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Schuchardt JP, Beinhorn P, Hu XF, Chan HM, Roke K, Bernasconi A, Hahn A, Sala-Vila A, Stark KD, Harris WS. Omega-3 world map: 2024 update. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101286. [PMID: 38879135 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
In 2016, the first worldwide n3 PUFA status map was published using the Omega-3 Index (O3I) as standard biomarker. The O3I is defined as the percentage of EPA + DHA in red blood cell (RBC) membrane FAs. The purpose of the present study was to update the 2016 map with new data. In order to be included, studies had to report O3I and/or blood EPA + DHA levels in metrics convertible into an estimated O3I, in samples drawn after 1999. To convert the non-RBC-based EPA + DHA metrics into RBC we used newly developed equations. Baseline data from clinical trials and observational studies were acceptable. A literature search identified 328 studies meeting inclusion criteria encompassing 342,864 subjects from 48 countries/regions. Weighted mean country O3I levels were categorized into very low ≤4%, low >4-6%, moderate >6-8%, and desirable >8%. We found that the O3I in most countries was low to very low. Notable differences between the current and 2016 map were 1) USA, Canada, Italy, Turkey, UK, Ireland and Greece (moving from the very low to low category); 2) France, Spain and New Zealand (low to moderate); and 3) Finland and Iceland (moderate to desirable). Countries such as Iran, Egypt, and India exhibited particularly poor O3I levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Schuchardt
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Philine Beinhorn
- Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Xue Feng Hu
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kaitlin Roke
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), 222 South Main Street, Suite 500, Salt Lake City, UT 84101, United States
| | - Aldo Bernasconi
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), 222 South Main Street, Suite 500, Salt Lake City, UT 84101, United States
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Aleix Sala-Vila
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - William S Harris
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 1400 W. 22nd St., Sioux Falls, SD 57105, United States
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Xia M, Varmazyad M, Palacin IP, Gavlock DC, Debiasio R, LaRocca G, Reese C, Florentino R, Faccioli LAP, Brown JA, Vernetti LA, Schurdak ME, Stern AM, Gough A, Behari J, Soto-Gutierrez A, Taylor DL, Miedel M. Comparison of Wild-Type and High-risk PNPLA3 variants in a Human Biomimetic Liver Microphysiology System for Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease Precision Therapy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.22.590608. [PMID: 38712213 PMCID: PMC11071381 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.22.590608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a worldwide health epidemic with a global occurrence of approximately 30%. The pathogenesis of MASLD is a complex, multisystem disorder driven by multiple factors including genetics, lifestyle, and the environment. Patient heterogeneity presents challenges for developing MASLD therapeutics, creation of patient cohorts for clinical trials and optimization of therapeutic strategies for specific patient cohorts. Implementing pre-clinical experimental models for drug development creates a significant challenge as simple in vitro systems and animal models do not fully recapitulate critical steps in the pathogenesis and the complexity of MASLD progression. To address this, we implemented a precision medicine strategy that couples the use of our liver acinus microphysiology system (LAMPS) constructed with patient-derived primary cells. We investigated the MASLD-associated genetic variant PNPLA3 rs738409 (I148M variant) in primary hepatocytes, as it is associated with MASLD progression. We constructed LAMPS with genotyped wild type and variant PNPLA3 hepatocytes together with key non-parenchymal cells and quantified the reproducibility of the model. We altered media components to mimic blood chemistries, including insulin, glucose, free fatty acids, and immune activating molecules to reflect normal fasting (NF), early metabolic syndrome (EMS) and late metabolic syndrome (LMS) conditions. Finally, we investigated the response to treatment with resmetirom, an approved drug for metabolic syndrome-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), the progressive form of MASLD. This study using primary cells serves as a benchmark for studies using patient biomimetic twins constructed with patient iPSC-derived liver cells using a panel of reproducible metrics. We observed increased steatosis, immune activation, stellate cell activation and secretion of pro-fibrotic markers in the PNPLA3 GG variant compared to wild type CC LAMPS, consistent with the clinical characterization of this variant. We also observed greater resmetirom efficacy in PNPLA3 wild type CC LAMPS compared to the GG variant in multiple MASLD metrics including steatosis, stellate cell activation and the secretion of pro-fibrotic markers. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the capability of the LAMPS platform for the development of MASLD precision therapeutics, enrichment of patient cohorts for clinical trials, and optimization of therapeutic strategies for patient subgroups with different clinical traits and disease stages.
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Yiğit Ziolkowski A, Şenol N, Aslankoç R, Samur G. Whey protein supplementation reduced the liver damage scores of rats fed with a high fat-high fructose diet. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301012. [PMID: 38573884 PMCID: PMC10994406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Different functional foods with bioactive nutrients are being explored for the management of NAFLD. Whey proteins are rich in bioactive peptides and are suggested to show antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. We aim to test the hypothesis that the whey protein supplementation following a high fat-high fructose (HFHF) diet would protect against liver damage, inflammation, endotoxemia and steatosis in male Wistar rats. 36 rats were randomized into four groups for 8 weeks as the HFHF diet group, HFHF diet and whey protein isolate (WPI-200mg/kg/day) group (HFHF+WPI), control (C) group, and C+WPI (200mg/kg/day) group. Rats fed with a HFHF diet had higher final body weight compared to C and C+WPI groups (p = 0.002). Thus, WPI showed no significant effects for the body weight of rats with a HFHF diet. On the other hand, the HFHF+WPI group had significantly lower abdominal circumference when compared with the HFHF group (p<0,001). Higher serum CRP levels were observed in the groups with a HFHF diet (p<0,001) and WPI supplementation showed no effects on CRP levels. Whey protein supplementation resulted with lower total liver damage score in HFHF+WPI group compared with the HFHF diet group (p<0,001). Conversely, higher liver damage scores were observed with the C+WPI group compared to C group (p<0,001). HFHF diet resulted with higher expression of TLR-4 in the liver meanwhile WPI supplementation showed no effects on liver TLR-4 expression. We observed higher colon Occludin expression in HFHF+WPI and C+WPI groups compared with HFHF and C groups (p<0,001). Our results showed that, whey protein supplementation might help improve liver damage associated with a high fat-high fructose diet and increase the expression of Occludin in the small intestine and colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Yiğit Ziolkowski
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Nurgül Şenol
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Rahime Aslankoç
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Gülhan Samur
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Mahmoudi SK, Tarzemani S, Aghajanzadeh T, Kasravi M, Hatami B, Zali MR, Baghaei K. Exploring the role of genetic variations in NAFLD: implications for disease pathogenesis and precision medicine approaches. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:190. [PMID: 38504356 PMCID: PMC10953212 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the leading causes of chronic liver diseases, affecting more than one-quarter of people worldwide. Hepatic steatosis can progress to more severe forms of NAFLD, including NASH and cirrhosis. It also may develop secondary diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Genetic and environmental factors regulate NAFLD incidence and progression, making it a complex disease. The contribution of various environmental risk factors, such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, diet, and sedentary lifestyle, to the exacerbation of liver injury is highly understood. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of genetic variations in the NAFLD occurrence or its deterioration still need to be clarified. Hence, understanding the genetic susceptibility to NAFLD is essential for controlling the course of the disease. The current review discusses genetics' role in the pathological pathways of NAFLD, including lipid and glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, cellular stresses, and immune responses. Additionally, it explains the role of the genetic components in the induction and progression of NAFLD in lean individuals. Finally, it highlights the utility of genetic knowledge in precision medicine for the early diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Kosar Mahmoudi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985714711, Iran
| | - Shadi Tarzemani
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985714711, Iran
| | - Taha Aghajanzadeh
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985714711, Iran.
| | - Mohammadreza Kasravi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985714711, Iran
| | - Behzad Hatami
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985714711, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985714711, Iran
| | - Kaveh Baghaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985714711, Iran.
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985714711, Iran.
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Abstract
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) refers to the accumulation of lipid laden vacuoles in hepatocytes, occurring in the context of visceral adiposity, insulin resistance and other features of the metabolic syndrome. Its more severe form (NASH, Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis) is becoming the leading aetiology of end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma, and also contributes to cardiovascular disease, diabetes and extrahepatic malignancy. Management is currently limited to lifestyle modification and optimisation of the metabolic co-morbidities, with some of the drugs used for the latter also having shown some benefit for the liver. Licensed treatment modalities are currently lacking. A particular difficulty is the notorious heterogeneity of the patient population, which is poorly understood. A spectrum of disease severity associates in a non-linear way with a spectrum of severity of underlying metabolic factors. Heterogeneity of the liver in terms of mechanisms to cope with the metabolic and inflammatory stress and in terms of repair mechanisms, and a lack of knowledge hereof, further complicate the understanding of inter-individual variability. Genetic factors act as disease modifiers and potentially allow for some risk stratification, but also only explain a minor fraction of disease heterogeneity. Response to treatment shows a large variation in treatment response, again with little understanding of what is driving the absence of response in individual patients. Management can be tailored to patient's preferences in terms of diet modification, but tailoring treatment to knowledge on disease driving mechanisms in an individual patient is still in its infancy. Recent progress in analysing liver tissue as well as non-invasive tests hold, however, promise to rapidly improve our understanding of disease heterogeneity in NAFLD and provide individualised management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven M Francque
- Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Drie Eikenstraat 655, B-2650, Edegem, Belgium.
- InflaMed Centre of Excellence, Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, Translational Sciences in Inflammation and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Bódis K, Bombrich M, Schön M, Knebel B, Zaharia OP, Bönhof G, Karusheva Y, Strassburger K, Kupriyanova Y, Kotzka J, Guthoff R, Schrauwen-Hinderling V, Al-Hasani H, Burkart V, Szendroedi J, Wagner R, Markgraf DF, Roden M. Effects of TM6SF2 rs58542926 polymorphism on hepatocellular lipids and insulin resistance in early type 2 diabetes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:1785-1796. [PMID: 37495452 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Increased hepatocellular lipid content (HCL) is linked to insulin resistance, risk of type 2 diabetes and related complications. Conversely, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (TM6SF2EK; rs58542926) in the transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2-gene has been associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but lower cardiovascular risk. This case-control study tested the role of this polymorphism for tissue-specific insulin sensitivity during early course of diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS Males with recent-onset type 2 diabetes with (TM6SF2EK: n = 16) or without (TM6SF2EE: n = 16) the heterozygous TM6SF2-polymorphism of similar age and body mass index, underwent Botnia-clamps with [6,6-2H2]glucose to measure whole-body-, hepatic- and adipose tissue-insulin sensitivity. HCL was assessed with 1H-magnetic-resonance-spectroscopy. A subset of both groups (n = 24) was re-evaluated after 5 years. Despite doubled HCL, TM6SF2EK had similar hepatic- and adipose tissue-insulin sensitivity and 27% higher whole-body-insulin sensitivity than TM6SF2EE. After 5 years, whole-body-insulin sensitivity, HCL were similar between groups, while adipose tissue-insulin sensitivity decreased by 87% and 55% within both groups and circulating triacylglycerol increased in TM6SF2EE only. CONCLUSIONS The TM6SF2-polymorphism rs58542926 dissociates HCL from insulin resistance in recent-onset type 2 diabetes, which is attenuated by disease duration. This suggests that diabetes-related metabolic alterations dominate over effects of the TM6SF2-polymorphism during early course of diabetes and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kálmán Bódis
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maria Bombrich
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schön
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Knebel
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oana-Patricia Zaharia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gidon Bönhof
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yanislava Karusheva
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Strassburger
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yuliya Kupriyanova
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Kotzka
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rainer Guthoff
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vera Schrauwen-Hinderling
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Hadi Al-Hasani
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Volker Burkart
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia Szendroedi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Transnational Diabetes Program, Internal Medicine I, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Wagner
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel F Markgraf
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.
