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Kanata MC, Yanni AE, Koliaki C, Pateras I, Anastasiou IA, Kokkinos A, Karathanos VT. Effects of Wheat Biscuits Enriched with Plant Proteins Incorporated into an Energy-Restricted Dietary Plan on Postprandial Metabolic Responses of Women with Overweight/Obesity. Nutrients 2024; 16:1229. [PMID: 38674919 PMCID: PMC11053654 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of daily consumption of wheat biscuits enriched with plant proteins in postprandial metabolic responses of women with overweight/obesity who follow an energy-restricted diet. Thirty apparently healthy women participated in a 12-week randomized controlled trial and were assigned either to a control (CB) or an intervention (PB) group. Participants consumed daily either a conventional (CB) or an isocaloric wheat biscuit enriched with plant proteins (PB) containing high amounts of amino acids with appetite-regulating properties, i.e., BCAAs and L-arg. At baseline and the end of the intervention, a mixed meal tolerance test was performed. The responses of glucose, insulin, ghrelin, GLP-1, and glicentin were evaluated over 180 min. After 12 weeks, both groups experienced significant decreases in body weight, fat mass, and waist circumference. In the PB group, a trend towards higher weight loss was observed, accompanied by lower carbohydrate, fat, and energy intakes (p < 0.05 compared to baseline and CB group), while decreases in fasting insulin and the HOMA-IR index were also observed (p < 0.05 compared to baseline). In both groups, similar postprandial glucose, ghrelin, and GLP-1 responses were detected, while iAUC for insulin was lower (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the iAUC of glicentin was greater in the PB group (p < 0.05 compared to baseline). Subjective appetite ratings were beneficially affected in both groups (p < 0.05). Consumption of wheat biscuits enriched in plant proteins contributed to greater weight loss, lower energy intake, and insulin resistance and had a positive impact on postprandial glicentin response, a peptide that can potentially predict long-term weight loss and decreased food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Christina Kanata
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece; (M.-C.K.); (V.T.K.)
| | - Amalia E. Yanni
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece; (M.-C.K.); (V.T.K.)
| | - Chrysi Koliaki
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece; (C.K.); (I.A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Irene Pateras
- ELBISCO S.A., Industrial and Commercial Food Company, 21st Km Marathonos Avenue, 19009 Pikermi, Greece;
| | - Ioanna A. Anastasiou
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece; (C.K.); (I.A.A.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 15772 Athens, Greece; (C.K.); (I.A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Vaios T. Karathanos
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece; (M.-C.K.); (V.T.K.)
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Peeters WM, Gram M, Dias GJ, Vissers MCM, Hampton MB, Dickerhof N, Bekhit AE, Black MJ, Oxbøll J, Bayer S, Dickens M, Vitzel K, Sheard PW, Danielson KM, Hodges LD, Brønd JC, Bond J, Perry BG, Stoner L, Cornwall J, Rowlands DS. Changes to insulin sensitivity in glucose clearance systems and redox following dietary supplementation with a novel cysteine-rich protein: A pilot randomized controlled trial in humans with type-2 diabetes. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102918. [PMID: 37812879 PMCID: PMC10570009 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently developed a novel keratin-derived protein (KDP) rich in cysteine, glycine, and arginine, with the potential to alter tissue redox status and insulin sensitivity. The KDP was tested in 35 human adults with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a 14-wk randomised controlled pilot trial comprising three 2×20 g supplemental protein/day arms: KDP-whey (KDPWHE), whey (WHEY), non-protein isocaloric control (CON), with standardised exercise. Outcomes were measured morning fasted and following insulin-stimulation (80 mU/m2/min hyperinsulinaemic-isoglycaemic clamp). With KDPWHE supplementation there was good and very-good evidence for moderate-sized increases in insulin-stimulated glucose clearance rate (GCR; 26%; 90% confidence limits, CL 2%, 49%) and skeletal-muscle microvascular blood flow (46%; 16%, 83%), respectively, and good evidence for increased insulin-stimulated sarcoplasmic GLUT4 translocation (18%; 0%, 39%) vs CON. In contrast, WHEY did not effect GCR (-2%; -25%, 21%) and attenuated HbA1c lowering (14%; 5%, 24%) vs CON. KDPWHE effects on basal glutathione in erythrocytes and skeletal muscle were unclear, but in muscle there was very-good evidence for large increases in oxidised peroxiredoxin isoform 2 (oxiPRX2) (19%; 2.2%, 35%) and good evidence for lower GPx1 concentrations (-40%; -4.3%, -63%) vs CON; insulin stimulation, however, attenuated the basal oxiPRX2 response (4%; -16%, 24%), and increased GPx1 (39%; -5%, 101%) and SOD1 (26%; -3%, 60%) protein expression. Effects of KDPWHE on oxiPRX3 and NRF2 content, phosphorylation of capillary eNOS and insulin-signalling proteins upstream of GLUT4 translocation AktSer437 and AS160Thr642 were inconclusive, but there was good evidence for increased IRSSer312 (41%; 3%, 95%), insulin-stimulated NFκB-DNA binding (46%; 3.4%, 105%), and basal PAK-1Thr423/2Thr402 phosphorylation (143%; 66%, 257%) vs WHEY. Our findings provide good evidence to suggest that dietary supplementation with a novel edible keratin protein in humans with T2DM may increase glucose clearance and modify skeletal-muscle tissue redox and insulin sensitivity within systems involving peroxiredoxins, antioxidant expression, and glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Peeters
- Metabolic and Microvascular Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Science, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - M Gram
- Metabolic and Microvascular Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - G J Dias
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - M C M Vissers
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - N Dickerhof
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - A E Bekhit
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - M J Black
- Metabolic and Microvascular Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J Oxbøll
- Metabolic and Microvascular Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - S Bayer
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M Dickens
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - K Vitzel
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - P W Sheard
- Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - K M Danielson
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgery, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - L D Hodges
- Metabolic and Microvascular Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J C Brønd
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - J Bond
- Metabolic and Microvascular Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - B G Perry
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - L Stoner
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - J Cornwall
- Centre for Early Learning in Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - D S Rowlands
- Metabolic and Microvascular Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Li M, Wu X, Shi J, Niu Y. Endothelium dysfunction and thrombosis in COVID-19 with type 2 diabetes. Endocrine 2023; 82:15-27. [PMID: 37392341 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 can directly or indirectly damage endothelial cells. Endothelial injury, especially phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure on the outer membrane of cells, can more easily promote thrombosis. Type 2 diabetes(T2D) patients were more susceptible to COVID-19, they had more severe symptoms, higher risk of thrombotic complications, and longer duration of post-COVID-19 sequelae. This review provided a detailed overview of the mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction in T2D patients with COVID-19 (including long COVID), which may be influenced by hyperglycemia, hypoxia, and pro-inflammatory environments. The mechanisms of thrombosis in T2D patients with COVID-19 are also explored, particularly the effects of increased numbers of PS-exposing particles, blood cells, and endothelial cells on hypercoagulability. Given the high risk of thrombosis in T2D patients with COVID-19, early antithrombotic therapy can both minimize the impact of the disease on patients and maximize the chances of improvement, thereby alleviating patient suffering. We provided detailed guidance on antithrombotic drugs and dosages for mild, moderate, and severe patients, emphasizing that the optimal timing of thromboprophylaxis is a critical factor in influencing prognosis. Considering the potential interactions between antidiabetic, anticoagulant, and antiviral drugs, we proposed practical and comprehensive management recommendations to supplement the incomplete efficacy of vaccines in the diabetic population, reduce the incidence of post-COVID-19 sequelae, and improve patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Li
- Department of Endodontics, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jialan Shi
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yumei Niu
- Department of Endodontics, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Figueroa A, Maharaj A, Kang Y, Dillon KN, Martinez MA, Morita M, Nogimura D, Fischer SM. Combined Citrulline and Glutathione Supplementation Improves Endothelial Function and Blood Pressure Reactivity in Postmenopausal Women. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071557. [PMID: 37049398 PMCID: PMC10097312 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal women (PMW) may experience endothelial dysfunction associated with arginine (ARG) deficiency relative to asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) caused by oxidative stress. Endothelial dysfunction contributes to increased blood pressure (BP) responsiveness to sympathoexcitation induced by the cold pressor test (CPT). We investigated the effects of citrulline alone (CIT) and combined with the antioxidant glutathione (CIT+GSH) on vascular function. Forty-four healthy PMW were randomized to CIT (6 g), CIT+GSH (2 g + 200 mg: Setria®) or placebo (PL) for 4 weeks. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), aortic stiffness (pulse wave velocity, PWV), brachial and aortic BP reactivity to CPT, and serum fasting blood glucose (FBG), ARG, and ARG/ADMA ratio were measured. Baseline FBG was higher in CIT+GSH vs. PL. FMD increased after CIT+GSH vs. PL (p < 0.05). CIT and CIT+GSH increased ARG/ADMA (p < 0.05), but did not affect aortic PWV. CIT+GSH attenuated the brachial and aortic systolic BP and mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses to CPT vs. PL and CIT (p < 0.05). The improvements in FMD were related to baseline FMD (r = -0.39, p < 0.05) and aortic MAP response to CPT (r = -0.33, p < 0.05). This study showed that CIT+GSH improved FMD and attenuated systolic BP and MAP reactivity in PMW. Although CIT increased ARG/ADMA, it did not improve FMD in healthy PMW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Figueroa
