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Zhao X, Hu X, Wang J, Shen M, Zhou K, Han X, Thomas M, Wang K, Wang L, Wang Z. A cross-sectional study on the understanding and attitudes toward influenza and influenza vaccines among different occupational groups in China. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2397214. [PMID: 39286861 PMCID: PMC11409513 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2397214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge regarding influenza viruses and vaccines among different professional groups to investigate the reasons for vaccine hesitancy. We collected 2190 questionnaires regarding influenza vaccines in China in 2022. The respondents were categorized into the general population (GP), foreign affairs workforce population (FAWP), and veterinary workforce population (VWP) according to their job positions. Linear regression was used to assess the association between multiple factors and influenza vaccination rates. The association between work and influenza vaccination rates was also assessed by grouping different workforce populations. The vaccination rate of the GP was higher than that of the VWP (odds ratio: 1.342, 95% confidence interval: 1.025-1.853), surpassing the rates reported in previous studies. This may be attributed to heightened concerns about infectious diseases influenced by the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Despite the VWP's more in-depth knowledge of the VWP on zoonotic diseases and their recognition of their importance, there was no significant difference in influenza knowledge among the three populations. This discrepancy contrasts with the observed differences in vaccination rates. Further investigation revealed that, compared with FAWP, the price of vaccines emerged as a primary influencing factor for vaccination rates (odds ratio:0.398, 95%CI; 0.280-0.564). General concerns regarding the protective effects and side effects of vaccines were also noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkun Zhao
- School of Laboratory Animal & Shandong Laboratory Animal Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Hu
- School of Politicl Science and Public Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junyi Wang
- Department of Promotion, Linyi City Animal Husbandry Development and Promotion Center, Linyi, China
| | - Mingshuai Shen
- School of Laboratory Animal & Shandong Laboratory Animal Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Kaifeng Zhou
- Department of Promotion, Shandong Provincial Animal Husbandry General Station, Jinan, China
| | - Xianjie Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Milton Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Kezhou Wang
- School of Laboratory Animal & Shandong Laboratory Animal Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Physical Factors Section, Occupational Diseases Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- School of Laboratory Animal & Shandong Laboratory Animal Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Duault H, Durand B, Canini L. Outbreak reconstruction with a slowly evolving multi-host pathogen: A comparative study of three existing methods on Mycobacterium bovis outbreaks. Epidemics 2024; 49:100794. [PMID: 39326267 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2024.100794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In a multi-host system, understanding host-species contribution to transmission is key to appropriately targeting control and preventive measures. Outbreak reconstruction methods aiming to identify who-infected-whom by combining epidemiological and genetic data could contribute to achieving this goal. However, the majority of these methods remain untested on realistic simulated multi-host data. Mycobacterium bovis is a slowly evolving multi-host pathogen and previous studies on outbreaks involving both cattle and wildlife have identified observation biases. Indeed, contrary to cattle, sampling wildlife is difficult. The aim of our study was to evaluate and compare the performances of three existing outbreak reconstruction methods (seqTrack, outbreaker2 and TransPhylo) on M. bovis multi-host data simulated with and without biases. Extending an existing transmission model, we simulated 30 bTB outbreaks involving cattle, badgers and wild boars and defined six sampling schemes mimicking observation biases. We estimated general and specific to multi-host systems epidemiological indicators. We tested four alternative transmission scenarios changing the mutation rate or the composition of the epidemiological system. The reconstruction of who-infected-whom was sensitive to the mutation rate and seqTrack reconstructed prolific super-spreaders. TransPhylo and outbreaker2 poorly estimated the contribution of each host-species and could not reconstruct the presence of a dead-end epidemiological host. However, the host-species of cattle (but not badger) index cases was correctly reconstructed by seqTrack and outbreaker2. These two specific indicators improved when considering an observation bias. We found an overall poor performance for the three methods on simulated biased and unbiased bTB data. This seemed partly attributable to the low evolutionary rate characteristic of M. bovis leading to insufficient genetic information, but also to the complexity of the simulated multi-host system. This study highlights the importance of an integrated approach and the need to develop new outbreak reconstruction methods adapted to complex epidemiological systems and tested on realistic multi-host data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Duault
- EPIMIM, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Benoit Durand
- EPIMIM, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France
| | - Laetitia Canini
- EPIMIM, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France.
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Khademi P, Tukmechi A, Sgroi G, Ownagh A, Enferadi A, Khalili M, Mardani K. Molecular and genotyping techniques in diagnosis of Coxiella burnetii: An overview. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 123:105655. [PMID: 39116951 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Although we live in the genomic era, the accessibility of the complete genome sequence of Coxiella burnetii, the etiological agent of Q fever, has increased knowledge in the field of genomic diversity of this agent However, it is still somewhat of a "question" microorganism. The epidemiology of Q fever is intricate due to its global distribution, repository and vector variety, as well as absence of surveys defining the dynamic interaction among these factors. Moreover, C. burnetii is a microbial agent that can be utilized as a bioterror weapon. Therefore, typing techniques used to recognize the strains can also be used to trace infections back to their source which is of great significance. In this paper, the latest and current typing techniques of C. burnetii spp. are reviewed illustrating their advantages and constraints. Recently developed multi locus VNTR analysis (MLVA) and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing methods are promising in improving diagnostic capacity and enhancing the application of genotyping techniques for molecular epidemiologic surveys of the challenging pathogen. However, most of these studies did not differentiate between C. burnetii and Coxiella-like endosymbionts making it difficult to estimate the potential role that ticks play in the epidemiology of Q fever. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the vector competence of different tick species to transmit C. burnetii. Knowledge of the vector and reservoir competence of ticks is important for taking adequate preventive measures to limit infection risks. The significant prevalence observed for the IS1111 gene underscores its substantial presence, while other genes display comparatively lower prevalence rates. Methodological variations, particularly between commercial and non-commercial kit-based methods, result in different prevalence outcomes. Variations in sample processing procedures also lead to significant differences in prevalence rates between mechanical and non-mechanical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Khademi
- Department of Microbiology and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Amir Tukmechi
- Department of Microbiology and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Giovanni Sgroi
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of southern Italy, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Abdulghaffar Ownagh
- Department of Microbiology and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Enferadi
- Department of Microbiology and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khalili
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Karim Mardani
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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Akar K, Brangsch H, Jamil T, Yıldız Öz G, Baklan EA, Eroğlu B, Atıl E, Erdenlig Gürbilek S, Keskin O, Tel OY, Yücetepe AG, Sandalakis V, Boukouvala E, Psaroulaki A, Abd El Tawab AA, Melzer F, Pletz MW, Neubauer H, Wareth G. Genomic analysis of Brucella isolates from animals and humans, Türkiye, 2010 to 2020. Euro Surveill 2024; 29. [PMID: 39301739 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2024.29.38.2400105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BackgroundBrucellosis is a bacterial zoonosis causing severe illness in humans and animals and leading to economic losses in the livestock production in Türkiye and other endemic countries.AimWe aimed at investigating genomic differences of Brucella isolates from animals and humans in Türkiye.MethodsWe used whole genome sequencing (WGS) to assess the genetic diversity of Brucella isolates from 41 provinces in Türkiye and compared with isolates from other countries. We applied allele-based typing and core genome single nucleotide polymorphism (cgSNP) determination.ResultsOf the 106 Turkish Brucella isolates included, 57 were B. abortus and 49 were B. melitensis. One B. melitensis and two B. abortus isolates were identified as vaccine strains. Most (n = 55) B. abortus isolates clustered in three major branches, with no spatial discernible pattern. Of the B. melitensis isolates, 48 were assigned to the Eastern Mediterranean lineage with no discernible patterns between host species, location and sampling date. The Turkish isolates clustered with isolates from neighbouring countries such as Greece and Syria, but some also with isolates from human patients in European countries, like Germany, Norway and Sweden, suggesting that the source may be travel-related.ConclusionSeveral B. melitensis and B. abortus lineages are circulating in Türkiye. To decrease the prevalence and prevent brucellosis in animals and humans, stricter control measures are needed, particularly in areas where humans and animals have close contact. Furthermore, illegal transportation of animals across borders should be more closely controlled and regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadir Akar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Türkiye
| | - Hanka Brangsch
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Tariq Jamil
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Gülseren Yıldız Öz
- National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for Brucellosis, Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Emin Ayhan Baklan
- National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for Brucellosis, Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Buket Eroğlu
- National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for Brucellosis, Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Eray Atıl
- National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for Brucellosis, Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sevil Erdenlig Gürbilek
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Harran, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye
| | - Oktay Keskin
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Harran, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye
| | - Osman Yaşar Tel
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Harran, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye
| | - Ayfer Güllü Yücetepe
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Harran, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye
| | - Vassilios Sandalakis
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Evridiki Boukouvala
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA, Veterinary Research Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Psaroulaki
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ashraf A Abd El Tawab
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Falk Melzer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Mathias W Pletz
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Gamal Wareth
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Haq Z, Nazir J, Manzoor T, Saleem A, Hamadani H, Khan AA, Saleem Bhat S, Jha P, Ahmad SM. Zoonotic spillover and viral mutations from low and middle-income countries: improving prevention strategies and bridging policy gaps. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17394. [PMID: 38827296 PMCID: PMC11144393 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing frequency of zoonotic spillover events and viral mutations in low and middle-income countries presents a critical global health challenge. Contributing factors encompass cultural practices like bushmeat consumption, wildlife trade for traditional medicine, habitat disruption, and the encroachment of impoverished settlements onto natural habitats. The existing "vaccine gap" in many developing countries exacerbates the situation by allowing unchecked viral replication and the emergence of novel mutant viruses. Despite global health policies addressing the root causes of zoonotic disease emergence, there is a significant absence of concrete prevention-oriented initiatives, posing a potential risk to vulnerable populations. This article is targeted at policymakers, public health professionals, researchers, and global health stakeholders, particularly those engaged in zoonotic disease prevention and control in low and middle-income countries. The article underscores the importance of assessing potential zoonotic diseases at the animal-human interface and comprehending historical factors contributing to spillover events. To bridge policy gaps, comprehensive strategies are proposed that include education, collaborations, specialized task forces, environmental sampling, and the establishment of integrated diagnostic laboratories. These strategies advocate simplicity and unity, breaking down barriers, and placing humanity at the forefront of addressing global health challenges. Such a strategic and mental shift is crucial for constructing a more resilient and equitable world in the face of emerging zoonotic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfqarul Haq
- ICMR project, Division of Livestock Production and Management, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Junaid Nazir
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of veterinary Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Tasaduq Manzoor
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of veterinary Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Afnan Saleem
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of veterinary Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - H. Hamadani
- ICMR project, Division of Livestock Production and Management, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Azmat Alam Khan
- ICMR project, Division of Livestock Production and Management, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sahar Saleem Bhat
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of veterinary Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Priyanka Jha
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Syed Mudasir Ahmad