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Vell MS, Loomba R, Krishnan A, Wangensteen KJ, Trebicka J, Creasy KT, Trautwein C, Scorletti E, Seeling KS, Hehl L, Rendel MD, Zandvakili I, Li T, Chen J, Vujkovic M, Alqahtani S, Rader DJ, Schneider KM, Schneider CV. Association of Statin Use With Risk of Liver Disease, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, and Liver-Related Mortality. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2320222. [PMID: 37358849 PMCID: PMC10293910 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.20222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Given the burden of chronic liver disease on the health care system, more information on the hepatoprotective association of statins in the general population is needed. Objective To examine whether regular statin use is associated with a reduction in liver disease, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver-related deaths, in the general population. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used data from the UK Biobank (UKB) (individuals aged 37-73 years) collected from baseline (2006-2010) to the end of follow-up in May 2021, from the TriNetX cohort (individuals aged 18-90 years) enrolled from baseline (2011-2020) until end of follow-up in September 2022, and from the Penn Medicine Biobank (PMBB) (individuals aged 18-102 years) with ongoing enrollment starting in 2013 to the end of follow-up in December 2020. Individuals were matched using propensity score matching according to the following criteria: age, sex, body mass index, ethnicity, diabetes with or without insulin or biguanide use, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, dyslipidemia, aspirin use, and number of medications taken (UKB only). Data analysis was performed from April 2021 to April 2023. Exposure Regular statin use. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcomes were liver disease and HCC development as well as liver-associated death. Results A total of 1 785 491 individuals were evaluated after matching (aged 55 to 61 years on average, up to 56% men, and up to 49% women). A total of 581 cases of liver-associated death, 472 cases of incident HCC, and 98 497 new liver diseases were registered during the follow-up period. Individuals were aged 55-61 years on average, with a slightly higher proportion of men (up to 56%). In UKB individuals (n = 205 057) without previously diagnosed liver disease, statin users (n = 56 109) had a 15% lower hazard ratio (HR) for the association of developing a new liver disease (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.78-0.92; P < .001). In addition, statin users demonstrated a 28% lower HR for the association with liver-related death (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.59-0.88; P = .001) and a 42% lower HR for the development of HCC (HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.35-0.96; P = .04). In TriNetX individuals (n = 1 568 794), the HR for the association of HCC was reduced even further for statin users (HR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.22-0.31; P = .003). The hepatoprotective association of statins was time and dose dependent, with a significant association in PMBB individuals (n = 11 640) for incident liver diseases after 1 year of statin use (HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.59-0.98; P = .03). Taking statins was particularly beneficial in men, individuals with diabetes, and individuals with a high Fibrosis-4 index at baseline. Carriers of the heterozygous minor allele of PNPLA3 rs738409 benefited from statin use and had a 69% lower HR for the association with HCC (UKB HR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.11-0.85; P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study indicates substantial preventive associations of statins against liver disease, with an association with duration and dose of intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Sophie Vell
- Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases, and Intensive Care, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Arunkumar Krishnan
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown
| | - Kirk J. Wangensteen
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- Medical Clinic B, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Clinical Infectiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kate Townsend Creasy
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases, and Intensive Care, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eleonora Scorletti
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Katharina Sophie Seeling
- Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases, and Intensive Care, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Leonida Hehl
- Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases, and Intensive Care, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Miriam Daphne Rendel
- Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases, and Intensive Care, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Inuk Zandvakili
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Tang Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Jinbo Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Marijana Vujkovic
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Saleh Alqahtani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Liver Transplant Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniel James Rader
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Kai Markus Schneider
- Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases, and Intensive Care, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carolin Victoria Schneider
- Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases, and Intensive Care, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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8
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Boeckmans J, Gatzios A, Schattenberg JM, Koek GH, Rodrigues RM, Vanhaecke T. PNPLA3 I148M and response to treatment for hepatic steatosis: A systematic review. Liver Int 2023; 43:975-988. [PMID: 36719059 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear whether the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) rs738409 C-to-G single nucleotide polymorphism, resulting in the substitution of isoleucine to methionine at position 148 (I148M), impedes regression of hepatic steatosis when treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). OBJECTIVES Investigate if carriage of the PNPLA3 148M allele affects the anti-steatotic efficacy of all possible anti-NAFLD interventions, identify gaps in current knowledge and provide guidance for individual treatment. METHODS Research available in public databases was searched up to 13 November 2022. Studies were included if a treatment in NAFLD patients decreased hepatic steatosis in the pooled patient group or a PNPLA3 I148M polymorphism subgroup (II/IM/MM). The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk-Of-Bias 2 Tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS Moderate evidence indicates that NAFLD patients homozygous for the PNPLA3 148M allele benefit less or not at all from omega-3 carboxylic acids to decrease liver fat, while the PNPLA3 148I allele shows moderate benefit. Low evidence suggests that interventions employing lifestyle changes are more effective to reduce liver fat in NAFLD patients homozygous for the PNPLA3 148M allele compared to patients with wild-type PNPLA3. CONCLUSIONS NAFLD patients homozygous for the PNPLA3 148M allele might not benefit from omega-3 carboxylic acids to reduce hepatic steatosis in contrast to patients with wild-type PNPLA3. Instead, patients with two PNPLA3 148M alleles should be especially advised to adopt lifestyle changes. Genotyping for PNPLA3 I148M should be encouraged in therapeutic studies for NAFLD. REGISTRATION NUMBER (PROSPERO) CRD42022375028.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Boeckmans
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Gatzios
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jörn M Schattenberg
- Metabolic Liver Research Center, Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ger H Koek
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robim M Rodrigues
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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9
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Koo BK, Lee H, Kwak SH, Lee DH, Park JH, Kim W. Long-Term Effect of PNPLA3 on the Aggravation of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Biopsy-Proven Cohort. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 21:1105-1107.e3. [PMID: 35189385 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2022.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The PNPLA3 rs738409 G allele increases the risk of not only nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) but also nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or fibrosis.1 It also affects the prognosis of patients with NAFLD in specific conditions. After liver transplantation, patients with NAFLD carrying the rs738409 GG genotype have a higher risk of graft steatosis2 or development of hepatocellular carcinoma.3 In addition, rs738409 modifies the effects of medical intervention: patients with NAFLD carrying the GG genotype showed a lower effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid treatment on the reduction of liver fat;4 in contrast, they were more sensitive to the beneficial effects of lifestyle modifications.5,6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kyung Koo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsuk Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Heon Kwak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyeon Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Weylandt KH, Karber M, Xiao Y, Zhang IW, Pevny S, Blüthner E, von Schacky C, Rothe M, Schunck WH, Pape UF. Impact of intravenous fish oil on omega-3 fatty acids and their derived lipid metabolites in patients with parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2023; 47:287-300. [PMID: 36164258 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term parenteral nutrition (PN) can lead to intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD). Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were shown to prevent IFALD. EPA-derived and DHA-derived oxylipins could contribute to this protective effect. METHODS We analyzed the effect of parenteral fish oil on oxylipins in patients with chronic intestinal failure receiving PN (n = 8). Patients first received no fish oil for 8 weeks and then switched to PN with 25% of fat as fish oil for another 8 weeks. Fatty acid profiles of red blood cells, PUFA-derived oxylipins generated by cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase (LOX), and cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathways, inflammatory markers, and liver function were assessed before and during fish-oil PN. RESULTS EPA plus DHA in erythrocytes (the Omega-3 Index) was high with a median of 11.96% at baseline and decreased to 9.57% without fish oil in PN. Addition of fish oil in PN increased the median Omega-3-Index to 12.75%. EPA-derived and DHA-derived CYP-dependent and LOX-dependent metabolites increased significantly with fish oil in PN, with less pronounced changes in arachidonic acid and its oxylipins. There were no significant changes of inflammation and liver function parameters. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that fish oil-containing PN leads to primarily CYP- and LOX-dependent n-3 PUFA-derived inflammation-dampening oxylipins arising from EPA and DHA. Within this short (16-week) study, there were no significant changes in inflammation and clinical readout parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten H Weylandt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Oncology, Division of Medicine, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology, Brandenburg Medical School and University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, Medical Department, Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjam Karber
- Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Oncology, Division of Medicine, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, Medical Department, Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Yanan Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Metabolism and Oncology, Division of Medicine, University Hospital Ruppin-Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology, Brandenburg Medical School and University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, Medical Department, Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingrid W Zhang
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, Medical Department, Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sophie Pevny
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, Medical Department, Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Blüthner
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, Medical Department, Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Wolf H Schunck
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich F Pape
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, Medical Department, Division of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Asklepios Klinik St. Georg, Asklepios Tumorzentrum, Hamburg, Germany
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11
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What do we know about nutrient-based strategies targeting molecular mechanisms associated with obesity-related fatty liver disease? Ann Hepatol 2023; 28:100874. [PMID: 36371078 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2022.100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for developing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and the associated molecular mechanisms could be targeted with nutrient-based strategies. Therefore, it is necessary to review the current mechanisms to propose further treatments. Obesity facilitates the onset of insulin resistance, lipidic abnormalities, hepatic fat accumulation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammation, all related to further steatosis progression and fibrosis. Microbiota alterations can also influence liver disease by the translocation of pathogenic bacteria, energy extraction from short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), intestinal suppression of the expression of fasting-induced adipose factor (FIAF), reduction of bile acids, and altered choline metabolism. There are also genetic polymorphisms in metabolic proteins that predispose to a higher risk of liver diseases, such as those found in the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3), transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2), membrane-bound O-acyltransferase domain-containing 7 (MBOAT7) or also known as lysophosphatidylinositol acyltransferase 1 (LPIAT1), transmembrane channel-like 4 genes (TMC4), fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO), the b Klotho (KLB) and carboxylesterase (CES1). No clear dietary guidelines target all mechanisms related to NAFLD development and progression. However, energy and carbohydrate intake restriction, regular physical exercise, supplementation of antioxidants, and restoration of gut microbiota seem to have beneficial effects on the new proposed features of NAFLD.
