zhou W, Piacentini M, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Apoptotic cell death in disease-Current understanding of the NCCD 2023. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:1097-1154. [PMID: 37100955 PMCID: PMC10130819 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01153-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of regulated cell death (RCD) that involves proteases of the caspase family. Pharmacological and genetic strategies that experimentally inhibit or delay apoptosis in mammalian systems have elucidated the key contribution of this process not only to (post-)embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis, but also to the etiology of multiple human disorders. Consistent with this notion, while defects in the molecular machinery for apoptotic cell death impair organismal development and promote oncogenesis, the unwarranted activation of apoptosis promotes cell loss and tissue damage in the context of various neurological, cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, infectious, neoplastic and inflammatory conditions. Here, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) gathered to critically summarize an abundant pre-clinical literature mechanistically linking the core apoptotic apparatus to organismal homeostasis in the context of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilio Vitale
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCSS Candiolo, Torino, Italy.
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO -IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.
| | - Federico Pietrocola
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Emma Guilbaud
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stuart A Aaronson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - John M Abrams
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dieter Adam
- Institut für Immunologie, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Massimiliano Agostini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emad S Alnemri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
- BIOGEM, Avellino, Italy
| | - Ivano Amelio
- Division of Systems Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - David W Andrews
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rami I Aqeilan
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Lautenberg Center for Immunology & Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eli Arama
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eric H Baehrecke
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Siddharth Balachandran
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniele Bano
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Nickolai A Barlev
- Department of Biomedicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolas G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Mathieu J M Bertrand
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marco E Bianchi
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy and Ospedale San Raffaele IRCSS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - J Magarian Blander
- Department of Medicine, Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Medical Faculty, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carl D Bortner
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Pierluigi Bove
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Patricia Boya
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catherine Brenner
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, Aspects métaboliques et systémiques de l'oncogénèse pour de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques, Villejuif, France
| | - Petr Broz
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Rune Busk Damgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michelangelo Campanella
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
- UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, London, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Carbone
- Thoracic Oncology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | - Francesco Cecconi
- Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francis K-M Chan
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- State Key Lab of Oncogene and its related gene, Ren-Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Youhai H Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Emily H Cheng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jerry E Chipuk
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John A Cidlowski
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aaron Ciechanover
- The Technion-Integrated Cancer Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Marcus Conrad
- Helmholtz Munich, Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juan R Cubillos-Ruiz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter E Czabotar
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Mads Daugaard
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Institute for Cell Engineering and the Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Institute for Cell Engineering and the Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Centre for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ralph J Deberardinis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alexei Degterev
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Giannino Del Sal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Area Science Park-Padriciano, Trieste, Italy
- IFOM ETS, the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Mohanish Deshmukh
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Marc Diederich
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Scott J Dixon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brian D Dynlacht
- Department of Pathology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Brown University and the Lifespan Cancer Institute, Providence, RI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - John W Elrod
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kurt Engeland
- Molecular Oncology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani' IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Galassi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carlo Ganini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Dermopatic Institute of Immaculate (IDI) IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ana J Garcia-Saez
- CECAD, Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carmen Garrido
- INSERM, UMR, 1231, Dijon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Anti-cancer Center Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Evripidis Gavathiotis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Motti Gerlic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler school of Medicine, Tel Aviv university, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology and Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lloyd A Greene
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hinrich Gronemeyer
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Georg Häcker
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - György Hajnóczky
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Marie Hardwick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Pharmacology, Oncology and Neurology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ygal Haupt
- VITTAIL Ltd, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sudan He
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - David M Heery
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - David A Hildeman
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hidenori Ichijo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ana Janic
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp J Jost
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Michael Karin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hamid Kashkar
- CECAD Research Center, Institute for Molecular Immunology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Kaufmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gemma L Kelly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Adi Kimchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Richard N Kitsis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Ruth Kluck
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dmitri V Krysko
- Cell Death Investigation and Therapy Lab, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dagmar Kulms
- Department of Dermatology, Experimental Dermatology, TU-Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden, TU-Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad Medicina, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Inna N Lavrik
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - John J Lemasters
- Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Gianmaria Liccardi
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Neurodegeneration New Medicines Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard A Lockshin
- Department of Biology, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
- St. John's University, Jamaica, NY, USA
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Marion MacFarlane
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth - University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Walter Malorni
- Center for Global Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gwenola Manic
- IIGM - Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCSS Candiolo, Torino, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO -IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Roberto Mantovani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Saverio Marchi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jean-Claude Martinou
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pier G Mastroberardino
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- IFOM-ETS The AIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Life, Health, and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Apoptosis, Cancer, and Development Laboratory, Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Meier
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Melino
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Edward A Miao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ute M Moll
- Department of Pathology and Stony Brook Cancer Center, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Cristina Muñoz-Pinedo
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Daniel J Murphy
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Flavia Novelli
- Thoracic Oncology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew Oberst
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dimitry Ofengeim
- Rare and Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joseph T Opferman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Moshe Oren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michele Pagano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Theocharis Panaretakis
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of GU Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Josef M Penninger
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - David M Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- Department of Physiology, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Cancer Institute, NUHS, Singapore, Singapore
- ISEP, NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marcus E Peter
- Department of Medicine, Division Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Porta
- Center of Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hamsa Puthalakath
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Glicomedicina. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Cell Clearance, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Markus Rehm
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jean-Ehrland Ricci
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Nice, France
| | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Nirmal Robinson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Cecilia M P Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Barak Rotblat
- Department of Life sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- The NIBN, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology and Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Microbiology Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alessandro Rufini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- University of Leicester, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kristopher A Sarosiek
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Lab of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutics Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Johns Hopkins Schizophrenia Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emre Sayan
- Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Federico Sesti
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yufang Shi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Giuseppe S Sica
- Department of Surgical Science, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - John Silke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Antonella Sistigu
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Brent R Stockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Flavie Strapazzon
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Univ Lyon, Univ Lyon 1, Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, UMR5261, U1315, Institut NeuroMyogène CNRS, INSERM, Lyon, France
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Erwei Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Gyorgy Szabadkai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Carol M Troy
- Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology and Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nicoletta Urbano
- Department of Oncohaematology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Methusalem Program, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Vanden Berghe
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Bilbao, Spain
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- The Research Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Vienna, Austria
- The Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia von Karstedt
- Department of Translational Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne K Voss
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Domagoj Vucic
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Vuri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, TOR, Rome, Italy
| | - Erwin F Wagner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Henning Walczak
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Wallach
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ruoning Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Achim Weber
- University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Will Wood
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Takahiro Yamazaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Huang-Tian Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zahra Zakeri
- Queens College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Joanna E Zawacka-Pankau
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biophysics and p53 protein biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haibing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Wenzhao Zhou
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, 2021RU008, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Tao L, Zhu Y, Liu J. Identification of new co-diagnostic genes for sepsis and metabolic syndrome using single-cell data analysis and machine learning algorithms. Front Genet 2023; 14:1129476. [PMID: 37007944 PMCID: PMC10060809 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1129476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, a serious inflammatory response that can be fatal, has a poorly understood pathophysiology. The Metabolic syndrome (MetS), however, is associated with many cardiometabolic risk factors, many of which are highly prevalent in adults. It has been suggested that Sepsis may be associated with MetS in several studies. Therefore, this study investigated diagnostic genes and metabolic pathways associated with both diseases. In addition to microarray data for Sepsis, PBMC single cell RNA sequencing data for Sepsis and microarray data for MetS were downloaded from the GEO database. Limma differential analysis identified 122 upregulated genes and 90 downregulated genes in Sepsis and MetS. WGCNA identified brown co-expression modules as Sepsis and MetS core modules. Two machine learning algorithms, RF and LASSO, were used to screen seven candidate genes, namely, STOM, BATF, CASP4, MAP3K14, MT1F, CFLAR and UROD, all with an AUC greater than 0.9. XGBoost assessed the co-diagnostic efficacy of Hub genes in Sepsis and MetS. The immune infiltration results show that Hub genes were expressed at high levels in all immune cells. After performing Seurat analysis on PBMC from normal and Sepsis patients, six immune subpopulations were identified. The metabolic pathways of each cell were scored and visualized using ssGSEA, and the results show that CFLAR plays an important role in the glycolytic pathway. Our study identified seven Hub genes that serve as co-diagnostic markers for Sepsis and MetS and revealed that diagnostic genes play an important role in immune cell metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Tao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou Clinical Medical Center of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou Clinical Medical Center of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Liu,