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of veterinary Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Marschner M, Hausdorf C, Lüno M, Schlatterer K. [New awareness for zoonoses using the example of rat bite fever : Case report and literature review]. INNERE MEDIZIN (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 65:512-516. [PMID: 38459199 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-024-01680-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rat bite fever is a rare but potentially fatal bacterial zoonosis. The symptoms can be unspecific, but severe sepsis can be associated with involvement of different organs. CASE REPORT A 27-year-old homeless man presented with fever, suspected meningitis, acute renal failure, unclear skin lesions as well as joint problems and muscular pain. Bite wounds were not detected. Meningitis could be excluded after lumbar puncture, and there was no evidence of endocarditis as the cause of the skin lesions. After 72 h, growth of Streptobacillus moniliformis in blood cultures was detected. Clinical symptoms were compatible with the diagnosis of rat bite fever. Calculated antibiosis with ampicillin sulbactam and doxycycline led to regression of the symptoms. CONCLUSION Rat bite fever poses a diagnostic challenge due unspecific symptoms, diverse differential diagnostic options, and challenging microbiological detection. Patient history is of the utmost importance. Due to the rarity of the disease, this case report is intended to raise awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marschner
- Praxis Kardiologie Mitte, Charlottenstr. 63, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | - C Hausdorf
- Abteilung Innere Medizin, Kardiologie, Sankt Gertrauden-Krankenhaus, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - M Lüno
- Abteilung Innere Medizin, Kardiologie, Sankt Gertrauden-Krankenhaus, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - K Schlatterer
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Sankt Gertrauden-Krankenhaus, Berlin, Deutschland
- Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Deutschland
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Bonilla-Aldana JL, Espinosa-Nuñez AC, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Toxocara cati Infection in Cats ( Felis catus): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1022. [PMID: 38612261 PMCID: PMC11011152 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Toxocariasis is an infection caused in canines, felines, humans, and other vertebrates by species of the genus Toxocara, such as T. canis and T. cati. The embryonated eggs of these parasites are the primary means of acquiring the infection for both definitive hosts, dogs and cats, respectively, and for intermediates, such as humans and other vertebrates. When deposited on park soils, environmental contamination becomes a risk to environmental, human, and animal health. Objective: To determine the global prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats (Felis catus). Methods: A systematic review of the literature was carried out in six databases (Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciELO and Google Scholar) to evaluate the global prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats, defined by coproparasitological, histological, and molecular techniques. A meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model to calculate pooled prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). A two-tailed 5% alpha level was used for hypothesis testing. Results: Two hundred and eighty-nine studies were included. The global pooled prevalence of Toxocara cati in cats using coproparasitological methods was 17.0% (95.0% CI: 16.2-17.8%). In the subgroup analysis according to country, Nepal had the highest prevalence of T. cati infection (94.4%; 95% CI 89.7-99.2%). The pooled prevalence of T. cati infection by PCR in four studies was 4.9% (95.0% CI: 1.9-7.9%). Conclusions: This systematic review underscores the need for preventive action against toxocariasis due to its widespread prevalence. The interplay between animal and human health should be emphasised, necessitating measures like deworming cats, hygiene practices, and public education to mitigate risks. Safeguarding feline health can also reduce human transmission, benefiting both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Luis Bonilla-Aldana
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootehcnics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia 111321, Caquetá, Colombia; (J.L.B.-A.); (A.C.E.-N.)
| | - Alba Cristina Espinosa-Nuñez
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootehcnics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia 111321, Caquetá, Colombia; (J.L.B.-A.); (A.C.E.-N.)
| | | | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Masters of Climate Change and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima 15307, Peru;
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 36-5053, Lebanon
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Abuawad A, Ashhab Y, Offenhäusser A, Krause HJ. DNA Sensor for the Detection of Brucella spp. Based on Magnetic Nanoparticle Markers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17272. [PMID: 38139102 PMCID: PMC10744106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the limitations of conventional Brucella detection methods, including safety concerns, long incubation times, and limited specificity, the development of a rapid, selective, and accurate technique for the early detection of Brucella in livestock animals is crucial to prevent the spread of the associated disease. In the present study, we introduce a magnetic nanoparticle marker-based biosensor using frequency mixing magnetic detection for point-of-care testing and quantification of Brucella DNA. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles were used as magnetically measured markers to selectively detect the target DNA hybridized with its complementary capture probes immobilized on a porous polyethylene filter. Experimental conditions like density and length of the probes, hybridization time and temperature, and magnetic binding specificity, sensitivity, and detection limit were investigated and optimized. Our sensor demonstrated a relatively fast detection time of approximately 10 min, with a detection limit of 55 copies (0.09 fM) when tested using DNA amplified from Brucella genetic material. In addition, the detection specificity was examined using gDNA from Brucella and other zoonotic bacteria that may coexist in the same niche, confirming the method's selectivity for Brucella DNA. Our proposed biosensor has the potential to be used for the early detection of Brucella bacteria in the field and can contribute to disease control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalhalim Abuawad
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (A.A.)
- Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yaqoub Ashhab
- Palestine–Korea Biotechnology Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron P720, Palestine
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (A.A.)
- Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Krause
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (A.A.)
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Barimah AJ, Ofosua TY, Addo HO, Agbomadzi SK, David AB, Agyei SB, Eric AA. Assessing the Knowledge and Awareness Among Selected Tertiary Students in the Accra Metropolis on Zoonotic Infections. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2023; 17:11786302231214444. [PMID: 38035254 PMCID: PMC10685779 DOI: 10.1177/11786302231214444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Zoonotic infections are a serious threat to human health and a direct risk that could potentially be fatal. Animals both domestic and wild serve as reservoirs for zoonotic infections. Thus, frequent contact with animals might occasionally result in the transfer of infections from animals to people. Ghana is especially susceptible to the effects of zoonotic infections due to the increase in the household human-animal ratio. This study assessed the awareness and knowledge level of tertiary students in a selected tertiary institution on zoonotic infections. Methods A quantitative research method was employed making use of a descriptive cross-sectional study design. The target population chosen for the research was mainly students from the University of Ghana. A stratified sampling technique was used in selecting participants for the study. 440 participants were selected for the study. The university's four primary colleges served as the strata for the basis of data collection. Results The study revealed a moderate knowledge level among students. The term "zoonoses" was understood by the majority (70%) of the respondents. Respondents knew at least one route of transmission of zoonotic infection. For the spread of zoonotic infections, close contact with infected animals and consumption of contaminated food were seen as ways of spread by a majority. Conclusion Although the basic strategies required for the control and elimination of the zoonotic diseases in such tertiary institutions are well known and practiced as per the study findings, zoonoses still persists and this can be attributed to low education on the subject. Knowledge and awareness level on zoonoses especially in tertiary institutions such as the University of Ghana could be improved if relevant authorities create adequate enlightenment programs on improving the knowledge of zoonotic diseases through a variety of media including seminars, workshop, television, radio, newspaper and social media.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henry Ofosu Addo
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana - Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Li Z, Lei Z, Cai Y, Cheng DB, Sun T. MicroRNA therapeutics and nucleic acid nano-delivery systems in bacterial infection: a review. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:7804-7833. [PMID: 37539650 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00694h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria that have worked with humans for thousands of years pose a major threat to human health even today, as drug resistance has become a prominent problem. Compared to conventional drug therapy, nucleic acid-based therapies are a promising and potential therapeutic strategy for diseases in which nucleic acids are delivered through a nucleic acid delivery system to regulate gene expression in specific cells, offering the possibility of curing intractable diseases that are difficult to treat at this stage. Among the many nucleic acid therapeutic ideas, microRNA, a class of small nucleic acids with special properties, has made great strides in biology and medicine in just over two decades, showing promise in preclinical drug development. In this review, we introduce recent advances in nucleic acid delivery systems and their clinical applications, highlighting the potential of nucleic acid therapies, especially miRNAs extracted from traditional herbs, in combination with the existing set of nucleic acid therapeutic systems, to potentially open up a new line of thought in the treatment of cancer, viruses, and especially bacterial infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Hospital of Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhixin Lei
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Hospital of Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yilun Cai
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Hospital of Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Dong-Bing Cheng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Hospital of Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Taolei Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Hospital of Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
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11
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Skowron K, Grudlewska-Buda K, Khamesipour F. Zoonoses and emerging pathogens. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:232. [PMID: 37612609 PMCID: PMC10463800 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02984-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonoses represent a major challenge for many disciplines, including microbiology, epidemiology, veterinary, medicine and ecology. Moreover, they pose severe risks to human health and economy. In this editorial, we invite contributions to a BMC Microbiology collection on 'Zoonoses and emerging pathogens', covering research on the pathogenesis, identification, treatment and control of zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Faham Khamesipour
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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12
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Debowski AW, Bzdyl NM, Thomas DR, Scott NE, Jenkins CH, Iwasaki J, Kibble EA, Khoo CA, Scheuplein NJ, Seibel PM, Lohr T, Metters G, Bond CS, Norville IH, Stubbs KA, Harmer NJ, Holzgrabe U, Newton HJ, Sarkar-Tyson M. Macrophage infectivity potentiator protein, a peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase, essential for Coxiella burnetii growth and pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011491. [PMID: 37399210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen that causes the debilitating disease Q fever, which affects both animals and humans. The only available human vaccine, Q-Vax, is effective but has a high risk of severe adverse reactions, limiting its use as a countermeasure to contain outbreaks. Therefore, it is essential to identify new drug targets to treat this infection. Macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) proteins catalyse the folding of proline-containing proteins through their peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity and have been shown to play an important role in the virulence of several pathogenic bacteria. To date the role of the Mip protein in C. burnetii pathogenesis has not been investigated. This study demonstrates that CbMip is likely to be an essential protein in C. burnetii. The pipecolic acid derived compounds, SF235 and AN296, which have shown utility in targeting other Mip proteins from pathogenic bacteria, demonstrate inhibitory activities against CbMip. These compounds were found to significantly inhibit intracellular replication of C. burnetii in both HeLa and THP-1 cells. Furthermore, SF235 and AN296 were also found to exhibit antibiotic properties against both the virulent (Phase I) and avirulent (Phase II) forms of C. burnetii Nine Mile Strain in axenic culture. Comparative proteomics, in the presence of AN296, revealed alterations in stress responses with H2O2 sensitivity assays validating that Mip inhibition increases the sensitivity of C. burnetii to oxidative stress. In addition, SF235 and AN296 were effective in vivo and significantly improved the survival of Galleria mellonella infected with C. burnetii. These results suggest that unlike in other bacteria, Mip in C. burnetii is required for replication and that the development of more potent inhibitors against CbMip is warranted and offer potential as novel therapeutics against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra W Debowski
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole M Bzdyl
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David R Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Nichollas E Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Jua Iwasaki
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Emily A Kibble
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- DMTC Limited, Level 1, Kew, Australia
| | - Chen Ai Khoo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicolas J Scheuplein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pamela M Seibel
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Theresa Lohr
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Georgie Metters
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Charles S Bond
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Isobel H Norville
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Keith A Stubbs
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Harmer
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Living Systems Institute, Stocker Road Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hayley J Newton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Mitali Sarkar-Tyson
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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13