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Arun Maharaj
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yejin Kang
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Katherine N Dillon
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Mauricio A Martinez
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Masahiko Morita
- Research & Development Division, KIRIN Central Research Institute, Kirin Holdings Co., Ltd., 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa 251-8555, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Dai Nogimura
- Research & Development Division, KIRIN Central Research Institute, Kirin Holdings Co., Ltd., 2-26-1, Muraoka-Higashi, Fujisawa 251-8555, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Stephen M Fischer
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Janaszak-Jasiecka A, Płoska A, Wierońska JM, Dobrucki LW, Kalinowski L. Endothelial dysfunction due to eNOS uncoupling: molecular mechanisms as potential therapeutic targets. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:21. [PMID: 36890458 PMCID: PMC9996905 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the most important molecules released by endothelial cells, and its antiatherogenic properties support cardiovascular homeostasis. Diminished NO bioavailability is a common hallmark of endothelial dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis of the cardiovascular disease. Vascular NO is synthesized by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) from the substrate L-arginine (L-Arg), with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) as an essential cofactor. Cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, aging, or smoking increase vascular oxidative stress that strongly affects eNOS activity and leads to eNOS uncoupling. Uncoupled eNOS produces superoxide anion (O2-) instead of NO, thus becoming a source of harmful free radicals exacerbating the oxidative stress further. eNOS uncoupling is thought to be one of the major underlying causes of endothelial dysfunction observed in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Here, we discuss the main mechanisms of eNOS uncoupling, including oxidative depletion of the critical eNOS cofactor BH4, deficiency of eNOS substrate L-Arg, or accumulation of its analog asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA), and eNOS S-glutathionylation. Moreover, potential therapeutic approaches that prevent eNOS uncoupling by improving cofactor availability, restoration of L-Arg/ADMA ratio, or modulation of eNOS S-glutathionylation are briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Janaszak-Jasiecka
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics - Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.Pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Płoska
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics - Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.Pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna M Wierońska
- Department of Neurobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Lawrence W Dobrucki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics - Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.Pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, MC-251, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Leszek Kalinowski
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics - Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.Pl, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki Street, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland. .,BioTechMed Centre, Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland.
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Lépine G, Huneau JF, Rémond D, Mathé V, David J, Hermier D, Guérin-Deremaux L, Lefranc-Millot C, Poupin N, Mariotti F, Polakof S, Fouillet H. Compared with Milk Protein, a Wheat and Pea Protein Blend Reduces High-Fat, High-Sucrose Induced Metabolic Dysregulations while Similarly Supporting Tissue Protein Anabolism in Rats. J Nutr 2023; 153:645-656. [PMID: 36931747 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant proteins (PPs) have been associated with better cardiovascular health than animal proteins (APs) in epidemiological studies. However, the underlying metabolic mechanisms remain mostly unknown. OBJECTIVES Using a combination of cutting-edge isotopic methods, we aimed to better characterize the differences in protein and energy metabolisms induced by dietary protein sources (PP compared with AP) in a prudent or western dietary context. METHODS Male Wistar rats (n = 44, 8 wk old) were fed for 4.5 mo with isoproteic diets differing in their protein isolate sources, either AP (100% milk) or PP (50%:50% pea: wheat) and being normal (NFS) or high (HFS) in sucrose (6% or 15% kcal) and saturated fat (7% or 20% kcal), respectively. We measured body weight and composition, hepatic enzyme activities and lipid content, and plasma metabolites. In the intestine, liver, adipose tissues, and skeletal muscles, we concomitantly assessed the extent of amino acid (AA) trafficking using a 15N natural abundance method, the rates of macronutrient routing to dispensable AA using a 13C natural abundance method, and the metabolic fluxes of protein synthesis (PS) and de novo lipogenesis using a 2H labeling method. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Mixed models. RESULTS At the whole-body level, PP limited HFS-induced insulin resistance (-27% in HOMA-IR between HFS groups, P < 0.05). In the liver, PP induced lower lipid content (-17%, P < 0.01) and de novo lipogenesis (-24%, P < 0.05). In the different tissues studied, PP induced higher AA transamination accompanied by higher routings of dietary carbohydrates and lipids toward dispensable AA synthesis by glycolysis and β-oxidation, resulting in similar tissue PS and protein mass. CONCLUSIONS In growing rats, compared with AP, a balanced blend of PP similarly supports protein anabolism while better limiting whole-body and tissue metabolic dysregulations through mechanisms related to their less optimal AA profile for direct channeling to PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaïa Lépine
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 91120, Palaiseau, France; Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UMR1019, Unité Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-François Huneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Didier Rémond
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UMR1019, Unité Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Véronique Mathé
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Jérémie David
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UMR1019, Unité Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Dominique Hermier
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | | | | | - Nathalie Poupin
- UMR1331 Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - François Mariotti
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Sergio Polakof
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UMR1019, Unité Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Hélène Fouillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, 91120, Palaiseau, France.
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Beneficial Effects of L-Arginine in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19: New Insights from a Randomized Clinical Trial. Pharmacol Res 2023; 191:106702. [PMID: 36804278 PMCID: PMC9928676 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated in a double-blind randomized trial the beneficial effects of L-Arginine in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. We hypothesize that one of the mechanisms underlying the favorable effects of L-Arginine is its action on inflammatory cytokines. To verify our hypothesis, we measured longitudinal plasma levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines implied in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 in patients randomized to receive oral L-Arginine or placebo. The study was successfully completed by 169 patients. Patients in the L-Arginine arm had a reduced respiratory support evaluated at 10 and 20 days; moreover, the time to hospital discharge was significantly shorter in the L-Arginine group. The assessment of circulating cytokines revealed that L-Arginine significantly reduced the circulating levels of pro-inflammatory IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ and increased the levels of the anti-inflammatory IL-10. Taken together, these findings indicate that adding L-Arginine to standard therapy in COVID-19 patients markedly reduces the need of respiratory support and the duration of in-hospital stay; moreover, L-Arginine significantly regulates circulating levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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Tijjani H, Danyaro AM, Olatunde A, Kura AU. Antihyperglycemic activity of verbenone and L-arginine in nicotinamide-streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice: in vitro and in vivo studies. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Natural products are utilized globally for the management of diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Carrot seeds are ethnobotanically used in the management of diabetes mellitus. This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo antihyperglycemic activities of verbenone and L-arginine, which are compounds found in carrot seed.