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12
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Ozlu T, Yilmaz Y, Gunes FE. The effects of dietary intervention on fibrosis and biochemical parameters in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. Minerva Gastroenterol (Torino) 2022; 68:426-433. [PMID: 33829726 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5985.21.02809-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) affects nearly one quarter of the world's adult population creating large health loads and economic loads in society with no approved pharmacotherapy found yet. The number of studies showing the effect of nutrition on fibrosis accompanying MAFLD are insufficient. This study was planned with the aim of investigating the effect of nutritional treatment on liver injury. METHODS This research is a prospective, non-medication interventional study completed with 39 participants chosen from MAFLD patients with fibrosis. Post-treatment lasted three months, patients had liver stiffness measurements (LSM), anthropometric measurements and biochemical tests repeated. RESULTS In pre- and post-treatment, there were statistically significant correlations found between LSM with serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) values, and between controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) with Body Mass Index (BMI) and fat mass (P<0.05). Post-treatment, statistically significant improvements were determined in the anthropometric measurements and biochemical findings. Moreover, post-treatment LSM and CAP values showed significant positive correlation compared to pretreatment (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study found dietary interventions have an important place within the scope of fibrosis treatment. Preparation and application of medical nutrition treatment suitable for the clinical features of patients and completing correct lifestyle changes has an ameliorating effect on disease prognosis. There is a need for advanced studies with larger sample groups to further enlighten this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugce Ozlu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey -
| | - Yusuf Yilmaz
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Liver Research Unit, Institute of Gastroenterology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma E Gunes
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Ramos-Lopez O. Multi-Omics Nutritional Approaches Targeting Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:2142. [PMID: 36421817 PMCID: PMC9690481 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a leading global cause of chronic liver disease, and is expected to become one of the most common indications of liver transplantation. MAFLD is associated with obesity, involving multiple mechanisms such as alterations in lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, hyperinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and extracellular matrix formation. However, the onset and progression of MAFLD is variable among individuals, being influenced by intrinsic (personal) and external environmental factors. In this context, sequence structural variants across the human genome, epigenetic phenomena (i.e., DNA methylation, histone modifications, and long non-coding RNAs) affecting gene expression, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and metabolomics/lipidomic fingerprints may account for differences in MAFLD outcomes through interactions with nutritional features. This knowledge may contribute to gaining a deeper understanding of the molecular and physiological processes underlying MAFLD pathogenesis and phenotype heterogeneity, as well as facilitating the identification of biomarkers of disease progression and therapeutic targets for the implementation of tailored nutritional strategies. This comprehensive literature review highlights the potential of nutrigenetic, nutriepigenetic, nutrimetagenomic, nutritranscriptomics, and nutrimetabolomic approaches for the prevention and management of MAFLD in humans through the lens of precision nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Ramos-Lopez
- Medicine and Psychology School, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana 22390, Mexico
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14
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Roeb E, Canbay A, Bantel H, Bojunga J, de Laffolie J, Demir M, Denzer UW, Geier A, Hofmann WP, Hudert C, Karlas T, Krawczyk M, Longerich T, Luedde T, Roden M, Schattenberg J, Sterneck M, Tannapfel A, Lorenz P, Tacke F. Aktualisierte S2k-Leitlinie nicht-alkoholische Fettlebererkrankung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS) – April 2022 – AWMF-Registernummer: 021–025. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2022; 60:1346-1421. [PMID: 36100202 DOI: 10.1055/a-1880-2283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Roeb
- Gastroenterologie, Medizinische Klinik II, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg, Gießen, Deutschland
| | - A Canbay
- Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Deutschland
| | - H Bantel
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Endokrinologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH), Hannover, Deutschland
| | - J Bojunga
- Medizinische Klinik I Gastroent., Hepat., Pneum., Endokrin., Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Deutschland
| | - J de Laffolie
- Allgemeinpädiatrie und Neonatologie, Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg, Gießen, Deutschland
| | - M Demir
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum und Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - U W Denzer
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie und Endokrinologie, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg, Marburg, Deutschland
| | - A Geier
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Schwerpunkt Hepatologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Deutschland
| | - W P Hofmann
- Gastroenterologie am Bayerischen Platz - Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - C Hudert
- Klinik für Pädiatrie m. S. Gastroenterologie, Nephrologie und Stoffwechselmedizin, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - T Karlas
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Onkologie, Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie, Pneumologie und Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Deutschland
| | - M Krawczyk
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Gastroent., Hepat., Endokrin., Diabet., Ern.med., Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Deutschland
| | - T Longerich
- Pathologisches Institut, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - T Luedde
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | - M Roden
- Klinik für Endokrinologie und Diabetologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | - J Schattenberg
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Deutschland
| | - M Sterneck
- Klinik für Hepatobiliäre Chirurgie und Transplantationschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - A Tannapfel
- Institut für Pathologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Deutschland
| | - P Lorenz
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS), Berlin, Deutschland
| | - F Tacke
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum und Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Deutschland
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15
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Updated S2k Clinical Practice Guideline on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) issued by the German Society of Gastroenterology, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases (DGVS) - April 2022 - AWMF Registration No.: 021-025. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2022; 60:e733-e801. [PMID: 36100201 DOI: 10.1055/a-1880-2388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
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16
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Chew NW, Chong B, Ng CH, Kong G, Chin YH, Xiao W, Lee M, Dan YY, Muthiah MD, Foo R. The genetic interactions between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular diseases. Front Genet 2022; 13:971484. [PMID: 36035124 PMCID: PMC9399730 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.971484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing debate on whether non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an active contributor or an innocent bystander in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has sparked interests in understanding the common mediators between the two biologically distinct entities. This comprehensive review identifies and curates genetic studies of NAFLD overlapping with CVD, and describes the colinear as well as opposing correlations between genetic associations for the two diseases. Here, CVD described in relation to NAFLD are coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation. Unique findings of this review included certain NAFLD susceptibility genes that possessed cardioprotective properties. Moreover, the complex interactions of genetic and environmental risk factors shed light on the disparity in genetic influence on NAFLD and its incident CVD. This serves to unravel NAFLD-mediated pathways in order to reduce CVD events, and helps identify targeted treatment strategies, develop polygenic risk scores to improve risk prediction and personalise disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W.S. Chew
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Nicholas W.S. Chew, ; Roger Foo,
| | - Bryan Chong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheng Han Ng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gwyneth Kong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yip Han Chin
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wang Xiao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency of Science Technology and Research, Bipolis way, Singapore
| | - Mick Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency of Science Technology and Research, Bipolis way, Singapore
| | - Yock Young Dan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark D. Muthiah
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roger Foo
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Disease Translational Research Programme, National University Health Systems, Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency of Science Technology and Research, Bipolis way, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Nicholas W.S. Chew, ; Roger Foo,
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17
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Šmíd V, Dvořák K, Šedivý P, Kosek V, Leníček M, Dezortová M, Hajšlová J, Hájek M, Vítek L, Bechyňská K, Brůha R. Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Lipid Metabolism in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome and NAFLD. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:1336-1349. [PMID: 35147302 PMCID: PMC9134818 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3-PUFAs) have been reported to ameliorate the progression of NAFLD in experimental studies; however, clinical trials have yielded contradictory results. The aim of our study was to assess the effects of n-3-PUFA administration on lipid metabolism and the progression of NAFLD in patients with metabolic syndrome. Sixty patients with metabolic syndrome and NAFLD were randomized in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial (3.6 g/day n-3-PUFA vs. placebo). During the 1-year follow-up, the patients underwent periodic clinical and laboratory examinations, liver stiffness measurements, magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the liver, and plasma lipidomic analyses. After 12 months of n-3-PUFA administration, a significant decrease in serum GGT activity was recorded compared with the placebo group (2.03 ± 2.8 vs. 1.43 ± 1.6; P < 0.05). Although no significant changes in anthropometric parameters were recorded, a significant correlation between the reduction of liver fat after 12 months of treatment-and weight reduction-was observed; furthermore, this effect was clearly potentiated by n-3-PUFA treatment (P < 0.005). In addition, n-3-PUFA treatment resulted in substantial changes in the plasma lipidome, with n-3-PUFA-enriched triacylglycerols and phospholipids being the most expressed lipid signatures. Conclusion: Twelve months of n-3-PUFA treatment of patients with NAFLD patients was associated with a significant decrease in GGT activity, the liver fat reduction in those who reduced their weight, and beneficial changes in the plasma lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Šmíd
- Fourth Department of Internal MedicineFirst Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in PragueCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Karel Dvořák
- Fourth Department of Internal MedicineFirst Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in PragueCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Petr Šedivý
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyInstitute for Clinical and Experimental MedicinePragueCzech Republic
| | - Vít Kosek
- Department of Food Analysis and NutritionUniversity of Chemistry and TechnologyPragueCzech Republic
| | - Martin Leníček
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory DiagnosticsFirst Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in PragueCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Monika Dezortová
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyInstitute for Clinical and Experimental MedicinePragueCzech Republic
| | - Jana Hajšlová
- Department of Food Analysis and NutritionUniversity of Chemistry and TechnologyPragueCzech Republic
| | - Milan Hájek
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyInstitute for Clinical and Experimental MedicinePragueCzech Republic
| | - Libor Vítek
- Fourth Department of Internal MedicineFirst Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in PragueCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory DiagnosticsFirst Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in PragueCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Kamila Bechyňská
- Department of Food Analysis and NutritionUniversity of Chemistry and TechnologyPragueCzech Republic
| | - Radan Brůha
- Fourth Department of Internal MedicineFirst Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in PragueCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
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18
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphism of Genes Associated with Metabolic Fatty Liver Disease. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:9282557. [PMID: 35154322 PMCID: PMC8831055 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9282557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aims The present study aimed to reveal the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of PNPLA3, TM6SF2, MBOAT7, GATAD2A, and STAT3 genes and metabolism-related fatty liver disease (MAFLD), so as to provide a research basis for further exploring the diagnosis and treatment of diseases at the molecular level. Methods A total of 564 patients were included in the physical examination center of Xinjiang Karamay People's Hospital. They were divided into an MAFLD case group and a healthy control group. The whole blood DNA of each sample was extracted by a whole blood genomic DNA extraction kit, and the genotypes of PNPLA3 rs738409, MBOAT7 rs64173, STAT3 rs744166, TM6SF2 rs58542926, and GATAD2A rs4808199 were performed; after adjusting for confounding factors, the additive model, dominant model, and recessive model of each gene were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. Results The CC genotype of the PNPLA3 gene rs738409 and the TT genotype of the MBOAT7 gene rs64173 are risk factors in the occurrence of MAFLD. The AA genotype of the STAT3 gene rs744166 is a protective factor of MAFLD, while TM6SF2 rs58542926 and GATAD2A rs4808199 show no significant correlation with MAFLD.
