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Waszak I, Ruczyńska W, Podlesińska W. Contaminant levels versus toxicity bioassays in ecological risk assessment of sediments from the southern Baltic Sea. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 200:106665. [PMID: 39116736 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Surface sediments collected in 2021 from six locations in the southern Baltic Sea (Polish district) were examined by chemical and toxicological methods. Chemical analyses included polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and their alkylated derivatives, butyltin compounds and 16 major and trace elements. The toxicity was measured using Ostracodtoxkit F and Microtox. The ecological risk of sediment was estimated by hazard quotient (HQ) calculation. Some PAHs, alkylated PAHs and metals (Zn, Hg, Cd and As) could pose a moderate risk in the sediments from the Gdańsk Deep and in the vicinity of the wrecks, but the risk resulting from the presence of all analyzed compounds was considered high for these sediments. In studies using biotests, sediments from the vicinity of the t/s Franken wreck and the Słupsk Furrow were highly toxic to test organisms. Ostracodtoxkit F, compared to Microtox, appeared a more sensitive test for measured compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Waszak
- Department of Food and Environmental Chemistry, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, 81-332, Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Wiesława Ruczyńska
- Department of Food and Environmental Chemistry, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, 81-332, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Weronika Podlesińska
- Gdynia Aquarium, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kołłątaja 1, 81-332, Gdynia, Poland
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Nakken CL, Berntssen MHG, Meier S, Bijlsma L, Mjøs SA, Sørhus E, Donald CE. Exposure of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Crude Oil to Atlantic Haddock ( Melanogrammus aeglefinus): A Unique Snapshot of the Mercapturic Acid Pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:14855-14863. [PMID: 39101928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c05112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Fish exposed to xenobiotics like petroleum-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) will immediately initiate detoxification systems through effective biotransformation reactions. Yet, there is a discrepancy between recognized metabolic pathways and the actual metabolites detected in fish following PAH exposure like oil pollution. To deepen our understanding of PAH detoxification, we conducted experiments exposing Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) to individual PAHs or complex oil mixtures. Bile extracts, analyzed by using an ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer, revealed novel metabolites associated with the mercapturic acid pathway. A dominant spectral feature recognized as PAH thiols set the basis for a screening strategy targeting (i) glutathione-, (ii) cysteinylglycine-, (iii) cysteine-, and (iv) mercapturic acid S-conjugates. Based on controlled single-exposure experiments, we constructed an interactive library of 33 metabolites originating from 8 PAHs (anthracene, phenanthrene, 1-methylphenanthrene, 1,4-dimethylphenanthrene, chrysene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, and dibenz[a,h]anthracene). By incorporation of the library in the analysis of samples from crude oil exposed fish, PAHs conjugated with glutathione and cysteinylglycine were uncovered. This qualitative study offers an exclusive glimpse into the rarely acknowledged mercapturic acid detoxification pathway in fish. Furthermore, this furnishes evidence that this metabolic pathway also succeeds for PAHs in complex pollution sources, a notable discovery not previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L Nakken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen 5007, Norway
- Marine Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen 5817, Norway
| | | | - Sonnich Meier
- Marine Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen 5817, Norway
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón 12071, Spain
| | - Svein A Mjøs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen 5007, Norway
| | - Elin Sørhus
- Marine Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen 5817, Norway
| | - Carey E Donald
- Marine Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen 5817, Norway
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Nordberg K, Björk G, Abrahamsson K, Josefsson S, Lundin L. Historic distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PAC) in a Skagerrak fjord, Swedish west coast as reflected in a high-resolution sediment record and compared to the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:116014. [PMID: 38183834 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.116014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
We present the historic distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PAC) in a Skagerrak fjord, a relatively unexploited area, on the Swedish west coast. PACs encompass various compounds, including PAHs, alkyl-PAHs, nitro-PAHs, and oxy-PAHs. These compounds, have environmental implications due to their harmful properties. Using a high-resolution sediment record, PAC variations including standard PAHs, nitro-PAHs and oxy-PAHs were investigated over the last approximately 170 years, comparing them with other European records. The sediment record reveals a significant increase in PAC levels during the 1940s-1950s, followed by peaks in the 1960s and 1970s, and a subsequent decrease in the 1980s. These trends align with industrial growth and evolving stronger environmental regulations in the region. The highest recorded concentration of PACs (1950-1970) reached levels comparable to present-day polluted urban environments. The study also compared PAH levels with EQS values. Results indicated that PAH levels exceeded EQS standards, potentially posing risks to sediment-dwelling organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Nordberg
- Dept. of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, SE 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Göran Björk
- Dept. of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, SE 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katarina Abrahamsson
- Dept. of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, SE 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sarah Josefsson
- Geological Survey of Sweden, PO Box 670, SE 75128 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lisa Lundin
- Dept. of Chemistry, Umeå Univ., Linneus väg 6, SE 90187 Umeå, Sweden
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Lee J, Kim Y, Cha J, Kim D, Jang K, Kim JH, Nam SI, Hong S. Distributions and potential sources of polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the glacimarine sediments of Arctic Svalbard. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 189:114740. [PMID: 36841213 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Distribution and sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the glacimarine sediments (35 sites) of Svalbard were investigated. PCBs (32 congeners), traditional PAHs (15 homologs), emerging PAHs (11 homologs), and alkylated PAHs (16 homologs) were widely distributed in the Svalbard sediments (ranges: below method detection limit to 20, 21 to 3600, 1.0 to 1400, and 31 to 15,000 ng g-1 dry weight, respectively). Compositional analysis indicated that PCBs mainly originated from combustion sources, with PAHs being strongly influenced by local sources. Positive matrix factorization analysis showed that PAHs were associated with vehicle and petroleum combustion, coal, and coal combustion. Coal-derived PAHs contributed significantly to the sediments of Van Mijenfjorden. Remnants of coal mining activity trapped in the permafrost appear to enter the coastal environments as ground ice melts. Consequently, PAHs are currently emerging as the most significant contributors to potential risks in the Svalbard ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Lee
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngnam Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Cha
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahae Kim
- Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University ERICA campus, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangchul Jang
- Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Il Nam
- Division of Glacial Environment Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Viñas L, Pérez-Fernandez B, Besada V, Gago J, McHugh B, Parra S. PAHs and trace metals in marine surficial sediments from the Porcupine Bank (NE Atlantic): A contribution to establishing background concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159189. [PMID: 36195152 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about pollutant concentrations in marine remote areas such as the Porcupine Bank in the NE Atlantic Ocean. Remote locations are much less studied than the more readily accessible coastal areas, nevertheless, are of great importance both to unveil how far human influence has reached and, are more challenging, to infer background concentrations (BCs) of naturally occurring and/or anthropogenic pollutants. Knowledge of contaminant background levels are critical for establishing remediation and management strategies; in addition, background assessment is heavily emphasised in legislative monitoring requirements. Obtaining suitable sampling locations to assess background concentrations can be challenging, as samples should match characteristics to the target area and not be impacted by historical or current inputs of the chemical substances of study. Anthropogenic impacts generally deem local-based sampling to be unsuitable to infer background pollution values. Sampling in remote areas such as the Porcupine Bank better fulfils low impact and pressure requirements making them more suitable for the derivation of background concentration estimates for organic compounds and metals. The total concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metal(loid)s in deep sea sediments were evaluated and both an environmental status and a set of concentration data were adequate to derive BCs concentrations is presented. Concentration data indicated, in comparison with previous published data, trace level presence of PAHs and metal(loids) in sediments from the Porcupine Bank. These values will provide a valuable tool to identify the natural presence of organic and inorganic compounds and be the basis to perform a sound environmental assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Viñas
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), CSIC, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Begoña Pérez-Fernandez
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), CSIC, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Victoria Besada
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), CSIC, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Jesus Gago
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), CSIC, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Brendan McHugh
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, County Galway H91 R673, Ireland.