Results
Verbenone, L-arginine, and their ratios combination expressed significantly in vitro α-amylase inhibitory activity with IC50 of 13.00, 12.69, and 13.30 µg/mL respectively compared with acarbose (IC50 = 12.64 µg/mL) and significant in vitro α-glucosidases inhibitory activity with IC50 of 29.01, 23.76 and 30.11 µg/mL respectively compared with acarbose (IC50 = 16.80 µg/mL). Furthermore, the compounds improved glucose uptake in yeast cells and inhibited haemoglobin glycation in vitro. In the in vivo study, the compounds significantly reduced the levels of blood glucose, the levels of liver total cholesterol, and liver triacylglycerol, the calculated cardiovascular indices, whereas the level of plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was significantly elevated in all diabetic treated mice.
Conclusion
The data revealed the in vitro antidiabetic activity of verbenone and L-arginine. Also, the compounds ameliorated hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and other diabetic-induced biochemical alterations in NAD-STZ-induced diabetic mice model.
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Yanni AE, Kokkinos A, Binou P, Papaioannou V, Halabalaki M, Konstantopoulos P, Simati S, Karathanos VT. Postprandial Glucose and Gastrointestinal Hormone Responses of Healthy Subjects to Wheat Biscuits Enriched with L-Arginine or Branched-Chain Amino Acids of Plant Origin. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204381. [PMID: 36297065 PMCID: PMC9611898 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigates the effects of wheat biscuits supplemented with plant flours originating from legumes/seeds enriched either in L-arginine (L-arg) or branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) on postprandial glucose response of healthy subjects. Gastrointestinal hormone and amino acid responses as well as subjective appetite sensations are also evaluated. Subjects consumed wheat-based biscuits, enriched either in L-arg (ArgB) or BCAAs (BCAAsB) or a conventional wheat biscuit (CB) or a glucose solution (GS) in an acute randomized crossover design. Responses of glucose, insulin, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY) and glicentin, as well as those of L-arginine, L-leucine, L-isoleucine and L-valine, were evaluated over 180 min. Consumption of ArgB and BCAAsB elicited lower glucose iAUC compared to GS (p < 0.05). A lower iAUC for insulin was observed after consumption of BCAAsB (p < 0.05 compared to CB and ArgB), while ArgB elicited higher iAUC for GLP-1 accompanied by higher glicentin response (p < 0.05 compared to CB). BCAAsB and ArgB increased postprandial amino acid concentrations and caused stronger satiety effects compared to CB. Increasing protein content of wheat biscuits with supplementation of plant flours originating from legumes/seeds decreases postprandial glycemia and provides with healthier snack alternatives which can easily be incorporated into diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia E. Yanni
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-9549174
| | - Alexander Kokkinos
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Binou
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Varvara Papaioannou
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Konstantopoulos
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgery Research, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatia Simati
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic and Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Vaios T. Karathanos
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
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Mehanna M, McDonough CW, Smith SM, Gong Y, Gums JG, Chapman AB, Johnson JA, Cooper-DeHoff RM. Influence of Genetic West African Ancestry on Metabolomics among Hypertensive Patients. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090783. [PMID: 36144188 PMCID: PMC9506508 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with higher genetic West African ancestry (GWAA) have hypertension (HTN) that is more difficult to treat and have higher rates of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and differential responses to antihypertensive drugs than those with lower GWAA. The mechanisms underlying these disparities are poorly understood. Using data from 84 ancestry-informative markers in US participants from the Pharmacogenomic Evaluation of Antihypertensive Responses (PEAR) and PEAR-2 trials, the GWAA proportion was estimated. Using multivariable linear regression, the baseline levels of 886 metabolites were compared between PEAR participants with GWAA < 45% and those with GWAA ≥ 45% to identify differential metabolites and metabolic clusters. Metabolites with a false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.2 were used to create metabolic clusters, and a cluster analysis was conducted. Differential clusters were then tested for replication in PEAR-2 participants. We identified 353 differential metabolites (FDR < 0.2) between PEAR participants with GWAA < 45% (n = 383) and those with GWAA ≥ 45% (n = 250), which were used to create 24 metabolic clusters. Of those, 13 were significantly different between groups (Bonferroni p < 0.002). Four clusters, plasmalogen and lysoplasmalogen, sphingolipid metabolism and ceramide, cofactors and vitamins, and the urea cycle, were replicated in PEAR-2 (Bonferroni p < 0.0038) and have been previously linked to HTN and CVD. Our findings may give insights into the mechanisms underlying HTN racial disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Mehanna
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Caitrin W. McDonough
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Steven M. Smith
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - John G. Gums
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Arlene B. Chapman
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Julie A. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Rhonda M. Cooper-DeHoff
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(352)-273-6184
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11
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Yang F, Zhu W, Edirisuriya P, Ai Q, Nie K, Ji X, Zhou K. Characterization of metabolites and biomarkers for the probiotic effects of Clostridium cochlearium on high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:2217-2229. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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The Potential of L-Arginine in Prevention and Treatment of Disturbed Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism—A Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14050961. [PMID: 35267936 PMCID: PMC8912821 DOI: 10.3390/nu14050961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
L-arginine, an endogenous amino acid, is a safe substance that can be found in food. The compound is involved in synthesis of various products responsible for regulatory functions in the body. Particularly noteworthy is, among others, nitric oxide, a signaling molecule regulating carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The increasing experimental and clinical data indicate that L-arginine supplementation may be helpful in managing disturbed metabolism in obesity, regulate arterial blood pressure or alleviate type 2 diabetes symptoms, but the mechanisms underlying these effects have not been sufficiently elucidated. This review aims to present the up-to-date information regarding the current uses and health-promoting potential of L-arginine, its effects on nitric oxide, carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms, based on the results of in vivo, in vitro studies, and clinical human trials. Available literature suggests that L-arginine may have beneficial effects on human health. However, some studies found that higher dietary L-arginine is associated with worsening of an existing disease or may be potential risk factor for development of some diseases. The mechanisms of regulatory effects of L-arginine on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism have not been fully understood and are currently under investigation.
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Posey EA, Bazer FW, Wu G. Amino Acids and Their Metabolites for Improving Human Exercising Performance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1332:151-166. [PMID: 34251643 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74180-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Achieving adequate nutrition for exercising humans is especially important for improving both muscle mass and metabolic health. One of the most common misunderstandings in the fitness industry is that the human body has requirements for dietary whole protein and that exercising individuals must consume only whole protein to meet their physiological needs. This view, however, is incorrect. Instead, humans at rest or during exercise have requirements for dietary amino acids (AAs), and dietary protein is a source of AAs in the body. The requirements for AAs must be met each day to avoid a negative nitrogen balance in individuals with moderate or intense physical activity. By properly meeting increased requirements for AAs through increased intake of high-quality protein (the source of AAs) plus supplemental AAs, athletes can improve their overall athletic performance. AAs or metabolites that are of special importance for exercising individuals include arginine, branched-chain AAs, creatine, glycine, taurine, and glutamine. The AAs play vital roles as both substrates for protein synthesis and molecules for regulating blood flow and nutrient metabolism. The functional roles of AAs include the maintenance of cell and tissue integrity; stimulation of mechanistic target of rapamycin and AMP-activated protein kinase cell signaling pathways; energy sources for the small intestine, cells of the immune system, and skeletal muscle; antioxidant and anti-inflammatory reactions; production of neurotransmitters; modulation of acid-base balance in the body. All of those roles are crucial for the overall goal of improving exercise performance. Therefore, adequate intakes of proteinogenic AAs and their functional metabolites, especially those noted in this review, are essential for optimal human health (including optimum muscle mass and function) and should be a primary goal of exercising individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Posey
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, TX, 77843, USA.