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Xue WY, Zhang L, Liu CM, Gao Y, Li SJ, Huai ZY, Dai J, Wang YY. Research progress on the relationship between TM6SF2 rs58542926 polymorphism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 16:97-107. [PMID: 35057689 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2022.2032661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a common liver disease with a global average prevalence of about 25%. In addition to the incidence of NAFLD being related to obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, etc., genetic factors also have an important impact on the incidence of NAFLD. AREAS COVERED Current experimental results and clinical studies show that the transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) gene plays an important role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. The research on genetic polymorphism of TM6SF2 gene mainly focuses on rs58542926 locus (rs58542926 c.449 C > T, p. Glu167Lys, E167K). The Mutations of this site might increase the risk of NAFLD in carriers. EXPERT OPINION The mutation of this site causes the disorder of triglyceride metabolism in the liver, which leads to the deposition of a large amount of lipids in the liver, and further induces the incidence of NAFLD. With the study of the mechanism of TM6SF2 gene polymorphism in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, it is helpful to understand the molecular mechanism of the pathogenesis of NAFLD, which has a great value for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ying Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Chuan-Miao Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yu Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Shu-Jing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Zi-You Huai
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Dai
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
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Che W, Zhao M, Li X, Li C, Cho WC, Yu S. Current insights in molecular characterization of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1002916. [PMID: 36523601 PMCID: PMC9744925 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1002916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a continuously rising incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) around the world, which parallels the increasing incidence of metabolic diseases. NAFLD is a range of liver conditions that contains simple non-alcoholic fatty liver and advanced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. In serious cases, NAFLD may develop into cirrhosis or even liver cancer. NAFLD has an intense relationship with metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is known that gut microbiota, and functional molecules such as adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase JNK, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in progressing and treating NAFLD. Traditionally, the conventional and effective therapeutic strategy is lifestyle intervention. Nowadays, new medicines targeting specific molecules, such as farnesoid X receptor, PPARs, and GLP-1 receptor, have been discovered and shown beneficial effects on patients with NAFLD. In this article, we focus on the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches to NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Che
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunlong Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Chunlong Li, ; William C. Cho, ; ; Shan Yu,
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Chunlong Li, ; William C. Cho, ; ; Shan Yu,
| | - Shan Yu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Chunlong Li, ; William C. Cho, ; ; Shan Yu,
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Li XY, Liu Z, Li L, Wang HJ, Wang H. TM6SF2 rs58542926 is related to hepatic steatosis, fibrosis and serum lipids both in adults and children: A meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1026901. [PMID: 36353245 PMCID: PMC9637980 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1026901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Findings about the associations between transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) rs58542926 and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease have not been consistently replicated, particularly in steatosis and fibrosis. The present study aimed to investigate the associations between the rs58542926T allele and the spectrum of NAFLD and its related metabolic phenotypes. METHODS Systematic literature research was performed to analyse the associations between rs58542926 and the spectrum of NAFLD and its related metabolic phenotypes. A random effects meta-analysis with a dominant genetic model was applied. RESULTS Data from 123,800 individuals across 44 studies were included in the current meta-analysis.rs58542926 T allele was associated with an increased risk of NAFLD in both adults (OR=1.62; 95% CI: 1.40, 1.86) and children (OR=2.87; 95% CI: 1.85, 4.46). Children had a stronger association with NAFLD (P=0.01). rs58542926 T allele was also positively associated with steatosis progression (mean difference=0.22; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.39) and fibrosis stage (OR=1.50; 95% CI: 1.20, 1.88) in adults. The TM6SF2 rs58542926 T allele was positively associated with ALT in both adults and children (both P<0.01) and only with higher AST in adults (P<0.01). The rs58542926 T allele was negatively associated with serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides (TGs) in both adults and children (all P<0.01).The serum level of TG was much lower in adults than in children (P<0.01). CONCLUSION TM6SF2 rs58542926 is involved in the entire spectrum of NAFLD and its related metabolic phenotype, and differences in serum lipid levels were observed between adults and children. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42021288163.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ying Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Hai-Jun Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Wang,
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Lee WM, Bae JH, Chang Y, Lee SH, Moon JE, Jeong SW, Jang JY, Kim SG, Kim HS, Yoo JJ, Kim YS. Effect of Nutrition Education in NAFLD Patients Undergoing Simultaneous Hyperlipidemia Pharmacotherapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:4453. [PMID: 34960005 PMCID: PMC8709046 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have a high prevalence of combined hyperlipidemia. The importance of nutritional education is well-known in NAFLD, but the impact of medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is unclear in patients with NAFLD with hyperlipidemia. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of MNT on the improvement of steatohepatitis in patients with NAFLD taking antihyperlipidemic medications. METHODS Nondiabetic patients with dyslipidemia were prospectively randomized (1:1) either to the MNT group or the control group with standard advice for 48 weeks with simultaneous statin/ezetimibe combination pharmacotherapy at three tertiary centers in Korea. RESULTS Sixty-six patients were enrolled. Among them, 18 patients dropped out and, overall, 48 patients (MNT group 27, control group 21) were prospectively analyzed in the study. The serum ALT level at 48 weeks between the two groups was not significantly different (66.6 ± 37.7 IU/L vs. 57.4 ± 36.7 IU/L, p = 0.40). Serum liver enzymes, controlled attenuation parameter and fibrosis-4 index were significantly improved within the MNT group after 48 weeks compared to baseline. There was no significant difference between the two groups other than the NAFLD fibrosis score (p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS Although there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of steatosis, metabolic and fibrosis surrogate indicators after 48 weeks, MNT groups showed significant improvement within patient analysis over time. Future studies with a larger number of subjects and a longer study period regarding the effect of MNT are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Myung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Digestive Disease Center and Research Institute, SoonChunHyang University School of Medicine, Bucheon 14584, Korea; (W.M.L.); (S.G.K.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Jea Hurn Bae
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, SoonChunHyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Korea;
| | - Young Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, SoonChunHyang University School of Medicine, Seoul 04401, Korea; (Y.C.); (S.W.J.); (J.Y.J.)
| | - Sae Hwan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, SoonChunHyang University School of Medicine, Cheonan 31151, Korea; (S.H.L.); (H.S.K.)
| | - Ji Eun Moon
- Clinical Trial Center, Department of Biostatistics, SoonChunHyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Korea;
| | - Soung Won Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, SoonChunHyang University School of Medicine, Seoul 04401, Korea; (Y.C.); (S.W.J.); (J.Y.J.)
| | - Jae Young Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, SoonChunHyang University School of Medicine, Seoul 04401, Korea; (Y.C.); (S.W.J.); (J.Y.J.)
| | - Sang Gyune Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Digestive Disease Center and Research Institute, SoonChunHyang University School of Medicine, Bucheon 14584, Korea; (W.M.L.); (S.G.K.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Hong Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, SoonChunHyang University School of Medicine, Cheonan 31151, Korea; (S.H.L.); (H.S.K.)
| | - Jeong-Ju Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Digestive Disease Center and Research Institute, SoonChunHyang University School of Medicine, Bucheon 14584, Korea; (W.M.L.); (S.G.K.); (Y.S.K.)
| | - Young Seok Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Digestive Disease Center and Research Institute, SoonChunHyang University School of Medicine, Bucheon 14584, Korea; (W.M.L.); (S.G.K.); (Y.S.K.)
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Martínez-Montoro JI, Cornejo-Pareja I, Gómez-Pérez AM, Tinahones FJ. Impact of Genetic Polymorphism on Response to Therapy in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:4077. [PMID: 34836332 PMCID: PMC8625016 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, the global prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has reached pandemic proportions with derived major health and socioeconomic consequences; this tendency is expected to be further aggravated in the coming years. Obesity, insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes mellitus, sedentary lifestyle, increased caloric intake and genetic predisposition constitute the main risk factors associated with the development and progression of the disease. Importantly, the interaction between the inherited genetic background and some unhealthy dietary patterns has been postulated to have an essential role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Weight loss through lifestyle modifications is considered the cornerstone of the treatment for NAFLD and the inter-individual variability in the response to some dietary approaches may be conditioned by the presence of different single nucleotide polymorphisms. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on the influence of the association between genetic susceptibility and dietary habits in NAFLD pathophysiology, as well as the role of gene polymorphism in the response to lifestyle interventions and the potential interaction between nutritional genomics and other emerging therapies for NAFLD, such as bariatric surgery and several pharmacologic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ignacio Martínez-Montoro
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.I.M.-M.); (F.J.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Isabel Cornejo-Pareja
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana María Gómez-Pérez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.I.M.-M.); (F.J.T.)
| | - Francisco J. Tinahones
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.I.M.-M.); (F.J.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Vilarinho S, Ajmera V, Zheng M, Loomba R. Emerging Role of Genomic Analysis in Clinical Evaluation of Lean Individuals With NAFLD. Hepatology 2021; 74:2241-2250. [PMID: 34233030 PMCID: PMC8463418 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Whereas the rising prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely related with the global obesity epidemic, up to 10–20% of individuals with NAFLD are lean as defined by a body mass index of < 25 kg/m2, or < 23 kg/m2 in Asians. This entity designated as “lean NAFLD” is estimated to affect 8 to 10 million individuals in the United States alone. Here, we review the emerging data on the epidemiology, natural history and prognosis of lean NAFLD and put forward a diagnostic approach that combines detailed clinical phenotyping with genomic analysis. We propose two subtypes of lean NAFLD referred to as type 1: individuals with visceral adiposity and insulin resistance but normal BMI; and type 2: lean individuals with hepatic steatosis secondary to a known or unknown monogenic disease. We envision that incorporation of genomic analysis in the diagnostic algorithm of lean patients with NAFLD will elucidate the contribution of common genetic variants through the calculation of NAFLD polygenic risk score and also characterize the diverse array of rare monogenic diseases that can lead to triglyceride accumulation in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. Collectively, the integration of a molecular diagnosis in the clinical evaluation of patients with lean NAFLD will provide an accurate diagnosis, with possible targeted therapies and may uncover novel molecular mechanisms with potential broader therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Vilarinho
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Veeral Ajmera
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology. University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Melanie Zheng
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology. University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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The complex link between NAFLD and type 2 diabetes mellitus - mechanisms and treatments. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:599-612. [PMID: 33972770 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. NAFLD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are known to frequently coexist and act synergistically to increase the risk of adverse (hepatic and extra-hepatic) clinical outcomes. T2DM is also one of the strongest risk factors for the faster progression of NAFLD to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. However, the link between NAFLD and T2DM is more complex than previously believed. Strong evidence indicates that NAFLD is associated with an approximate twofold higher risk of developing T2DM, irrespective of obesity and other common metabolic risk factors. This risk parallels the severity of NAFLD, such that patients with more advanced stages of liver fibrosis are at increased risk of incident T2DM. In addition, the improvement or resolution of NAFLD (on ultrasonography) is associated with a reduction of T2DM risk, adding weight to causality and suggesting that liver-focused treatments might reduce the risk of developing T2DM. This Review describes the evidence of an association and causal link between NAFLD and T2DM, discusses the putative pathophysiological mechanisms linking NAFLD to T2DM and summarizes the current pharmacological treatments for NAFLD or T2DM that might benefit or adversely affect the risk of T2DM or NAFLD progression.
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Kang SH, Lee HW, Yoo JJ, Cho Y, Kim SU, Lee TH, Jang BK, Kim SG, Ahn SB, Kim H, Jun DW, Choi JI, Song DS, Kim W, Jeong SW, Kim MY, Koh H, Jeong S, Lee JW, Cho YK. KASL clinical practice guidelines: Management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol 2021; 27:363-401. [PMID: 34154309 PMCID: PMC8273632 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2021.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hee Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul Korea
| | - Jeong-Ju Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, SoonChunHyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Yuri Cho
- Center for Liver and Pancreatobiliary Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Seung Up Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul Korea
| | - Tae Hee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Byoung Kuk Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Gyune Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, SoonChunHyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Sang Bong Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Haeryoung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Won Jun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon-Il Choi
- Department of Radiology, Seoul St.Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Seon Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soung Won Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Hong Koh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sujin Jeong
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yong Kyun Cho
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Assessing Interactions between PNPLA3 and Dietary Intake on Liver Steatosis in Mexican-Origin Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18137055. [PMID: 34280991 PMCID: PMC8296936 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mexican-origin (MO) adults have among the highest rates of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) placing them at increased risk of liver cancer. Evidence suggests that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the PNPLA3 gene, rs738409, increases the risk and progression of NAFLD and may modify the relationship between certain dietary factors and liver steatosis. The purpose of this study was to identify whether interactions exist between specific dietary factors and rs738409 genotype status among MO adults in relation to levels of liver steatosis. We analyzed cross-sectional data from a sample of 288 MO adults. Participants completed at least two 24-h dietary recalls. Multiple linear regression was performed assuming an additive genetic model to test the main effects of several dietary variables on levels of hepatic steatosis, adjusting for covariates. To test for effect modification, the product of the genotype and the dietary variable was included as a covariate in the model. No significant association between dietary intake and level of hepatic steatosis was observed, nor any significant gene-diet interactions. Our findings suggest that dietary intake may have the same magnitude of protective or deleterious effect even among MO adults with high genetic risk for NAFLD and NAFLD progression.