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Tan Q, Wang Y, Liu Y, Tao Z, Yu C, Huang Y, Yang X, Ying X, Hu Y, Li S. Molecular epidemiological characteristics of Brucella in Guizhou Province, China, from 2009 to 2021. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1188469. [PMID: 37426016 PMCID: PMC10326899 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1188469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brucellosis was made statutorily notifiable in 1955, in China, while in Guizhou Province, the pathogen of human brucellosis was isolated for the first time in 2011. However, currently, the brucellosis epidemic is becoming more and more severe in Guizhou Province. The type distribution and genetic characteristics of Brucella in Guizhou Province, as well as its evolutionary relationship with domestic and foreign strains, are still unclear. Methods MLST, MLVA, and rpoB typing techniques were used for the molecular epidemiological study of the 83 Brucella isolates in Guizhou province. Results Among the 83 Brucella strains, MLST identified three ST genotypes, of which ST39 is a newly reported type in China. MLVA-16 generated 49 genotypes, and MLVA-11 generated 5 known genotypes and 2 unreported genotypes. Six genotypes were identified by rpoB technology. Discussion MLVA has a high resolution, but differences at the Bruce 04 and 16 loci cannot exclude associations between epidemics, and combining MLST and rpoB typing methods for epidemiologic tracing can avoid erroneous judgments. Moreover, through the combined analysis of the three typing techniques, the possible origin of the new Brucella can be reasonably inferred, which is also conducive to promoting the subsequent research of the novel Brucella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Tan
- Laboratory Center, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guizhou Provincial, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, University of Guizhou Medical, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Laboratory Center, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guizhou Provincial, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Laboratory Center, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guizhou Provincial, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhongfa Tao
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guizhou Provincial, Institute of Infectious Disease Control, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Chun Yu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guizhou Provincial, Institute of Infectious Disease Control, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guizhou Provincial, Institute of Infectious Disease Control, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xinggui Yang
- Laboratory Center, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guizhou Provincial, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xia Ying
- Laboratory Center, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guizhou Provincial, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, University of Guizhou Medical, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yong Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, University of Guizhou Medical, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Shijun Li
- Laboratory Center, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guizhou Provincial, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, University of Guizhou Medical, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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14
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de Carvalho TP, da Silva LA, Castanheira TLL, de Souza TD, da Paixão TA, Lazaro-Anton L, Tsolis RM, Santos RL. Cell and Tissue Tropism of Brucella spp. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0006223. [PMID: 37129522 PMCID: PMC10187126 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00062-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella spp. are facultatively intracellular bacteria that can infect, survive, and multiply in various host cell types in vivo and/or in vitro. The genus Brucella has markedly expanded in recent years with the identification of novel species and hosts, which has revealed additional information about the cell and tissue tropism of these pathogens. Classically, Brucella spp. are considered to have tropism for organs that contain large populations of phagocytes such as lymph nodes, spleen, and liver, as well as for organs of the genital system, including the uterus, epididymis, testis, and placenta. However, experimental infections of several different cultured cell types indicate that Brucella may actually have a broader cell tropism than previously thought. Indeed, recent studies indicate that certain Brucella species in particular hosts may display a pantropic distribution in vivo. This review discusses the available knowledge on cell and tissue tropism of Brucella spp. in natural infections of various host species, as well as in experimental animal models and cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaynara Parente de Carvalho
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California – Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Laice Alves da Silva
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thaís Larissa Lourenço Castanheira
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Norte de Minas Gerais, Salinas, Brazil
| | - Tayse Domingues de Souza
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tatiane Alves da Paixão
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leticia Lazaro-Anton
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California – Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Renee M. Tsolis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California – Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Renato Lima Santos
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California – Davis, Davis, California, USA
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15
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Nikitin SS, Guseva NB, Goldenberg IG, Timonina AV, Nikitin VS. Generalized form of tularemia in pediatric surgeon practice: Difficulties of diagnosis and treatment. ROSSIYSKIY VESTNIK PERINATOLOGII I PEDIATRII (RUSSIAN BULLETIN OF PERINATOLOGY AND PEDIATRICS) 2023. [DOI: 10.21508/1027-4065-2022-67-6-98-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tularemia in the practice of a pediatric surgeon is a rare disease, and abdominal and generalized forms of it are not detected without specific laboratory diagnostics. The long-term serious condition of patients, intoxication, abdominal pain with excluded acute surgical pathology in children force differential diagnosis with rare infectious diseases, including tularemia. In the Russian Federation, up to 30 children a year are diagnosed with tularemia, with the exception of outbreaks of the disease in some years. At the same time, the generalized form is detected in no more than 10% of patients. The authors presented a clinical case of a generalized form of tularemia in a 17-year-old patient. The disease started with abdominal pain, diarrhea and vomiting. At the beginning of the disease, a diagnostic error was made — suspicion of ovarian inversion and laparotomy according to Pfannenstiel. In the further development of the disease, pronounced ascites were detected with the production of up to 5 liters of effusion per day, damage to the kidneys, liver, heart, gastrointestinal tract. Laboratory data revealed leukocytosis up to 89×109, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, increased levels of creatinine, urea, transaminases, C-reactive protein, proteinuria persisted for a long time. Indirect hemagglutination reaction with tularemia diagnosticum made it possible to establish the diagnosis of tularemia, generalized form. During two weeks of the disease, an 8-fold increase in the titer of antibodies was noted. Syndrome therapy and specific antibacterial therapy made it possible to stop the infectious process and discharge the patient home on the 44th day of the illness with recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N. B. Guseva
- Speransky Children’s City Clinical Hospital No. 9; Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education
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16
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Pascual DW, Goodwin ZI, Bhagyaraj E, Hoffman C, Yang X. Activation of mucosal immunity as a novel therapeutic strategy for combating brucellosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1018165. [PMID: 36620020 PMCID: PMC9814167 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1018165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a disease of livestock that is commonly asymptomatic until an abortion occurs. Disease in humans results from contact of infected livestock or consumption of contaminated milk or meat. Brucella zoonosis is primarily caused by one of three species that infect livestock, Bacillus abortus in cattle, B. melitensis in goats and sheep, and B. suis in pigs. To aid in disease prophylaxis, livestock vaccines are available, but are only 70% effective; hence, improved vaccines are needed to mitigate disease, particularly in countries where disease remains pervasive. The absence of knowing which proteins confer complete protection limits development of subunit vaccines. Instead, efforts are focused on developing new and improved live, attenuated Brucella vaccines, since these mimic attributes of wild-type Brucella, and stimulate host immune, particularly T helper 1-type responses, required for protection. In considering their development, the new mutants must address Brucella's defense mechanisms normally active to circumvent host immune detection. Vaccination approaches should also consider mode and route of delivery since disease transmission among livestock and humans is believed to occur via the naso-oropharyngeal tissues. By arming the host's mucosal immune defenses with resident memory T cells (TRMs) and by expanding the sources of IFN-γ, brucellae dissemination from the site of infection to systemic tissues can be prevented. In this review, points of discussion focus on understanding the various immune mechanisms involved in disease progression and which immune players are important in fighting disease.
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17
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Sultankulova KT, Shynybekova GO, Issabek AU, Mukhami NN, Melisbek AM, Chervyakova OV, Kozhabergenov NS, Barmak SM, Bopi AK, Omarova ZD, Alibekova DA, Argimbayeva TU, Namet AM, Zuban IA, Orynbayev MB. The Prevalence of Pathogens among Ticks Collected from Livestock in Kazakhstan. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101206. [PMID: 36297263 PMCID: PMC9611691 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks carry and transmit a wide variety of pathogens (bacteria, viruses and protozoa) that pose a threat to humans and animals worldwide. The purpose of this work was to study ticks collected in different regions of Kazakhstan for the carriage of various pathogens. The collected ticks were examined by PCR for the carriage of various pathogens. A total of 3341 tick samples parasitizing three animal species (cattle, sheep and horses) were collected at eight regions of Kazakhstan. Eight tick species were found infesting animals: Dermacentor marginatus (28.08%), Hyalomma asiaticum (21.28%), Hyalomma anatolicum (17.18%), Dermacentor reticulatus (2.01%), Ixodes ricinus (3.35%), Ixodes persulcatus (0.33%), Hyalomma scupense (12.87%) and Hyalomma marginatum (14.90%). Ticks collected from livestock animals were examined for the pathogen spectrum of transmissible infections to determine the degree of their infection. Four pathogen DNAs (lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), Coxiella burnetti, Teileria annulata, and Babesia caballi) were detected by PCR in Dermacentor marginatus, Hyalomma asiaticum, Hyalomma scupense, Hyalomma anatolicum. The infection of ticks Dermacentor marginatus and Hyalomma asiaticum collected on cattle in the West Kazakhstan region with LSDV was 14.28% and 5.71%, respectively. Coxiella burnetti was found in the ticks Dermacentor marginatus (31.91%) in the Turkestan region and Hyalomma anatolicum (52.63%) in the Zhambyl region. Theileria annulata was found in ticks Hyalomma scupense (7.32%) and Dermacentor marginatus (6.10%) from cattle in the Turkestan region. Babesia caballi was isolated only from the species Hyalomma scupense (17.14%) in the Turkestan region. There were no PCR-positive tick samples collected from sheep. RNA/DNAs of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), African swine fever virus (ASFV), Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), and chlamydia pathogens were not found in ticks. The new data give a better understanding of the epidemiology of tick-borne pathogens and the possibility of the emergence of tick-borne animal diseases in Kazakhstan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulyaisan T. Sultankulova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence: (K.T.S.); (G.O.S.)
| | - Gaukhar O. Shynybekova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence: (K.T.S.); (G.O.S.)
| | - Aisha U. Issabek
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Nazym N. Mukhami
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Aibarys M. Melisbek
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Olga V. Chervyakova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurlan S. Kozhabergenov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Sabyrkhan M. Barmak
- LLP “Kazakh Research Institute of Processing and Food Industry”, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan
| | - Arailym K. Bopi
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Zamira D. Omarova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Dana A. Alibekova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Takhmina U. Argimbayeva
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Aidar M. Namet
- MVA Group Scientific-Research Production Center Ltd., Almaty 050046, Kazakhstan
| | - Ivan A. Zuban
- Department “Biology”, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, M. Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University, Petropavlovsk 150000, Kazakhstan
| | - Mukhit B. Orynbayev
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
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Blood feeding habits of mosquitoes: hardly a bite in South America. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1829-1852. [PMID: 35562516 PMCID: PMC9106385 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito blood feeding plays a key role in epidemiology. Despite its importance and large number of studies worldwide, less attention has been paid in South America. We summarized some general concepts and methodological issues related to the study of mosquito blood feeding habits, and compiled and analyzed all published information regarding the subject in the continent until 2020. Available literature comprised 152 scientific studies, that pursued different approaches: human landing catches (102 studies), baited trap (19), and blood meal analyses of collected specimens (38). Among the latter, 23 used serological and 15 molecular techniques. Species most frequently studied were those incriminated in malaria transmission, whereas relevant vectors such as Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, and Haemagogus janthinomys were surprisingly neglected. Brazil was the leading country both in number of works and species studied. For over 70% of the species and three out of 13 South American countries there is no single information on mosquito blood feeding habits. Data from baited traps included 143 mosquito species, 83.9% of which were attracted to humans, either exclusively (10.5%) or in combination with other vertebrates (73.4%). Host blood identification of field collected specimens provided data on 102 mosquito species, and 60.8% of these fed on humans (55.9% combined with other vertebrates). Only 17 of the 73 species assessed by both methods yielded similar feeding patterns. Finally, supplementary tables are provided in a comprehensive summary of all information available and information gaps are highlighted for future research in the continent.