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5
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Gehrke N, Hofmann LJ, Straub BK, Rühle F, Waisman A, Galle PR, Schattenberg JM. Hepatic interleukin-1 receptor type 1 signalling regulates insulin sensitivity in the early phases of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e1048. [PMID: 36101976 PMCID: PMC9471277 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with hepatic as well as systemic insulin resistance even in the absence of type 2 diabetes. The extent and pathways through which hepatic inflammation modulates insulin sensitivity in NAFLD are only partially understood. We explored the contribution of hepatic interleukin (IL)-1 signalling in a novel conditional knockout mouse model and expand the knowledge on this signalling pathway with regard to its liver-specific functions. METHODS A high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet (HFD) over 12 weeks was used in male hepatocyte-specific IL-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1) knockout mice (Il1r1Hep-/- ) and wild-type (WT) littermates. RESULTS Both genotypes developed an obese phenotype and accompanying macrovesicular hepatic steatosis. In contrast to WT mice, microvesicular steatosis and ballooning injury was less pronounced in HFD-fed Il1r1Hep-/- mice, and alanine aminotransferase remained in the normal range. This was paralleled by the suppression of injurious and proinflammatory hepatic c-Jun N-terminal kinases and extracellular signal-regulated kinases signalling, stable peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha and farnesoid X receptor-alpha expression and preservation of mitochondrial function. Strikingly, despite HFD-feeding Il1r1Hep-/- mice remained highly insulin sensitive as indicated by lower insulin levels, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, higher glucose tolerance, more stable hepatic insulin signalling cascade, and less adipose tissue inflammation compared to the WT. CONCLUSIONS The current data highlights that hepatocyte IL-1R1 contributes to hepatic and extrahepatic insulin resistance. Future liver-directed therapies in NAFLD could have effects on insulin sensitivity when improving hepatic inflammation and IL-1R1 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Gehrke
- I. Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University MainzMainz55131Germany
| | - Lea J. Hofmann
- I. Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University MainzMainz55131Germany
| | - Beate K. Straub
- Institute of PathologyUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University MainzMainzGermany
| | - Frank Rühle
- Bioinformatics Core FacilityInstitute of Molecular Biology (IMB)MainzGermany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular MedicineUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University MainzMainzGermany
- Research Center for ImmunotherapyUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University MainzMainzGermany
| | - Peter R. Galle
- I. Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University MainzMainz55131Germany
- Research Center for ImmunotherapyUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University MainzMainzGermany
| | - Jörn M. Schattenberg
- I. Department of MedicineUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University MainzMainz55131Germany
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6
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Gehrke N, Wörns MA, Mann A, Hövelmeyer N, Waisman A, Straub BK, Galle PR, Schattenberg JM. Hepatocyte Bcl-3 protects from death-receptor mediated apoptosis and subsequent acute liver failure. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:510. [PMID: 35641486 PMCID: PMC9156769 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04946-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rare entity but exhibits a high mortality. The mechanisms underlying ALF are not completely understood. The present study explored the role of the hepatic B cell leukemia-3 (Bcl-3), a transcriptional regulator of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), in two independent models of ALF. We employed a recently developed transgenic mouse model in a C57BL6/J background comparing wild-type (WT) and transgenic littermates with hepatocyte-specific overexpression of Bcl-3 (Bcl-3Hep) in the ALF model of d-galactosamine (d-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Additionally, the apoptosis-inducing CD95 (FAS/APO-1)-ligand was explored. Bcl-3Hep mice exhibited a significant protection from ALF with decreased serum transaminases, decreased activation of the apoptotic caspases 8, 9, and 3, lower rates of oxidative stress, B-cell lymphoma 2 like 1 (BCL2L1/BCL-XL) degradation and accompanying mitochondrial cytochrome c release, and ultimately a decreased mortality rate from d-GalN/LPS compared to WT mice. d-GalN/LPS treatment resulted in a marked inflammatory cytokine release and stimulated the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling comparably in the hepatic compartment of Bcl-3Hep and WT mice. However, in contrast to the WT, Bcl-3Hep mice showed a diminished rate of IkappaB kinase-beta (IKK-β) degradation, persistent receptor interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 1 function and thus prolonged cytoprotective nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 signaling through increased p65 stability and enhanced transcription. Likewise, Bcl-3 overexpression in hepatocytes protected from ALF with massive hepatocyte apoptosis induced by the anti-FAS antibody Jo2. The protection was also linked to IKK-β stabilization. Overall, our study showed that Bcl-3 rendered hepatocytes more resistant to hepatotoxicity induced by d-GalN/LPS and FAS-ligand. Therefore, Bcl-3 appears to be a critical regulator of the dynamics in ALF through IKK-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Gehrke
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcus A Wörns
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hematology, Oncology and Endocrinology, Klinikum Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Amrit Mann
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Hövelmeyer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beate K Straub
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter R Galle
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jörn M Schattenberg
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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7
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Schreiter T, Gieseler RK, Vílchez-Vargas R, Jauregui R, Sowa JP, Klein-Scory S, Broering R, Croner RS, Treckmann JW, Link A, Canbay A. Transcriptome-Wide Analysis of Human Liver Reveals Age-Related Differences in the Expression of Select Functional Gene Clusters and Evidence for a PPP1R10-Governed 'Aging Cascade'. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122009. [PMID: 34959291 PMCID: PMC8709089 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A transcriptome-wide analysis of human liver for demonstrating differences between young and old humans has not yet been performed. However, identifying major age-related alterations in hepatic gene expression may pinpoint ontogenetic shifts with important hepatic and systemic consequences, provide novel pharmacogenetic information, offer clues to efficiently counteract symptoms of old age, and improve the overarching understanding of individual decline. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) data analyzed by the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test and Ensemble Feature Selection (EFS) bioinformatics identified 44 transcripts among 60,617 total and 19,986 protein-encoding transcripts that significantly (p = 0.0003 to 0.0464) and strikingly (EFS score > 0.3:16 transcripts; EFS score > 0.2:28 transcripts) differ between young and old livers. Most of these age-related transcripts were assigned to the categories 'regulome', 'inflammaging', 'regeneration', and 'pharmacogenes'. NGS results were confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Our results have important implications for the areas of ontogeny/aging and the age-dependent increase in major liver diseases. Finally, we present a broadly substantiated and testable hypothesis on a genetically governed 'aging cascade', wherein PPP1R10 acts as a putative ontogenetic master regulator, prominently flanked by IGFALS and DUSP1. This transcriptome-wide analysis of human liver offers potential clues towards developing safer and improved therapeutic interventions against major liver diseases and increased insights into key mechanisms underlying aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schreiter
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany; (T.S.); (R.K.G.); (J.-P.S.); (S.K.-S.)
- Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Robert K. Gieseler
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany; (T.S.); (R.K.G.); (J.-P.S.); (S.K.-S.)
- Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ramiro Vílchez-Vargas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (R.V.-V.); (A.L.)
| | - Ruy Jauregui
- Data Science Grasslands, Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
| | - Jan-Peter Sowa
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany; (T.S.); (R.K.G.); (J.-P.S.); (S.K.-S.)
- Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Susanne Klein-Scory
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany; (T.S.); (R.K.G.); (J.-P.S.); (S.K.-S.)
- Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ruth Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Roland S. Croner
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Jürgen W. Treckmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Alexander Link
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (R.V.-V.); (A.L.)
| | - Ali Canbay
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany; (T.S.); (R.K.G.); (J.-P.S.); (S.K.-S.)
- Section of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-234-299-3401
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8
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Liu X, Yu T, Hu Y, Zhang L, Zheng J, Wei X. The molecular mechanism of acute liver injury and inflammatory response induced by Concanavalin A. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2021; 2:24. [PMID: 35006454 PMCID: PMC8607380 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-021-00049-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute liver injury is a common but urgent clinical condition, and its underlying mechanism remains to be further elucidated. Concanavalin A (ConA)-induced liver injury was investigated in the study. Different from the caspase-dependent cell apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide/D-aminogalactose (LPS/D-GalN) induced liver injury, ConA-induced hepatocyte death was independent on caspase. Increased hepatocytic expressions of mixed lineage kinase domain like (MLKL) and receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), and higher serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were noticed in mice with ConA-induced liver injury. Inhibition of RIPK1 protein or deletion of MLKL gene could significantly attenuate the acute liver injury and improve mice survival. Besides, the ConA treatment induced severe hepatic inflammation in wide type (WT) mice in comparison with Mlkl-/- mice, suggesting the RIPK1-MLKL-mediated hepatocellular necroptosis might participate in the process of liver injury. Moreover, mitochondrial damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) were subsequently released after the hepatocyte death, and further activated the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which could be reduced by deletion or inhibition of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). Taken together, our research revealed that ConA-induced acute liver injury was closely related to TNF-α-mediated cell necroptosis, and inhibiting RIPK1 or deleting MLKL gene could alleviate liver injury in mice. The mitochondrial DNA released by dead hepatocytes further activated neutrophils through TLR9, thus resulting in the exacerbation of liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Liu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuzhu Hu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Longzhen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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9
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Tomaipitinca L, Petrungaro S, D'Acunzo P, Facchiano A, Dubey A, Rizza S, Giulitti F, Gaudio E, Filippini A, Ziparo E, Cecconi F, Giampietri C. c-FLIP regulates autophagy by interacting with Beclin-1 and influencing its stability. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:686. [PMID: 34238932 PMCID: PMC8266807 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03957-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
c-FLIP (cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein) protein is mostly known as an apoptosis modulator. However, increasing data underline that c-FLIP plays multiple roles in cellular homoeostasis, influencing differently the same pathways depending on its expression level and isoform predominance. Few and controversial data are available regarding c-FLIP function in autophagy. Here we show that autophagic flux is less effective in c-FLIP−/− than in WT MEFs (mouse embryonic fibroblasts). Indeed, we show that the absence of c-FLIP compromises the expression levels of pivotal factors in the generation of autophagosomes. In line with the role of c-FLIP as a scaffold protein, we found that c-FLIPL interacts with Beclin-1 (BECN1: coiled-coil, moesin-like BCL2-interacting protein), which is required for autophagosome nucleation. By a combination of bioinformatics tools and biochemistry assays, we demonstrate that c-FLIPL interaction with Beclin-1 is important to prevent Beclin-1 ubiquitination and degradation through the proteasomal pathway. Taken together, our data describe a novel molecular mechanism through which c-FLIPL positively regulates autophagy, by enhancing Beclin-1 protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Tomaipitinca
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Simonetta Petrungaro
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale D'Acunzo
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | | | - Amit Dubey
- Computational Chemistry and Drug Discovery Division, Quanta Calculus Pvt Ltd, Kushinagar, 274203, India.,Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Salvatore Rizza
- Redox Signaling and Oxidative Stress Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Federico Giulitti
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Filippini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Elio Ziparo
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.,Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Cell and Gene therapy, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, 00143, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Claudia Giampietri
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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10
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Yuan Z, Yuan Z, Hasnat M, Zhang H, Liang P, Sun L, Jiang Z, Zhang L. A new perspective of triptolide-associated hepatotoxicity: the relevance of NF- κ B and NF- κ B-mediated cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:861-877. [PMID: 32528833 PMCID: PMC7280150 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we proposed a new perspective of triptolide (TP)-associated hepatotoxicity: liver hypersensitivity upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. However, the mechanisms for TP/LPS-induced hepatotoxicity remained elusive. The present study aimed to clarify the role of LPS in TP/LPS-induced hepatotoxicity and the mechanism by which TP induces liver hypersensitivity upon LPS stimulation. TNF-α inhibitor, etanercept, was injected intraperitoneally into mice to investigate whether induction of TNF-α by LPS participated in the liver injury induced by TP/LPS co-treatment. Mice and hepatocytes pretreated with TP were stimulated with recombinant TNF-α to assess the function of TNF-α in TP/LPS co-treatment. Additionally, time-dependent NF-κB activation and NF-κB-mediated pro-survival signals were measured in vivo and in vitro. Finally, overexpression of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP), the most potent NF-κB-mediated pro-survival protein, was measured in vivo and in vitro to assess its function in TP/LPS-induced hepatotoxicity. Etanercept counteracted the toxic reactions induced by TP/LPS. TP-treatment sensitized mice and hepatocytes to TNF-α, revealing the role of TNF-α in TP/LPS-induced hepatotoxicity. Mechanistic studies revealed that TP inhibited NF-κB dependent pro-survival signals, especially FLIP, induced by LPS/TNF-α. Moreover, overexpression of FLIP alleviated TP/LPS-induced hepatotoxicity in vivo and TP/TNF-α-induced apoptosis in vitro. Mice and hepatocytes treated with TP were sensitive to TNF-α, which was released from LPS-stimulated immune cells. These and other results show that the TP-induced inhibition of NF-κB-dependent transcriptional activity and FLIP production are responsible for liver hypersensitivity.