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Dongiovanni P, Paolini E, Corsini A, Sirtori CR, Ruscica M. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease diagnoses and cardiovascular diseases: From epidemiology to drug approaches. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13519. [PMID: 33583033 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A consensus of experts has proposed to replace the term nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), whose global prevalence is 25%, with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), to describe more appropriately the liver disease related to metabolic derangements. MAFLD is closely intertwined with type 2 diabetes, obesity, dyslipidaemia, all linked to a rise in the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVDs). Since controversy still stands on whether or not NAFLD/MAFLD raises the odds of CVD, the present review aims to evaluate the impact of NAFLD/MAFLD aetiologies on CV health and the potential correction by dietary and drug approaches. RESULTS Epidemiological studies indicate that NAFLD raises risk of fatal or non-fatal CVD events. NAFLD patients have a higher prevalence of arterial plaques and stiffness, coronary calcification, and endothelial dysfunction. Although genetic and environmental factors strongly contribute to NAFLD pathogenesis, a Mendelian randomization analysis indicated that the PNPLA3 genetic variant leading to NAFLD may not be causally associated with CVD risk. Among other genetic variants related to NAFLD, TM6SF2 appears to be protective, whereas MBOAT7 may favour venous thromboembolism. CONCLUSIONS NAFLD is correlated to a higher CVD risk which may be ameliorated by dietary interventions. This is not surprising, since new criteria defining MAFLD include other metabolic risk abnormalities fuelling development of serious adverse extrahepatic outcomes, for example CVD. The present lack of a targeted pharmacological approach makes the identification of patients with liver disease at higher CVD risk (eg diabetes, hypertension, obesity or high levels of C-reactive protein) of major clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Erika Paolini
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Multimedica IRCCS, Sesto San Giovanni (MI), Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare R Sirtori
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Secure and optimized detection of PNPLA3 rs738409 genotype by an improved PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Biotechniques 2021; 70:345-349. [PMID: 33956487 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2020-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The PNPLA3 reference single-nucleotide polymorphism rs738409 has been identified as a predisposing factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. A simple method based on PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis had been published to detect the nonpathogenic allele PNPLA3 rs738409 variant. The presence of the pathogenic variant was deduced by the indigestibility of the corresponding PCR product with BtsCI recognizing the nonpathogenic allele. However, one cannot exclude that an enzymatic reaction does not occur for other, more trivial, reasons. For safe and secure detection of the pathogenic PNPLA3 rs738409, we have further developed the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method by adding a second restriction enzyme digest, clearly identifying the correct PNPLA3 alleles and in particular the pathogenic variant.
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Bianco C, Casirati E, Malvestiti F, Valenti L. Genetic predisposition similarities between NASH and ASH: Identification of new therapeutic targets. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100284. [PMID: 34027340 PMCID: PMC8122117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver disease can be triggered by a combination of excess alcohol, dysmetabolism and other environmental cues, which can lead to steatohepatitis and can evolve to acute/chronic liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma, especially in the presence of shared inherited determinants. The recent identification of the genetic causes of steatohepatitis is revealing new avenues for more effective risk stratification. Discovery of the mechanisms underpinning the detrimental effect of causal mutations has led to some breakthroughs in the comprehension of the pathophysiology of steatohepatitis. Thanks to this approach, hepatocellular fat accumulation, altered lipid droplet remodelling and lipotoxicity have now taken centre stage, while the role of adiposity and gut-liver axis alterations have been independently validated. This process could ignite a virtuous research cycle that, starting from human genomics, through omics approaches, molecular genetics and disease models, may lead to the development of new therapeutics targeted to patients at higher risk. Herein, we also review how this knowledge has been applied to: a) the study of the main PNPLA3 I148M risk variant, up to the stage of the first in-human therapeutic trials; b) highlight a role of MBOAT7 downregulation and lysophosphatidyl-inositol in steatohepatitis; c) identify IL-32 as a candidate mediator linking lipotoxicity to inflammation and liver disease. Although this precision medicine drug discovery pipeline is mainly being applied to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, there is hope that successful products could be repurposed to treat alcohol-related liver disease as well.
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Key Words
- AA, arachidonic acid
- ASH, alcoholic steatohepatitis
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- DNL, de novo lipogenesis
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FFAs, free fatty acids
- FGF19, fibroblast growth factor 19
- FLD, fatty liver disease
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- GCKR, glucokinase regulator
- GPR55, G protein-coupled receptor 55
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HFE, homeostatic iron regulator
- HSC, hepatic stellate cells
- HSD17B13, hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 13
- IL-, interleukin-
- IL32
- LDs, lipid droplets
- LPI, lysophosphatidyl-inositol
- MARC1, mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component 1
- MBOAT7
- MBOAT7, membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain-containing 7
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- PNPLA3
- PNPLA3, patatin like phospholipase domain containing 3
- PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- PRS, polygenic risk score
- PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids
- SREBP, sterol response element binding protein
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-α
- alcoholic liver disease
- cirrhosis
- fatty liver disease
- genetics
- interleukin-32
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- precision medicine
- steatohepatitis
- therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Bianco
- Precision Medicine - Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elia Casirati
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Malvestiti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Valenti
- Precision Medicine - Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Choudhary NS, Duseja A. Genetic and epigenetic disease modifiers: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 6:2. [PMID: 33409397 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2019.09.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-individual and inter-ethnic differences and difference in the severity and progression of liver disease among patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) suggests the involvement of genetic and epigenetic factors in their pathogenesis. This article reviews the genetic and epigenetic modifiers in patients with NAFLD and ALD. Evidence regarding the genetic and epigenetic disease modifiers of NAFLD and ALD was reviewed by searching the available literature. Both genome wide association studies (GWAS) and candidate gene studies pertaining to the pathogenesis in both diseases were included. Clinical implications of the available information are also discussed. Several studies have shown association of both NAFLD and ALD with I148M PNPLA3 variant. In addition to the higher prevalence of hepatic steatosis, the I148M PNPLA3 variant is also associated with severity of liver disease and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). TM6SF2 is the other genetic variant shown to be significantly associated with hepatic steatosis and cirrhosis in patients with NAFLD and ALD. The Membrane bound O-acyltransferase domain-containing 7 (MBOAT7) genetic variant is also associated with both NAFLD and ALD. In addition to these mutations, several variants related to the genes involved in glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammatory pathways, fibrosis have also been shown to be the disease modifiers in patients with NAFLD and ALD. Epigenetics involving several micro RNAs and DNA methylation could also modify the disease course in NAFLD and ALD. In conclusion the available literature suggests that genetics and epigenetics are involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and ALD which may affect the disease prevalence, severity and response to treatment in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Singh Choudhary
- Institute of Liver Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Medanta, The Medicity, Gurgaon, Delhi (NCR), India
| | - Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Nutrients, Genetic Factors, and Their Interaction in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228761. [PMID: 33228237 PMCID: PMC7699550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in Western countries and expose patients to increased risk of hepatic and cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. Both environmental factors and genetic predisposition contribute to the risk. An inappropriate diet, rich in refined carbohydrates, especially fructose, and saturated fats, and poor in fibers, polyunsaturated fats, and vitamins is one of the main key factors, as well as the polymorphism of patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3 gene) for NAFLD and the apolipoproteins and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family for the cardiovascular damage. Beyond genetic influence, also epigenetics modifications are responsible for various clinical manifestations of both hepatic and CV disease. Interestingly, data are accumulating on the interplay between diet and genetic and epigenetic modifications, modulating pathogenetic pathways in NAFLD and CV disease. We report the main evidence from literature on the influence of both macro and micronutrients in NAFLD and CV damage and the role of genetics either alone or combined with diet in increasing the risk of developing both diseases. Understanding the interaction between metabolic alterations, genetics and diet are essential to treat the diseases and tailoring nutritional therapy to control NAFLD and CV risk.