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19
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Cross AR, Roy S, Vivoli Vega M, Rejzek M, Nepogodiev SA, Cliff M, Salmon D, Isupov MN, Field RA, Prior JL, Harmer NJ. Spinning sugars in antigen biosynthesis: characterization of the Coxiella burnetii and Streptomyces griseus TDP-sugar epimerases. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101903. [PMID: 35398092 PMCID: PMC9095892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The sugars streptose and dihydrohydroxystreptose (DHHS) are unique to the bacteria Streptomyces griseus and Coxiella burnetii, respectively. Streptose forms the central moiety of the antibiotic streptomycin, while DHHS is found in the O-antigen of the zoonotic pathogen C. burnetii. Biosynthesis of these sugars has been proposed to follow a similar path to that of TDP-rhamnose, catalyzed by the enzymes RmlA, RmlB, RmlC, and RmlD, but the exact mechanism is unclear. Streptose and DHHS biosynthesis unusually requires a ring contraction step that could be performed by orthologs of RmlC or RmlD. Genome sequencing of S. griseus and C. burnetii has identified StrM and CBU1838 proteins as RmlC orthologs in these respective species. Here, we demonstrate that both enzymes can perform the RmlC 3'',5'' double epimerization activity necessary to support TDP-rhamnose biosynthesis in vivo. This is consistent with the ring contraction step being performed on a double epimerized substrate. We further demonstrate that proton exchange is faster at the 3''-position than the 5''-position, in contrast to a previously studied ortholog. We additionally solved the crystal structures of CBU1838 and StrM in complex with TDP and show that they form an active site highly similar to those of the previously characterized enzymes RmlC, EvaD, and ChmJ. These results support the hypothesis that streptose and DHHS are biosynthesized using the TDP pathway and that an RmlD paralog most likely performs ring contraction following double epimerization. This work will support the elucidation of the full pathways for biosynthesis of these unique sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice R Cross
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sumita Roy
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mirella Vivoli Vega
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Rejzek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sergey A Nepogodiev
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Cliff
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Debbie Salmon
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Michail N Isupov
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, United Kingdom; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Joann L Prior
- Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Harmer
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
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Shanbehzadeh M, Nopour R, Kazemi-Arpanahi H. Designing a standardized framework for data integration between zoonotic diseases systems: Towards one health surveillance. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2022.100893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Boukebous B, Maillot C, Neouze A, Esnault H, Gao F, Biau D, Rousseau MA. Excess mortality after hip fracture during COVID-19 pandemic: More about disruption, less about virulence—Lesson from a trauma center. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263680. [PMID: 35213561 PMCID: PMC8880866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, literature has depicted an increase in mortality among patients with hip fractures, directly related to acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and not due to underlying comorbidities. Usual orthogeriatric pathway in our Department was disrupted during the pandemic. This study aimed to evaluate early mortality within 30 days, in 2019 and 2020 in our Level 1 trauma-center. We compared two groups of patients aged >60 years, with osteoporotic upper hip fractures, in February/March/April 2020 and February/March/April 2019, in our level 1 trauma center. A total of 102 and 79 patients met the eligibility criteria in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Mortality was evaluated, merging our database with the French open database for death from the INSEE, which is prospectively updated each month. Causes of death were recorded. Charlson Comorbidity Index was evaluated for comorbidities, Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (IADL), and Activity of Daily Living (ADL) scores were assessed for autonomy. There were no differences in age, sex, fracture type, Charlson Comorbidity Index, IADL, and ADL. 19 patients developed COVID-19 infection. The 30-day survival was 97% (95% CI, 94%–100%) in 2019 and 86% (95% CI, 79%–94%) in 2020 (HR = 5, 95%CI, 1.4–18.2, p = 0.013). In multivariable Cox’PH model, the period (2019/2020) was significantly associated to the 30-day mortality (HR = 6.4, 95%CI, 1.7–23, p = 0.005) and 6-month mortality (HR = 3.4, 95%CI, 1.2–9.2, p = 0.01). COVID infection did not modify significantly the 30-day and 6-month mortality. This series brought new important information, early mortality significantly increased because of underlying disease decompensation. Minimal comprehensive care should be maintained in all circumstances in order to avoid excess of mortality among elderly population with hip fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Boukebous
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatological Surgery, Beaujon/Bichat Hospitals, APHP.Nord University of Paris, Clichy, France
- ECAMO Team, INSERM, UMR1153, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Cédric Maillot
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatological Surgery, Beaujon/Bichat Hospitals, APHP.Nord University of Paris, Clichy, France
| | - Angèle Neouze
- Department of Geriatrics, Bichat Hospital, APHP.Nord University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Esnault
- Department of Geriatrics, Bichat Hospital, APHP.Nord University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Fei Gao
- REPERES Team, École des hautes études en santé publique, Rennes, France
| | - David Biau
- ECAMO Team, INSERM, UMR1153, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Paris, France
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatological Surgery, Cochin Hospital, APHP, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marc-Antoine Rousseau
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatological Surgery, Beaujon/Bichat Hospitals, APHP.Nord University of Paris, Clichy, France
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Hammer CC, Dub T, Luomala O, Sane J. Is clinical primary care surveillance for tularaemia a useful addition to laboratory surveillance? An analysis of notification data for Finland, 2013 to 2019. EURO SURVEILLANCE : BULLETIN EUROPEEN SUR LES MALADIES TRANSMISSIBLES = EUROPEAN COMMUNICABLE DISEASE BULLETIN 2022; 27. [PMID: 35086610 PMCID: PMC8796291 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.4.2100098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundIn Finland, surveillance of tularaemia relies on laboratory-confirmed case notifications to the National infectious Diseases Register (NIDR).AimThe aim of the study was to assess the suitability and usefulness of clinical surveillance as an addition to laboratory notification to improve tularaemia surveillance in Finland.MethodsWe retrieved NIDR tularaemia surveillance and primary healthcare data on clinically diagnosed tularaemia cases in Finland between 2013 and 2019. We compared incidences, demographic distributions and seasonal trends between the two data sources.ResultsThe median annual incidence was 0.6 (range: 0.1-12.7) and 0.8 (range: 0.6-7.2) per 100,000 for NIDR notifications and primary healthcare notifications, respectively. Cases reported to NIDR were slightly older than cases reported to primary healthcare (median: 53 years vs 50 years, p = 0.04), but had similar sex distribution. Seasonal peaks differed between systems, both in magnitude and in timing. On average, primary healthcare notifications peaked 3 weeks before NIDR. However, peaks in NIDR were more pronounced, for example in 2017, monthly incidence per 100,000 of NIDR notifications peaked at 12.7 cases in September, while primary healthcare notifications peaked at 7.2 (1.8 ratio) in August.ConclusionsClinically diagnosed cases provide a valuable additional data source for surveillance of tularaemia in Finland. A primary healthcare-based system would allow for earlier detection of increasing incidences and thereby for early warning of outbreaks. This is crucial in order to implement targeted control and prevention measures as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte C Hammer
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.,European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Timothee Dub
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oskari Luomala
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Sane
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
Infectious diseases emerge via many routes and may need to overcome stepwise bottlenecks to burgeon into epidemics and pandemics. About 60% of human infections have animal origins, whereas 40% either co-evolved with humans or emerged from non-zoonotic environmental sources. Although the dynamic interaction between wildlife, domestic animals, and humans is important for the surveillance of zoonotic potential, exotic origins tend to be overemphasized since many zoonoses come from anthropophilic wild species (for example, rats and bats). We examine the equivocal evidence of whether the appearance of novel infections is accelerating and relate technological developments to the risk of novel disease outbreaks. Then we briefly compare selected epidemics, ancient and modern, from the Plague of Athens to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Weiss
- Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Neeraja Sankaran
- The Descartes Centre for the History and Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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24
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Climate Change and Zoonoses: A Review of Concepts, Definitions, and Bibliometrics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020893. [PMID: 35055715 PMCID: PMC8776135 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate change can have a complex impact that also influences human and animal health. For example, climate change alters the conditions for pathogens and vectors of zoonotic diseases. Signs of this are the increasing spread of the West Nile and Usutu viruses and the establishment of new vector species, such as specific mosquito and tick species, in Europe and other parts of the world. With these changes come new challenges for maintaining human and animal health. This paper reports on an analysis of the literature focused on a bibliometric analysis of the Scopus database and VOSviewer software for creating visualization maps which identifies the zoonotic health risks for humans and animals caused by climate change. The sources retained for the analysis totaled 428 and different thresholds (N) were established for each item varying from N 5 to 10. The main findings are as follows: First, published documents increased in 2009–2015 peaking in 2020. Second, the primary sources have changed since 2018, partly attributable to the increase in human health concerns due to human-to-human transmission. Third, the USA, the UK, Canada, Australia, Italy, and Germany perform most zoonosis research. For instance, sixty documents and only 17 countries analyzed for co-authorship analysis met the threshold led by the USA; the top four author keywords were “climate change”, “zoonosis”, “epidemiology”, and “one health;” the USA, the UK, Germany, and Spain led the link strength (inter-collaboration); the author keywords showed that 37 out of the 1023 keywords met the threshold, and the authors’ keyword’s largest node of the bibliometric map contains the following: infectious diseases, emerging diseases, disease ecology, one health, surveillance, transmission, and wildlife. Finally, zoonotic diseases, which were documented in the literature in the past, have evolved, especially during the years 2010–2015, as evidenced by the sharp augmentation of publications addressing ad-hoc events and peaking in 2020 with the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Ntumvi NF, Ndze VN, Gillis A, Le Doux Diffo J, Tamoufe U, Takuo JM, Mouiche MMM, Nwobegahay J, LeBreton M, Rimoin AW, Schneider BS, Monagin C, McIver DJ, Roy S, Ayukekbong JA, Saylors KE, Joly DO, Wolfe ND, Rubin EM, Lange CE. Wildlife in Cameroon harbor diverse coronaviruses, including many closely related to human coronavirus 229E. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veab110. [PMID: 35233291 PMCID: PMC8867583 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic spillover of animal viruses into human populations is a continuous and increasing public health risk. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) highlights the global impact of emergence. Considering the history and diversity of coronaviruses (CoVs), especially in bats, SARS-CoV-2 will likely not be the last to spillover from animals into human populations. We sampled and tested wildlife in the Central African country Cameroon to determine which CoVs are circulating and how they relate to previously detected human and animal CoVs. We collected animal and ecological data at sampling locations and used family-level consensus PCR combined with amplicon sequencing for virus detection. Between 2003 and 2018, samples were collected from 6,580 animals of several different orders. CoV RNA was detected in 175 bats, a civet, and a shrew. The CoV RNAs detected in the bats represented 17 different genetic clusters, coinciding with alpha (n = 8) and beta (n = 9) CoVs. Sequences resembling human CoV-229E (HCoV-229E) were found in 40 Hipposideridae bats. Phylogenetic analyses place the human-derived HCoV-229E isolates closest to those from camels in terms of the S and N genes but closest to isolates from bats for the envelope, membrane, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase genes. The CoV RNA positivity rate in bats varied significantly (P < 0.001) between the wet (8.2 per cent) and dry seasons (4.5 per cent). Most sampled species accordingly had a wet season high and dry season low, while for some the opposite was found. Eight of the suspected CoV species of which we detected RNA appear to be entirely novel CoV species, which suggests that CoV diversity in African wildlife is still rather poorly understood. The detection of multiple different variants of HCoV-229E-like viruses supports the bat reservoir hypothesis for this virus, with the phylogenetic results casting some doubt on camels as an intermediate host. The findings also support the previously proposed influence of ecological factors on CoV circulation, indicating a high level of underlying complexity to the viral ecology. These results indicate the importance of investing in surveillance activities among wild animals to detect all potential threats as well as sentinel surveillance among exposed humans to determine emerging threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkom F Ntumvi
- Metabiota Cameroon Ltd, Yaoundé, Centre Region Avenue Mvog-Fouda Ada, Av 1.085, Carrefour Intendance, Yaoundé, BP 15939, Cameroon
| | | | - Amethyst Gillis
- Metabiota Inc, 425 California Street, Suite 1200, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA
- Metabiota Cameroon Ltd, Yaoundé, Centre Region Avenue Mvog-Fouda Ada, Av 1.085, Carrefour Intendance, Yaoundé, BP 15939, Cameroon
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé, Centre Region Route de Kribi, Yaoundé, BP 1364, Cameroon
| | - Joseph Le Doux Diffo
- Metabiota Cameroon Ltd, Yaoundé, Centre Region Avenue Mvog-Fouda Ada, Av 1.085, Carrefour Intendance, Yaoundé, BP 15939, Cameroon
| | - Ubald Tamoufe
- Metabiota Cameroon Ltd, Yaoundé, Centre Region Avenue Mvog-Fouda Ada, Av 1.085, Carrefour Intendance, Yaoundé, BP 15939, Cameroon
| | - Jean-Michel Takuo
- Metabiota Cameroon Ltd, Yaoundé, Centre Region Avenue Mvog-Fouda Ada, Av 1.085, Carrefour Intendance, Yaoundé, BP 15939, Cameroon
| | | | - Julius Nwobegahay
- CRESAR, Yaoundé, Centre Region 7039 Carrefour Intendance, BP 15939, Cameroon
| | | | - Anne W Rimoin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, 71-254 Center for Health Sciences, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bradley S Schneider
- Metabiota Inc, 425 California Street, Suite 1200, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA
- Mosaic, Yaoundé, Centre Region, BP 35353, Cameroon
| | | | - David J McIver
- Metabiota Inc, 7-1611 Bowen Road, Nanaimo BC V9S 1G5, Canada
- CRESAR, Yaoundé, Centre Region 7039 Carrefour Intendance, BP 15939, Cameroon
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sanjit Roy
- Labyrinth Global Health, 546 15TH Ave NE, St.Petersburg, FL 33704, USA
- University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | | | - Karen E Saylors
- Labyrinth Global Health, 546 15TH Ave NE, St.Petersburg, FL 33704, USA
| | - Damien O Joly
- Metabiota Inc, 7-1611 Bowen Road, Nanaimo BC V9S 1G5, Canada
- Metabiota Inc, 425 California Street, Suite 1200, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA
| | | | - Edward M Rubin
- Metabiota Inc, 425 California Street, Suite 1200, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA
| | - Christian E Lange
- Metabiota Inc, 7-1611 Bowen Road, Nanaimo BC V9S 1G5, Canada
- Labyrinth Global Health, 546 15TH Ave NE, St.Petersburg, FL 33704, USA
- Metabiota Inc, 425 California Street, Suite 1200, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA
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Guéneau V, Rodiles A, Piard JC, Frayssinet B, Castex M, Plateau-Gonthier J, Briandet R. Capture and Ex-Situ Analysis of Environmental Biofilms in Livestock Buildings. Microorganisms 2021; 10:microorganisms10010002. [PMID: 35056451 PMCID: PMC8777997 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Little information about biofilm microbial communities on the surface of livestock buildings is available yet. While these spatially organized communities proliferate in close contact with animals and can harbor undesirable microorganisms, no standardized methods have been described to sample them non-destructively. We propose a reproducible coupon-based capture method associated with a set of complementary ex-situ analysis tools to describe the major features of those communities. To demonstrate the biofilm dynamics in a pig farm building, we analyzed the coupons on polymeric and metallic materials, as representative of these environments, over 4 weeks. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) revealed a rapid coverage of the coupons with a thick layer of biological material and the existence of dispersed clusters of active metabolic microorganisms. After detaching the cells from the coupons, counts to quantify the CFU/cm2 were done with high reproducibility. High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA V3-V4 region shows bacterial diversity profiles in accordance with reported bacteria diversity in pig intestinal ecosystems and reveals differences between materials. The coupon-based methodology allows us to deepen our knowledge on biofilm structure and composition on the surface of a pig farm and opens the door for application in different types of livestock buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgile Guéneau
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (V.G.); (J.-C.P.)
- Lallemand SAS, 31702 Blagnac, France; (A.R.); (B.F.); (M.C.); (J.P.-G.)
| | - Ana Rodiles
- Lallemand SAS, 31702 Blagnac, France; (A.R.); (B.F.); (M.C.); (J.P.-G.)
| | - Jean-Christophe Piard
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (V.G.); (J.-C.P.)
| | | | - Mathieu Castex
- Lallemand SAS, 31702 Blagnac, France; (A.R.); (B.F.); (M.C.); (J.P.-G.)
| | | | - Romain Briandet
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (V.G.); (J.-C.P.)
- Correspondence:
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A Cross-Sectional Study of Knowledge on Ownership, Zoonoses and Practices among Pet Owners in Northern Portugal. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123543. [PMID: 34944317 PMCID: PMC8697889 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pet ownership is common in most countries, but few published studies have addressed pet owners’ knowledge of zoonoses, pet contact practices, or awareness of zoonotic disease risks posed by pets. The aim of this study was to assess household knowledge, attitudes, and risks related to pet ownership and zoonoses in northern Portugal. A questionnaire was developed to gather information regarding participants’ demographic characteristics; household pet types and their importance to the family; pet contact-related attitudes; knowledge of zoonoses, high-risk groups, disease transmission pathways, and disease protection measures. It was observed that most participants considered pets an important part of the family. Nevertheless, high-risk practices were recurrent and pet owners’ knowledge was limited. These results reinforce the importance of further studies to better understand the existing gaps in knowledge of pet ownership and zoonoses and strengthens the need to adopt the One Health concept. Abstract Pet ownership is common in modern society. In Portugal, 38% and 31% of all households own at least one dog or cat, respectively. Few studies have ascertained the knowledge of pet owners on pet ownership and zoonoses, and none have been carried out in Portugal. The aim of the present study was to assess household knowledge and practices related to pet ownership and zoonoses in northern Portugal. A face-to-face questionnaire was completed by 424 pet owners, from November 2019 to February 2020. Most respondents (97.2%) considered pets as an important part of the family, especially women (p = 0.036); 73.1% allowed their pets to live an indoor/outdoor life; 41.3% denied sharing the bed with their pets while 29% assumed they did it daily; 20.3% reported never kissing their pets/pets licking their faces. Furthermore, 73.6% considered animals as potential sources of human diseases, but only 25.9% reported knowing the definition of zoonoses; 96.9% considered the role of veterinarians important in protecting public health. The low level of knowledge of pet owners and the occurrence of high-risk behaviors indicates a need to strengthen communication between veterinarians, physicians, pet owners, and the general public towards reduce the risk of acquisition and transmission of zoonoses.
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Estimates of the Economic Cost Caused by Five Major Reproductive Problems in Dairy Animals in Assam and Bihar, India. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113116. [PMID: 34827848 PMCID: PMC8614483 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive problems in dairy animals reduce fertility, prevent conception, create problems in the delivery of healthy calves, lead to postpartum complications, increase inter-calving periods, reduce milk yield, and lower overall lifetime productivity. This study aimed at understanding the incidence of reproductive problems and the cost caused by these. The study covered 954 dairy animals in Bihar and 1348 dairy animals in Assam that were selected using a multi-stage random sampling method. The costs were calculated as the sum of income losses and expenditures incurred. The major cost incurred resulted from extended calving intervals (46.1% of the total cost), followed by loss through salvage selling (38.1%), expenditure for treatment of repeat breeders (5.9%), loss of milk production (5.3%) and expenditure for extra inseminations (2.0%). About one fifth of the selected reproductive problems were left untreated. The estimated cost of reproductive problems was Indian Rupees (INR) 2424.9 (USD 36.1) per dairy animal per year (of the total dairy animal population) which represented approximately 4.1% of the mean value loss of dairy animals (INR 58,966/USD 877) per year. Reproductive problems were significantly (p < 0.001) higher among improved (exotic breed or cross-bred) dairy animals than indigenous (native breed or nondescript indigenous) dairy animals. The study suggests that with the increase of improved dairy animal population, the loss may further increase. The study concludes that any economic estimation of reproduction problems based on aetiology without confirmatory diagnoses could be highly misleading because of the complex nature of the problems.