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14
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Role of L-Arginine in Nitric Oxide Synthesis and Health in Humans. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1332:167-187. [PMID: 34251644 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74180-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As a functional amino acid (AA), L-arginine (Arg) serves not only as a building block of protein but also as an essential substrate for the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), creatine, polyamines, homoarginine, and agmatine in mammals (including humans). NO (a major vasodilator) increases blood flow to tissues. Arg and its metabolites play important roles in metabolism and physiology. Arg is required to maintain the urea cycle in the active state to detoxify ammonia. This AA also activates cellular mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) and focal adhesion kinase cell signaling pathways in mammals, thereby stimulating protein synthesis, inhibiting autophagy and proteolysis, enhancing cell migration and wound healing, promoting spermatogenesis and sperm quality, improving conceptus survival and growth, and augmenting the production of milk proteins. Although Arg is formed de novo from glutamine/glutamate and proline in humans, these synthetic pathways do not provide sufficient Arg in infants or adults. Thus, humans and other animals do have dietary needs of Arg for optimal growth, development, lactation, and fertility. Much evidence shows that oral administration of Arg within the physiological range can confer health benefits to both men and women by increasing NO synthesis and thus blood flow in tissues (e.g., skeletal muscle and the corpora cavernosa of the penis). NO is a vasodilator, a neurotransmitter, a regulator of nutrient metabolism, and a killer of bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses [including coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus causing COVID-19). Thus, Arg supplementation can enhance immunity, anti-infectious, and anti-oxidative responses, fertility, wound healing, ammonia detoxification, nutrient digestion and absorption, lean tissue mass, and brown adipose tissue development; ameliorate metabolic syndromes (including dyslipidemia, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension); and treat individuals with erectile dysfunction, sickle cell disease, muscular dystrophy, and pre-eclampsia.
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15
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Yau JW, Thor SM, Ramadas A. Nutritional Strategies in Prediabetes: A Scoping Review of Recent Evidence. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2990. [PMID: 33003593 PMCID: PMC7650618 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional therapy has been conventionally recommended for people with prediabetes as a method to delay or halt progression to type 2 diabetes. However, recommended nutritional strategies evolve over time. Hence, we performed a scoping review on recently reported nutritional interventions for individuals with prediabetes. Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL and PsycINFO databases were searched to identify relevant research articles published within the past 10 years. Ninety-five articles involving a total of 11,211 participants were included in this review. Nutritional strategies were broadly classified into four groups: low calorie diet, low glycemic index diet, specific foods, and a combination of diet and exercise. The most frequently assessed outcomes were plasma glucose, serum insulin, serum lipid profile, body mass index and body weight. More than 50% of reported interventions resulted in significant improvements in these parameters. Nutritional interventions have demonstrated feasibility and practicality as an effective option for prediabetes management. However, the intervention variability demonstrates the challenges of a 'one-size-fits-all' approach. Investigations in genetically diverse populations and objective assessment of progression rate to diabetes are necessary to better comprehend the impact of these nutritional strategies in prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amutha Ramadas
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (J.W.Y.); (S.M.T.)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Because arginine is the substrate for nitric oxide synthesis, which is pivotal to vascular homeostasis and linked to the insulin response, it has long been posited that supplemental arginine could benefit cardiometabolic health. RECENT FINDINGS Recent data have supported the view that supplemental arginine could alleviate the initiation and development of endothelial dysfunction and also shown that it may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. One important finding is that these effects may indeed vary as a function of the amount of arginine, its form and notably the metabolic status of the population. Some studies have shown that low doses of slow-release arginine are better used for nitric oxide synthesis and beneficial in individuals with abnormal arginine metabolism/bioavailability. Pathophysiological data in rodents have emphasized the importance of arginase activation during the development of cardiometabolic risk, which lends credence to a potential benefit for arginine supplements. Likewise, epidemiological evidence suggests that alterations to arginine bioavailability are important regarding the cardiometabolic risk. However, other metabolic mechanisms linked to the multiple pathways of arginine metabolism may also play a role. SUMMARY Further studies are needed to confirm and analyze how and when supplemental arginine is beneficial to cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Mariotti
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005, Paris, France
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17
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O'Connor S, Greffard K, Leclercq M, Julien P, Weisnagel SJ, Gagnon C, Droit A, Bilodeau J, Rudkowska I. Increased Dairy Product Intake Alters Serum Metabolite Profiles in Subjects at Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900126. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah O'Connor
- Endocrinology and Nephrology UnitCHU de Québec‐Université Laval Research Center 2705 Laurier Boulevard G1V 4G2 Québec Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversité Laval 1050 de la Médecine Avenue G1V 0A6 Québec Canada
| | - Karine Greffard
- Endocrinology and Nephrology UnitCHU de Québec‐Université Laval Research Center 2705 Laurier Boulevard G1V 4G2 Québec Canada
| | - Mickael Leclercq
- Endocrinology and Nephrology UnitCHU de Québec‐Université Laval Research Center 2705 Laurier Boulevard G1V 4G2 Québec Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversité Laval 1050 de la Médecine Avenue G1V 0A6 Québec Canada
| | - Pierre Julien
- Endocrinology and Nephrology UnitCHU de Québec‐Université Laval Research Center 2705 Laurier Boulevard G1V 4G2 Québec Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversité Laval 1050 de la Médecine Avenue G1V 0A6 Québec Canada
| | - Stanley John Weisnagel
- Endocrinology and Nephrology UnitCHU de Québec‐Université Laval Research Center 2705 Laurier Boulevard G1V 4G2 Québec Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversité Laval 1050 de la Médecine Avenue G1V 0A6 Québec Canada
| | - Claudia Gagnon
- Endocrinology and Nephrology UnitCHU de Québec‐Université Laval Research Center 2705 Laurier Boulevard G1V 4G2 Québec Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversité Laval 1050 de la Médecine Avenue G1V 0A6 Québec Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- Endocrinology and Nephrology UnitCHU de Québec‐Université Laval Research Center 2705 Laurier Boulevard G1V 4G2 Québec Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversité Laval 1050 de la Médecine Avenue G1V 0A6 Québec Canada
| | - Jean‐François Bilodeau
- Endocrinology and Nephrology UnitCHU de Québec‐Université Laval Research Center 2705 Laurier Boulevard G1V 4G2 Québec Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversité Laval 1050 de la Médecine Avenue G1V 0A6 Québec Canada
| | - Iwona Rudkowska
- Endocrinology and Nephrology UnitCHU de Québec‐Université Laval Research Center 2705 Laurier Boulevard G1V 4G2 Québec Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversité Laval 1050 de la Médecine Avenue G1V 0A6 Québec Canada
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18
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O'Connor S, Julien P, Weisnagel SJ, Gagnon C, Rudkowska I. Impact of a High Intake of Dairy Product on Insulin Sensitivity in Hyperinsulinemic Adults: A Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial. Curr Dev Nutr 2019; 3:nzz083. [PMID: 31453424 PMCID: PMC6700456 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dairy product intake has been associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in cohort studies. However, results from clinical trials on T2D-related risk factors remain inconclusive. OBJECTIVE The aim of this clinical trial was to evaluate the impact of high dairy product intake (HD) (≥4 servings/d) for 6 wk, compared with an adequate dairy product intake (AD) (≤2 servings/d), on glycemic and insulinemic parameters, insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and β-cell function in hyperinsulinemic adults. METHODS In this crossover clinical trial, hyperinsulinemic adults were randomly assigned to HD or AD for 6 wk, then crossed over after a 6-wk washout period. Serum glucose, insulin, C-peptide, HOMA-IR, Matsuda index, insulinogenic index, and disposition index were measured and analyzed using a repeated-measures mixed model adjusted for age, sex, and BMI. Anthropometric measures were collected and food intake was evaluated using a validated FFQ. RESULTS Nineteen men and 8 women completed the study (mean ± SD age: 55 ± 14 y; BMI: 31.3 ± 3.3 kg/m2. Dairy product intake was 5.8 servings/d in the HD condition and 2.3 servings/d in the AD condition after 6 wk. No difference was observed between HD and AD after 6 wk for all outcomes. CONCLUSIONS HD does not affect glycemic and insulinemic parameters, insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and β-cell function over AD in hyperinsulinemic adults. Additional larger and longer studies assessing T2D-related risk factors are required. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02961179.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah O'Connor
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec—Laval University Research Center, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Julien
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec—Laval University Research Center, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stanley John Weisnagel
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec—Laval University Research Center, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claudia Gagnon
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec—Laval University Research Center, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Iwona Rudkowska
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec—Laval University Research Center, Québec, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Québec, Quebec, Canada
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Shayo SC, Kawade S, Ogiso K, Yoshihiko N. Strategies to ameliorate endothelial dysfunction associated with metabolic syndrome, where are we? Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:2164-2169. [PMID: 31235152 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is a paucity of aggregated clinical trials on strategies of ameliorating endothelial dysfunction associated with Metabolic Syndrome (MS). We reviewed clinical trials conducted between 2008 and 2017, reporting on strategies of improving endothelial function in patients with MS. A comprehensive search of published articles by the Google Scholar and PubMed were carried out. Only studies involving non-invasive, objective measurement of endothelial function were included. Thirty (30) studies were selected for analysis, in which physical exercise training, diet modification, calcium channel blockers + alpha-lipoic acid, bezafibrate, allopurinol, mesoglycan, and l-arginine supplementation significantly improved Endothelial-Dependent Vasodilation (EDV) in patients with MS but without cardiovascular diseases. Large multicenter clinical trials are required to address the question of generalizability of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigfrid Casmir Shayo
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrine Medicine Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Kawade
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrine Medicine Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan.