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Key Words
- CIAPs, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins
- Etan, etanercept
- FADD, FAS-associated protein with death domain
- FLIP
- FLIP, cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein
- IκB-α, NF-κB inhibitor alpha
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- LPS
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MLKL, mixed lineage kinase domain like pseudokinase
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- NF-κB
- PAS, periodic acid-schiff
- RIPK1/3, receptor-interacting protein kinase 1/3
- TNF-R1, tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1
- TNF-α
- TNFAIP3, TNF-α-induced protein 3
- TP, triptolide
- TRADD, TNF receptor-associated death domain
- TRAF2, TNF receptor-associated factor 2
- Triptolide
- XIAP, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiao Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zihang Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Muhammad Hasnat
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Peishi Liang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lixin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 21009, China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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11
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Zheng Q, Wang YC, Liu QX, Dong XJ, Xie ZX, Liu XH, Gao W, Bai XJ, Li ZF. FK866 attenuates sepsis-induced acute lung injury through c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK)-dependent autophagy. Life Sci 2020; 250:117551. [PMID: 32179075 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Increasing evidence indicates that FK866, a specific noncompetitive nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase inhibitor, exhibits a protective effect on acute lung injury (ALI). Autophagy plays a pivotal role in sepsis-induced ALI. However, the contribution of autophagy and the underlying mechanism by which FK866-confered lung protection remains elusive. Herein, we aimed to study whether FK866 could alleviate sepsis-induced ALI via the JNK-dependent autophagy. MAIN METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to establish the polymicrobial sepsis mice model, and treated with FK866 (10 mg/kg) at 24, 12 and 0.5 h before the CLP procedure. The lung protective effects were measured by lung histopathology, tissue edema, vascular leakage, inflammation infiltration, autophagy-related protein expression and JNK activity. A549 cells were stimulated with LPS (1000 ng/ml) to generate the ALI cell model, and pretreated with FK866 or SP600125 for 30 min to measure the autophagy-related protein expression and JNK activity. KEY FINDINGS Our results demonstrated that FK866 reduced lung injury score, tissue edema, vascular leakage, and inflammatory infiltration, and upregulated autophagy. The protective effect of autophagy conferred by FK866 on ALI was further clarified by using 3-methyladenine (3MA) and rapamycin. Additionally, the activity of JNK was suppressed by FK866, and inhibition of JNK promoted autophagy and showed a benefit effect. SIGNIFICANCE Our study indicates that FK866 protects against sepsis-induced ALI by induction of JNK-dependent autophagy. This may provide new insights into the functional mechanism of NAMPT inhibition in sepsis-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zheng
- Trauma center/Department of Emergency and Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei province, China
| | - Yu-Chang Wang
- Trauma center/Department of Emergency and Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei province, China
| | - Qin-Xin Liu
- Trauma center/Department of Emergency and Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei province, China
| | - Xi-Jie Dong
- Trauma center/Department of Emergency and Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei province, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Xie
- Trauma center/Department of Emergency and Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei province, China
| | - Xing-Hua Liu
- Trauma center/Department of Emergency and Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei province, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Trauma center/Department of Emergency and Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei province, China
| | - Xiang-Jun Bai
- Trauma center/Department of Emergency and Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei province, China
| | - Zhan-Fei Li
- Trauma center/Department of Emergency and Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei province, China.
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12
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Liu YY, You JJ, Xu W, Zhai T, Du CY, Chen Y, Han FM. Gynura procumbens aqueous extract alleviates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis through CFLAR-JNK pathway in vivo and in vitro. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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13
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Xiaohong W, Jun Z, Hongmei G, Fan Q. CFLAR is a critical regulator of cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury through regulating inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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14
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Liu Y, Xu W, Zhai T, You J, Chen Y. Silibinin ameliorates hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in mice with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by regulating CFLAR-JNK pathway. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:745-757. [PMID: 31384535 PMCID: PMC6664044 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic metabolic syndrome and the CFLAR-JNK pathway can reverse the process of NASH. Although silibinin is used for the treatment of NASH in clinical, its effect on CFLAR-JNK pathway in NASH remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of silibinin on CFLAR-JNK pathway in NASH models both in vivo and in vitro. The in vivo study was performed using male C57BL/6 mice fed with methionine- choline-deficient diet and simultaneously treated with silibinin for 6 weeks. The in vitro study was performed by using mouse NCTC-1469 cells which were respectively pretreated with oleic acid plus palmitic acid, and adenovirus-down Cflar for 24 h, then treated with silibinin for 24 h. After the drug treatment, the key indicators involved in CFLAR-JNK pathway including hepatic injury, lipid metabolism and oxidative stress were determined. Silibinin significantly activated CFLAR and inhibited the phosphorylation of JNK, up-regulated the mRNA expression of Pparα, Fabp5, Cpt1α, Acox, Scd-1, Gpat and Mttp, reduced the activities of serum ALT and AST and the contents of hepatic TG, TC and MDA, increased the expression of NRF2 and the activities of CAT, GSH-Px and HO-1, and decreased the activities and expression of CYP2E1 and CYP4A in vivo. These effects were confirmed by the in vitro experiments. Silibinin prevented NASH by regulating CFLAR-JNK pathway, and thereby on one hand promoting the β-oxidation and efflux of fatty acids in liver to relieve lipid accumulation, and on the other hand inducing antioxidase activity (CAT, GSH-Px and HO-1) and inhibiting pro-oxidase activity (CYP2E1 and CYP4A) to relieve oxidative stress.
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Key Words
- 2-NBDG, 2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino)-2-deoxyglucose
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Acox, acyl-coenzyme A oxidase X
- Akt, serine–threonine protein kinase
- CAT, catalase
- CFLAR
- CFLAR, caspase 8 and Fas-associated protein with death domain-like apoptosis regulator
- CYP2E1, cytochrome P450 2E1
- CYP4A, cytochrome P450 4A
- Cpt1α, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1α
- Fabp5, fatty acid-binding proteins 5
- GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase
- Gpat, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase
- HE, hematoxylin–eosin
- HO-1, heme oxygenase 1
- IR, insulin resistance
- IRS1, insulin receptor substrate 1
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- Lipid accumulation
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCD, methionine- and choline-deficient
- MCS, methionine- and choline-sufficient
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MT, Masson–Trichrome
- Mttp, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NF-κB, nuclear factor κB
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- OA, oleic acid
- ORO, oil red O
- Oxidation stress
- PA, palmitic acid
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-hydroxy kinase
- Pnpla3, phospholipase domain containing 3
- Pparα, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α
- SD, Sprague–Dawley
- Scd-1, stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase-1
- Silibinin
- Srebp-1c, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1C
- TC, total cholesterol
- TG, triglyceride
- pIRS1, phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1
- pJNK, phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yong Chen
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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15
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Preclinical studies of a death receptor 5 fusion protein that ameliorates acute liver failure. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:1247-1261. [PMID: 31230087 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01813-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is a life-threatening disease with a high mortality rate. There is an urgent need to develop new drugs with high efficacy and low toxicity. In this study, we produced a pharmaceutical-grade soluble death receptor 5 (sDR5)-Fc fusion protein for treating ALF and evaluated the pharmacology, safety, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and mechanisms of sDR5-Fc in mice, rats, and cynomolgus monkeys. sDR5-Fc bound with high affinity to both human and monkey tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) effectively blocked TRAIL-induced apoptosis in vitro and significantly ameliorated ALF induced by concanavalin A (Con A) in mice. Mechanistically, sDR5-Fc inhibited hepatocyte death and reduced inflammation in vivo. Furthermore, sDR5-Fc attenuated the production of inflammatory cytokines by splenocytes activated with Con A or an anti-CD3 antibody in vitro. Consistent with these results, splenocytes from TRAIL-/- mice produced much lower levels of inflammatory cytokines than those from TRAIL+/+ mice. In cynomolgus monkeys, sDR5-Fc was safe and well tolerated when intravenously administered as a single dose of up to 1200 mg/kg or multiple doses of 100 mg/kg. After treatment with a single dose, linear pharmacokinetics with a mean half-life of > 1.9 days were observed. After 12 weekly doses, sDR5-Fc exposure increased in an approximately dose-proportional manner, and the mean accumulation ratio ranged from 1.82- to 2.11-fold. These results support further clinical development of our sDR5-Fc protein as the first TRAIL-targeting drug for ALF treatment. KEY MESSAGES: sDR5-Fc binds with high affinity to TRAIL to effectively block TRAIL-induced apoptosis. sDR5-Fc ameliorates Con A-induced acute liver failure in mice by inhibiting hepatocyte death and inflammation. sDR5-Fc or TRAIL knockout attenuates the production of inflammatory cytokines by activated splenocytes in vitro. sDR5-Fc is safe and well tolerated in acute or long-term toxicity study.
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Shindo R, Ohmuraya M, Komazawa-Sakon S, Miyake S, Deguchi Y, Yamazaki S, Nishina T, Yoshimoto T, Kakuta S, Koike M, Uchiyama Y, Konishi H, Kiyama H, Mikami T, Moriwaki K, Araki K, Nakano H. Necroptosis of Intestinal Epithelial Cells Induces Type 3 Innate Lymphoid Cell-Dependent Lethal Ileitis. iScience 2019; 15:536-551. [PMID: 31132747 PMCID: PMC6538961 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A short form of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein encoded by CFLARs promotes necroptosis. Although necroptosis is involved in various pathological conditions, the detailed mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we generated transgenic mice wherein CFLARs was integrated onto the X chromosome. All male CFLARs Tg mice died perinatally due to severe ileitis. Although necroptosis was observed in various tissues of CFLARs Tg mice, large numbers of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) died by apoptosis. Deletion of Ripk3 or Mlkl, essential genes of necroptosis, prevented both necroptosis and apoptosis, and rescued lethality of CFLARs Tg mice. Type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) were activated and recruited to the small intestine along with upregulation of interleukin-22 (Il22) in CFLARs Tg mice. Deletion of ILC3s or Il22 rescued lethality of CFLARs Tg mice by preventing apoptosis, but not necroptosis of IECs. Together, necroptosis-dependent activation of ILC3s induces lethal ileitis in an IL-22-dependent manner. CFLARs Tg mice develop severe ileitis in utero Intestinal epithelial cells die by apoptosis and necroptosis in CFLARs Tg mice Blockade of necroptosis rescues lethality of CFLARs Tg mice Necroptosis activates type 3 innate lymphoid cells, resulting in severe ileitis
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryodai Shindo
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Masaki Ohmuraya
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Sachiko Komazawa-Sakon
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Sanae Miyake
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Yutaka Deguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Soh Yamazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishina
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshimoto
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kakuta
- Department of Cellular Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cellular Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Konishi
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumaicho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyama
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumaicho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Tetuo Mikami
- Department of Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Kenta Moriwaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kimi Araki
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Nakano
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan; Host Defense Research Center, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan.