| | - Santiago Parra
- Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), CSIC, Puerto Marítimo Alcalde Francisco Vázquez, 10, 15001 A Coruña, Spain.
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Sharifi R, Keshavarzifard M, Sharifinia M, Zakaria MP, Mehr MR, Abbasi S, Yap CK, Yousefi MR, Masood N, Magam SM, Alkhadher SAA, Daliri M. Source apportionment and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the coastal ecosystem of the Brunei Bay, Brunei. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 181:113913. [PMID: 35810648 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pollution characteristics and associated ecological risks of PAHs in sediments from Brunei Bay, Brunei were investigated. The concentrations of ∑16 PAHs ranged from 826.7 to 2955.3 μg kg-1, indicating moderate to high level of pollution. Source apportionment of PAHs by molecular isomeric ratios and positive matrix factorization model indicated impact of potential anthropogenic PAH sources including combustion of biomass and fossil fuels. The data indicated relatively no significant ecotoxicological risk for most of PAH compounds. To estimate the individual c-PAH toxicity, the toxic equivalent quantity (c-TEQ) was calculated. Results of the TEQ analysis showed that BaP followed by DBA and BaA are the most carcinogenic of PAHs examined in the study area. The evaluation of human health risk of PAHs revealed that the cancer risk of PAHs for adults and children was higher than the USEPA threshold (<1E-06) and lower than 1E-3, implying low to moderate risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Sharifi
- University of Applied Science and Technology, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Mehrzad Keshavarzifard
- Shrimp Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bushehr 75169-89177, Iran.
| | - Moslem Sharifinia
- Shrimp Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bushehr 75169-89177, Iran
| | - Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria
- Environmental Forensics Research Center, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra, Malaysia
| | - Meisam Rastegari Mehr
- Department of Applied Geology, Faculty of Earth Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15614, Iran
| | - Sajjad Abbasi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran; Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin 20-031, Poland
| | - Chee Kong Yap
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Reza Yousefi
- School of Chemical Engineering University of Zanjan, University Blvd, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Najat Masood
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55471, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami Muhsen Magam
- Basic Science Department, Preparatory Year, University of Ha'il, 1560 Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Moslem Daliri
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Logemann A, Reininghaus M, Schmidt M, Ebeling A, Zimmermann T, Wolschke H, Friedrich J, Brockmeyer B, Pröfrock D, Witt G. Assessing the chemical anthropocene - Development of the legacy pollution fingerprint in the North Sea during the last century. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 302:119040. [PMID: 35202763 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The North Sea and its coastal zones are heavily impacted by anthropogenic activities, which has resulted in significant chemical pollution ever since the beginning of the industrialization in Europe during the 19th century. In order to assess the chemical Anthropocene, natural archives, such as sediment cores, can serve as a valuable data source to reconstruct historical emission trends and to verify the effectiveness of changing environmental legislation. In this study, we investigated 90 contaminants covering inorganic and organic pollutant groups analyzed in a set of sediment cores taken in the North Seas' main sedimentation area (Skagerrak). We thereby develop a chemical pollution fingerprint that records the constant input of pollutants over time and illustrates their continued great relevance for the present. Additionally, samples were radiometrically dated and PAH and PCB levels in porewater were determined using equilibrium passive sampling. Furthermore, we elucidated the origin of lead (Pb) contamination utilizing non-traditional stable isotopic analysis. Our results reveal three main findings: 1. for all organic contaminant groups covered (PAHs, OCPs, PCBs, PBDEs and PFASs) as well as the elements lead (Pb) and titanium (Ti), determined concentrations decreased towards more recent deposited sediment. These decreasing trends could be linked to the time of introductions of restrictions and bans and therefor our results confirm, amongst possible other factors, the effectiveness of environmental legislation by revealing a successive change in contamination levels over the decades. 2. concentration trends for ΣPAH and ΣPCB measured in porewater correspond well with the ones found in sediment which suggests that this method can be a useful expansion to traditional bulk sediment analysis to determine the biologically available pollutant fraction. 3. Arsenic (As) concentrations were higher in younger sediment layers, potentially caused by emissions of corroded warfare material disposed in the study area after WW II.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Logemann
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 78, 20359, Hamburg, Germany; Universität Hamburg, Department of Earth Sciences, Bundesstraße 55, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Reininghaus
- Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Department of Engineering, Ulmenliet 20, 21033, Hamburg, Germany; RWTH University Aachen, Department of Ecosystem Analysis (ESA), Worringer Weg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - M Schmidt
- Universität Hamburg, Department of Earth Sciences, Bundesstraße 55, 20146, Hamburg, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - A Ebeling
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany; Universität Hamburg, Department of Chemistry, Inorganic and Applied Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Zimmermann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - H Wolschke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - J Friedrich
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Carbon Cycles, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - B Brockmeyer
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 78, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - D Pröfrock
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany.