| | - Kazuma Ogiso
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrine Medicine Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan.
| | - Nishio Yoshihiko
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrine Medicine Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan.
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Atawia RT, Bunch KL, Toque HA, Caldwell RB, Caldwell RW. Mechanisms of obesity-induced metabolic and vascular dysfunctions. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2019; 24:890-934. [PMID: 30844720 PMCID: PMC6689231 DOI: 10.2741/4758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions and its prevalence is climbing. Obesity is characterized by hypertrophied adipocytes with a dysregulated adipokine secretion profile, increased recruitment of inflammatory cells, and impaired metabolic homeostasis that eventually results in the development of systemic insulin resistance, a phenotype of type 2 diabetes. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is an enzyme that converts L-arginine to nitric oxide (NO), which functions to maintain vascular and adipocyte homeostasis. Arginase is a ureohydrolase enzyme that competes with NOS for L-arginine. Arginase activity/expression is upregulated in obesity, which results in diminished bioavailability of NO, impairing both adipocyte and vascular endothelial cell function. Given the emerging role of NO in the regulation of adipocyte physiology and metabolic capacity, this review explores the interplay between arginase and NO, and their effect on the development of metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and mitochondrial dysfunction in obesity. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of obesity-induced metabolic and vascular dysfunction is necessary for the identification of more effective and tailored therapeutic avenues for their prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem T Atawia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University. Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Katharine L Bunch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University. Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Haroldo A Toque
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,and Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University. Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Ruth B Caldwell
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University. Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Robert W Caldwell
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University. Augusta, GA 30904,USA,
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Tejero J, Shiva S, Gladwin MT. Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:311-379. [PMID: 30379623 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a small free radical with critical signaling roles in physiology and pathophysiology. The generation of sufficient NO levels to regulate the resistance of the blood vessels and hence the maintenance of adequate blood flow is critical to the healthy performance of the vasculature. A novel paradigm indicates that classical NO synthesis by dedicated NO synthases is supplemented by nitrite reduction pathways under hypoxia. At the same time, reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, are produced in the vascular system for signaling purposes, as effectors of the immune response, or as byproducts of cellular metabolism. NO and ROS can be generated by distinct enzymes or by the same enzyme through alternate reduction and oxidation processes. The latter oxidoreductase systems include NO synthases, molybdopterin enzymes, and hemoglobins, which can form superoxide by reduction of molecular oxygen or NO by reduction of inorganic nitrite. Enzymatic uncoupling, changes in oxygen tension, and the concentration of coenzymes and reductants can modulate the NO/ROS production from these oxidoreductases and determine the redox balance in health and disease. The dysregulation of the mechanisms involved in the generation of NO and ROS is an important cause of cardiovascular disease and target for therapy. In this review we will present the biology of NO and ROS in the cardiovascular system, with special emphasis on their routes of formation and regulation, as well as the therapeutic challenges and opportunities for the management of NO and ROS in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Tejero
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; and Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; and Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; and Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Lent-Schochet D, McLaughlin M, Ramakrishnan N, Jialal I. Exploratory metabolomics of metabolic syndrome: A status report. World J Diabetes 2019; 10:23-36. [PMID: 30697368 PMCID: PMC6347655 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v10.i1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is as a cluster of cardio-metabolic factors that greatly increase the risk of chronic diseases such as type II diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In the United States, obesity, physical inactivity, aging, and genetics (to a minor extent) have arisen as risk factors for developing MetS. Although 35% of American adults suffer from MetS, its pathogenesis largely remains unknown. Worse, there is a lack of screening and optimum therapy for this disease. Researchers have consequently turned towards metabolomics to identify biomarkers to better understand MetS. The purpose of this review is to characterize various metabolites and their potential connections to MetS. Numerous studies have also characterized MetS as a disease of increased inflammation, and therefore this review also explores how metabolites play a role in various inflammatory pathways. Our review explores a broad range of metabolites including biogenic amines, branched chain amino acids, aromatic amines, phosphatidylcholines, as well as a variety of other molecules. We will explore their biochemical pathways and their potential role in serving as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Lent-Schochet
- Metabolism and Clinical Pathology, College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, United States
| | - Matthew McLaughlin
- Metabolism and Clinical Pathology, College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, United States
| | - Neeraj Ramakrishnan
- Metabolism and Clinical Pathology, College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, United States
| | - Ishwarlal Jialal
- Metabolism and Clinical Pathology, College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, United States
- VA Medical Center, Mather CA 95655, United States
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Liu J, Huang Z, Ma W, Peng S, Li Y, Miranda KM, Tian J, Zhang Y. Design and synthesis of rosiglitazone-ferulic acid-nitric oxide donor trihybrids for improving glucose tolerance. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 162:650-665. [PMID: 30481687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Glucose intolerance is associated with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) while some new therapeutic drugs, such as rosiglitazone (Rosi), for T2DM can cause severe cardiovascular side effects. Herein we report the synthesis of Rosi-ferulic acid (FA)-nitric oxide (NO) donor trihybrids to improve glucose tolerance and minimize the side effects. In comparison with Rosi, the most active compound 21 exhibited better effects on improving glucose tolerance, which was associated with its NO production, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Furthermore, 21 displayed relatively high stability in the simulated gastrointestinal environments and human liver microsomes, and released Rosi in plasma. More importantly, 21, unlike Rosi, had little stimulatory effect on the membrane translocation of aquaporin-2 (AQP2) in kidney collecting duct epithelial cells. These, together with a better safety profile, suggest that the trihybrids, like 21, may be promising candidates for intervention of glucose intolerance-related metabolic syndrome and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhangjian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wenhuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Sixun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Katrina M Miranda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States.