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Gehrke N, Biedenbach J, Huber Y, Straub BK, Galle PR, Simon P, Schattenberg JM. Voluntary exercise in mice fed an obesogenic diet alters the hepatic immune phenotype and improves metabolic parameters - an animal model of life style intervention in NAFLD. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4007. [PMID: 30850619 PMCID: PMC6408519 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38321-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproducible animal models to recapitulate the pathophysiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are urgently required to improve the understanding of the mechanisms of liver injury and to explore novel therapeutic options. Current guidelines recommend life-style interventions as first-line therapy for NAFLD and these types of intervention are considered standard-of-care. The current study establishes a reproducible mouse model of a life-style intervention in NAFLD using voluntary wheel running (VWR). Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet (HFD) to induce NAFLD or a corresponding control diet for 12 weeks. Starting at week 9 of the obesogenic NAFLD diet, mice were randomized to either free access to a running wheel or being single caged resembling a sedentary (SED) life-style. VWR induced a transient weight reduction in HFD-fed mice up until week 10. In contrast to the SED mice, VWR mice exhibited normal ALT at the end of the intervention, while the metabolic alterations including elevated fasting glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels remained almost unchanged. Additionally, VWR prevented HFD-induced hepatic steatosis by alterations in key liver metabolic processes including the induction of fatty acid β-oxidation and lipogenesis inhibition following increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-α activity. Phosphorylation of the serine kinase Akt in hepatic tissue was enhanced following VWR. Furthermore, VWR mice were protected from HFD-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and liver macrophage infiltration. The SED/HFD group exhibited increasing activity of hepatic nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65, which was absent following exercise in the VWR/HFD group. In summary, in an obesogenic mouse model of NAFLD physical exercise improves fatty acid and glucose homeostasis and protects from macrophage-associated hepatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Gehrke
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jana Biedenbach
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yvonne Huber
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beate K Straub
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter R Galle
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Perikles Simon
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jörn M Schattenberg
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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Cubero FJ, Peng J, Liao L, Su H, Zhao G, Zoubek ME, Macías-Rodríguez R, Ruiz-Margain A, Reißing J, Zimmermann HW, Gassler N, Luedde T, Liedtke C, Hatting M, Trautwein C. Inactivation of caspase 8 in liver parenchymal cells confers protection against murine obstructive cholestasis. J Hepatol 2018; 69:1326-1334. [PMID: 30144553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Caspase 8 (CASP8) is the apical initiator caspase in death receptor-mediated apoptosis. Strong evidence for a link between death receptor signaling pathways and cholestasis has recently emerged. Herein, we investigated the role of CASP8-dependent and independent pathways during experimental cholestasis. METHODS Liver injury was characterized in a cohort of human sera (n = 28) and biopsies from patients with stage IV primary biliary cholangitis. In parallel, mice with either specific deletion of Casp8 in liver parenchymal cells (Casp8Δhepa) or hepatocytes (Casp8Δhep), and mice with constitutive Ripk3 (Ripk3-/-) deletion, were subjected to surgical ligation of the common bile duct (BDL) from 2 to 28 days. Floxed (Casp8fl/fl) and Ripk3+/+ mice were used as controls. Moreover, the pan-caspase inhibitor IDN-7314 was used, and cell death mechanisms were studied in primary isolated hepatocytes. RESULTS Overexpression of activated caspase 3, CASP8 and RIPK3 was characteristic of liver explants from patients with primary biliary cholangitis. Twenty-eight days after BDL, Casp8Δhepamice showed decreased necrotic foci, serum aminotransferase levels and apoptosis along with diminished compensatory proliferation and ductular reaction. These results correlated with a decreased inflammatory profile and ameliorated liver fibrogenesis. A similar phenotype was observed in Ripk3-/- mice. IDN-7314 treatment decreased CASP8 levels but failed to prevent BDL-induced cholestasis, independently of CASP8 in hepatocytes. CONCLUSION These findings show that intervention against CASP8 in liver parenchymal cells - specifically in cholangiocytes - might be a beneficial option for treating obstructive cholestasis, while broad pan-caspase inhibition might trigger undesirable side effects. LAY SUMMARY Loss of caspase 8 - a protein involved in programmed cell death - in liver parenchymal cells protects against experimental cholestasis. Therefore, specific pharmacological intervention against caspase 8 might be a valid alternative for the treatment of obstructive cholestasis in the clinic, whereas broad pan-caspase inhibiting drugs might trigger undesirable side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Cubero
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany; Department of Immunology, Ophtalmology & ORL, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain; 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jin Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijun Liao
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Su
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | - Astrid Ruiz-Margain
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johanna Reißing
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Nikolaus Gassler
- Institute of Pathology, Braunschweig Hospital, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Liedtke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Hatting
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH, Aachen, Germany.
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Effect of silibinin on CFLAR-JNK pathway in oleic acid-treated HepG2 cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:716-723. [PMID: 30248539 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Silibinin is a flavonolignan from milk thistle with many pharmacological activities including lipid-lowering and antioxidant. Caspase 8 and Fas-associated protein with death domain-like apoptosis regulator (CFLAR) is an important target gene in regulating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). At present, the effect of silibinin on CFLAR-JNK pathway related to NASH was unknown. Here the effect of silibinin on CFLAR-JNK pathway and its downstream target genes involved in lipid metabolism, glucose uptake, oxidative stress and inflammatory response were studied in oleic acid (OA)-treated HepG2 cells. MAIN METHODS OA-treated HepG2 cells were employed as a in vitro model of steatosis, insulin resistance and oxidative stress. The model cells were then treated by silibinin (5, 20, 50, and 100 μM) for 24 h and detected for the related indicators as follows: (1) cellular triglycerides (TG), nitric oxide (NO) and glucose uptake; (2) the mRNA levels of the sterol regulatory element binding protein-1C (SREBP-1C), patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPARα); (3) the protein levels of PPARα, SREBP-1C, PNPLA3, CFLAR, phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (pJNK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), phosphorylated serine-threonine protein kinase (pAKT), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and 4A (CYP4A). KEY FINDINGS Compared to the control, OA-treatment led to a result as follows: (1) increased the intracellular levels of TG and NO; (2) up-regulated the protein expression of SREBP-1C, PNPLA3, pJNK, CYP 2E1 and CYP 4A; (3) decreased the uptake of 2-NBDG; (4) down-regulated the protein expression of CFLAR, PPARα, PI3K, pAKT and NRF2. Compared to OA-treated HepG2 cells, silibinin treatment could improve the indicators as follows: (1) decreased the intracellular levels of TG and NO; (2) down-regulated the protein expression of SREBP-1C, PNPLA3, pJNK, CYP 2E1 and CYP 4A; (3) increased the uptake of 2-NBDG; (4) up-regulated the protein expression of CFLAR, PPARα, PI3K, pAKT and NRF2. SIGNIFICANCE Silibinin can ameliorate some metabolic alterations and induce some molecular changes by activating the CFLAR-JNK pathway and thereby regulating its downstream target genes involved in lipid metabolism (PPARα, SREBP-1C and PNPLA3), glucose uptake (PI3K-AKT), oxidative stress (NRF2, CYP2E1, CYP4A) and inflammatory response(NO) in OA-treated HepG2 cells demonstrating its possible use in ameliorating various symptoms of NASH.
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Hepatocyte-specific deletion of IL1-RI attenuates liver injury by blocking IL-1 driven autoinflammation. J Hepatol 2018; 68:986-995. [PMID: 29366909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interleukin (IL)-1-type cytokines including IL-1α, IL-1β and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) are among the most potent molecules of the innate immune system and exert biological activities through the ubiquitously expressed interleukin-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1). The role of IL-1R1 in hepatocytes during acute liver failure (ALF) remains undetermined. METHODS The role of IL-1R1 during ALF was investigated using a novel transgenic mouse model exhibiting deletion of all signaling-capable IL-1R isoforms in hepatocytes (Il1r1Hep-/-). RESULTS ALF induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was significantly attenuated in Il1r1Hep-/- mice leading to reduced mortality. Conditional deletion of Il1r1 decreased activation of injurious c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK)/c-Jun signaling, activated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65, inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and prevented caspase 3-mediated apoptosis. Moreover, Il1r1Hep-/- mice exhibited reduced local and systemic inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels, especially TNF-α, IL-1α/β, IL-6, CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL-1) and CXCL-2, and a reduced neutrophil recruitment into the hepatic tissue in response to injury. NLRP3 inflammasome expression and caspase 1 activation were suppressed in the absence of the hepatocellular IL-1R1. Inhibition of IL-1R1 using IL-1ra (anakinra) attenuated the severity of liver injury, while IL-1α administration exaggerated it. These effects were lost ex vivo and at later time points, supporting a role of IL-1R1 in inflammatory signal amplification during acute liver injury. CONCLUSION IL-1R1 in hepatocytes plays a pivotal role in an IL-1-driven auto-amplification of cell death and inflammation in the onset of ALF. LAY SUMMARY Acute liver injury which can cause lethal liver failure is medicated by a class of proteins called cytokines. Among these, interleukin-1 (IL-1) and the corresponding receptor IL-1R1 play a prominent role in the immune system, but their role in the liver is undetermined. In the current study, a novel mouse model with defective IL-1R1 in liver cells was studied. Mice lacking this receptor in liver cells were protected from cell death to a certain extent. This protection occurred only in the presence of other, neighboring cells, arguing for the involvement of proteins derived from these cells. This effect is called paracrine signaling and the current study has for the first time shown that the IL-1R1 receptor on hepatocytes is involved in acute liver failure in this context. The approved drug anakinra - which blocks IL-1R1 - had the same effect, supporting the proposed mechanism of action. The findings of this study suggest new treatment options for patients with acute liver failure by blocking defined signals of the immune system.