| | - G Witt
- Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Department of Engineering, Ulmenliet 20, 21033, Hamburg, Germany
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Thuy HTT, Loan TTC, Luu PT, Van Dong N, Bao LD, Phuong TH, Khanh NT, Yen TTH, Huy DX. Spatial and temporal variations of PAHs in surface sediments of estuarine and coast of CanGio wetland, Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:11962-11975. [PMID: 32227300 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08523-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface sediments from estuarine and coast of CanGio wetland (CGW) of Hochiminh City, Vietnam, were investigated to identify the spatial and temporal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The total PAHs showed wide variation but similar to patterns observed (F = 0.901, p = 0.46) in LongTau (31 ± 77 ng/g dry weight, n = 13), SoaiRap (53 ± 81, n = 4), ThiVai (60 ± 62, n = 10) estuaries, and coastal areas (112 ± 211, n = 9). A decreasing trend in the wet season (F = 8.8, p = 0.01) reflected that inland sources such as wastewater discharged and atmospherically transported contaminants contributed to PAHs in sediments. The risk posed by the PAHs in the coastal and estuarine areas of CGW is still negligible. The present study provides baseline data, which can be used for regular monitoring and future strategy of environmental protection for the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Thi Thanh Thuy
- Hochiminh City University of Natural Resources and Environment, 236B LeVanSy Street, TanBinh District,, Hochiminh City, Vietnam.
| | - Tu Thi Cam Loan
- Hochiminh City University of Natural Resources and Environment, 236B LeVanSy Street, TanBinh District,, Hochiminh City, Vietnam
| | - Pham Thanh Luu
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
- Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hochiminh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Dong
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Hochiminh City, Vietnam
| | - Le Duy Bao
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Hochiminh City, Vietnam
| | - Trinh Hong Phuong
- Hochiminh City University of Natural Resources and Environment, 236B LeVanSy Street, TanBinh District,, Hochiminh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Trong Khanh
- Hochiminh City University of Natural Resources and Environment, 236B LeVanSy Street, TanBinh District,, Hochiminh City, Vietnam
| | - Tran Thi Hoang Yen
- Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hochiminh City, Vietnam
| | - Do Xuan Huy
- Institute for Environment and Resources, Vietnam National University, Hochiminh City, Vietnam
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Lim H, Sadiktsis I, de Oliveira Galvão MF, Westerholm R, Dreij K. Polycyclic aromatic compounds in particulate matter and indoor dust at preschools in Stockholm, Sweden: Occurrence, sources and genotoxic potential in vitro. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142709. [PMID: 33059899 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Children spend a significant amount of their day in preschool; thus, environmental quality at preschools may have an impact on children's health. In the present study, we analyzed polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), including PAHs, alkylated PAHs and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), in indoor and outdoor air particulate matter (PM10) and indoor dust at preschools in Stockholm, Sweden. There were significant correlations between PAC levels in outdoor and indoor PM10, with in general higher PAC levels outdoors. Fluoranthene and pyrene were detected at highest levels in all sample types, although phenanthrene and methylated phenanthrene derivatives also were found at high levels in indoor dust. In addition, the highly carcinogenic PAHs 7H-benzo[c]fluorene, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, benz[j]aceanthrylene, and dibenzo[a,l]pyrene were detected in some samples. Benzanthrone was the most prevalent OPAH in PM10 samples and 9,10-anthraquinone in indoor dust. Based on diagnostic ratios and Positive Matrix Factorization we identified vehicle emission and biomass burning as important PAC sources for all samples analyzed. However, poor correlation between PAC levels in indoor PM10 and indoor dust suggested additional sources for the latter. Measuring activation of DNA damage signaling in human cells exposed to organic extracts of the samples indicated substantial genotoxic potential of outdoor PM10 and indoor dust. Determination of benzo[a]pyrene equivalents demonstrated that the highly potent PAHs benz[j]aceanthrylene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene contributed more than 20% to the total carcinogenic potency of the samples. We conclude that PAC levels at Stockholm preschools are relatively low but that outdoor air quality may impact on the indoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwanmi Lim
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ioannis Sadiktsis
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Roger Westerholm
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Meier S, Karlsen Ø, Le Goff J, Sørensen L, Sørhus E, Pampanin DM, Donald CE, Fjelldal PG, Dunaevskaya E, Romano M, Caliani I, Casini S, Bogevik AS, Olsvik PA, Myers M, Grøsvik BE. DNA damage and health effects in juvenile haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) exposed to PAHs associated with oil-polluted sediment or produced water. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240307. [PMID: 33091018 PMCID: PMC7580938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The research objective was to study the presence of DNA damages in haddock exposed to petrogenic or pyrogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from different sources: 1) extracts of oil produced water (PW), dominated by 2-ring PAHs; 2) distillation fractions of crude oil (representing oil-based drilling mud), dominated by 3-ring PAHs; 3) heavy pyrogenic PAHs, mixture of 4/5/6-ring PAHs. The biological effect of the different PAH sources was studied by feeding juvenile haddock with low doses of PAHs (0.3-0.7 mg PAH/kg fish/day) for two months, followed by a two-months recovery. In addition to the oral exposure, a group of fish was exposed to 12 single compounds of PAHs (4/5/6-ring) via intraperitoneal injection. The main endpoint was the analysis of hepatic and intestinal DNA adducts. In addition, PAH burden in liver, bile metabolites, gene and protein expression of CYP1A, GST activity, lipid peroxidation, skeletal deformities and histopathology of livers were evaluated. Juvenile haddock responded quickly to both intraperitoneal injection and oral exposure of 4/5/6-ring PAHs. High levels of DNA adducts were detected in livers three days after the dose of the single compound exposure. Fish had also high levels of DNA adducts in liver after being fed with extracts dominated by 2-ring PAHs (a PW exposure scenario) and 3-ring PAHs (simulating an oil exposure scenario). Elevated levels of DNA adducts were observed in the liver of all exposed groups after the 2 months of recovery. High levels of DNA adduct were found also in the intestines of individuals exposed to oil or heavy PAHs, but not in the PW or control groups. This suggests that the intestinal barrier is very important for detoxification of orally exposures of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeremie Le Goff