| | - Jide Tian
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Yihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Mirmiran P, Moghadam SK, Bahadoran Z, Ghasemi A, Azizi F. Dietary L-Arginine Intakes and the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: A 6-Year Follow-Up in Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2017; 22:263-270. [PMID: 29333377 PMCID: PMC5758088 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2017.22.4.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate whether regular dietary intake of L-arginine could affect the occurrence of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Eligible adult men and women (n=1,237), who participated in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, were followed for a median of 6.3 years. Dietary intakes of L-arginine and serum nitrate and nitrite (NOx) concentration were assessed at baseline (2006~2008), and demographics, anthropometrics, and biochemical variables were evaluated at baseline and follow-up examinations. The occurrence of MetS was assessed in relation to total L-arginine, intakes of L-arginine from animal and plant sources, with adjustment of potential confounding variables. Participants who had higher intake of L-arginine also had higher serum NOx at baseline (35.0 vs. 30.5 μmol/L, P<0.05). After 6 years of follow-up, higher intakes of L-arginine from animal sources were accompanied with increased risk of MetS [odd ratios (OR)=1.49, 95% confidence interval (95% CI)=1.02~2.18]. Compared to the lowest, the highest intakes of L-arginine from plant sources were related to significantly reduced risk of MetS (OR=0.58, 95% CI=0.32~0.99). In conclusion, our findings suggest a potentially protective effect of plant derived L-arginine intakes against development of MetS and its phenotypes; moreover, higher intakes of L-arginine from animal sources could be a dietary risk factor for development of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Mirmiran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19839-63113, Iran
| | - Sajjad Khalili Moghadam
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19839-63113, Iran
| | - Zahra Bahadoran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19839-63113, Iran
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19839-63113, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19839-63113, Iran
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Ellis AC, Dudenbostel T, Locher JL, Crowe-White K. Modulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Elders: The MOXIE Study. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr 2017; 35:219-242. [PMID: 27897608 DOI: 10.1080/21551197.2016.1250693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among women in the United States. Endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness increase with advancing age and are early predictors of future CVD outcomes. We designed the Modulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Elders (MOXIE) study to examine the effects of 100% watermelon juice as a "food-first" intervention to reduce CVD risk among African American (AA) and European American (EA) women aged 55-69 years. Vascular dysfunction is more pronounced in AA compared to EA women due in part to lower nitric oxide bioavailability caused by higher oxidative stress. However, bioactive compounds in watermelon may improve vascular function by increasing nitric oxide bioavailability and antioxidant capacity. This trial will use a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover design to investigate the potential of 100% watermelon juice to positively impact various robust measures of vascular function as well as serum biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity. This nutrition intervention and its unique methodology to examine both clinical and mechanistic outcomes are described in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Cameron Ellis
- a Human Nutrition, University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , Alabama , USA
| | - Tanja Dudenbostel
- b School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama , USA
| | - Julie L Locher
- c Geriatrics and Health Care Organizations and Policy, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama , USA
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Reule CA, Goyvaerts B, Schoen C. Effects of an L-arginine-based multi ingredient product on endothelial function in subjects with mild to moderate hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia - a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:92. [PMID: 28153005 PMCID: PMC5290654 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1603-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Nutrition plays an important role in prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in early stages. Recent research demonstrated beneficial effects of various nutritional ingredients on vascular health. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of an L-arginine-based multi ingredient product (AbMIP) on vascular function. Methods Twenty-five male and female subjects, aged between 45 and 65 years with elevated blood pressure and hyperhomocysteinemia were included in this cross-over trial. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the two sequence groups (AbMIP -placebo or placebo – AbMIP). AbMIP and placebo were taken for 4 weeks, each. Endothelial function under fasting conditions, blood pressure, postprandial endothelial function after consumption of a high fat meal, homocysteine, asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA) and Hba1c were determined. Results AbMIP significantly improved fasting endothelial function determined by EndoPAT™ when compared to placebo (p = 0.047). Similarly, homocysteine levels were significantly decreased after verum supplementation when compared to placebo (p < 0.0001). Systolic blood pressure decreased significantly under AbMIP (p = 0.002) and the reduction was more pronounced when compared to placebo. However, due to placebo-effects no significant difference could be found between groups (p = 0.586). The effects on postprandial endothelial function were stronger for AbMIP when compared with placebo but did not reach significance (p = 0.201). No significant effects of AbMIP were observed regarding HbA1c, ADMA and diastolic blood pressure. Conclusions Due to improvement on endothelial function, decrease of elevated homocysteine levels and excellent tolerability, AbMIP was demonstrated to be a beneficial option for dietary treatment of endothelial dysfunction and hyperhomocysteinemia in early stages of CVD. Trial registration The clinical trials.gov identifier is NCT02392767, November 14, 2014.
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Kanuri BN, Kanshana JS, Rebello SC, Pathak P, Gupta AP, Gayen JR, Jagavelu K, Dikshit M. Altered glucose and lipid homeostasis in liver and adipose tissue pre-dispose inducible NOS knockout mice to insulin resistance. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41009. [PMID: 28106120 PMCID: PMC5247703 DOI: 10.1038/srep41009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
On the basis of diet induced obesity and KO mice models, nitric oxide is implied to play an important role in the initiation of dyslipidemia induced insulin resistance. However, outcomes using iNOS KO mice have so far remained inconclusive. The present study aimed to assess IR in iNOS KO mice after 5 weeks of LFD feeding by monitoring body composition, energy homeostasis, insulin sensitivity/signaling, nitrite content and gene expressions changes in the tissues. We found that body weight and fat content in KO mice were significantly higher while the respiratory exchange ratio (RER), volume of carbon dioxide (VCO2), and heat production were lower as compared to WT mice. Furthermore, altered systemic glucose tolerance, tissue insulin signaling, hepatic gluconeogenesis, augmented hepatic lipids, adiposity, as well as gene expression regulating lipid synthesis, catabolism and efflux were evident in iNOS KO mice. Significant reduction in eNOS and nNOS gene expression, hepatic and adipose tissue nitrite content, circulatory nitrite was also observed. Oxygen consumption rate of mitochondrial respiration has remained unaltered in KO mice as measured using extracellular flux analyzer. Our findings establish a link between the NO status with systemic and tissue specific IR in iNOS KO mice at 5 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu Nageswararao Kanuri
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow - 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi - 110001, India
| | - Jitendra S Kanshana
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow - 226031, India
| | - Sanjay C Rebello
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow - 226031, India
| | - Priya Pathak
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow - 226031, India
| | - Anand P Gupta
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow - 226031, India
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow - 226031, India
| | - Kumaravelu Jagavelu
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow - 226031, India
| | - Madhu Dikshit
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi - 110001, India
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Menzel D, Haller H, Wilhelm M, Robenek H. L-Arginine and B vitamins improve endothelial function in subjects with mild to moderate blood pressure elevation. Eur J Nutr 2016; 57:557-568. [PMID: 27817128 PMCID: PMC5845626 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1342-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this trial was to investigate the influence of a dietetic product consisting of a unique combination of l-arginine with the vitamins B6, folic acid and B12 (Telcor® Arginin plus) on endothelial dysfunction. Methods Subjects aged 40–65 years with mild to moderate blood pressure (BP) elevation not treated with anti-hypertensive drugs were randomly assigned to either the dietetic product (n = 40) or a matching placebo (n = 41) for 3 months with open follow-up for a further 3 months. Postprandial change in endothelial function was assessed using the validated reactive hyperaemia index (RHI) at 3 months compared to the study onset (RHI post–pre, visit 3–visit 1; ΔΔRHI). Secondary parameters included BP and plasma homocysteine concentration. Results The primary efficacy analysis revealed superiority of the nutritional intervention over placebo (p = 0.0349) in reducing the deterioration of endothelial function. While in the active group ΔΔRHI increased (0.371 ± 0.122), almost no change could be detected in the placebo group (0.031 ± 0.100), thus demonstrating a significant improvement in vascular function in the intervention group. Moreover, the intervention reduced BP and homocysteine levels. Non-serious adverse events were equally distributed in both groups, and none of the events were assessed as possibly intervention-related by the investigators. Conclusions This trial confirmed the effective and safe use of dietary management with l-arginine in combination with B vitamins. The primary efficacy analysis demonstrated a statistically significant superiority of the combination of l-arginine with B vitamins over placebo in improving and restoring impaired endothelial function and lowering BP in patients with mild to moderate blood pressure elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hermann Haller
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension Medicine, Hannover Medical School, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Horst Robenek