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Piao X, Miura R, Miyake S, Komazawa-Sakon S, Koike M, Shindo R, Takeda J, Hasegawa A, Abe R, Nishiyama C, Mikami T, Yagita H, Uchiyama Y, Nakano H. Blockade of TNF receptor superfamily 1 (TNFR1)-dependent and TNFR1-independent cell death is crucial for normal epidermal differentiation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:213-228.e10. [PMID: 29596938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A delicate balance between cell death and keratinocyte proliferation is crucial for normal skin development. Previous studies have reported that cellular FLICE (FADD-like ICE)-inhibitory protein plays a crucial role in prevention of keratinocytes from TNF-α-dependent apoptosis and blocking of dermatitis. However, a role for cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein in TNF-α-independent cell death remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We investigated contribution of TNF-α-dependent and TNF-α-independent signals to the development of dermatitis in epidermis-specific Cflar-deficient (CflarE-KO) mice. METHODS We examined the histology and expression of epidermal differentiation markers and inflammatory cytokines in the skin of CflarE-KO;Tnfrsf1a+/- and CflarE-KO;Tnfrsf1a-/- mice. Mice were treated with neutralizing antibodies against Fas ligand and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand to block TNF-α-independent cell death of CflarE-KO;Tnfrsf1a-/- mice. RESULTS CflarE-KO;Tnfrsf1a-/- mice were born but experienced severe dermatitis and succumbed soon after birth. CflarE-KO;Tnfrsf1a+/- mice exhibited embryonic lethality caused by massive keratinocyte apoptosis. Although keratinocytes from CflarE-KO;Tnfrsf1a-/- mice still died of apoptosis, neutralizing antibodies against Fas ligand and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand substantially prolonged survival of CflarE-KO;Tnfrsf1a-/- mice. Expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as Il6 and Il17a was increased; conversely, expression of epidermal differentiation markers was severely downregulated in the skin of CflarE-KO;Tnfrsf1a-/- mice. Treatment of primary keratinocytes with IL-6 and, to a lesser extent, IL-17A suppressed expression of epidermal differentiation markers. CONCLUSION TNF receptor superfamily 1 (TNFR1)-dependent or TNFR1-independent apoptosis of keratinocytes promotes inflammatory cytokine production, which subsequently blocks epidermal differentiation. Thus blockade of both TNFR1-dependent and TNFR1-independent cell death might be an alternative strategy to treat skin diseases when treatment with anti-TNF-α antibody alone is not sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Piao
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Miura
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sanae Miyake
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryodai Shindo
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Takeda
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akito Hasegawa
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Riichiro Abe
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Chiharu Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Mikami
- Department of Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cellular Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Nakano
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Host Defense Research Center, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Gehrke N, Nagel M, Straub BK, Wörns MA, Schuchmann M, Galle PR, Schattenberg JM. Loss of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein promotes acute cholestatic liver injury and inflammation from bile duct ligation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 314:G319-G333. [PMID: 29191940 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00097.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholestatic liver injury results from impaired bile flow or metabolism and promotes hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis. Toxic bile acids that accumulate in cholestasis induce apoptosis and contribute to early cholestatic liver injury, which is amplified by accompanying inflammation. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the role of the antiapoptotic caspase 8-homolog cellular FLICE-inhibitory (cFLIP) protein during acute cholestatic liver injury. Transgenic mice exhibiting hepatocyte-specific deletion of cFLIP (cFLIP-/-) were used for in vivo and in vitro analysis of cholestatic liver injury using bile duct ligation (BDL) and the addition of bile acids ex vivo. Loss of cFLIP in hepatocytes promoted acute cholestatic liver injury early after BDL, which was characterized by a rapid release of proinflammatory and chemotactic cytokines (TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, CCL2, CXCL1, and CXCL2), an increased presence of CD68+ macrophages and an influx of neutrophils in the liver, and resulting apoptotic and necrotic hepatocyte cell death. Mechanistically, liver injury in cFLIP-/- mice was aggravated by reactive oxygen species, and sustained activation of the JNK signaling pathway. In parallel, cytoprotective NF-κB p65, A20, and the MAPK p38 were inhibited. Increased injury in cFLIP-/- mice was accompanied by activation of hepatic stellate cells and profibrogenic regulators. The antagonistic caspase 8-homolog cFLIP is a critical regulator of acute, cholestatic liver injury. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The current paper explores the role of a classical modulator of hepatocellular apoptosis in early, cholestatic liver injury. These include activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling, production of inflammatory cytokines, and recruitment of neutrophils in response to cholestasis. Because these signaling pathways are currently exploited in clinical trials for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis, the current data will help in the development of novel pharmacological options in these indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Gehrke
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz , Germany
| | - Michael Nagel
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz , Germany
| | - Beate K Straub
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Marcus A Wörns
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz , Germany
| | | | - Peter R Galle
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz , Germany
| | - Jörn M Schattenberg
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz , Germany
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23
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Al-Saeedi M, Steinebrunner N, Kudsi H, Halama N, Mogler C, Büchler MW, Krammer PH, Schemmer P, Müller M. Neutralization of CD95 ligand protects the liver against ischemia-reperfusion injury and prevents acute liver failure. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:132. [PMID: 29374146 PMCID: PMC5833836 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a common pathological process in liver surgery and transplantation, and has considerable impact on the patient outcome and survival. Death receptors are important mediators of ischemia-reperfusion injury, notably the signaling pathways of the death receptor CD95 (Apo-1/Fas) and its corresponding ligand CD95L. This study investigates, for the first time, whether the inhibition of CD95L protects the liver against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Warm ischemia was induced in the median and left liver lobes of C57BL/6 mice for 45 min. CD95Fc, a specific inhibitor of CD95L, was applied prior to ischemia. Hepatic injury was assessed via consecutive measurements of liver serum enzymes, histopathological assessment of apoptosis and necrosis and caspase assays at 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h after reperfusion. Serum levels of liver enzymes, as well as characteristic histopathological changes and caspase assays indicated pronounced features of apoptotic and necrotic liver damage 12 and 24 h after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Animals treated with the CD95L-blocker CD95Fc, exhibited a significant reduction in the level of serum liver enzymes and showed both decreased histopathological signs of parenchymal damage and decreased caspase activation. This study demonstrates that inhibition of CD95L with the CD95L-blocker CD95Fc, is effective in protecting mice from liver failure due to ischemia-reperfusion injury of the liver. CD95Fc could therefore emerge as a new pharmacological therapy for liver resection, transplantation surgery and acute liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Saeedi
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niels Steinebrunner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Intoxications, and Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hassan Kudsi
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niels Halama
- Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carolin Mogler
- Department of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus W Büchler
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter H Krammer
- Division of Immunogenetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schemmer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Martina Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
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Huber Y, Gehrke N, Biedenbach J, Helmig S, Simon P, Straub BK, Bergheim I, Huber T, Schuppan D, Galle PR, Wörns MA, Schuchmann M, Schattenberg JM. Voluntary distance running prevents TNF-mediated liver injury in mice through alterations of the intrahepatic immune milieu. Cell Death Dis 2017. [PMID: 28640248 PMCID: PMC5520921 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity confers a broad spectrum of health benefits. Beyond the obvious role in metabolically driven diseases, the role of physical activity in acute liver injury is poorly explored. To study the role of physical activity in acute liver injury, a novel model of voluntary distance running in mice was developed and mice were subjected to acute liver injury induced by N-galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Analyses included histological stains, immunoblotting, qRT-PCR and FACS analysis. Voluntary distance running increased to an average of 10.3 km/day after a learning curve. Running lead to a decrease in the absolute numbers of intrahepatic CD4+ T and B lymphocytes and macrophages after 7 weeks. In parallel, hepatic mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and IL-1beta, TGF-beta and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) were suppressed, while TNF-α was not affected by exercise. Likewise, expression of the macrophage-specific antigen F4/80 was downregulated 1.6-fold from exercise. Notably, acute liver injury from GaIN/LPS was significantly blunted following 7 weeks of voluntary exercise as determined by liver histology, a 84.6% reduction of alanine aminotransferase (P<0.01) and a 54.6% reduction of aspartate aminotransferase (P<0.05) compared with sedentary mice. Additionally, proinflammatory cytokines, activation of caspase 3 and JNK were significantly lower, while antiapoptotic protein A20 increased. Voluntary distance running alters the intrahepatic immune phenotype producing an environment that is less susceptible to acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Huber
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Gehrke
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jana Biedenbach
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Helmig
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Perikles Simon
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beate K Straub
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ina Bergheim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Tobias Huber
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter R Galle
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcus A Wörns
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Jörn M Schattenberg
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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FK866 attenuates acute hepatic failure through c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK)-dependent autophagy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2206. [PMID: 28526886 PMCID: PMC5438370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02318-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
FK866 exhibits a protective effect on D-galactosamine (GaIN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and concanavalin A (ConA)-induced acute liver failure (ALF), but the mechanism by which FK866 affords this benefit has not yet been elucidated. Autophagy has a protective effect on acute liver injury. However, the contribution of autophagy to FK866-conferred hepatoprotection is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether FK866 could attenuate GaIN/LPS and ConA-induced ALF through c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK)-dependent autophagy. In vivo, Mice were pretreated with FK866 at 24, 12, and 0.5 h before treatment with GaIN/LPS and ConA. 3-methyladenine (3MA) or rapamycin were used to determine the role of autophagy in FK866-conferred hepatoprotection. In primary hepatocytes, autophagy was inhibited by 3MA or autophagy-related protein 7 (Atg7) small interfering RNA (siRNA). JNK was suppressed by SP600125 or Jnk siRNA. FK866 alleviated hepatotoxicity and increased autophagy while decreased JNK activation. Suppression of autophagy abolished the FK866-conferred protection. Inhibition of JNK increased autophagy and exhibited strongly protective effect. Collectively, FK866 could ameliorate GaIN/LPS and ConA-induced ALF through induction of autophagy while suppression of JNK. These findings suggest that FK866 acts as a simple and applicable preconditioning intervention to protect against ALF; autophagy and JNK may also provide therapeutic targets for ALF treatment.
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26
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Targeting CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice and nonhuman primates. Nat Med 2017; 23:439-449. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.4290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Modulation of the Unfolded Protein Response by Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Counteracts Apoptotic Cell Death and Fibrosis in a Mouse Model for Secondary Biliary Liver Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010214. [PMID: 28117681 PMCID: PMC5297843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) in cholestatic liver disease and fibrosis is not fully unraveled. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a hydrophilic bile acid, has been shown to reduce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and counteract apoptosis in different pathologies. We aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of TUDCA in experimental secondary biliary liver fibrosis in mice, induced by common bile duct ligation. The kinetics of the hepatic UPR and apoptosis during the development of biliary fibrosis was studied by measuring markers at six different timepoints post-surgery by qPCR and Western blot. Next, we investigated the therapeutic potential of TUDCA, 10 mg/kg/day in drinking water, on liver damage (AST/ALT levels) and fibrosis (Sirius red-staining), in both a preventive and therapeutic setting. Common bile duct ligation resulted in the increased protein expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) at all timepoints, along with upregulation of pro-apoptotic caspase 3 and 12, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1A (TNFRsf1a) and Fas-Associated protein with Death Domain (FADD) expression. Treatment with TUDCA led to a significant reduction of liver fibrosis, accompanied by a slight reduction of liver damage, decreased hepatic protein expression of CHOP and reduced gene and protein expression of pro-apoptotic markers. These data indicate that TUDCA exerts a beneficial effect on liver fibrosis in a model of cholestatic liver disease, and suggest that this effect might, at least in part, be attributed to decreased hepatic UPR signaling and apoptotic cell death.