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Hofmann J, Bitew MA, Kuba M, De Souza DP, Newton HJ, Sansom FM. Characterisation of putative lactate synthetic pathways of Coxiella burnetii. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255925. [PMID: 34388185 PMCID: PMC8362950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic pathogen Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of the human disease Q fever, is an ever-present danger to global public health. Investigating novel metabolic pathways necessary for C. burnetii to replicate within its unusual intracellular niche may identify new therapeutic targets. Recent studies employing stable isotope labelling established the ability of C. burnetii to synthesize lactate, despite the absence of an annotated synthetic pathway on its genome. A noncanonical lactate synthesis pathway could provide a novel anti-Coxiella target if it is essential for C. burnetii pathogenesis. In this study, two C. burnetii proteins, CBU1241 and CBU0823, were chosen for analysis based on their similarities to known lactate synthesizing enzymes. Recombinant GST-CBU1241, a putative malate dehydrogenase (MDH), did not produce measurable lactate in in vitro lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity assays and was confirmed to function as an MDH. Recombinant 6xHis-CBU0823, a putative NAD+-dependent malic enzyme, was shown to have both malic enzyme activity and MDH activity, however, did not produce measurable lactate in either LDH or malolactic enzyme activity assays in vitro. To examine potential lactate production by CBU0823 more directly, [13C]glucose labelling experiments compared label enrichment within metabolic pathways of a cbu0823 transposon mutant and the parent strain. No difference in lactate production was observed, but the loss of CBU0823 significantly reduced 13C-incorporation into glycolytic and TCA cycle intermediates. This disruption to central carbon metabolism did not have any apparent impact on intracellular replication within THP-1 cells. This research provides new information about the mechanism of lactate biosynthesis within C. burnetii, demonstrating that CBU1241 is not multifunctional, at least in vitro, and that CBU0823 also does not synthesize lactate. Although critical for normal central carbon metabolism of C. burnetii, loss of CBU0823 did not significantly impair replication of the bacterium inside cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Hofmann
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mebratu A. Bitew
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Miku Kuba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David P. De Souza
- Metabolomics Australia, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hayley J. Newton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona M. Sansom
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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30
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de Oliveira MM, Pereira CR, de Oliveira IRC, Godfroid J, Lage AP, Dorneles EMS. Efficacy of Brucella abortus S19 and RB51 vaccine strains: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e32-e51. [PMID: 34328699 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to recalculate the efficacy of Brucella abortus S19 and RB51 vaccine strains and discuss the main variables associated with controlled trials to evaluate bovine brucellosis vaccine efficacy (VE). The most commonly used vaccine strain was S19, at a dose of 1010 colony forming units (CFU), followed by RB51 at 1010 CFU. The most commonly used challenge strain was B. abortus 2308, at a dose of 107 CFU, by the intraconjunctival route. Regarding the meta-analysis, trials were grouped according to the vaccine strain and dose to recalculate protection against abortion (four groups) or infection (five groups) using pooled risk ratio (RR) and VE. Regarding protection against abortion (n = 15 trials), the S19 vaccine at 109 CFU exhibited the highest protection rate (RR = 0.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) : 0.12-0.52; VE = 75.09%, 95% CI: 48.08-88.05), followed by RB51 at 1010 CFU (RR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.16-0.61; VE = 69.25%, 95% CI: 39.48-84.38). Regarding protection against infection (n = 23 trials), only two subgroups exhibited significant protection: S19 at 109 CFU (RR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.14-0.55; VE = 72.03%, 95% CI: 57.70- 81.50) and RB51 at 1010 CFU (RR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.22-0.84; VE = 57.05%, 95% CI: 30.90-73.30). In conclusion, our results suggest that a dose of 109 CFU for S19 and 1010 CFU for RB51 are the most suitable for the prevention of abortion and infection caused by B. abortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Martins de Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Carine Rodrigues Pereira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Lavras, Brazil
| | | | - Jacques Godfroid
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Uit The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Andrey Pereira Lage
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Elaine Maria Seles Dorneles
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras - UFLA, Lavras, Brazil
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Gallagher CA, Keehner JR, Hervé-Claude LP, Stephen C. Health promotion and harm reduction attributes in One Health literature: A scoping review. One Health 2021; 13:100284. [PMID: 34381864 PMCID: PMC8339253 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One Health faces enormous pressure and challenges as it attempts to mitigate dynamic, surprising and complex global events that threaten the health and sustainability of human and animal populations and the biosphere. One Health practitioners and researchers need every advantage to developing working solutions to the world's imminent complex issues. Heath promotion and harm reduction, interrelated approaches that have seen much success over decades of use in global public health, may be important models to consider. Both use an upstream socioecological determinant of health approach to reach beyond the health sector in all health efforts, and encourage active community participation and empowerment to attain and sustain human and ecological health. This scoping review of 411 documents, believed to be the first to relate health promotion and harm reduction to One Health, searched self-declared One Health research literature for evidence of health promotion and harm reduction policies, principles and methodologies. It sought to answer the questions: "What is the scope of practice of One Health in self-declared One Health publications?" and "Are attributes of health promotion and harm reduction found in self-declared One Health-reviewed research literature?" Over half of the papers revealed no health promotion or harm reduction attributes while 7% were well-endowed with these attributes. These 7% of papers focused on deep-seated, complex health issues with systemic knowledge gaps and decision-making issues revolving around specific population vulnerabilities, social inequities and competing stakeholders. Implementing 'on the ground change' was a common theme in the strongest health promotion/harm reduction papers we identified. Alternatively, papers lacking health promotion or harm reduction attributes focused on managing proximate risks, primarily for infectious diseases. The addition of health promotion and harm reduction to One Health practices may help the field rise to the growing expectations for its involvement in complex global issues like pandemics and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa A Gallagher
- Center for Conservation Medicine and Ecosystem Health, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Main Street, West Farm, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Jon R Keehner
- Center for Conservation Medicine and Ecosystem Health, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Main Street, West Farm, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Luis Pablo Hervé-Claude
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Main Street, West Farm, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Craig Stephen
- Center for Conservation Medicine and Ecosystem Health, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Main Street, West Farm, Saint Kitts and Nevis.,School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Liskova EA, Egorova IY, Selyaninov YO, Razheva IV, Gladkova NA, Toropova NN, Zakharova OI, Burova OA, Surkova GV, Malkhazova SM, Korennoy FI, Iashin IV, Blokhin AA. Reindeer Anthrax in the Russian Arctic, 2016: Climatic Determinants of the Outbreak and Vaccination Effectiveness. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:668420. [PMID: 34250061 PMCID: PMC8264129 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.668420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Yamal Peninsula in the Russian Federation experienced a massive outbreak of anthrax in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in July–August 2016, with 2,650 (6.46% of the total susceptible population) animals infected, of which 2,350 died (case fatality rate of 88.67%). In our study, we analyzed climatic and epidemiological factors that could have triggered the outbreak. The cancelation of reindeer vaccination against anthrax in 2007 resulted in an increase in population susceptibility. In response to the outbreak, total vaccination of all susceptible animals was resumed. To assess the vaccination effectiveness, we tested 913 samples of blood serum taken from vaccinated reindeer using an antigenic erythrocyte diagnostic kit to detect specific anti-anthrax antibodies via an indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) 9 months after vaccination. We found that 814 samples had sufficiently high levels of anti-anthrax antibodies to indicate a protection level of 89% (95% confidence interval: 87–91%) of the whole reindeer population. Abnormally high ambient temperature in the summer of 2016 contributed to the thawing of permafrost and viable Bacillus anthracis spores could have become exposed to the surface; the monthly average air temperatures in June, July, and August 2016 were 20–100% higher than those of the previous 30-year period, while the maximum air temperatures were 16–75% higher. Using the projected climate data for 2081–2100 according to the “worst case” RCP8.5 scenario, we demonstrated that the yearly air temperature may average above 0°C across the entire Yamal Peninsula, while the yearly number of days with a mean temperature above 0°C may rise by 49 ± 6 days, which would provide conditions for reactivation of soil anthrax reservoirs. Our results showed that the outbreak of anthrax occurred under conditions of a significant increase in air temperature in the study area, underlined the importance of vaccination for controlling the epidemic process, and demonstrated the effectiveness of monitoring studies using the IHA diagnostic kit for detecting erythrocyte anthrax antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Liskova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod Research Veterinary Institute - Branch of Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Irina Y Egorova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), Pokrov, Russia
| | - Yuri O Selyaninov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), Pokrov, Russia
| | - Irina V Razheva
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod Research Veterinary Institute - Branch of Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Nadezhda A Gladkova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod Research Veterinary Institute - Branch of Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Nadezhda N Toropova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod Research Veterinary Institute - Branch of Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Olga I Zakharova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod Research Veterinary Institute - Branch of Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Olga A Burova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod Research Veterinary Institute - Branch of Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Galina V Surkova
- Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Fedor I Korennoy
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod Research Veterinary Institute - Branch of Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.,FGBI Federal Centre for Animal Health (FGBI ARRIAH), Vladimir, Russia
| | - Ivan V Iashin
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod Research Veterinary Institute - Branch of Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Andrei A Blokhin
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod Research Veterinary Institute - Branch of Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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Bondarenko EI, Filimonova ES, Krasnova EI, Krinitsina EV, Tkachev SE. Cases of Q fever detected in residents of the novosibirsk region hospitalized with suspection of infections transmitted by ticks. Klin Lab Diagn 2021; 66:229-236. [PMID: 33878245 DOI: 10.51620/0869-2084-2021-66-4-229-236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of Q fever (coxiellosis), which, in addition to acute manifestations, often occurs in a latent form, is prone to chronic course and, in the absence of antibiotic therapy, has a high risk of disability or death. As a result of the presence of a wide range of clinical manifestations specific to other infectious diseases, the use of laboratory test methods (LTM) is required to make a diagnosis. The presence of Q fever anthropurgic foci in the Novosibirsk region was described in the 90s of the last century, but due attention to its laboratory diagnostics is not paid in this region. The aim of the study was to identify genetic and serological markers of the causative agent, C. burnetii, in patients of the Novosibirsk region who were admitted for treatment with fever with suspected tick-borne infections (TBIs). DNA marker of the causative agent of Q fever was detected in blood samples by real time PCR in 9 out of 325 patients. In three patients, the presence of C. burnetii DNA was confirmed by sequencing of the IS1111 and htpB gene fragments. In ELISA tests, antibodies against the causative agent of coxiellosis were detected in the blood sera of 4 patients with positive results of PCR analysis. Contact with tick was registered in 7 out of 9 patients who had C. burnetii DNA and lacked markers of other TBIs. Six people were infected in the Novosibirsk region, two suffered from tick's bite in Altai, and one case was from the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. Thus, a complex approach using both PCR analysis and ELISA provided the identification of markers of the Q fever causative agent in patients admitted with suspected TBIs, thereby differentiating it from other infections. Contact with ticks in most cases suggests that infection with C. burnetii had a transmissible pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E S Filimonova