- ADn’tox, Bâtiment Recherche, Centre François Baclesse, Caen, France
| | - Lisbet Sørensen
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Daniela M. Pampanin
- Department of Chemistry Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- NORCE, Randaberg, Norway
| | | | | | - Evgenia Dunaevskaya
- Department of Chemistry Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Marta Romano
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Caliani
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Silvia Casini
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - André S. Bogevik
- Nofima AS – Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries Aquaculture Research, Fyllingsdalen, Norway
| | - Pål A. Olsvik
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- Nord Univ, Fac Biosci & Aquaculture, Bodo, Norway
| | - Mark Myers
- Myers Ecotoxicology Services, LLC, Shoreline, Washington, United States of America
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11
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Boitsov S, Klungsøyr J, Jensen HKB. Background concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in deep core sediments from the Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea: A proposed update of the OSPAR Commission background values for these sea areas. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126344. [PMID: 32443255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Geochemical studies of 174 sediment cores collected by the MAREANO mapping program in Norwegian waters of the North Atlantic Ocean give new sets of values of background concentrations (BCs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for the studied regions. The study is based on deep core sediment samples representing background levels of PAHs. The samples selected were only from the deeper parts of undisturbed sediment cores with low, stable concentrations of petrogenic and pyrogenic PAHs, with low variation for individual PAH compounds between the samples within the same core, and from below the parts of the cores dated with 210Pb to approximately the last 100-150 years. The results show that the main part of the studied area has BCs different from those previously established by OSPAR Commission (OSPAR) for the North-East Atlantic. Another area in central Barents Sea has a separate set of BCs of pyrogenic PAHs, apparently due to the influence from marginal ice zone mechanisms. A third area with its own set of BCs has been established for north-western Barents Sea off the coast of Svalbard, due to high natural contents of PAHs in this area. BCs for several PAHs not included in the present OSPAR list are also provided.
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12
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Dreij K, Lundin L, Le Bihanic F, Lundstedt S. Polycyclic aromatic compounds in urban soils of Stockholm City: Occurrence, sources and human health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:108989. [PMID: 31835119 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are ubiquitous pollutants that are found everywhere in our environment, including air, soil and water. The aim of this study was to determine concentrations, distribution, sources and potential health risk of 43 PACs in soils collected from 25 urban parks in Stockholm City, Sweden. These PACs included 21 PAHs, 11 oxygenated PAHs, 7 methylated PAHs, and 4 azaarenes whose concentrations ranged between 190 and 54 500, 30.5-5 300, 14.9-680, and 4.17-590 ng/g soil, respectively. Fluoranthene was found at the highest levels ranging between 17.7 and 9800 ng/g, benzo[a]pyrene between 9.64 and 4600 ng/g, and the highly potent carcinogen dibenzo[a,l]pyrene up to 740 ng/g. The most abundant oxy-PAH was 6H-benzo[cd]pyren-6-one (2.09-2300 ng/g). Primary sources of PAHs were identified by use of diagnostic ratios and Positive Matrix Factorization modelling and found to be pyrogenic including vehicle emissions and combustion of biomass. Estimating the incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRS) associated with exposure to PAHs in these soils indicated that the PAH levels in some parks constitute a considerable increased risk level for adults and children (total ILCR > 1 × 10-4). Compared to worldwide urban parks contamination, we conclude that the PAC soil levels in parks of Stockholm City in general are low, but that some parks are more heavily contaminated and should be considered for clean-up actions to limit human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lisa Lundin
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Florane Le Bihanic
- Laboratoire EPOC, UMR CNRS 5805, Université de Bordeaux, 33405, Talence Cedex, France
| | - Staffan Lundstedt
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Clinical Chemistry, Umeå Univeristy, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
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13
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Waszak I, Dabrowska H, Warzocha J. Assessment of native and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments and mussels (Mytilus spp.) in the southern Baltic Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:514-527. [PMID: 30688326 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00384j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Native and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in whole and fine grained (F < 63 μm) sediment fractions and mussels in the southern Baltic Sea. Both sediments and mussels showed spatial differences in PAH levels and profiles. In whole sediments, mean concentrations of Σ16PAHs, ΣaPAHs, and ΣPAHs reached up to 1537, 415, and 1952 ng g-1 dry weight (dw), respectively, and in mussels they reached up to 235, 143, and 325 ng g-1 dw, respectively, depending on location. ΣaPAHs made up to 36% of ΣPAHs in whole sediments and up to 55% in some mussels in the Gulf of Gdańsk. The association of PAHs with the sediment F < 63 μm differed depending on the PAH compound and season. Analysis of PAH sources was done using PCA and the ratios of specific compound concentrations. The sediment and mussel PAH levels evaluated against environmental quality criteria indicated no risk related to PAH occurrence in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Waszak
- Department of Food and Environmental Chemistry, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute (NMFRI), 1 Kołłątaja Str., Gdynia 81-332, Poland.