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Piao X, Yamazaki S, Komazawa-Sakon S, Miyake S, Nakabayashi O, Kurosawa T, Mikami T, Tanaka M, Van Rooijen N, Ohmuraya M, Oikawa A, Kojima Y, Kakuta S, Uchiyama Y, Tanaka M, Nakano H. Depletion of myeloid cells exacerbates hepatitis and induces an aberrant increase in histone H3 in mouse serum. Hepatology 2017; 65:237-252. [PMID: 27770461 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tissue-resident macrophages and bone marrow (BM)-derived monocytes play a crucial role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis; however, their contribution to recovery from acute tissue injury is not fully understood. To address this issue, we generated an acute murine liver injury model using hepatocyte-specific Cflar-deficient (CflarHep-low ) mice. Cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein expression was down-regulated in Cflar-deficient hepatocytes, which thereby increased susceptibility of hepatocytes to death receptor-induced apoptosis. CflarHep-low mice developed acute hepatitis and recovered with clearance of apoptotic hepatocytes at 24 hours after injection of low doses of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), which could not induce hepatitis in wild-type (WT) mice. Depletion of Kupffer cells (KCs) by clodronate liposomes did not impair clearance of dying hepatocytes or exacerbate hepatitis in CflarHep-low mice. To elucidate the roles of BM-derived monocytes and neutrophils in clearance of apoptotic hepatocytes, we examined the effect of depletion of these cells on TNFα-induced hepatitis in CflarHep-low mice. We reconstituted CflarHep-low mice with BM cells from transgenic mice in which human diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) was expressed under control of the lysozyme M (LysM) promoter. TNFα-induced infiltration of myeloid cells, including monocytes and neutrophils, was completely ablated in LysM-DTR BM-reconstituted CflarHep-low mice pretreated with diphtheria toxin, whereas KCs remained present in the livers. Under these experimental conditions, LysM-DTR BM-reconstituted CflarHep-low mice rapidly developed severe hepatitis and succumbed within several hours of TNFα injection. We found that serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), TNFα, and histone H3 were aberrantly increased in LysM-DTR BM-reconstituted, but not in WT BM-reconstituted, CflarHep-low mice following TNFα injection. CONCLUSION These findings indicate an unexpected role of myeloid cells in decreasing serum IL-6, TNFα, and histone H3 levels via the suppression of TNFα-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. (Hepatology 2017;65:237-252).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Piao
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soh Yamazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Sanae Miyake
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Nakabayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Kurosawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Mikami
- Department of Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nico Van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Masaki Ohmuraya
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akira Oikawa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan.,Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yuko Kojima
- Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Research, Biomedical Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kakuta
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Tanaka
- Laboratory of Immune regulation, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Nakano
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Gehrke N, Wörns MA, Huber Y, Hess M, Straub BK, Hövelmeyer N, Waisman A, Kim YO, Schuppan D, Galle PR, Schattenberg JM. Hepatic B cell leukemia-3 promotes hepatic steatosis and inflammation through insulin-sensitive metabolic transcription factors. J Hepatol 2016; 65:1188-1197. [PMID: 27405060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The pathomechanisms underlying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the involved molecular regulators are incompletely explored. The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-cofactor gene B cell leukemia-3 (Bcl-3) plays a critical role in altering the transcriptional capacity of NF-κB - a key inducer of inflammation - but also of genes involved in cellular energy metabolism. METHODS To define the role of Bcl-3 in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), we developed a novel transgenic mouse model with hepatocyte-specific overexpression of Bcl-3 (Bcl-3Hep) and employed a high-fat, high-carbohydrate dietary feeding model. To characterize the transgenic model, deep RNA sequencing was performed. The relevance of the findings was confirmed in human liver samples. RESULTS Hepatocyte-specific overexpression of Bcl-3 led to pronounced metabolic derangement, characterized by enhanced hepatic steatosis from increased de novo lipogenesis and uptake, as well as decreased hydrolysis and export of fatty acids. Steatosis in Bcl-3Hep mice was accompanied by an augmented inflammatory milieu and liver cell injury. Moreover, Bcl-3 expression decreased insulin sensitivity and resulted in compensatory regulation of insulin-signaling pathways. Based on in vivo and in vitro studies we identified the transcription factors PPARα, PPARγ and PGC-1α as critical regulators of hepatic metabolism and inflammation downstream of Bcl-3. Metformin treatment improved the metabolic and inflammatory phenotype in Bcl-3Hep mice through modulation of PPARα and PGC-1α. Remarkably, these findings were recapitulated in human NASH, which exhibited increased expression and nuclear localization of Bcl-3. CONCLUSIONS In summary, Bcl-3 emerges as a novel regulator of hepatic steatosis, insulin sensitivity and inflammation in NASH. LAY SUMMARY Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the most prevalent liver disease worldwide. Patients can develop end-stage liver disease resulting in liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma, but also develop complications unrelated to liver disease, e.g., cardiovascular disease. Still there is no full understanding of the mechanisms that cause NAFLD. In this study, genetically engineered mice were employed to examine the role of a specific protein in the liver that is involved in inflammation and the metabolism, namely Bcl-3. By this approach, a better understanding of the mechanisms contributing to disease progression was established. This can help to develop novel therapeutic and diagnostic options for patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Gehrke
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcus A Wörns
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Yvonne Huber
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Moritz Hess
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Beate K Straub
- Institute of Pathology, University Heidelberg and University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Hövelmeyer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Yong Ook Kim
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter R Galle
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Germany
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Mazzolini G, Sowa JP, Canbay A. Cell death mechanisms in human chronic liver diseases: a far cry from clinical applicability. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:2121-2138. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20160035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
The liver is constantly exposed to a host of injurious stimuli. This results in hepatocellular death mainly by apoptosis and necrosis, but also due to autophagy, necroptosis, pyroptosis and in some cases by an intricately balanced combination thereof. Overwhelming and continuous cell death in the liver leads to inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma. Although data from various disease models may suggest a specific (predominant) cell death mode for different aetiologies, the clinical reality is not as clear cut. Reliable and non-invasive cell death markers are not available in general practice and assessment of cell death mode to absolute certainty from liver biopsies does not seem feasible, yet. Various aetiologies probably induce different predominant cell death modes within the liver, although the death modes involved may change during disease progression. Moreover, current methods applicable in patients are limited to surrogate markers for apoptosis (M30), and possibly for pyroptosis (IL-1 family) and necro(pto)sis (HMGB1). Although markers for some death modes are not available at all (autophagy), others may not be specific for a cell death mode or might not always definitely indicate dying cells. Physicians need to take care in asserting the presence of cell death. Still the serum-derived markers are valuable tools to assess severity of chronic liver diseases. This review gives a short overview of known hepatocellular cell death modes in various aetiologies of chronic liver disease. Also the limitations of current knowledge in human settings and utilization of surrogate markers for disease assessment are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Mazzolini
- Department for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Medicas Aplicadas, Universidad Austral-CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Pilar Centro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jan-Peter Sowa
- Department for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Ali Canbay
- Department for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
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31
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Shindo R, Yamazaki S, Ohmuraya M, Araki K, Nakano H. Short form FLICE-inhibitory protein promotes TNFα-induced necroptosis in fibroblasts derived from CFLARs transgenic mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:23-28. [PMID: 27721066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (cFLIP) is a catalytically inactive homolog of the initiator caspase, caspase 8 and blocks apoptosis through binding to caspase 8. Human CFLAR gene encodes two proteins, a long form cFLIP (cFLIPL) and a short form cFLIP (cFLIPs) due to an alternative splicing. Recent studies have shown that expression of cFLIPs, but not cFLIPL promotes programmed necrosis (also referred to as necroptosis) in an immortalized human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT. Here, we found that expression of cFLIPs similarly promoted necroptosis in immortalized fibroblasts. To further expand this observation and exclude the possibility that immortalization process of keratinocytes or fibroblasts might affect the phenotype induced by cFLIPs expression, we generated human CFLARs transgenic (Tg) mice. Primary fibroblasts derived from CFLARs Tg mice were increased in susceptibility to TNFα-induced necroptosis, but not apoptosis compared to wild-type (WT) fibroblasts. Moreover, hallmarks of necroptosis, such as phosphorylation of receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK)1 and RIPK3, and oligomer formation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) were robustly induced in CFLARs Tg fibroblasts compared to wild-type fibroblasts following TNFα stimulation. Thus, cFLIPs-dependent promotion of necroptosis is not unique to immortalized keratinocytes or fibroblasts, but also to generalized to primary fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryodai Shindo
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Soh Yamazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Masaki Ohmuraya
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Department of Genetics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Kimi Araki
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Nakano
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
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32
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Suda J, Dara L, Yang L, Aghajan M, Song Y, Kaplowitz N, Liu ZX. Knockdown of RIPK1 Markedly Exacerbates Murine Immune-Mediated Liver Injury through Massive Apoptosis of Hepatocytes, Independent of Necroptosis and Inhibition of NF-κB. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3120-3129. [PMID: 27605011 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK)1 has an essential role in the signaling pathways triggered by death receptors through activation of NF-κB and regulation of caspase-dependent apoptosis and RIPK3/mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL)-mediated necroptosis. We examined the effect of RIPK1 antisense knockdown on immune-mediated liver injury in C57BL/6 mice caused by α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer), a specific activator for invariant NKT cells. We found that knockdown of RIPK1 markedly exacerbated αGalCer-mediated liver injury and induced lethality. This was associated with increased hepatic inflammation and massive apoptotic death of hepatocytes, as indicated by TUNEL staining and caspase-3 activation. Pretreatment with zVAD.fmk, a pan-caspase inhibitor, or neutralizing Abs against TNF, almost completely protected against the exacerbated liver injury and lethality. Primary hepatocytes isolated from RIPK1-knockdown mice were sensitized to TNF-induced cell death that was completely inhibited by adding zVAD.fmk. The exacerbated liver injury was not due to impaired hepatic NF-κB activation in terms of IκBα phosphorylation and degradation in in vivo and in vitro studies. Lack of RIPK1 kinase activity by pretreatment with necrostatin-1, a RIPK1 kinase inhibitor, or in the RIPK1 kinase-dead knock-in (RIPK1D138N) mice did not exacerbate αGalCer-mediated liver injury. Furthermore, RIPK3-knockout and MLKL-knockout mice behaved similarly as wild-type control mice in response to αGalCer, with or without knockdown of RIPK1, excluding a switch to RIPK3/MLKL-mediated necroptosis. Our findings reveal a critical kinase-independent platform role for RIPK1 in protecting against TNF/caspase-dependent apoptosis of hepatocytes in immune-mediated liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Suda
- Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Lily Dara
- Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Luoluo Yang
- Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033.,Department of Gastroenterology, Bethune First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchuan 130021, China
| | | | - Yong Song
- YSL Bioprocess Development Co., Pomona, CA 91767
| | - Neil Kaplowitz
- Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Zhang-Xu Liu
- Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033;
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Hepatic B cell leukemia-3 suppresses chemically-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice through altered MAPK and NF-κB activation. Oncotarget 2016; 8:56095-56109. [PMID: 28915576 PMCID: PMC5593547 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-coactivator B cell leukemia-3 (Bcl-3) is a molecular regulator of cell death and proliferation. Bcl-3 has been shown to be widely expressed in different cancer types including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Its influence on hepatocarcinogenesis is still undetermined. To examine the role of Bcl-3 in hepatocarcinogenesis mice with hepatocyte-specific overexpression of Bcl-3 (Bcl-3Hep) were exposed to diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and phenobarbital (PB). Hepatic Bcl-3 overexpression attenuated DEN/PB-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Bcl-3Hep mice exhibited a lower number and smaller tumor nodules in response to DEN/PB at 40 weeks of age. Reduced HCC formation was accompanied by a lower rate of cell proliferation and a distinct expression pattern of growth and differentiation-related genes. Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and especially extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) was reduced in tumor and tumor-surrounding liver tissue of Bcl-3Hep mice, while p38 and NF-κB p65 were phosphorylated to a higher extent compared to the wild type. In parallel, the absolute number of intrahepatic macrophages, CD8+ T cells and activated B cells was reduced in DEN/PB-treated Bcl-3Hep mice mirroring a reduction of tumor-associated inflammation. Interestingly, at the early time point of 7 weeks following tumor initiation, a higher rate of apoptotic cell death was observed in Bcl-3Hep mice. In summary, hepatocyte-restricted Bcl-3 overexpression reduced hepatocarcinogenesis related to prolonged liver injury early after tumor initiation likely due to decreased survival of DEN/PB-damaged, premalignant cells. Therefore, Bcl-3 could become a novel player in the development of therapeutic and diagnostic tools for HCC.