- Novosibirsk State Medical University of MH of the Russian Federation.,City Infectious Clinical Hospital No.1
| | - E I Krasnova
- Novosibirsk State Medical University of MH of the Russian Federation.,City Infectious Clinical Hospital No.1
| | | | - S E Tkachev
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS.,Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology of Kazan Federal University
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Zucca P, Rossmann MC, Dodic M, Ramma Y, Matsushima T, Seet S, Holtze S, Bremini A, Fischinger I, Morosetti G, Sitzia M, Furlani R, Greco O, Meddi G, Zambotto P, Meo F, Pulcini S, Palei M, Zamaro G. What Do Adolescents Know About One-Health and Zoonotic Risks? A School-Based Survey in Italy, Austria, Germany, Slovenia, Mauritius, and Japan. Front Public Health 2021; 9:658876. [PMID: 33869135 PMCID: PMC8045784 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.658876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 60% of the 1,700 infectious diseases that affect human come from animals and zoonotic pandemics, after starting from sporadic phenomena limited to rural areas, have become a global emergency. The repeated and frequent zoonotic outbreaks such as the most recent COVID-19 pandemic can be attributed also to human activities. In particular, the creation of enormous intensive domestic animal farms, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, the destruction of forests, the consumption of the meat of wild animals and the illegal animal trade are all factors causing the insurgence and the transmission of zoonotic diseases from animals to humans. The purpose of this study was to explore the knowledge of the One Health concept including the zoonotic risk potentially derived from illegally traded pet animals and wildlife among adolescents in 6 different countries (Italy, Austria, Slovenia, Germany, Mauritius, and Japan). A representative sample of 656 students was recruited and all participants took an anonymous questionnaire. Data were analyzed by ANOVAs to estimate the prevalence of correct health prevention behaviors and to identify the influential factors for these behaviors. After two theoretical-practical lectures, the same anonymous questionnaire was administered for the second time in order to assess the efficacy of the program. The proportion of students who did not know that many diseases affecting humans come from animals is 28.96% while 32.16% of them did not know what a zoonosis is. The circularity of the One Health concept related to the transmission of diseases from animals to humans and vice-versa is not understood from a large prevalence of the adolescents with 31.40 and 59.91% of wrong responses, respectively. Furthermore, rabies is not considered as a dangerous disease by 23.02% of the adolescents. After two theoretical-practical classroom sessions, the correct answers improved to 21.92% according to the different question. More than a third of the student cohort investigated showed a profound ignorance of the zoonotic risks and a poor understanding of the One Health concept. The authors believe that the teaching of health prevention with a One Health approach and a practical training should be included in every school curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Zucca
- Central Directorate for Health, Social Policies and Disabilities, Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, Trieste, Italy.,Biocrime Veterinary Medical Intelligence Centre, c/o International Police and Custom Cooperation Centre, Thörl-Maglern, Austria
| | - Marie-Christin Rossmann
- Biocrime Veterinary Medical Intelligence Centre, c/o International Police and Custom Cooperation Centre, Thörl-Maglern, Austria.,Agriculture, Forestry, Rural areas Veterinary Department, Land Carinthia, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Steven Seet
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Holtze
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessandro Bremini
- Central Directorate for Health, Social Policies and Disabilities, Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, Trieste, Italy.,Biocrime Veterinary Medical Intelligence Centre, c/o International Police and Custom Cooperation Centre, Thörl-Maglern, Austria
| | - Ingrid Fischinger
- Biocrime Veterinary Medical Intelligence Centre, c/o International Police and Custom Cooperation Centre, Thörl-Maglern, Austria.,Agriculture, Forestry, Rural areas Veterinary Department, Land Carinthia, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Giulia Morosetti
- South Tyrol Health Department, Veterinary Services Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Marcello Sitzia
- Italian Financial Police, Regional Command Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberto Furlani
- Italian Financial Police, Regional Command Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, Trieste, Italy
| | - Oronzo Greco
- Italian Financial Police, Regional Command Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulio Meddi
- SCIP International Service of Police Cooperation, International Police and Custom Cooperation Centre, Thörl-Maglern, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Manlio Palei
- Central Directorate for Health, Social Policies and Disabilities, Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianna Zamaro
- Central Directorate for Health, Social Policies and Disabilities, Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, Trieste, Italy
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The adoption of the One Health approach to improve surveillance of venomous animal injury, vector-borne and zoonotic diseases in Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009109. [PMID: 33600424 PMCID: PMC7891772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Public health institutions with sectorized structure and low integration among field teams, old-fashioned practices such as paper-based storage system, and poorly qualified health agents have limited ability to conduct accurate surveillance and design effective timely interventions. Herein, we describe the steps taken by the Zoonosis Control Center of Foz do Iguaçu (CCZ-Foz) in the last 23 years to move from an archaic and sectorized structure to a modern and timely surveillance program embracing zoonotic diseases, venomous animal injuries, and vector-borne diseases epidemiology under the One Health approach. The full implementation of the One Health approach was based on 5 axes: (1) merging sectorized field teams; (2) adoption of digital solutions; (3) health agents empowerment and permanent capacitation; (4) social mobilization; and (5) active surveys. By doing so, notifications related to zoonotic diseases and venomous animals increased 10 and 21 times, respectively, with no impairment on arbovirus surveillance (major concern in the city). Open sources database (PostgreSQL) and software (QGis) are daily updated and create real-time maps to support timely decisions. The adoption of One Health approach increased preparedness for endemic diseases and reemerging and emerging threats such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
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36
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Bronner MB, Haagsma JA, Dontje ML, Barmentloo L, Kouwenberg RMCEJ, Olde Loohuis AGM, de Groot A, Erasmus V, Polinder S. Long-term impact of a Q-fever outbreak: An evaluation of health symptoms, health-related quality of life, participation and health care satisfaction after ten years. J Psychosom Res 2020; 139:110258. [PMID: 33069049 PMCID: PMC7508008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess health symptoms, health-related quality of life, participation, and health care satisfaction in Q-fever patients up to 10 years after infection. METHODS Cross-sectional questionnaire survey in the Netherlands. Data on health symptoms, fatigue (CIS), health-related quality of life (EQ-5D), social/work participation, health care providers and health care satisfaction were collected in patients with chronic Q-fever (CQ), Q-fever fatigue syndrome (QFS), and patients who experience QFS-like disease without a post-infection diagnosis (QLD). RESULTS A vast majority of the 478 Q-fever patients (response rate 54.3%) face several health problems 10 years after infection. Fatigue was the most prevalent symptom in all groups (91.2%). The median EQ-5D index value differed significantly between the three diagnostic groups (CQ: 0.67; QFS: 0.55; QLD:0.70; p < 0.001). Approximately 50% of all patients had serious problems with work and physical activities, and more than 25% experienced difficulties with leisure time, household and social contacts. Also, more than one third stopped working permanently. Furthermore, GP's, internists, and physical therapists were the most often consulted health care providers. Patients gave low ratings for the overall quality of care for Q-fever, with 75% scoring a 5.0 or lower on a 10-point scale. CONCLUSION Long-term health consequences are considerable for Q-fever patients, especially for those with QFS. The majority of the patients was unsatisfied with the quality of care for Q-fever. Awareness of the long-term impact of zoonotic diseases like Q-fever is needed to offer optimal health care for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelon B Bronner
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Juanita A Haagsma
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Manon L Dontje
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Lotte Barmentloo
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Annemieke de Groot
- Q-support, Goudsbloemvallei 1, 5237 MH 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands.
| | - Vicki Erasmus
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Suzanne Polinder
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Figueiro-Filho EA, Yudin M, Farine D. COVID-19 during pregnancy: an overview of maternal characteristics, clinical symptoms, maternal and neonatal outcomes of 10,996 cases described in 15 countries. J Perinat Med 2020; 48:900-911. [PMID: 33001856 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2020-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review was to identify the most significant studies reporting on COVID-19 during pregnancy and to provide an overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women and perinatal outcomes. Eligibility criteria included all reports, reviews; case series with more than 100 individuals and that reported at least three of the following: maternal characteristics, maternal COVID-19 clinical presentation, pregnancy outcomes, maternal outcomes and/or neonatal/perinatal outcomes. We included eight studies that met the inclusion criteria, representing 10,966 cases distributed in 15 countries around the world until July 20, 2020. The results of our review demonstrate that the maternal characteristics, clinical symptoms, maternal and neonatal outcomes almost 11,000 cases of COVID-19 and pregnancy described in 15 different countries are not worse or different from the general population. We suggest that pregnant women are not more affected by the respiratory complications of COVID-19, when compared to the outcomes described in the general population. We also suggest that the important gestational shift Th1-Th2 immune response, known as a potential contributor to the severity in cases of viral infections during pregnancy, are counter-regulated by the enhanced-pregnancy-induced ACE2-Ang-(1-7) axis. Moreover, the relatively small number of reported cases during pregnancy does not allow us to affirm that COVID-19 is more aggressive during pregnancy. Conversely, we also suggest, that down-regulation of ACE2 receptors induced by SARS-CoV-2 cell entry might have been detrimental in subjects with pre-existing ACE2 deficiency associated with pregnancy. This association might explain the worse perinatal outcomes described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Antonio Figueiro-Filho
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Yudin
- Saint Michael's Hospital, Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dan Farine
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Maternal Fetal Medicine Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Tarnas MC, Desai AN, Lassmann B, Abbara A. Increase in vector-borne disease reporting affecting humans and animals in Syria and neighboring countries after the onset of conflict: A ProMED analysis 2003-2018. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 102:103-109. [PMID: 33002614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The protracted and violent conflict in Syria has resulted in large-scale displacement of people and destruction of health and sanitation infrastructure. The aim of this study was to examine epidemiological trends in vector-borne disease (VBD) outbreaks before and following the onset of the Syrian conflict (2011). METHODS ProMED, a digital disease surveillance tool, was queried for VBD outbreak reports affecting humans and animals in Syria and select bordering countries between 2003 and 2018. Data were normalized by dividing the number of unique VBD events by the total number of unique outbreak events reported by ProMED for each year. Suspected and confirmed case counts and deaths were manually extracted. RESULTS Reports on VBDs increased from a mean of 2.9/year pre-2011 to 12.8/year post-2011, a 343.5% (p < 0.05) increase. After normalization, reports increased by 485.5% (p < 0.05) over the time periods. Post-2011, the most commonly reported VBDs were leishmaniasis, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and lumpy skin disease. Reported numbers of suspected and confirmed cases and deaths increased during the conflict period. CONCLUSIONS VBD outbreak events in ProMED increased in Syria and select bordering countries after the onset of the Syrian conflict in 2011. Enhanced disease surveillance is critical to detect and manage outbreaks in conflict settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia C Tarnas
- ProMED, International Society for Infectious Diseases, Brookline, MA, United States; Community Research Initiative, Charlestown, MA, United States.
| | - Angel N Desai
- ProMED, International Society for Infectious Diseases, Brookline, MA, United States; University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States.
| | - Britta Lassmann
- ProMED, International Society for Infectious Diseases, Brookline, MA, United States.
| | - Aula Abbara
- Department of Infection, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Syria Public Health Network, London, United Kingdom.