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14
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Gas Chromatography Coupled to High Resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry as a High-Throughput Tool for Characterizing Geochemical Biomarkers in Sediments. Int J Anal Chem 2019; 2018:2560498. [PMID: 30627163 PMCID: PMC6304594 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2560498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-HRTofMS) for characterizing geochemical biomarkers from sediment samples was evaluated. Two approaches to obtain the geochemical biomarkers were tested: (1) extraction with organic solvent and subsequent derivatization and (2) in-situ derivatization thermal desorption. Results demonstrated that both approaches can be conveniently applied for simultaneous characterization of many geochemical biomarkers (alkanes, alkanols, sterols, and fatty acids), avoiding conventional time-consuming purification procedures. GC-HRTofMS reduces both sample preparation time and the number of chromatographic runs compared to traditional methodologies used in organic geochemistry. Particularly, the approach based on in-situ derivatization thermal desorption represents a very simple method that can be performed in-line employing few milligrams of sediment, eliminating the need for any sample preparation and solvent use. The high resolving power (m/Δm50% 25,000) and high mass accuracy (error ≤ 1 ppm) offered by the “zig-zag” time-of-flight analyzer were indispensable to resolve the complexity of the total ion chromatograms, representing a high-throughput tool. Extracted ion chromatograms using exact m/z were useful to eliminate many isobaric interferences and to increase significantly the signal to noise ratio. Characteristic fragment ions allowed the identification of homologous series, such as alkanes, alkanols, fatty acids, and sterols. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were also identified in the samples by their molecular ions. The characterization of geochemical biomarkers along a sedimentary core collected in the area of Valo Grande Channel (Cananéia-Iguape Estuarine-Lagunar System (São Paulo, Brazil)) provided evidences of environmental changes. Sediments deposited before opening of channel showed dominance of biomarkers from mangrove vegetation, whereas sediments of the pos-opening period showed an increase of biomarkers from aquatic macrophyte (an invasive vegetation).
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Nagato EG, Makino F, Nakase H, Yoshida S, Hayakawa K. Improvements in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in the Japan Sea: An interannual survey from 2008 to 2014. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 138:333-340. [PMID: 30660282 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were examined from 2008 to 2014 in the surface waters of the Japan Sea region. PAH concentrations decreased in the Japan Sea and Tsushima Strait; consistent with improvements in atmospheric pollution from Japan. There were no changes in the Korean Strait, suggesting a continual influx of contamination separate from the Japan Sea. At all sites, PAHs in the dissolved phase were greater than in the particulate phase. A separate survey in 2011 studied whether contamination in the Kuroshio current accounted for the contamination in the Tsushima strait and Japan Sea. PAH concentrations increased as waters moved into the Tsushima strait and the Japan Sea, suggesting inputs were local and not from the Kuroshio current. This was however confounded by the greater influence of particulate phase PAHs, which are likely deposited by seasonal desert storms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward G Nagato
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Fumiya Makino
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hisatoshi Nakase
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shota Yoshida
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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16
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Pérez-Fernández B, Viñas L, Bargiela J. Occurrence and toxicological assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine sediments under mussel farming influence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:15862-15872. [PMID: 29582331 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of marine resources for mussel culture has become increasingly important, particularly on the European Atlantic coast and notably in the Galician Rías in the northwest of Spain. Despite its importance, there is a lack of research and analysis in this area and of the potential problems that it could cause to the environment. This paper details the findings of a study that aimed to find the probable environmental impact of mussel culture activities and to evaluate the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content derived from this activity. The Ría de Arousa, where you can find over 70% of all installed rafts in Galicia, was selected for the present study, and nearly 40 marine sediment samples were collected there. The sediments were extracted by ASE (accelerated solvent extraction) procedure, and the quantification of PAHs was performed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), with the aid of deuterated PAH internal standards. The total concentration of parental PAHs ranged from 11.66 to 30,272-ng g-1 dry weight (d.w.), with a mean value of 3907-ng g-1 d.w.; the concentration of alkyl PAHs varied from 3.72 to 1187-ng g-1 d.w., with a mean value of 205.1-ng g-1 d.w. Compositional patterns, principal component analysis (PCA) and hieratical cluster association (HCA) yielded a sediment classification where the mussel raft impact is pointed out. PAH ratios indicated a predominance of combustion sources, except in two samples, located in small harbors. Only one station showed total potential carcinogenic PAH values in the range that would frequently cause negative biological effects, and the toxic equivalent concentrations based on BaP equivalents identified another ten positions where biological effects would occur occasionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Pérez-Fernández
- Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Centro Oceanogáfico de Vigo, Cabo Estai, 36390, Vigo, Spain
| | - Lucía Viñas
- Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Centro Oceanogáfico de Vigo, Cabo Estai, 36390, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Jesica Bargiela
- Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Centro Oceanogáfico de Vigo, Cabo Estai, 36390, Vigo, Spain
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17
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Everaert G, Ruus A, Hjermann DØ, Borgå K, Green N, Boitsov S, Jensen H, Poste A. Additive Models Reveal Sources of Metals and Organic Pollutants in Norwegian Marine Sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:12764-12773. [PMID: 29034678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We characterized spatial patterns of surface sediment concentrations of seven polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), three chlorinated pesticides, and five metals in Norwegian waters and Skagerrak. In total, we analyzed 5036 concentrations of 22 chemical substances that were measured between 1986 and 2014 at 333 sampling sites by means of generalized additive models (GAMs). We found that GAMs with organic carbon content of the sediment and latitude and longitude as co-variates explained as ca. 75% of the variability of the contaminant sediment concentrations. For metals, a predominantly hotspot-driven spatial pattern was found, i.e., we identified historical pollution hotspots (e.g., Sørfjord in western Norway) for mercury, zinc, cadmium, and lead. Highest concentrations of PAHs and PCBs were found close to densely populated and industrialized regions, i.e., in the North Sea and in the Kattegat and Skagerrak. The spatial pattern of the PCBs suggests the secondary and diffuse atmospheric nature of their sources. Atmospheric inputs are the main sources of pollution for most organic chemicals considered, but north of the Arctic circle, we found that concentrations of PAHs increased from south to north most likely related to a combination of coal-eroding bedrock and the biological pump. The knowledge acquired in the present research is essential for developing effective remediation strategies that are consistent with international conventions on pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Everaert
- Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Ghent University , 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Flanders Marine Institute , 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Anders Ruus
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research , NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Katrine Borgå
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research , NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo , NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Norman Green
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research , NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Amanda Poste
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research , NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
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18
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Monaco D, Chianese E, Riccio A, Delgado-Sanchez A, Lacorte S. Spatial distribution of heavy hydrocarbons, PAHs and metals in polluted areas. The case of "Galicia", Spain. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 121:230-237. [PMID: 28602310 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to verify the impact of anthropogenic activities and the effects of accidental events, e.g. oil spills, on the marine environment. For this reason, marine sediments and soil samples were collected in the inner part of Vigo and Pontevedra bays, in the Galicia region, northwest Spain, an area interested by many events of oil spills and also characterized by coastal areas with intense anthropic activities; also Cíes Islands, a natural protected area facing the Vigo bay, was investigated, as background site. PAHs, heavy hydrocarbons and metals were analyzed according to standard methods, in order to satisfy quality assurance and quality check constraints. Total PAHs concentration (Σ16 compounds) were in the range of 25-4000ng/g, and 30-800ng/g for marine sediments and soil samples, respectively. Even some samples from the Cíes Islands, show a contamination with values achieving >200ng/g of PAHs. Although contamination levels have been shown to be strong at several locations in the study area, their ranges are those typical of other estuarine sites, with PAHs and hydrocarbons primarily of pyrolytic origin. This observation was further confirmed by enrichment factors of some metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) that match to those of harbor and shipyard zones of the main industrial and commercial maritime areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Monaco
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - E Chianese
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy.