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Banini BA, Kumar DP, Cazanave S, Seneshaw M, Mirshahi F, Santhekadur PK, Wang L, Guan HP, Oseini A, Alonso C, Bedossa P, Koduru SV, Min HK, Sanyal AJ. Identification of a Metabolic, Transcriptomic, and Molecular Signature of Patatin-Like Phospholipase Domain Containing 3-Mediated Acceleration of Steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2020; 73:1290-1306. [PMID: 33131062 PMCID: PMC8046714 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The mechanisms by which the I148M mutant variant of the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3I148M ) drives development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are not known. The aim of this study was to obtain insights on mechanisms underlying PNPLA3I148M -induced acceleration of NASH. APPROACH AND RESULTS Hepatocyte-specific overexpression of empty vector (luciferase), human wild-type PNPLA3, or PNPLA3I148M was achieved using adeno-associated virus 8 in a diet-induced mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease followed by chow diet or high-fat Western diet with ad libitum administration of sugar in drinking water (WDSW) for 8 weeks. Under WDSW, PNPLA3I148M overexpression accelerated steatohepatitis with increased steatosis, inflammation ballooning, and fibrosis (P < 0.001 versus other groups for all). Silencing PNPLA3I148M after its initial overexpression abrogated these findings. PNPLA3I148M caused 22:6n3 docosahexanoic acid depletion and increased ceramides under WDSW in addition to increasing triglycerides and diglycerides, especially enriched with unsaturated fatty acids. It also increased oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Increased total ceramides was associated with signature of transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation with downstream activation of multiple immune-inflammatory pathways at a transcriptomic level by network analyses. Silencing PNPLA3I148M reversed STAT3 activation. Conditioned media from HepG2 cells overexpressing PNPLA3I148M increased procollagen mRNA expression in LX2 cells; this was abrogated by hepatocyte STAT3 inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Under WDSW, PNPLA3I148M overexpression promotes steatosis and NASH by metabolic reprogramming characterized by increased triglycerides and diglycerides, n3 polyunsaturated fatty acid depletion, and increased ceramides with resultant STAT3 phosphorylation and downstream inflammatory pathway activation driving increased stellate cell fibrogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bubu A Banini
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Divya. P. Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Biochemistry, CEMR, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sophie Cazanave
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Glympse Bio, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mulugeta Seneshaw
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Faridoddin Mirshahi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Prasanna K. Santhekadur
- Department of Biochemistry, CEMR, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - Abdul Oseini
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Cristina Alonso
- OWL Metabolomics, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Pierre Bedossa
- Department of Pathology, Physiology and Imaging, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Srinivas V. Koduru
- Gene Arrays, Entity of Vedic Research, New York, NY, USA,Department of Surgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Hae-Ki Min
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Arun J. Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Trépo E, Valenti L. Update on NAFLD genetics: From new variants to the clinic. J Hepatol 2020; 72:1196-1209. [PMID: 32145256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of liver diseases in high-income countries and the burden of NAFLD is increasing at an alarming rate. The risk of developing NAFLD and related complications is highly variable among individuals and is determined by environmental and genetic factors. Genome-wide association studies have uncovered robust and reproducible associations between variations in genes such as PNPLA3, TM6SF2, MBOAT7, GCKR, HSD17B13 and the natural history of NAFLD. These findings have provided compelling new insights into the biology of NAFLD and highlighted potentially attractive pharmaceutical targets. More recently the development of polygenic risk scores, which have shown promising results for the clinical risk prediction of other complex traits (such as cardiovascular disease and breast cancer), have provided new impetus for the clinical validation of genetic variants in NAFLD risk stratification. Herein, we review current knowledge on the genetic architecture of NAFLD, including gene-environment interactions, and discuss the implications for disease pathobiology, drug discovery and risk prediction. We particularly focus on the potential clinical translation of recent genetic advances, discussing methodological hurdles that must be overcome before these discoveries can be implemented in everyday practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Trépo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatopancreatology and Digestive Oncology, C.U.B. Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Gastroenterology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Luca Valenti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Translational Medicine - Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
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35
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Yuan L, Terrrault NA. PNPLA3 and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: towards personalized medicine for fatty liver. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2020; 9:353-356. [PMID: 32509828 DOI: 10.21037/hbsn.2019.10.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Yuan
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Norah A Terrrault
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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36
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Carlsson B, Lindén D, Brolén G, Liljeblad M, Bjursell M, Romeo S, Loomba R. Review article: the emerging role of genetics in precision medicine for patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020; 51:1305-1320. [PMID: 32383295 PMCID: PMC7318322 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) characterised by liver fat accumulation, inflammation and progressive fibrosis. Emerging data indicate that genetic susceptibility increases risks of NAFLD, NASH and NASH-related cirrhosis. AIMS To review NASH genetics and discuss the potential for precision medicine approaches to treatment. METHOD PubMed search and inclusion of relevant literature. RESULTS Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in PNPLA3, TM6SF2, GCKR, MBOAT7 and HSD17B13 are clearly associated with NASH development or progression. These genetic variants are common and have moderate-to-large effect sizes for development of NAFLD, NASH and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The genes play roles in lipid remodelling in lipid droplets, hepatic very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion and de novo lipogenesis. The PNPLA3 I148M variant (rs738409) has large effects, with approximately twofold increased odds of NAFLD and threefold increased odds of NASH and HCC per allele. Obesity interacts with PNPLA3 I148M to elevate liver fat content and increase rates of NASH. Although the isoleucine-to-methionine substitution at amino acid position 148 of the PNPLA3 enzyme inactivates its lipid remodelling activity, the effect of PNPLA3 I148M results from trans-repression of another lipase (ATGL/PNPLA2) by sequestration of a shared cofactor (CGI-58/ABHD5), leading to decreased hepatic lipolysis and VLDL secretion. In homozygous Pnpla3 I148M knock-in rodent models of NAFLD, targeted PNPLA3 mRNA knockdown reduces hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. CONCLUSION The emerging genetic and molecular understanding of NASH paves the way for novel interventions, including precision medicines that can modulate the activity of specific genes associated with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Carlsson
- Research and Early DevelopmentCardiovascular, Renal and MetabolismBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Daniel Lindén
- Research and Early DevelopmentCardiovascular, Renal and MetabolismBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden,Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of Neuroscience and PhysiologySahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Gabriella Brolén
- Precision MedicineCardiovascular, Renal and MetabolismR&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Mathias Liljeblad
- Research and Early DevelopmentCardiovascular, Renal and MetabolismBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Mikael Bjursell
- Research and Early DevelopmentCardiovascular, Renal and MetabolismBioPharmaceuticals R&DAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Stefano Romeo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden,Clinical Nutrition UnitDepartment of Medical and Surgical SciencesMagna Graecia UniversityCatanzaroItaly,Cardiology DepartmentSahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburgSweden
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research CenterDivision of GastroenterologyUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoCAUSA
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Meroni M, Longo M, Rustichelli A, Dongiovanni P. Nutrition and Genetics in NAFLD: The Perfect Binomium. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082986. [PMID: 32340286 PMCID: PMC7215858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a global healthcare burden since it is epidemiologically related to obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). It embraces a wide spectrum of hepatic injuries, which include simple steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The susceptibility to develop NAFLD is highly variable and it is influenced by several cues including environmental (i.e., dietary habits and physical activity) and inherited (i.e., genetic/epigenetic) risk factors. Nonetheless, even intestinal microbiota and its by-products play a crucial role in NAFLD pathophysiology. The interaction of dietary exposure with the genome is referred to as 'nutritional genomics,' which encompasses both 'nutrigenetics' and 'nutriepigenomics.' It is focused on revealing the biological mechanisms that entail both the acute and persistent genome-nutrient interactions that influence health and it may represent a promising field of study to improve both clinical and health nutrition practices. Thus, the premise of this review is to discuss the relevance of personalized nutritional advices as a novel therapeutic approach in NAFLD tailored management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (A.R.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Miriam Longo
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (A.R.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Alice Rustichelli
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (A.R.)
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.M.); (M.L.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-5503-3467; Fax: +39-02-5503-4229
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Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a disease regularly seen in clinical practice. At present, CKD is described as a change of kidney structure and/or function and it is classified in relation to cause, values of glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria category. Seeing that CKD is closely linked to the development of end-stage renal disease and other comorbidities, the determination of additional independent predictors for CKD is clinically necessary. At present, there is evidence associating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with CKD, thereby suggesting that NAFLD patients may require intensive surveillance to reduce their risk of CKD. In 2008, genome-wide association studies documented an association between the variant rs738409 (C > G p.I148M) in the patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) gene (mainly implicated in the lipid regulation) and the entire spectrum of NAFLD (i.e., liver steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma). In the last years, accumulating epidemiological evidence suggests the existence of a relationship between PNPLA3 rs738409 and risk of CKD, indicating that rs738409 may also contribute to the kidney injury. This is of particular scientific interest, as such association may explain, at least in part, the epidemiological association between liver and kidney disease. In this narrative review, we will discuss the accumulating evidence regarding the association between PNPLA3 rs738409 and risk of CKD, the putative biological mechanisms underpinning such relationship, and the possible future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mantovani
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Zusi
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy
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Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, Biswas P, Thorpe GC, Moore HJ, Deane KHO, Summerbell CD, Worthington HV, Song F, Hooper L. Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 3:CD003177. [PMID: 32114706 PMCID: PMC7049091 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003177.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from oily fish (long-chain omega-3 (LCn3)), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)), as well as from plants (alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)) may benefit cardiovascular health. Guidelines recommend increasing omega-3-rich foods, and sometimes supplementation, but recent trials have not confirmed this. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of increased intake of fish- and plant-based omega-3 fats for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, adiposity and lipids. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE and Embase to February 2019, plus ClinicalTrials.gov and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry to August 2019, with no language restrictions. We handsearched systematic review references and bibliographies and contacted trial authors. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that lasted at least 12 months and compared supplementation or advice to increase LCn3 or ALA intake, or both, versus usual or lower intake. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion, extracted data and assessed validity. We performed separate random-effects meta-analysis for ALA and LCn3 interventions, and assessed dose-response relationships through meta-regression. MAIN RESULTS We included 86 RCTs (162,796 participants) in this review update and found that 28 were at low summary risk of bias. Trials were of 12 to 88 months' duration and included adults at varying cardiovascular risk, mainly in high-income countries. Most trials assessed LCn3 supplementation with capsules, but some used LCn3- or ALA-rich or enriched foods or dietary advice compared to placebo or usual diet. LCn3 doses ranged from 0.5 g a day to more than 5 g a day (19 RCTs gave at least 3 g LCn3 daily). Meta-analysis and sensitivity analyses suggested little or no effect of increasing LCn3 on all-cause mortality (risk ratio (RR) 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93 to 1.01; 143,693 participants; 11,297 deaths in 45 RCTs; high-certainty evidence), cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.86 to 0.99; 117,837 participants; 5658 deaths in 29 RCTs; moderate-certainty evidence), cardiovascular events (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.01; 140,482 participants; 17,619 people experienced events in 43 RCTs; high-certainty evidence), stroke (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.12; 138,888 participants; 2850 strokes in 31 RCTs; moderate-certainty evidence) or arrhythmia (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.06; 77,990 participants; 4586 people experienced arrhythmia in 30 RCTs; low-certainty evidence). Increasing LCn3 may slightly reduce coronary heart disease mortality (number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 334, RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.00; 127,378 participants; 3598 coronary heart disease deaths in 24 RCTs, low-certainty evidence) and coronary heart disease events (NNTB 167, RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.85 to 0.97; 134,116 participants; 8791 people experienced coronary heart disease events in 32 RCTs, low-certainty evidence). Overall, effects did not differ by trial duration or LCn3 dose in pre-planned subgrouping or meta-regression. There is little evidence of effects of eating fish. Increasing ALA intake probably makes little or no difference to all-cause mortality (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.20; 19,327 participants; 459 deaths in 5 RCTs, moderate-certainty evidence),cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.25; 18,619 participants; 219 cardiovascular deaths in 4 RCTs; moderate-certainty evidence), coronary heart disease mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.26; 18,353 participants; 193 coronary heart disease deaths in 3 RCTs; moderate-certainty evidence) and coronary heart disease events (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.22; 19,061 participants; 397 coronary heart disease events in 4 RCTs; low-certainty evidence). However, increased ALA may slightly reduce risk of cardiovascular disease events (NNTB 500, RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.07; but RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.04 in RCTs at low summary risk of bias; 19,327 participants; 884 cardiovascular disease events in 5 RCTs; low-certainty evidence), and probably slightly reduces risk of arrhythmia (NNTB 91, RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.97; 4912 participants; 173 events in 2 RCTs; moderate-certainty evidence). Effects on stroke are unclear. Increasing LCn3 and ALA had little or no effect on serious adverse events, adiposity, lipids and blood pressure, except increasing LCn3 reduced triglycerides by ˜15% in a dose-dependent way (high-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This is the most extensive systematic assessment of effects of omega-3 fats on cardiovascular health to date. Moderate- and low-certainty evidence suggests that increasing LCn3 slightly reduces risk of coronary heart disease mortality and events, and reduces serum triglycerides (evidence mainly from supplement trials). Increasing ALA slightly reduces risk of cardiovascular events and arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa S Abdelhamid
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Tracey J Brown
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Julii S Brainard
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Priti Biswas
- University of East AngliaMED/HSCNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Gabrielle C Thorpe
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesEarlham RoadNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Helen J Moore
- Teesside UniversitySchool of Social Sciences, Humanities and LawMiddlesboroughUKTS1 3BA
| | - Katherine HO Deane
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesEarlham RoadNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Carolyn D Summerbell
- Durham UniversityDepartment of Sport and Exercise Sciences42 Old ElvetDurhamUKDH13HN
| | - Helen V Worthington
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of ManchesterCochrane Oral HealthCoupland Building 3Oxford RoadManchesterUKM13 9PL
| | - Fujian Song
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Lee Hooper
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
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40
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Romeo S, Sanyal A, Valenti L. Leveraging Human Genetics to Identify Potential New Treatments for Fatty Liver Disease. Cell Metab 2020; 31:35-45. [PMID: 31914377 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fatty liver disease (FLD), including its more severe pathologies, namely steatohepatitis, hepatocarcinoma, and cirrhosis, is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and is projected to become the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma and end-stage liver disease. FLD is heterogeneous with multiple etiologies and diverse histological phenotypes, so therapies will ultimately need to be individualized for relevant targets. Inherited factors contribute to FLD, and most of the genetic variation influencing liver disease development and progression is derived from genes involved in lipid biology, including PNPLA3, TM6SF2, GCKR, MBOAT7, and HSD17B13. From this point of view, we focus in this perspective on how human molecular genetics of FLD have highlighted defects in hepatic lipid handling as a major common mechanism of its pathology and how this insight could be leveraged to treat and prevent its more serious complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Romeo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy; Cardiology Department, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Arun Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Luca Valenti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Translational Medicine, Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Pad Marangoni, Milan, Italy.