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Peltzer N, Darding M, Walczak H. Holding RIPK1 on the Ubiquitin Leash in TNFR1 Signaling. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:445-461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Tsuchiya Y, Nakabayashi O, Nakano H. FLIP the Switch: Regulation of Apoptosis and Necroptosis by cFLIP. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:30321-41. [PMID: 26694384 PMCID: PMC4691174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
cFLIP (cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein) is structurally related to caspase-8 but lacks proteolytic activity due to multiple amino acid substitutions of catalytically important residues. cFLIP protein is evolutionarily conserved and expressed as three functionally different isoforms in humans (cFLIPL, cFLIPS, and cFLIPR). cFLIP controls not only the classical death receptor-mediated extrinsic apoptosis pathway, but also the non-conventional pattern recognition receptor-dependent apoptotic pathway. In addition, cFLIP regulates the formation of the death receptor-independent apoptotic platform named the ripoptosome. Moreover, recent studies have revealed that cFLIP is also involved in a non-apoptotic cell death pathway known as programmed necrosis or necroptosis. These functions of cFLIP are strictly controlled in an isoform-, concentration- and tissue-specific manner, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system plays an important role in regulating the stability of cFLIP. In this review, we summarize the current scientific findings from biochemical analyses, cell biological studies, mathematical modeling, and gene-manipulated mice models to illustrate the critical role of cFLIP as a switch to determine the destiny of cells among survival, apoptosis, and necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Tsuchiya
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan.
| | - Osamu Nakabayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan.
| | - Hiroyasu Nakano
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan.
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Galactose protects hepatocytes against TNF-α-induced apoptosis by promoting activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in acute liver failure. J Transl Med 2015; 95:504-14. [PMID: 25751739 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharides are reported to protect hepatocytes from acute liver injury through distinct mechanisms. To date, the protective role of galactose against acute liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactosamine (D-GalN) has been attributed to competition with D-GalN. Here, we showed that in addition to its effects on LPS/D-GalN and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)/D-GalN models, galactose improves hepatic injury in mice challenged with LPS alone or TNF-α/actinomycin D. Consistent with this result, galactose enhanced the viability of TNF-α-stimulated Chang Liver and Hu7.5 hepatic cell lines. Specifically, galactose prevented TNF-α-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes through promoting phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65. Additionally, galactose enhanced expression of the anti-apoptotic genes, c-IAP1 and A20, and inhibited cleavage of caspase-8 and caspase-3. These findings collectively suggest that galactose prevents TNF-α-induced liver injury through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Considering that monosaccharides protect against liver injury via distinct mechanisms, these compounds may represent a promising clinical approach to treat acute liver failure.
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He MX, He YW. c-FLIP protects T lymphocytes from apoptosis in the intrinsic pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3444-51. [PMID: 25725104 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis can be induced by either death receptors on the plasma membrane (extrinsic pathway) or the damage of the genome and/or cellular organelles (intrinsic pathway). Previous studies suggest that cellular caspase 8 (FLICE)-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) promotes cell survival in death receptor-induced apoptosis pathway in T lymphocytes. Independent of death receptor signaling, mitochondria sense apoptotic stimuli and mediate the activation of effector caspases. Whether c-FLIP regulates mitochondrion-dependent apoptotic signals remains unknown. In this study, c-FLIP gene was deleted in mature T lymphocytes in vitro, and the role of c-FLIP protein in intrinsic apoptosis pathway was studied. In resting T cells treated with the intrinsic apoptosis inducer, c-FLIP suppressed cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Bim-deletion rescued the enhanced apoptosis in c-FLIP-deficient T cells, whereas inhibition of caspase 8 did not. Different from activated T cells, there was no necroptosis or increase in reactive oxygen species in c-FLIP-deficient resting T cells. These data suggest that c-FLIP is a negative regulator of intrinsic apoptosis pathway in T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xiao He
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - You-Wen He
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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Henrich CJ, Brooks AD, Erickson KL, Thomas CL, Bokesch HR, Tewary P, Thompson CR, Pompei RJ, Gustafson KR, McMahon JB, Sayers TJ. Withanolide E sensitizes renal carcinoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by increasing cFLIP degradation. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1666. [PMID: 25719250 PMCID: PMC4669816 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Withanolide E, a steroidal lactone from Physalis peruviana, was found to be highly active for sensitizing renal carcinoma cells and a number of other human cancer cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis. Withanolide E, the most potent and least toxic of five TRAIL-sensitizing withanolides identified, enhanced death receptor-mediated apoptotic signaling by a rapid decline in the levels of cFLIP proteins. Other mechanisms by which TRAIL sensitizers have been reported to work: generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), changes in pro-and antiapoptotic protein expression, death receptor upregulation, activation of intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptotic pathways, ER stress, and proteasomal inhibition proved to be irrelevant to withanolide E activity. Loss of cFLIP proteins was not due to changes in expression, but rather destabilization and/or aggregation, suggesting impairment of chaperone proteins leading to degradation. Indeed, withanolide E treatment altered the stability of a number of HSP90 client proteins, but with greater apparent specificity than the well-known HSP90 inhibitor geldanamycin. As cFLIP has been reported to be an HSP90 client, this provides a potentially novel mechanism for sensitizing cells to TRAIL. Sensitization of human renal carcinoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by withanolide E and its lack of toxicity were confirmed in animal studies. Owing to its novel activity, withanolide E is a promising reagent for the analysis of mechanisms of TRAIL resistance, for understanding HSP90 function, and for further therapeutic development. In marked contrast to bortezomib, among the best currently available TRAIL sensitizers, withanolide E's more specific mechanism of action suggests minimal toxic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Henrich
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - A D Brooks
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology and Cancer Inflammation Program, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - K L Erickson
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - C L Thomas
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - H R Bokesch
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - P Tewary
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology and Cancer Inflammation Program, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - C R Thompson
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology and Cancer Inflammation Program, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - R J Pompei
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology and Cancer Inflammation Program, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - K R Gustafson
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - J B McMahon
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - T J Sayers
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology and Cancer Inflammation Program, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
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Panayotova-Dimitrova D, Feoktistova M, Ploesser M, Kellert B, Hupe M, Horn S, Makarov R, Jensen F, Porubsky S, Schmieder A, Zenclussen AC, Marx A, Kerstan A, Geserick P, He YW, Leverkus M. cFLIP regulates skin homeostasis and protects against TNF-induced keratinocyte apoptosis. Cell Rep 2015; 5:397-408. [PMID: 24209745 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
FADD, caspase-8, and cFLIP regulate the outcome of cell death signaling. Mice that constitutively lack these molecules die at an early embryonic age, whereas tissue-specific constitutive deletion of FADD or caspase-8 results in inflammatory skin disease caused by increased necroptosis. The function of cFLIP in the skin in vivo is unknown. In contrast to tissue-specific caspase-8 knockout, we show that mice constitutively lacking cFLIP in the epidermis die around embryonic days 10 and 11. When cFLIP expression was abrogated in adult skin of cFLIPfl/fl-K14CreERtam mice, severe inflammation of the skin with concomitant caspase activation and apoptotic, but not necroptotic, cell death developed. Apoptosis was dependent of autocrine tumor necrosis factor production triggered by loss of cFLIP. In addition, epidermal cFLIP protein was lost in patients with severe drug reactions associated with epidermal apoptosis. Our data demonstrate the importance of cFLIP for the integrity of the epidermis and for silencing of spontaneous skin inflammation.
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Abstract
Cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (cFLIP) is structurally related to caspase-8, but lacks its protease activity. Cflip gene encodes several splicing variants including short form (cFLIPs) and long form (cFLIPL). cFLIPL is composed of two death effector domains at the N terminus and a C-terminal caspase-like domain, and cFLIPs lacks the caspase-like domain. Our studies reveal that cFLIP plays a central role in NF-κB-dependent survival signals that control apoptosis and programmed necrosis. Germline deletion of Cflip results in embryonic lethality due to enhanced apoptosis and programmed necrosis; however, the combined deletion of the death-signaling regulators, Fadd and Ripk3, prevents embryonic lethality in Cflip-deficient mice. Moreover, tissue-specific deletion of Cflip reveals cFLIP as a crucial regulator that maintains tissue homeostasis of immune cells, hepatocytes, intestinal epithelial cells, and epidermal cells by preventing apoptosis and programmed necrosis.
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Acute organ failure following the loss of anti-apoptotic cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein involves activation of innate immune receptors. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:826-37. [PMID: 25342470 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis signaling is involved in both physiological tissue homeostasis and acute and chronic diseases. The role of regulatory apoptosis signaling molecules and their organ-specific functions are less defined. Therefore, we investigated the loss of the anti-apoptotic cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (cFLIP) and the mechanisms of the resulting lethal organ failure in vivo using inducible knockout mice. These were generated by crossing floxed cFLIP mice to a tamoxifen inducible Rosa26-creERT2 mouse strain. Death following global loss of cFLIP resulted from liver failure, accumulation of M1-polarized macrophages and accompanying hepatic cell death and inflammation. Apoptosis was also prominent in immune cells, the kidney and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) but not in cardiomyocytes. Cellular injury led to the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and the induction of innate immune receptors including toll-like receptors (TLRs) 4 and 9, and stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Transplantation of bone marrow with intact cFLIP or depletion of macrophages prevented the phenotype of acute liver failure. Interestingly, compound deletion of cFLIP in bone marrow-derived cells and hepatocytes did not promote organ failure. Thus, cFLIP exerts a critical role in tissue homeostasis by preventing the activation of monocytic cells and innate immunity, which causes cell death and inflammation in susceptible tissues. These results encourage the development of organ-specific anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory therapies in acute organ failure.