| | - A Riccio
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - A Delgado-Sanchez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Pouch A, Zaborska A, Pazdro K. Concentrations and origin of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments of western Spitsbergen fjords (Kongsfjorden, Hornsund, and Adventfjorden). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:175. [PMID: 28324278 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5858-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Contaminant profiles in sediment cores represent valuable natural archives of environmental contamination, by which contaminant sources and historical changes in contaminant input and cycling may be recognized. In the present study, we discuss the sedimentary profiles and historical trends of organic contaminants - polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) - in three fjords of the Svalbard archipelago differing in environmental conditions and anthropogenic impact. The obtained results revealed no significant differences between the fjords Hornsund and Kongsfjorden, in the average levels of the analyzed contaminants. Levels ranging from 0.05 to 1.47 ng/g d.w. for ∑7 PCBs and from 37.3 to 1973 ng/g d.w. for ∑12 PAHs were measured. The observed spatial and temporal differences in contaminant levels are rather related to local variations in the fjords associated with the location of sampling stations. Higher concentrations of the ∑7 PCBs exceeding 1.00 ng/g d.w. were measured in sediment cores collected in the inner parts of both fjords, which remain under the influence of melting glacier outflows. Important concentrations of these contaminants were noticed in layers deposited recently, suggesting intensive supply of these substances from secondary sources. The observed levels are generally low and well below known established no effect levels. Only the concentration of fluoranthene exceeded the threshold effect level at several sampling stations. Moreover, fluoranthene concentrations in almost all Adventfjorden sediment layer samples were above probable effect levels, which can indicate a risk of adverse effects in exposed benthic organisms. The fluoranthene/pyrene and phenthrene/anthracene ratios, which are used for identification of hydrocarbon sources, suggest a dominance of PAHs of pyrolytic genesis in Kongsfjorden and Hornsund. In Adventfjorden, hydrocarbons of petrogenic origin were predominant. However, other sources like coal dust from stores on land are also possible at this location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pouch
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland.
| | - Agata Zaborska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
| | - Ksenia Pazdro
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
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20
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Jung D, Guan M, Lee S, Kim C, Shin H, Hong S, Yim UH, Shim WJ, Giesy JP, Khim JS, Zhang X, Choi K. Searching for novel modes of toxic actions of oil spill using E. coli live cell array reporter system - A Hebei Spirit oil spill study. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 169:669-677. [PMID: 27914352 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Oil is a complex mixture of numerous compounds. Therefore, oil spills near shore can cause various adverse effects on coastal ecosystems. However, most toxicological assessments conducted on oil spill sites have focused on limited modes of toxic actions. In the present study, we utilized the Escherichia coli (E. coli) live cell array system (LCA) to identify novel modes of toxicities of the oil spill-affected sediments. For this purpose, sediment samples were collected from an area heavily polluted by Hebei Spirit oil spill (HSOS) incident of 2007. A total of 93 E. coli reporter genes were used to study responses to the chemicals in the mixture. E. coli K12 strains were exposed to extracts of oil or the sediment, and changes in gene expression were measured. Exposure to extracts of crude and weathered oil resulted in decreased expression in ∼30% of tested genes. However, changes in expression observed after exposure to sediment extracts varied. Sediment extracts containing large concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) caused down-regulation of >70% of the genes, while extracts containing lesser total concentrations of PAHs exhibited different trends: genes involved in drug resistance were generally up-regulated, while genes responsive to DNA damage were up-regulated in only two extracts. Results suggest that oil pollution can modulate several toxic response pathways related to DNA repair and antibiotic responses. Results from LCA obtained from the sediment and oil samples were different from those observed in the H4IIE-luc assay. Toxicological implications of such observations deserve further examination. Overall, LCA is a promising tool for screening samples and identifying potential modes of toxicities of environmental samples associated with oil spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawoon Jung
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, 30147, Republic of Korea
| | - Miao Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesoo Shin
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Hyuk Yim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Joon Shim
- Oil and POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences & Toxicology Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Li T, Sun G, Ma S, Liang K, Yang C, Li B, Luo W. Inferring sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from the western Taiwan Strait through end-member mixing analysis. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 112:166-176. [PMID: 27531142 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Concentration, spatial distribution, composition and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated based on measurements of 16 PAH compounds in surface sediments of the western Taiwan Strait. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 2.41 to 218.54ngg-1. Cluster analysis identified three site clusters representing the northern, central and southern regions. Sedimentary PAHs mainly originated from a mixture of pyrolytic and petrogenic in the north, from pyrolytic in the central, and from petrogenic in the south. An end-member mixing model was performed using PAH compound data to estimate mixing proportions for unknown end-members (i.e., extreme-value sample points) proposed by principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that the analyzed samples can be expressed as mixtures of three end-members, and the mixing of different end-members was strongly related to the transport pathway controlled by two currents, which alternately prevail in the Taiwan Strait during different seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guihua Sun
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengzhong Ma
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Liang
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China
| | - Chupeng Yang
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Luo
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, People's Republic of China
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22
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Duran R, Cravo-Laureau C. Role of environmental factors and microorganisms in determining the fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the marine environment. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:814-830. [PMID: 28201512 PMCID: PMC5091036 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread in marine ecosystems and originate from natural sources and anthropogenic activities. PAHs enter the marine environment in two main ways, corresponding to chronic pollution or acute pollution by oil spills. The global PAH fluxes in marine environments are controlled by the microbial degradation and the biological pump, which plays a role in particle settling and in sequestration through bioaccumulation. Due to their low water solubility and hydrophobic nature, PAHs tightly adhere to sediments leading to accumulation in coastal and deep sediments. Microbial assemblages play an important role in determining the fate of PAHs in water and sediments, supporting the functioning of biogeochemical cycles and the microbial loop. This review summarises the knowledge recently acquired in terms of both chronic and acute PAH pollution. The importance of the microbial ecology in PAH-polluted marine ecosystems is highlighted as well as the importance of gaining further in-depth knowledge of the environmental services provided by microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Duran
- Equipe Environnement et Microbiologie, MELODY group, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau Cedex, France
| | - Cristiana Cravo-Laureau
- Equipe Environnement et Microbiologie, MELODY group, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau Cedex, France