- University Clinic Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Domagkstr. 3, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Tahmasebinejad Z, Azizi F. Dietary L-arginine intake and the incidence of coronary heart disease: Tehran lipid and glucose study. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:23. [PMID: 26985233 PMCID: PMC4793528 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated the association of regular dietary intake of L-arginine and both the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and changes of blood pressure. Methods Eligible adults (n = 2284) who participated in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study were followed for a mean of 4.7 years. Dietary intake of L-arginine was assessed at baseline (2006–2008); biochemical variables were evaluated at baseline and the follow-up examination. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models adjusted for potential confounders were used to estimate the risk of CHD across tertiles of L-arginine intake. Linear regression models were also used to indicate the association of L-arginine intake with changes of serum lipids and blood pressure during the follow-up. Results Mean age of participants (42.8 % men) was 38.2 ± 13.4, at baseline. During a mean 4.7 ± 1.4 y of follow-up, 57 participants experienced CHD events. A significant negative association was observed between plant-derived L-arginine intake and changes of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, whereas animal-derived L-arginine intake was related to increased levels of diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.01). Participants in the 2nd tertile (1.45–1.78 g/d) had a significantly increased risk of CHD events compared to the participants in the 1st tertile (<1.45 g/d) (HR = 1.90, 95 % CI = 1.03–3.58). The risk of CHD had a decreasing trend across increasing plant-derived L-arginine intake (HR = 1.0, HR = 0.91, 95 % CI = 0.51–1.62, HR = 0.72, 95 % CI = 0.39–1.32, P for trend = 0.03). Conclusion Higher intake of plant derived L-arginine may have a protective effect whereas animal-derived L-arginine may be a risk factor for development of hypertension and CHD events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bahadoran
- Student Research Office, Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; No. 24, Shahid-Erabi St., Yeman St., Velenjak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zhaleh Tahmasebinejad
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ellis AC, Patterson M, Dudenbostel T, Calhoun D, Gower B. Effects of 6-month supplementation with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, glutamine and arginine on vascular endothelial function of older adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 70:269-73. [PMID: 26306566 PMCID: PMC4740211 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2015.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Vascular endothelial function declines with advancing age, due in part to increased oxidative stress and inflammation, and this age-related vascular dysfunction has been identified as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. This double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigated the effects of a dietary supplement containing β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), glutamine and arginine on endothelial-dependent vasodilation of older adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS A total of 31 community-dwelling men and women aged 65-87 years were randomly assigned to two groups. The treatment group received two doses of the supplement daily (totaling 3 g HMB, 14 g glutamine and 14 g arginine) for 6 months, whereas the control group received an isocaloric placebo. At baseline and week 24, vascular endothelial function was measured by flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery, and fasting blood samples were obtained to measure high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). RESULTS Paired sample t-tests revealed a 27% increase in flow-mediated dilation among the treatment group (P=0.003), whereas no change was observed in the placebo group (P=0.651). Repeated-measures analysis of variance verified a significant time by group interaction (P=0.038). Although no significant changes were observed for hsCRP or TNF-α, a trend was observed for increasing hsCRP among the placebo group only (P=0.059). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that dietary supplementation of HMB, glutamine and arginine may favorably affect vascular endothelial function in older adults. Additional studies are needed to elucidate whether reduced inflammation or other mechanisms may underlie the benefits of supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Ellis
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - M Patterson
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - T Dudenbostel
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - D Calhoun
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - B Gower
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
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Monti LD, Galluccio E, Fontana B, Spadoni S, Comola M, Marrocco Trischitta MM, Chiesa R, Comi G, Bosi E, Piatti P. Pharmacogenetic influence of eNOS gene variant on endothelial and glucose metabolism responses to L-arginine supplementation: Post hoc analysis of the L-arginine trial. Metabolism 2015; 64:1582-91. [PMID: 26385052 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether variants of the eNOS gene are associated with endothelial and metabolic responses to L-arginine (L-arg) supplementation. MATERIAL AND METHODS We examined a single nucleotide polymorphism of the eNOS gene (rs753482-A>C) to investigate the effects of this variant on endothelial function (EF), colony-forming unit-endothelial cell (CFU-EC) number, asymmetric-dimethylarginine (ADMA) level, insulin sensitivity index (ISI), and insulin secretion (IS) in a post hoc analysis of the L-arg trial. The L-arg trial (6.4 g/day for 18 months) was a single-center, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, phase III trial in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and metabolic syndrome. followed by a 12-month extended follow-up period after termination of the study drug (NCT 00917449). RESULTS At baseline, EF, CFU-EC numbers, ADMA levels, and ISI were impaired in subjects carrying minor allele C (both heterozygotes, AC and homozygotes, CC) as compared to subjects carrying major allele A (homozygotes, AA) (p<0.01). Compared to placebo, L-arg increased EF, CFU-EC numbers, and ISI, and improved ADMA levels and IS (p<0.01). The greatest improvements were found in AA subjects treated with L-arg, while the worst results were found in AC+CC subjects treated with placebo. In the placebo-treated subjects, EF, CFU-EC, ISI, and IS were significantly lower and ADMA was significantly higher in AC+CC subjects than in AA subjects. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with L-arg induced similar improvements in EF, CFU-EC numbers, ADMA levels, ISI, and IS in both AA subjects and AC+CC subjects. The presence of minor allele resulted in the worst prognosis in terms of EF, CFU-EC numbers, ADMA levels, ISI, and IS during the 30-month observation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucilla D Monti
- Cardio-Diabetes and Core Lab Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine,IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.
| | - Elena Galluccio
- Cardio-Diabetes and Core Lab Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine,IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Fontana
- Cardio-Diabetes and Core Lab Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine,IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Spadoni
- Cardio-Diabetes and Core Lab Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine,IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Comola
- Neurology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Chiesa
- Vascular Surgery, Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Neurology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bosi
- Cardio-Diabetes and Core Lab Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine,IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; Cardio-Metabolism and Clinical Trials Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine,IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Piermarco Piatti
- Cardio-Metabolism and Clinical Trials Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine,IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Sansbury BE, Hill BG. Regulation of obesity and insulin resistance by nitric oxide. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 73:383-99. [PMID: 24878261 PMCID: PMC4112002 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease and has quickly become a worldwide pandemic with few tangible and safe treatment options. Although it is generally accepted that the primary cause of obesity is energy imbalance, i.e., the calories consumed are greater than are utilized, understanding how caloric balance is regulated has proven a challenge. Many "distal" causes of obesity, such as the structural environment, occupation, and social influences, are exceedingly difficult to change or manipulate. Hence, molecular processes and pathways more proximal to the origins of obesity-those that directly regulate energy metabolism or caloric intake-seem to be more feasible targets for therapy. In particular, nitric oxide (NO) is emerging as a central regulator of energy metabolism and body composition. NO bioavailability is decreased in animal models of diet-induced obesity and in obese and insulin-resistant patients, and increasing NO output has remarkable effects on obesity and insulin resistance. This review discusses the role of NO in regulating adiposity and insulin sensitivity and places its modes of action into context with the known causes and consequences of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Sansbury
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Bradford G Hill
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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Suliburska J, Bogdanski P, Krejpcio Z, Pupek-Musialik D, Jablecka A. The effects of L-arginine, alone and combined with vitamin C, on mineral status in relation to its antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties in male rats on a high-fat diet. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 157:67-74. [PMID: 24293384 PMCID: PMC3895179 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the intake of L-arginine alone and of L-arginine with vitamin C on mineral concentration in rats fed with a high-fat diet, and to assess the lipid glucose, insulin, and total antioxidant status (TAS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha serum levels that result. Wistar rats were assigned to groups fed with either a standard control diet (C), a diet high in fat (FD), a diet high in fat with L-arginine, or a diet high in fat with L-arginine and vitamin C. After 6 weeks, the length and weight of the rats were measured, and the animals were euthanized. The liver, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, heart, and gonads were collected, as were blood samples. The total serum cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting glucose, insulin, TAS, and TNF alpha levels were measured. The tissue calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and copper concentrations were determined. It was found that L-arginine supplementation diminished the effect of the modified diet on the concentration of iron in the liver and spleen and of copper in heart. At the same time, it was observed that L-arginine supplementation reduced the effect of the high-fat diet on insulin, TNF alpha, and TAS. The combination of L-arginine and vitamin C produced a similar effect on the mineral levels in the tissues as did L-arginine used alone. Moreover, positive correlations between serum insulin and iron in the liver, between TNF alpha and iron in the liver, and between TNF alpha and copper in the heart were observed. The level of TAS in serum was inversely correlated with the copper level in the heart and the iron level in the liver. We concluded that the beneficial influence of L-arginine on insulin, TAS, and TNF alpha serum level is associated with changes in the iron and copper status in rats fed with a high-fat diet. No synergistic effect of L-arginine and vitamin C in the biochemical parameters or in the mineral status in rats fed with the modified diet was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Suliburska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznan, Poland,