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Luedde T, Kaplowitz N, Schwabe RF. Cell death and cell death responses in liver disease: mechanisms and clinical relevance. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:765-783.e4. [PMID: 25046161 PMCID: PMC4531834 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular death is present in almost all types of human liver disease and is used as a sensitive parameter for the detection of acute and chronic liver disease of viral, toxic, metabolic, or autoimmune origin. Clinical data and animal models suggest that hepatocyte death is the key trigger of liver disease progression, manifested by the subsequent development of inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Modes of hepatocellular death differ substantially between liver diseases. Different modes of cell death such as apoptosis, necrosis, and necroptosis trigger specific cell death responses and promote progression of liver disease through distinct mechanisms. In this review, we first discuss molecular mechanisms by which different modes of cell death, damage-associated molecular patterns, and specific cell death responses contribute to the development of liver disease. We then review the clinical relevance of cell death, focusing on biomarkers; the contribution of cell death to drug-induced, viral, and fatty liver disease and liver cancer; and evidence for cell death pathways as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Luedde
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Neil Kaplowitz
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck
School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089,
USA
| | - Robert F. Schwabe
- Department of Medicine; Institute of Human Nutrition,
Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr.
Tom Luedde, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Medicine III, Division of GI-
and Hepatobiliary Oncology University Hospital RWTH Aachen.
Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen; Germany or
Dr. Robert F. Schwabe Columbia University Department of Medicine; Institute of
Human Nutrition Russ Berrie Pavilion, Room 415 1150 St. Nicholas Ave New York,
NY 10032; USA
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43
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TAK1 control of cell death. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1667-76. [PMID: 25146924 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death, a physiologic process for removing cells, is critically important in normal development and for elimination of damaged cells. Conversely, unattended cell death contributes to a variety of human disease pathogenesis. Thus, precise understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying control of cell death is important and relevant to public health. Recent studies emphasize that transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is a central regulator of cell death and is activated through a diverse set of intra- and extracellular stimuli. The physiologic importance of TAK1 and TAK1-binding proteins in cell survival and death has been demonstrated using a number of genetically engineered mice. These studies uncover an indispensable role of TAK1 and its binding proteins for maintenance of cell viability and tissue homeostasis in a variety of organs. TAK1 is known to control cell viability and inflammation through activating downstream effectors such as NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). It is also emerging that TAK1 regulates cell survival not solely through NF-κB but also through NF-κB-independent pathways such as oxidative stress and receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) kinase activity-dependent pathway. Moreover, recent studies have identified TAK1's seemingly paradoxical role to induce programmed necrosis, also referred to as necroptosis. This review summarizes the consequences of TAK1 deficiency in different cell and tissue types from the perspective of cell death and also focuses on the mechanism by which TAK1 complex inhibits or promotes programmed cell death. This review serves to synthesize our current understanding of TAK1 in cell survival and death to identify promising directions for future research and TAK1's potential relevance to human disease pathogenesis.
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Abstract
Apoptosis is a prominent feature of liver diseases. Causative factors such as alcohol, viruses, toxic bile acids, fatty acids, drugs, and immune response, can induce apoptotic cell death via membrane receptors and intracellular stress. Apoptotic signaling network, including membrane death receptor-mediated cascade, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, lysosomal permeabilization, and mitochondrial dysfunction, is intermixed each other, but one mechanism may dominate at a particular stage. Mechanisms of hepatic apoptosis are complicated by multiple signaling pathways. The progression of liver disease is affected by the balance between apoptotic and antiapoptotic capabilities. Therapeutic options of liver injury are impacted by the clear understanding toward mechanisms of hepatic apoptosis.
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45
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Molecular mechanisms of hepatic apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e996. [PMID: 24434519 PMCID: PMC4040708 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a prominent feature of liver diseases. Causative factors such as alcohol, viruses, toxic bile acids, fatty acids, drugs, and immune response, can induce apoptotic cell death via membrane receptors and intracellular stress. Apoptotic signaling network, including membrane death receptor-mediated cascade, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, lysosomal permeabilization, and mitochondrial dysfunction, is intermixed each other, but one mechanism may dominate at a particular stage. Mechanisms of hepatic apoptosis are complicated by multiple signaling pathways. The progression of liver disease is affected by the balance between apoptotic and antiapoptotic capabilities. Therapeutic options of liver injury are impacted by the clear understanding toward mechanisms of hepatic apoptosis.
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46
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1051] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Kohl T, Gehrke N, Schad A, Nagel M, Wörns MA, Sprinzl MF, Zimmermann T, He YW, Galle PR, Schuchmann M, Schattenberg JM. Diabetic liver injury from streptozotocin is regulated through the caspase-8 homolog cFLIP involving activation of JNK2 and intrahepatic immunocompetent cells. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e712. [PMID: 23828575 PMCID: PMC3730402 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The endemic occurrence of obesity and the associated risk factors that constitute the metabolic syndrome have been predicted to lead to a dramatic increase in chronic liver disease. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has become the most frequent liver disease in countries with a high prevalence of obesity. In addition, hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance have been implicated in disease progression of other liver diseases, including chronic viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The molecular mechanisms underlying the link between insulin signaling and hepatocellular injury are only partly understood. We have explored the role of the antiapoptotic caspase-8 homolog cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (cFLIP) on liver cell survival in a diabetic model with hypoinsulinemic diabetes in order to delineate the role of insulin signaling on hepatocellular survival. cFLIP regulates cellular injury from apoptosis signaling pathways, and loss of cFLIP was previously shown to promote injury from activated TNF and CD95/Apo-1 receptors. In mice lacking cFLIP in hepatocytes (flip−/−), loss of insulin following streptozotocin treatment resulted in caspase- and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-dependent liver injury after 21 days. Substitution of insulin, inhibition of JNK using the SP600125 compound in vivo or genetic deletion of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)9 (JNK2) in all tissues abolished the injurious effect. Strikingly, the difference in injury between wild-type and cFLIP-deficient mice occurred only in vivo and was accompanied by liver-infiltrating inflammatory cells with a trend toward increased amounts of NK1.1-positive cells and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Transfer of bone marrow from rag-1-deficient mice that are depleted from B and T lymphocytes prevented liver injury in flip−/− mice. These findings support a direct role of insulin on cellular survival by alternating the activation of injurious MAPK, caspases and the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the liver. Thus, increasing resistance to insulin signaling pathways in hepatocytes appears to be an important factor in the initiation and progression of chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kohl
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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ATM kinase activity modulates ITCH E3-ubiquitin ligase activity. Oncogene 2013; 33:1113-23. [PMID: 23435430 PMCID: PMC3938399 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) kinase, a central regulator of the DNA damage response regulates the activity of several E3-ubiquitin ligases and the ubiquitination-proteasome system is a consistent target of ATM. ITCH is an E3-ubiquitin ligase that modulates the ubiquitination of several targets, therefore participating to the regulation of several cellular responses, among which the DNA damage response, TNFα, Notch and Hedgehog signalling and T cell development. Here we uncover ATM as a novel positive modulator of ITCH E3-ubiquitin ligase activity. A single residue on ITCH protein, S161, which is part of an ATM SQ consensus motif, is required for ATM-dependent activation of ITCH. ATM activity enhances ITCH enzymatic activity, which in turn drives the ubiquitination and degradation of c-FLIP-L and c-Jun, previously identified as ITCH substrates. Importantly, Atm deficient mice show resistance to hepatocyte cell death, similarly to Itch deficient animals, providing in vivo genetic evidence for this circuit. Our data identify ITCH as a novel component of the ATM-dependent signaling pathway and suggest that the impairment of the correct functionality of ITCH caused by Atm deficiency may contribute to the complex clinical features linked to Ataxia Telangiectasia.
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Abstract
The anti-apoptotic protein c-FLIP, a catalytically inactive homolog of caspase-8, is an important regulator of death receptor signaling. Death receptors constitute a subgroup of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, which includes TNFR1, Fas, DR4, and DR5. When activated by their respective ligands, TNF, Fas ligand (FasL), and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), these receptors cause caspase-8-mediated apoptosis. If caspase-8 activity is blocked, however, then these receptors promote death by necroptosis (programmed necrosis), which requires the kinases receptor-interacting kinase 1 (RIPK1) and RIPK3, as well as mixed-lineage kinase-like protein. Necroptosis has become the subject of intense research because it promotes inflammation, and inhibiting this pathway can limit extensive tissue damage and even lethality in inflammatory syndromes. A study now reports on the role of c-FLIP in vivo from experiments with a range of conditional knockout mice and demonstrates that c-FLIP plays a critical role in inhibiting both apoptotic and necroptotic cell death within the whole mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Silke
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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50
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Yasuzaki H, Yoshida SI, Hashimoto T, Shibata W, Inamori M, Toya Y, Tamura K, Maeda S, Umemura S. Involvement of the apelin receptor APJ in Fas-induced liver injury. Liver Int 2013; 33:118-26. [PMID: 23121371 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apelin-APJ signalling is known to play important roles in heart physiology and pathology; however, its functions in liver physiology and pathology remain unclear. On the other hand, Fas is an important molecule in hepatitis and other liver disease that belongs to the death receptor family. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between apelin-APJ signaling and Fas-mediated liver injury in mice. METHODS APJ(-/-) mice and wild type (WT) mice were administered an intraperitoneal injection of an agonistic anti-Fas antibody (clone; Jo2), and sacrificed after 3 or 6 h to assess the liver histology. The expression levels of apelin and APJ, plasma levels of transaminases, activities of hepatic caspases and activations of stress-activated protein kinases were also analysed. RESULTS Before the Jo2 injection, APJ was weakly expressed in the hepatocytes in spots; on the other hand, after the Jo2 injection, it had spread into whole hepatocytes. Moreover, the mRNA expression level of apelin and APJ in the liver increased after Jo2 injection. In the APJ(-/-) mice, the liver injuries and apoptotic changes were significantly inhibited as compared with those in the WT mice. Dramatic increase in JNK activation was observed in the WT mice after Jo2 injection, whereas such activation was completely absent in the APJ(-/-) mice. JNK inhibitor partially, but significantly suppressed Jo2-mediated liver injury in WT mice. CONCLUSION Apelin-APJ signalling may promote Fas-induced liver injury at least partially via JNK activation, and may thus serve as a potential therapeutic target in cases of acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Yasuzaki
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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