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Zarzycki PK, Portka JK. Recent advances in hopanoids analysis: Quantification protocols overview, main research targets and selected problems of complex data exploration. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 153:3-26. [PMID: 25958047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pentacyclic triterpenoids, particularly hopanoids, are organism-specific compounds and are generally considered as useful biomarkers that allow fingerprinting and classification of biological, environmental and geological samples. Simultaneous quantification of various hopanoids together with battery of related non-polar and low-molecular mass compounds may provide principal information for geochemical and environmental research focusing on both modern and ancient investigations. Target compounds can be derived from microbial biomass, water columns, sediments, coals, crude fossils or rocks. This create number of analytical problems due to different composition of the analytical matrix and interfering compounds and therefore, proper optimization of quantification protocols for such biomarkers is still the challenge. In this work we summarizing typical analytical protocols that were recently applied for quantification of hopanoids like compounds from different samples. Main steps including components of interest extraction, pre-purification, fractionation, derivatization and quantification involving gas (1D and 2D) as well as liquid separation techniques (liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, planar and low resolution column chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography) are described and discussed from practical point of view, mainly based on the experimental papers that were published within last two years, where significant increase in hopanoids research was noticed. The second aim of this review is to describe the latest research trends concerning determination of hopanoids and related low-molecular mass lipids analyzed in various samples including sediments, rocks, coals, crude oils and plant fossils as well as stromatolites and microbial biomass cultivated under different conditions. It has been found that majority of the most recent papers are based on uni- or bivariate approach for complex data analysis. Data interpretation involves number of physicochemical parameters and hopanoids quantities or given biomarkers mass ratios derived from high-throughput separation and detection systems, typically GC-MS and HPLC-MS. Based on quantitative data reported in recently published experimental works it has been demonstrated that multivariate data analysis using e.g. principal components computations may significantly extend our knowledge concerning proper biomarkers selection and samples classification by means of hopanoids and related non-polar compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł K Zarzycki
- Section of Toxicology and Bioanalytics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Koszalin University of Technology, Śniadeckich 2, 75-453 Koszalin, Poland.
| | - Joanna K Portka
- Apteka "Na Słowińców", Słowińców 8/1, 78-100 Kołobrzeg, Poland
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24
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Pérez-Fernández B, Viñas L, Franco MÁ, Bargiela J. PAHs in the Ría de Arousa (NW Spain): A consideration of PAHs sources and abundance. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 95:155-165. [PMID: 25960270 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of 35 parental and alkylated homologues of PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) was carried out in eleven marine sediment samples collected along a central transect in the biggest Galician ría. The samples were collected using a box-core dredge and, after freeze-drying, were kept frozen until analysis. The sediments were extracted by PLE (Pressurized Liquid Extraction) procedure and the quantification of PAHs was performed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with the aid of deuterated PAH internal standards. The total concentration of studied PAHs (Σ35PAHs) ranged from 44.8 to 7901ngg(-1) dry weight (d.w.). The highest PAH concentrations were found in sediments collected near the harbour (7901ngg(-1)) and the cleanest positions were located in the outer zone of the ría. To date, these results are the first data presented in the area so they could be used for regular monitoring and control of future pollution episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Pérez-Fernández
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Cabo Estay - Canido, 36390 Vigo, Spain; Campus do Mar, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Lucía Viñas
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Cabo Estay - Canido, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - M Ángeles Franco
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Cabo Estay - Canido, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Jesica Bargiela
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Cabo Estay - Canido, 36390 Vigo, Spain
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25
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Sazykin IS, Sazykina MA, Khammami MI, Kostina NV, Khmelevtsova LE, Trubnik RG. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of lower reaches of the Don River (Russia) and their ecotoxicologic assessment by bacterial lux-biosensors. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:277. [PMID: 25893752 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The lower Don River in the south of the European part of Russia was studied to determine the concentration, spatial distribution, and sources of 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 14.2 to 529 ng/g-dw. Sedimentary PAH concentrations were higher in the delta of the Don River and in the estuaries of rivers Sal and Aksai compared to the main channel of the Don. Analysis of the PAHs sources showed that PAHs came mostly from pyrogenic sources as a result of incomplete combustion of coal. Bioluminescent bacterial sensors were used for ecotoxicological assessment of surface sediments. The surface sediments of all the investigated stations of lower reaches of the Don River were toxic and genotoxic. The maximum concentration of PAHs and the high genotoxicity effect caused by the presence of genotoxicants were found in the surface sediments of the same stations. Significant correlations between the concentrations of individual PAHs in sediments and the genotoxic effect were found. Correlation between genotoxicity of surface sediments and concentration of phenanthrene and benz(k)fluoranthene was the most significant both with and without application of metabolic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Sazykin
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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26
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Foster KL, Stern GA, Carrie J, Bailey JNL, Outridge PM, Sanei H, Macdonald RW. Spatial, temporal, and source variations of hydrocarbons in marine sediments from Baffin Bay, Eastern Canadian Arctic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 506-507:430-443. [PMID: 25437761 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
With declining sea ice conditions in Arctic regions owing to changing climate, the large prospective reservoirs of oil and gas in Baffin Bay and Davis Strait are increasingly accessible, and the interest in offshore exploration and shipping through these regions has increased. Both of these activities are associated with the risk of hydrocarbon releases into the marine ecosystem. However, hydrocarbons are also present naturally in marine environments, in some cases deriving from oil seeps. We have analyzed hydrocarbon concentrations in eleven sediment cores collected from northern Baffin Bay during 2008 and 2009 Amundsen expeditions and have examined the hydrocarbon compositions in both pre- and post-industrial periods (i.e., before and after 1900) to assess the sources of hydrocarbons, and their temporal and spatial variabilities. Concentrations of ΣPAHs ranged from 341 to 2693 ng g(-1) dw, with concentrations in cores from sites within the North Water (NOW) Polynya generally higher. Individual PAH concentrations did not exceed concentrations of concern for marine aquatic life, with one exception found in a core collected within the NOW (one of the seven sediment core samples). Hydrocarbon biomarkers, including alkane profiles, OEP (odd-to-even preference), and TAR (terrigenous/aquatic ratios) values indicated that organic carbon at all sites is derived from both terrigenous higher plants and marine algae, the former being of greater significance at coastal sites, and the latter at the deepest sites at the southern boundary of the NOW. Biomarker ratios and chemical profiles indicate that petrogenic sources dominate over combustion sources, and thus long-range atmospheric transport is less significant than inputs from weathering. Present-day and historic pre-1900 hydrocarbon concentrations exhibited less than an order of magnitude difference for most compounds at all sites. The dataset presented here provides a baseline record of hydrocarbon concentrations in Baffin Bay sediments in advance of offshore exploration and increased shipping activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Foster
- Centre for Earth Observation Sciences (CEOS), Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Environmental & Resource Studies Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada.