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Gawrieh S, Guo X, Tan J, Lauzon M, Taylor KD, Loomba R, Cummings OW, Pillai S, Bhatnagar P, Kowdley KV, Yates K, Wilson LA, Chen YDI, Rotter JI, Chalasani N. A Pilot Genome-Wide Analysis Study Identifies Loci Associated With Response to Obeticholic Acid in Patients With NASH. Hepatol Commun 2019; 3:1571-1584. [PMID: 31832568 PMCID: PMC6887685 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A significantly higher proportion of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) who received obeticholic acid (OCA) had histological improvement relative to placebo in the FLINT (farnesoid X nuclear receptor ligand obeticholic acid for noncirrhotic, NASH treatment) trial. However, genetic predictors of response to OCA are unknown. We conducted a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) in FLINT participants to identify variants associated with NASH resolution and fibrosis improvement. Genotyping was performed using the Omni2.5 content GWAS chip. To avoid false positives introduced by population stratification, we focused our GWAS on white participants. Six regions on chromosomes 1, 4, 6, 7, 15, and 17 had multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with suggestive association (P < 1 × 10-4) with NASH resolution. A sentinel SNP, rs75508464, near CELA3B on chromosome 1 was associated with NASH resolution, improvement in the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score, portal inflammation, and fibrosis. Among individuals carrying this allele, 83% achieved NASH resolution with OCA compared with only 33% with placebo. Eight regions on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 11, 13, and 18 had multiple SNPs associated with fibrosis improvement; of these, rs12130403 near TDRD10 on chromosome 1 was also associated with improvement in NASH and portal inflammation, and rs4073431 near ANO3 on chromosome 11 was associated with NASH resolution and improvement in steatosis. Multiple SNPs on chromosome 11 had suggestive association with pruritus, with rs1379650 near ANO5 being the top SNP. Conclusion: We identified several variants that may be associated with histological improvement and pruritus in individuals with NASH receiving OCA. The rs75508464 variant near CELA3B may have the most significant effect on NASH resolution in those receiving OCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Gawrieh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine Indiana University Indianapolis IN
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Science and Department of Pediatrics Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Torrance CA
| | - Jingyi Tan
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Science and Department of Pediatrics Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Torrance CA
| | - Marie Lauzon
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Science and Department of Pediatrics Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Torrance CA
| | - Kent D Taylor
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Science and Department of Pediatrics Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Torrance CA
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine University of California San Diego San Diego CA
| | | | | | | | - Kris V Kowdley
- Liver Care Network and Organ Care Research Swedish Medical Center Seattle WA
| | - Katherine Yates
- Department of Epidemiology Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD
| | - Laura A Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Science and Department of Pediatrics Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Torrance CA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Science and Department of Pediatrics Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Torrance CA
| | - Naga Chalasani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine Indiana University Indianapolis IN
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Musa-Veloso K, Venditti C, Lee HY, Darch M, Floyd S, West S, Simon R. Systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled intervention studies on the effectiveness of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutr Rev 2019; 76:581-602. [PMID: 29917092 PMCID: PMC6367993 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Treatment options for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are needed. Objective The aim of this review was to systematically assess the effects of omega-3 long-chain
polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid and
docosahexaenoic acid, on liver-related and metabolic outcomes in adult and pediatric
patients with NAFLD. Data Sources The online information service ProQuest Dialog was used to search 8 literature
databases. Study Selection Controlled intervention studies in which the independent effects of n-3 LC-PUFAs could
be isolated were eligible for inclusion. Data Extraction The 18 unique studies that met the criteria for inclusion were divided into 2 sets, and
data transcriptions and study quality assessments were conducted in duplicate. Each
effect size was expressed as the weighted mean difference and 95%CI, using a
random-effects model and the inverse of the variance as a weighting factor. Results Based on the meta-analyses, supplementation with n-3 LC-PUFAs resulted in statistically
significant improvements in 6 of 13 metabolic risk factors, in levels of 2 of 3 liver
enzymes, in liver fat content (assessed via magnetic resonance imaging/spectroscopy),
and in steatosis score (assessed via ultrasonography). Histological measures of disease
[which were assessed only in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)] were
unaffected by n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation. Conclusions Omega-3 LC-PUFAs are useful in the dietary management of patients with NAFLD.
Additional trials are needed to better understand the effects of n-3 LC-PUFAs on
histological outcomes in patients with NASH. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO CRD42017055951.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Musa-Veloso
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, Health, Environmental & Regulatory Services (HERS), Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolina Venditti
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, Health, Environmental & Regulatory Services (HERS), Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Han Youl Lee
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, Health, Environmental & Regulatory Services (HERS), Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maryse Darch
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, Health, Environmental & Regulatory Services (HERS), Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Seth Floyd
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, Health, Environmental & Regulatory Services (HERS), Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Spencer West
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, Health, Environmental & Regulatory Services (HERS), Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan Simon
- Intertek Scientific & Regulatory Consultancy, Health, Environmental & Regulatory Services (HERS), Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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43
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Xia MF, Bian H, Gao X. NAFLD and Diabetes: Two Sides of the Same Coin? Rationale for Gene-Based Personalized NAFLD Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:877. [PMID: 31447675 PMCID: PMC6691129 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been increasing rapidly and at the forefront of worldwide concern. Characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the liver, NAFLD regularly coexists with metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. It has been well established that the presence of NAFLD increases the incidence of type 2 diabetes, while diabetes aggravates NAFLD to more severe forms of steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, recent progress on the genotype/phenotype relationships in NAFLD patients indicates the development of NAFLD with a relative conservation of glucose metabolism in individuals with specific gene variants, such as the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) and transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 protein (TM6SF2) variants. This review will focus on the clinical and pathophysiological connections between NAFLD and type 2 diabetes and will also discuss a disproportionate progression of NAFLD and diabetes, and the different responses to lifestyle and drug intervention in NAFLD patients with specific gene variants that may give insight into personalized treatment for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Feng Xia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Bian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Pingitore P, Sasidharan K, Ekstrand M, Prill S, Lindén D, Romeo S. Human Multilineage 3D Spheroids as a Model of Liver Steatosis and Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071629. [PMID: 30986904 PMCID: PMC6480107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disorder in western countries. Despite the high prevalence of NAFLD, the underlying biology of the disease progression is not clear, and there are no approved drugs to treat non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the most advanced form of the disease. Thus, there is an urgent need for developing advanced in vitro human cellular systems to study disease mechanisms and drug responses. We attempted to create an organoid system genetically predisposed to NAFLD and to induce steatosis and fibrosis in it by adding free fatty acids. We used multilineage 3D spheroids composed by hepatocytes (HepG2) and hepatic stellate cells (LX-2) with a physiological ratio (24:1). HepG2 and LX-2 cells are homozygotes for the PNPLA3 I148M sequence variant, the strongest genetic determinant of NAFLD. We demonstrate that hepatic stellate cells facilitate the compactness of 3D spheroids. Then, we show that the spheroids develop accumulations of fat and collagen upon exposure to free fatty acids. Finally, this accumulation was rescued by incubating spheroids with liraglutide or elafibranor, drugs that are in clinical trials for the treatment of NASH. In conclusion, we have established a simple, easy to handle, in vitro model of genetically induced NAFLD consisting of multilineage 3D spheroids. This tool may be used to understand molecular mechanisms involved in the early stages of fibrogenesis induced by lipid accumulation. Moreover, it may be used to identify new compounds to treat NASH using high-throughput drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Pingitore
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Kavitha Sasidharan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Matias Ekstrand
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Sebastian Prill
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Daniel Lindén
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Stefano Romeo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
- Cardiology Department, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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45
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Xia MF, Lin HD, Chen LY, Wu L, Ma H, Li Q, Aleteng Q, Hu Y, He WY, Gao J, Bian H, Li XY, Gao X. The PNPLA3 rs738409 C>G variant interacts with changes in body weight over time to aggravate liver steatosis, but reduces the risk of incident type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2019; 62:644-654. [PMID: 30673802 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4805-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The rs738409 C>G variant of the patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 gene (PNPLA3) increases the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with no predisposition for insulin resistance. In this study, we aimed to investigate the influence of PNPLA3 polymorphisms on liver fat content (LFC) and glucose metabolic variables, and the associations between these, during the natural course of body weight changes in a Chinese adult cohort. METHODS The LFC, measured using a quantitative ultrasound method, was prospectively monitored in 2189 middle-aged and elderly adults from the Shanghai Changfeng Study, together with changes in body weight and metabolic variables. General linear models were used to detect interactive effects between the PNPLA3 rs738409 genotype and 4 year changes in body weight on liver steatosis and glucose metabolism. RESULTS The PNPLA3 homozygous GG genotype dissociated the changes in the LFC and OGTT 2 h post-load blood glucose (PBG) in relation to 4 year changes in body weight. PNPLA3 GG genotype carriers showed greater increases in the LFC and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) but lower PBG elevation and incident diabetes than PNPLA3 wild-type (CC) genotype carriers exhibiting the same degree of body weight increase. The interactions between the PNPLA3 genotype and changes in body weight on the LFC (false discovery rate [FDR]-adjusted pinteraction = 0.044) and ALT (FDR-adjusted pinteraction = 0.044) were significant. Subgroup analyses showed that the effect of the PNPLA3 GG genotype on changes in the LFC and PBG was only observed in metabolically unhealthy participants with insulin resistance or abdominal obesity. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The PNPLA3 GG genotype interacted with changes in body weight to aggravate liver steatosis but reduced the risk of incident type 2 diabetes in metabolically unhealthy participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Feng Xia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan-Dong Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Yan Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiqige Aleteng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wan-Yuan He
- Department of Ultrasonography, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Center of Clinical Epidemiology and EBM of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nutrition, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Bian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, China.