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Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has increased remarkably in the past four decades. Because obesity can promote the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, understanding the mechanisms that engender weight gain and discovering safe antiobesity therapies are of critical importance. In particular, the gaseous signaling molecule, nitric oxide (NO), appears to be a central factor regulating adiposity and systemic metabolism. Obese and diabetic states are characterized by a deficit in bioavailable NO, with such decreases commonly attributed to downregulation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), loss of eNOS activity, or quenching of NO by its reaction with oxygen radicals. Gain-of-function studies, in which vascular-derived NO has been increased pharmacologically or genetically, reveal remarkable actions of NO on body composition and systemic metabolism. This review addresses the metabolic actions of eNOS and the potential therapeutic utility of harnessing its antiobesogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Sansbury
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Bradford G Hill
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Louisville, Kentucky, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
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Hristina K, Langerholc T, Trapecar M. Novel metabolic roles of L-arginine in body energy metabolism and possible clinical applications. J Nutr Health Aging 2014; 18:213-8. [PMID: 24522477 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-014-0015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although the body can synthesize L-arginine, exogenous supplementation may be sometimes necessary, especially in particular conditions which results in depleted endogenous source. Among diseases and states when exogenous supplementation may be necessary are: burns, severe wounds, infections, insufficient circulation, intensive physical activity or sterility. In recent time, the attention was paid to the use of L-arginine supplementation by athletes during intensive sport activity, to enhance tissue growth and general performance, to potentiate the ergogenic potential and muscle tolerance to high intensive work and gas exchange threshold, to decrease ammonia liberation and recovery performance period and to improve wound healing. High-intensity exercise produces transient hyperammoniemia, presumably due to AMP catabolism. Catabolic pathways of AMP may involve its deamination or dephosphorylation, mainly in order to compensate fall in adenylate enrgy charge (AEC), due to AMP rise. The enzymes of purine metabolism have been documented to be particularly sensitive to the effect of dietary L-arginine supplementation. L-arginine supplementation leads to redirection of AMP deamination on account of increased AMP dephosphorylation and subsequent adenosine production and may increase ATP regeneration via activation of AMP kinase (AMPK) pathway. The central role of AMPK in regulating cellular ATP regeneration, makes this enzyme as a central control point in energy homeostasis. The effects of L-arginine supplementation on energy expenditure were successful independently of age or previous disease, in young sport active, elderly, older population and patients with angina pectoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hristina
- Christina Kocic, University Maribor Medical Faculty, Biochemistry, Slomskov trg 5, Maribor, 2000, Slovenia,
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Joshi M, Kotha SR, Malireddy S, Selvaraju V, Satoskar AR, Palesty A, McFadden DW, Parinandi NL, Maulik N. Conundrum of pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy: role of vascular endothelial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species, and mitochondria. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 386:233-49. [PMID: 24307101 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1861-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy and heart failure have been recognized as the leading causes of mortality among diabetics. Diabetic cardiomyopathy has been characterized primarily by the manifestation of left ventricular dysfunction that is independent of coronary artery disease and hypertension among the patients affected by diabetes mellitus. A complex array of contributing factors including the hypertrophy of left ventricle, alterations of metabolism, microvascular pathology, insulin resistance, fibrosis, apoptotic cell death, and oxidative stress have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy are yet to be established. The critical involvement of multifarious factors including the vascular endothelial dysfunction, microangiopathy, reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction has been identified in the mechanism of pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Although it is difficult to establish how each factor contributes to disease, the involvement of ROS and mitochondrial dysfunction are emerging as front-runners in the mechanism of pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. This review highlights the role of vascular endothelial dysfunction, ROS, oxidative stress, and mitochondriopathy in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, the review emphasizes that the puzzle has to be solved to firmly establish the mitochondrial and/or ROS mechanism(s) by identifying their most critical molecular players involved at both spatial and temporal levels in diabetic cardiomyopathy as targets for specific and effective pharmacological/therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandip Joshi
- Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
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Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities characterized by central obesity, dyslipidemias, hypertension, high fasting glucose, chronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress. This condition has become an increasing problem in our society where about 34 % of adults are diagnosed with MetS. In parallel with the adult situation, a significant number of children present lipid abnormalities and insulin resistance, which can be used as markers of MetS in the pediatric population. Changes in lifestyle including healthy dietary regimens and increased physical activity should be the first lines of therapy to decrease MetS. In this article, we present the most recent information on successful dietary modifications that can reduce the parameters associated with MetS. Successful dietary strategies include energy restriction and weight loss, manipulation of dietary macronutrients--either through restriction of carbohydrates, fat, or enrichment in beneficial fatty acids, incorporation of functional foods and bioactive nutrients, and adherence to dietary and lifestyle patterns such the Mediterranean diet and diet/exercise regimens. Together, the recent findings presented in this review serve as evidence to support the therapeutic treatment of MetS through diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Andersen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, 3624 Horsebarn Road Ext., Unit 4017, Storrs, CT, 06269-4017, USA
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Mabalirajan U, Ghosh B. Mitochondrial dysfunction in metabolic syndrome and asthma. J Allergy (Cairo) 2013; 2013:340476. [PMID: 23840225 PMCID: PMC3687506 DOI: 10.1155/2013/340476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Though severe or refractory asthma merely affects less than 10% of asthma population, it consumes significant health resources and contributes significant morbidity and mortality. Severe asthma does not fell in the routine definition of asthma and requires alternative treatment strategies. It has been observed that asthma severity increases with higher body mass index. The obese-asthmatics, in general, have the features of metabolic syndrome and are progressively causing a significant burden for both developed and developing countries thanks to the westernization of the world. As most of the features of metabolic syndrome seem to be originated from central obesity, the underlying mechanisms for metabolic syndrome could help us to understand the pathobiology of obese-asthma condition. While mitochondrial dysfunction is the common factor for most of the risk factors of metabolic syndrome, such as central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes, the involvement of mitochondria in obese-asthma pathogenesis seems to be important as mitochondrial dysfunction has recently been shown to be involved in airway epithelial injury and asthma pathogenesis. This review discusses current understanding of the overlapping features between metabolic syndrome and asthma in relation to mitochondrial structural and functional alterations with an aim to uncover mechanisms for obese-asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulaganathan Mabalirajan
- Molecular Immunogenetics Laboratory and Centre of Excellence for Translational Research in Asthma & Lung Disease, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Molecular Immunogenetics Laboratory and Centre of Excellence for Translational Research in Asthma & Lung Disease, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
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Suliburska J, Bogdanski P, Szulinska M, Pupek-Musialik D, Jablecka A. Changes in mineral status are associated with improvements in insulin sensitivity in obese patients following L-arginine supplementation. Eur J Nutr 2013; 53:387-93. [PMID: 23708056 PMCID: PMC3925292 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to evaluate the long-term influence of L-arginine intake on mineral concentration in patients with obesity and to assess the changes in lipid serum levels, fat content, and insulin resistance that result. METHODS A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study was conducted. 88 obese patients were randomly assigned to receive either 9 g of L-arginine or placebo daily, for 6 months. At baseline and after 6 months, selected anthropometrical measurements and blood biochemical analyses were performed and mineral levels were assessed. To assess insulin sensitivity, the gold-standard euglycemic clamp methodology was used. RESULTS We found that 6 months of L-arginine supplementation resulted in significant increases in insulin sensitivity (Δ1.1 mg/kg/min, P < 0.01) and zinc levels (Δ1.5 μmol/L, P < 0.001). Moreover, a positive correlation between the change in zinc concentration in serum and the change in insulin sensitivity was observed (R = 0.80, P < 0.01). In the group of patients treated with L-arginine, a negative correlation between the change in zinc concentration in serum and the change in body fat content was noted (R = -0.38, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS L-Arginine supplementation affects zinc status in obese patients. One beneficial influence is related to the improvements in insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Suliburska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624, Poznan, Poland,
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