| | - Gary A Stern
- Centre for Earth Observation Sciences (CEOS), Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
| | - Jesse Carrie
- Centre for Earth Observation Sciences (CEOS), Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
| | - Joscelyn N-L Bailey
- Centre for Earth Observation Sciences (CEOS), Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
| | - Peter M Outridge
- Centre for Earth Observation Sciences (CEOS), Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Hamed Sanei
- Centre for Earth Observation Sciences (CEOS), Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Centre for Earth Observation Sciences (CEOS), Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Sidney, Canada.
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27
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Keshavarzifard M, Zakaria MP, Hwai TS, Yusuff FFM, Mustafa S, Vaezzadeh V, Magam SM, Masood N, Alkhadher SAA, Abootalebi-Jahromi F. Baseline distributions and sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface sediments from the Prai and Malacca Rivers, Peninsular Malaysia. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 88:366-372. [PMID: 25173594 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the surface sediments of the Malacca and Prai Rivers were analyzed to identify the distributions, and sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). The total PAH concentrations varied from 716 to 1210 and 1102 to 7938 ng g(-1)dw in the sediments of the Malacca and Prai Rivers, respectively. The PAH concentrations can be classified as moderate and high level of pollution in the sediments of the Malacca and Prai Rivers, respectively. The comparison of PAHs with the Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) indicates that the PAHs in the sediments of the Malacca and Prai Rivers may have the potential to cause adverse toxicity effects on the sampled ecosystems. The diagnostic ratios of individual PAHs indicate both petrogenic- and pyrogenic-origin PAHs with dominance of pyrogenic source in both rivers. These findings demonstrate that the environmental regulations in Malaysia have effectively reduced the input of petrogenic petroleum hydrocarbons into rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrzad Keshavarzifard
- Environmental Forensics Research Center (ENFORCE), Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria
- Environmental Forensics Research Center (ENFORCE), Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Tan Shau Hwai
- School of Biological Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Ferdius Ferdius Mohamat Yusuff
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shuhaimi Mustafa
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 4300 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vahab Vaezzadeh
- Environmental Forensics Research Center (ENFORCE), Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sami M Magam
- Environmental Forensics Research Center (ENFORCE), Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Najat Masood
- Environmental Forensics Research Center (ENFORCE), Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sadeq A A Alkhadher
- Environmental Forensics Research Center (ENFORCE), Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fatemeh Abootalebi-Jahromi
- Environmental Forensics Research Center (ENFORCE), Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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28
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Liu F, Yang Q, Hu Y, Du H, Yuan F. Distribution and transportation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at the Humen river mouth in the Pearl River delta and their influencing factors. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 84:401-410. [PMID: 24837319 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Five different water samples were collected from the surface to the bottom layers at the Humen river mouth in the Pearl River delta during the flood and ebb tides in August 2011, respectively. Changes in the distribution and characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were examined to explore their transportation process. More than 62 types of PAHs were detected in the water columns. The mean concentration of the total PAHs ranged from 849.33 to 1370.53 ng/l and from 629.21 to 2019.91 ng/l during the flood and ebb tides, respectively. Furthermore, 2-ring PAHs were the most abundant species, followed by 3-ring PAHs. There were different composition patterns of the PAHs during the flood and ebb tides. And the transportation process of PAHs was influenced by their sources and different estuarine hydrodynamics. Analysis of the sources of the PAHs indicated that the PAHs were derived from primarily petroleum and coal combustion sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Qingshu Yang
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Estuarine Hydraulic Technology, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Yujie Hu
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Huanhuan Du
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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29
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Traven L. Sources, trends and ecotoxicological risks of PAH pollution in surface sediments from the northern Adriatic Sea (Croatia). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 77:445-450. [PMID: 24047639 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the levels, sources and historical trends (2007-2012) of PAH pollution in surface sediments in the northern Adriatic Sea (Croatia) have been assessed. In addition, ecotoxicological risks have been estimated by evaluating the PAH dataset against Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs). The results indicate that PAH in surface sediments are of pyrolitic origin with no clear positive or negative trend in PAH concentration over the investigated period. Evaluations against SQG and mSQGq indicate that surface sediments at all sampling sites have a low to medium ecotoxicological risk. In order to improve trend analysis and characterization of PAH pollution in surface sediments in this region an increase in spatial resolution of sampling points is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Traven
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; Teaching Institute of Public Health of the Primorsko-goranska County, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
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