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hypertension are closely related but there has been little genetic evidence to link them. In this issue, Musso et al. provide evidence that a common variant in AGTR1 (A1166C) is associated with both incident hypertension and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, as well as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. AGTR1 is strongly expressed in adipose, liver, and arteries. The mechanism of this gain-of-function variant is unclear but may include adipose or endothelial dysfunction and immune activation. Despite previous unsuccessful clinical trials of angiotensin receptor blockers in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, individuals with the rs5186A>C variant may have greater benefit from this therapy.
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Chen LZ, Ding HY, Liu SS, Liu Q, Jiang XJ, Xin YN, Xuan SY. Combining I148M and E167K variants to improve risk prediction for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Qingdao Han population, China. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:45. [PMID: 30738435 PMCID: PMC6368685 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-0992-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PNPLA3 I148M variant and TM6SF2 E167K variant are recognized as the major genetic modifiers of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The present study sought to evaluate the potential additive effect of the two variants on the risk of NAFLD in Qingdao Han Population, China. Methods We genotyped PNPLA3 I148M variant and TM6SF2 E167K variant in a cohort of 512 unrelated NAFLD patients and 451 healthy controls by sequencing and polymerase chain reaction analysis. In addition, serum lipid profiles and liver enzymes were determined by standard clinical laboratory methods. Results The minor allele frequencies were 45.48% for PNPLA3 148 locus G allele and 6.69% for TM6SF2 167 locus T allele. The PNPLA3 I148M variant was significantly associated with the risk of NAFLD in an additive model (CG, OR = 2.092, 95% CI: 1.551–2.820, P = 0.000; GG, OR = 4.566, 95% CI: 3.141–6.638, P = 0.000, respectively). And, our data suggested a strong link between the TM6SF2 E167K variant and the risk of NAFLD in a dominant model (CT + TT, OR = 2.327, 95% CI: 1.542–3.513, P = 0.000). In addition, the increasing of the number of risk alleles were associated with the risk of NAFLD (1 risk allele, OR = 1.687, P = 0.001; 2 risk alleles, OR = 4.326, P = 0.000; 3 risk alleles, OR = 6.018, P = 0.027, respectively). Conclusions Combining the I148M and E167K variants in a manner of an additive effect could improve risk prediction for NAFLD in a Qingdao Han Population cohort. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Register.gov: ChiCTR1800015426.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Zhen Chen
- College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Group, Qingdao, 266011, China
| | - Hong-Yun Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Group, Qingdao, 266011, China
| | - Shou-Sheng Liu
- Central Laboratories, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Group, Qingdao, 266011, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Xiang-Jun Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Group, Qingdao, 266011, China
| | - Yong-Ning Xin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Group, Qingdao, 266011, China.
| | - Shi-Ying Xuan
- College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Group, Qingdao, 266011, China.
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Dong R, Yang X, Wang C, Liu K, Liu Z, Ma X, Sun H, Huo X, Fu T, Meng Q. Yangonin protects against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through farnesoid X receptor. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 53:134-142. [PMID: 30668392 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUD Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently evolving as the most common liver disease worldwide. Dyslipidemia, pathoglycemia and insulin resistance are the major risk factors for the development of NAFLD. To date, no effective drug therapies for this condition have been approved. PURPOSE The present study was to investigate the protective effects of yangonin, a kavalactone isolated from Kava, against NAFLD and further elucidate the mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. STUDY DESIGN A high-fat diet (HFD) induced mouse NAFLD model was used with or without yangonin treatment. METHODS The body weight, relative liver weight and serum biochemical indicators were measured. H&E and Oil Red O staining were used to identify the amelioration of the liver histopathological changes. Serum and hepatic triglyceride, free fatty acids and total cholesterol were analyzed. siRNA, quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot assay were used to clarify the mechanisms underlying yangonin protection. RESULTS Yangonin had obvious protective effects against NAFLD via farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activation. Through FXR activation, yangonin attenuated lipid accumulation in the liver via inhibition of hepatic lipogenesis-related protein including sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthetase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1). Besides, yangonin promoted lipid metabolism through an induction in genes required for lipoprotein lipolysis and fatty acid β-oxidation. Furthermore, yangonin modulated blood glucose homeostasis through regulation of gluconeogenesis-related gene phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), and glycogen synthesis-related gene glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDase). Also, yangonin increased insulin sensitivity through upregulating phosphorylation of insulin responsive substrate 1, 2 (IRS-1 and IRS-2). Then, in vivo and in vitro evidence further demonstrated the involvement of FXR activation in yangonin hepatoprotection. CONCLUSIONS Yangonin protects against NAFLD due to its activation of FXR signalling to inhibit hepatic lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis, and to promote lipid metabolism and glycogen synthesis, as well as insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renchao Dong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Transport of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Transport of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Transport of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Transport of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Huijun Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Transport of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaokui Huo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Transport of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ting Fu
- Pharmacy Department of Affiliated Zhongshan hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Qiang Meng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Transport of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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Santos RD, Valenti L, Romeo S. Does nonalcoholic fatty liver disease cause cardiovascular disease? Current knowledge and gaps. Atherosclerosis 2019; 282:110-120. [PMID: 30731283 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent and includes a spectrum of abnormalities ranging from steatosis to cirrhosis. In this review, we address recent evidence and limitations of studies that evaluated the association of NAFLD with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. NAFLD is considered an ectopic fat deposit associated with metabolic (insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia), inflammatory, coagulation and blood pressure disturbances. Prospective studies have associated NAFLD presence and severity, particularly steatohepatitis and fibrosis, with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, these studies are limited by heterogeneity concerning NAFLD diagnostic criteria and disease severity stratification, as well as by the presence of confounding factors. In addition, genetic variants predisposing to NAFLD, such as the PNPLA3 I148M mutation, were not consistently associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Therefore, currently, it is not possible to prove a causal relation between NAFLD and cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, there is presently no evidence that NAFLD diagnosis can be used as a tool to improve cardiovascular risk stratification and modify treatment. Specific treatments for NAFLD are being developed and must be tested prospectively in adequately designed trials to determine the potential of reducing both hepatic and cardiovascular diseases and to prove whether NAFLD is indeed a cause of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul D Santos
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Lipid Clinic Heart Institute (InCor) University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luca Valenti
- Università Degli Studi Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Pad Granelli, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Romeo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
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Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, Biswas P, Thorpe GC, Moore HJ, Deane KHO, AlAbdulghafoor FK, Summerbell CD, Worthington HV, Song F, Hooper L. Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 11:CD003177. [PMID: 30521670 PMCID: PMC6517311 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003177.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Researchers have suggested that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from oily fish (long-chain omega-3 (LCn3), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)), as well as from plants (alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)) benefit cardiovascular health. Guidelines recommend increasing omega-3-rich foods, and sometimes supplementation, but recent trials have not confirmed this. OBJECTIVES To assess effects of increased intake of fish- and plant-based omega-3 for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular (CVD) events, adiposity and lipids. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE and Embase to April 2017, plus ClinicalTrials.gov and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry to September 2016, with no language restrictions. We handsearched systematic review references and bibliographies and contacted authors. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that lasted at least 12 months and compared supplementation and/or advice to increase LCn3 or ALA intake versus usual or lower intake. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed validity. We performed separate random-effects meta-analysis for ALA and LCn3 interventions, and assessed dose-response relationships through meta-regression. MAIN RESULTS We included 79 RCTs (112,059 participants) in this review update and found that 25 were at low summary risk of bias. Trials were of 12 to 72 months' duration and included adults at varying cardiovascular risk, mainly in high-income countries. Most studies assessed LCn3 supplementation with capsules, but some used LCn3- or ALA-rich or enriched foods or dietary advice compared to placebo or usual diet. LCn3 doses ranged from 0.5g/d LCn3 to > 5 g/d (16 RCTs gave at least 3g/d LCn3).Meta-analysis and sensitivity analyses suggested little or no effect of increasing LCn3 on all-cause mortality (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.03, 92,653 participants; 8189 deaths in 39 trials, high-quality evidence), cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.03, 67,772 participants; 4544 CVD deaths in 25 RCTs), cardiovascular events (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.04, 90,378 participants; 14,737 people experienced events in 38 trials, high-quality evidence), coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.09, 73,491 participants; 1596 CHD deaths in 21 RCTs), stroke (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.16, 89,358 participants; 1822 strokes in 28 trials) or arrhythmia (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.05, 53,796 participants; 3788 people experienced arrhythmia in 28 RCTs). There was a suggestion that LCn3 reduced CHD events (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.97, 84,301 participants; 5469 people experienced CHD events in 28 RCTs); however, this was not maintained in sensitivity analyses - LCn3 probably makes little or no difference to CHD event risk. All evidence was of moderate GRADE quality, except as noted.Increasing ALA intake probably makes little or no difference to all-cause mortality (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.20, 19,327 participants; 459 deaths, 5 RCTs),cardiovascular mortality (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.25, 18,619 participants; 219 cardiovascular deaths, 4 RCTs), and CHD mortality (1.1% to 1.0%, RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.26, 18,353 participants; 193 CHD deaths, 3 RCTs) and ALA may make little or no difference to CHD events (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.22, 19,061 participants, 397 CHD events, 4 RCTs, low-quality evidence). However, increased ALA may slightly reduce risk of cardiovascular events (from 4.8% to 4.7%, RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.07, 19,327 participants; 884 CVD events, 5 RCTs, low-quality evidence with greater effects in trials at low summary risk of bias), and probably reduces risk of arrhythmia (3.3% to 2.6%, RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.10, 4,837 participants; 141 events, 1 RCT). Effects on stroke are unclear.Sensitivity analysis retaining only trials at low summary risk of bias moved effect sizes towards the null (RR 1.0) for all LCn3 primary outcomes except arrhythmias, but for most ALA outcomes, effect sizes moved to suggest protection. LCn3 funnel plots suggested that adding in missing studies/results would move effect sizes towards null for most primary outcomes. There were no dose or duration effects in subgrouping or meta-regression.There was no evidence that increasing LCn3 or ALA altered serious adverse events, adiposity or lipids, except LCn3 reduced triglycerides by ˜15% in a dose-dependant way (high-quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This is the most extensive systematic assessment of effects of omega-3 fats on cardiovascular health to date. Moderate- and high-quality evidence suggests that increasing EPA and DHA has little or no effect on mortality or cardiovascular health (evidence mainly from supplement trials). Previous suggestions of benefits from EPA and DHA supplements appear to spring from trials with higher risk of bias. Low-quality evidence suggests ALA may slightly reduce CVD event and arrhythmia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa S Abdelhamid
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Tracey J Brown
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Julii S Brainard
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Priti Biswas
- University of East AngliaMED/HSCNorwich Research ParkNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Gabrielle C Thorpe
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesEarlham RoadNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Helen J Moore
- Durham UniversityWolfson Research InstituteDurhamUKDH1 3LE
| | - Katherine HO Deane
- University of East AngliaSchool of Health SciencesEarlham RoadNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Fai K AlAbdulghafoor
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Carolyn D Summerbell
- Durham UniversityDepartment of Sport and Exercise Science42 Old ElvetDurhamUKDH13HN
| | - Helen V Worthington
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of ManchesterCochrane Oral HealthJR Moore BuildingOxford RoadManchesterUKM13 9PL
| | - Fujian Song
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Lee Hooper
- University of East AngliaNorwich Medical SchoolNorwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkUKNR4 7TJ
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