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Host Diversity and Origin of Zoonoses: The Ancient and the New. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091672. [PMID: 32957467 PMCID: PMC7552289 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There is a wide variety of diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are transmitted to humans by different routes from other animals. These diseases, known as zoonoses, represent 75% of new or reemerging infectious diseases. There is a considerable impact of these diseases on the economy and health at local and global levels, including zoonotic diseases caused by the ingestion of food and products derived from animals. The wide range of animal species that host these disease-causing organisms include all groups of mammals. Birds are the second significant animal group to act as hosts for zoonoses. Much progress has been made in understanding disease evolution and animal origin, with important contributions from fields such as paleopathology and analysis of DNA, applied to ancient human bone remains. The study of ancient diseases such as brucellosis and tuberculosis benefits from these approaches. More research is needed as new diseases emerge causing pandemics and some previously eradicated reemerge in some regions. Global efforts are focused, based on evidence generated by research, on the prevention of new pandemics. Abstract Bacterial, viral, and parasitic zoonotic diseases are transmitted to humans from a wide variety of animal species that act as reservoir hosts for the causative organisms. Zoonoses contribute an estimated 75% of new or reemerging infectious diseases in humans. All groups of mammals have been shown to act as hosts for transmission of different organisms that cause zoonoses, followed in importance by birds; with both wild and domestic species identified as hosts in specific cases. There has been considerable research progress leading to a better understanding of the host range, animal origin, evolution, and transmission of important zoonoses, including those caused by the ingestion of food and products derived from animals. Paleopathology studies of ancient human bone lesions, in combination with ancient DNA analysis of the causative pathogen, have contributed to our understanding of the origin of zoonotic diseases, including brucellosis and mycobacterial zoonoses. However, there are still knowledge gaps and new confirmed and potential hosts are reported locally with some frequency. Both the economic cost and burden of disease of zoonoses are substantial at local and global levels, as reflected by recent coronavirus pandemics that spread rapidly around the world. Evidence-based prevention strategies are currently a global priority increasingly recognized, especially in zoonoses-affected regions.
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A Proof of Principle for the Detection of Viable Brucella spp. in Raw Milk by qPCR Targeting Bacteriophages. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091326. [PMID: 32878169 PMCID: PMC7565414 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is still a global health issue, and surveillance and control of this zoonotic disease in livestock remains a challenge. Human outbreaks are mainly linked to the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. The detection of human pathogenic Brucella species in food of animal origin is time-consuming and laborious. Bacteriophages are broadly applied to the typing of Brucella isolates from pure culture. Since phages intracellularly replicate to very high numbers, they can also be used as specific indicator organisms of their host bacteria. We developed a novel real-time PCR (qPCR) assay targeting the highly conserved helicase sequence harbored in all currently known Brucella-specific lytic phages. Quality and performance tests determined a limit of detection of <1 genomic copy/µL. In raw milk artificially contaminated with Brucella microti, Izv phages were reliably detected after 39 h of incubation, indicating the presence of viable bacteria. The qPCR assay showed high stability in the milk matrix and significantly shortened the time to diagnosis when compared to traditional culture-based techniques. Hence, our molecular assay is a reliable and sensitive method to analyze phage titers, may help to reduce the hands-on time needed for the screening of potentially contaminated food, and reveals infection risks without bacterial isolation.
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Hermesh B, Rosenthal A, Davidovitch N. The cycle of distrust in health policy and behavior: Lessons learned from the Negev Bedouin. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237734. [PMID: 32817681 PMCID: PMC7446867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last decades, health systems worldwide have faced a decline in public trust. For marginalized minority populations, who generally suffer from poverty and political exclusion, the roots of this trend go much deeper, establishing a state of bi-directional distrust between them and health institutions. Although studied to a lesser extent compared to trust, distrust does impede health initiatives, such as infectious diseases prevention programs, mostly of so-called Neglected Zoonotic Diseases (NZDs). Where distrust prevails, even trust building actions such as defining rights and obligations, prioritizing "the greater good" and increasing transparency, are prone to failure. In this study, we deepen the understanding of the concept of distrust through a unique case study of Brucellosis, a prevalent bacterial zoonotic disease endemic to disadvantaged Bedouin communities in southern Israel. METHODS In the years 2015-2019, we qualitatively studied socio-political aspects in a governmental Brucellosis control campaign in southern Israel. We used in-depth interviews with 38 governmental and private health workers, agriculture and nature preservation workers, livestock owners and community leaders. Further, we conducted participant observation in 10 livestock pens and in policymaking meetings, and collected policy and media documents in order to triangulate the results. RESULTS We conceptualize three different types of distrust between authorities and marginalized communities-"intention-based distrust", "values-based distrust" and "circular distrust"-to better explain how distrust originates and reinforces itself, reproducing the endemicity of NZDs. Based on that, we portray a practical framework to reduce distrust in health policies, by reframing local discourses, reshaping disease monitoring schemes from enforcement-based to participation-based, and promoting political inclusion of disadvantaged communities. CONCLUSIONS The suggested analysis and framework redirect health policy objectives to not only acknowledge, contain and reduce the consequences of distrust, but also to strive for societal justice as a tool for health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barak Hermesh
- Department of Health Systems Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Anat Rosenthal
- Department of Health Systems Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Nadav Davidovitch
- Department of Health Systems Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
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Dryselius R, Hjertqvist M, Mäkitalo S, Lindblom A, Lilja T, Eklöf D, Lindström A. Large outbreak of tularaemia, central Sweden, July to September 2019. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 31640844 PMCID: PMC6807254 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.42.1900603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
On 31 of July 2019, the Public Health Agency of Sweden was alerted about an increasing number of tularaemia cases in Gävleborg, a county in central Sweden. The number of cases increased thereafter peaking at about 150 reports of illnesses every week. As at 6 October, a total of 979 cases (734 laboratory-confirmed) have been reported, mainly from counties in central Sweden. The outbreak is now considered over (as at 14 October).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Disa Eklöf
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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43
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Häfner SJ. Pandemic number five - Latest insights into the COVID-19 crisis. Biomed J 2020; 43:305-310. [PMID: 32967801 PMCID: PMC7451056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
About nine months after the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, this special issue of the Biomedical Journal takes stock of its evolution into a pandemic. We acquire an elaborate overview of the history and virology of SARS-CoV-2, the epidemiology of COVID-19, and the development of therapies and vaccines, based on useful tools such as a pseudovirus system, artificial intelligence, and repurposing of existing drugs. Moreover, we learn about a potential link between COVID-19 and oral health, and some of the strategies that allowed Taiwan to handle the outbreak exceptionally well, including a COVID-19 biobank establishment, online tools for contact tracing, and the efficient management of emergency departments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Julia Häfner
- University of Copenhagen, BRIC Biotech Research & Innovation Centre, Anders Lund Group, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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44
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Kamga RMN, Silatsa BA, Farikou O, Kuiate J, Simo G. Detection of Brucella antibodies in domestic animals of southern Cameroon: Implications for the control of brucellosis. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:410-420. [PMID: 32243087 PMCID: PMC7397923 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is one of the world's most widespread bacterial zoonoses caused by Brucella. It leads to considerable economic losses as a result of low productivity of infected animals and the long debilitating illness in humans. Despite its impact on human and animal health, little attention has been paid on Brucella infections in domestic animals. It is in this light that the prevalence of Brucella antibodies was determined in domestic animals with the overarching goal of improving our knowledge on brucellosis in southern Cameroon. During cross-sectional studies conducted from December 2016 to August 2018 in five sites of southern Cameroon, blood samples were collected in cattle, sheep, goat, pig and dog. Plasma was obtained from each blood sample and Brucella antibodies were detected using the Rose Bengal test and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). From 1873 animals that were sampled, the overall prevalence of Brucella antibodies using Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) was 6.35% (118/1873): 9.12% (78/855) in cattle; 8.04% (30/373) in sheep; 6.06% (2/33) in dog, 1.87% (3/160) in pig and 1.1% (5/452) in goat. Between animal species (p-value < .0001, x2 = 33.63) as well as sampling sites (p-value = .0001, x2 = 18.97), significant differences were observed in the prevalence of Brucella antibodies. Yoko and Noun localities have shown the highest prevalence of 8.6% (30/348) and 7.2% (78/1070), respectively. This prevalence was significantly higher (p = .03, x2 = 1.25) in female than male cattle. Between adult (16.923%) and young cattle (7.8%), significant difference (p = .04, x2 = 6.42) was observed in the prevalence of Brucella antibodies. This study shows that the prevalence of Brucella antibodies varies between animal species and localities. It also shows several domestic animals of southern Cameroon that have been in contact with Brucella. It enabled to identify villages where investigations on the transmission dynamic must be focused for the final goal of developing control measures for this neglected zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolin M. N. Kamga
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology UnitDepartment of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceUniversity of DschangDschangCameroon
| | - Barberine A. Silatsa
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology UnitDepartment of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceUniversity of DschangDschangCameroon
| | - Oumarou Farikou
- Special Mission for Eradication of Tsetse fliesRegional tsetse Division of AdamawaMINEPIANgaoundereCameroon
| | - Jules‐Roger Kuiate
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceUniversity of DschangDschangCameroon
| | - Gustave Simo
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology UnitDepartment of BiochemistryFaculty of ScienceUniversity of DschangDschangCameroon
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Khedkar PH, Patzak A. SARS-CoV-2: What do we know so far? Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 229:e13470. [PMID: 32220035 PMCID: PMC7228362 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pratik H. Khedkar
- Institut für Vegetative PhysiologieCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of the Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin and the Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Andreas Patzak
- Institut für Vegetative PhysiologieCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of the Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin and the Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
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Walsh MG, Mor SM, Hossain S. The elephant-livestock interface modulates anthrax suitability in India. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20190179. [PMID: 30862290 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is a potentially life-threatening bacterial disease that can spread between wild and livestock animals and humans. Transmission typically occurs indirectly via environmental exposure, with devastating consequences for human and animal health, as well as pastoralist economies. India has a high annual occurrence of anthrax in some regions, but a country-wide delineation of risk has not yet been undertaken. The current study modelled the geographical suitability of anthrax across India and its associated environmental features using a biogeographic application of machine learning. Both biotic and abiotic features contributed to risk across multiple scales of influence. The elephant-livestock interface was the dominant feature in delineating anthrax suitability. In addition, water-soil balance, soil chemistry and historical forest loss were also influential. These findings suggest that the elephant-livestock interface plays an important role in the cycling of anthrax in India. Livestock prevention efforts targeting this interface, particularly within anthropogenic ecotones, may yield successes in reducing ongoing transmission between animal hosts and subsequent zoonotic transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Walsh
- 1 Faculty of Medicine and Health, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney , Westmead, New South Wales , Australia.,2 Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney , Westmead, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Siobhan M Mor
- 3 Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection and Global Health Liverpool, University of Liverpool , Merseyside , UK.,4 Faculty of Science, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney , Camperdown, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Shah Hossain
- 5 Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education , Manipal, Karnataka , India
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Häfner SJ. Tumour travel tours - Why circulating cancer cells value company. Biomed J 2020; 43:1-7. [PMID: 32200951 PMCID: PMC7090313 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Welcome to the New Year and a new issue of the Biomedical Journal, where we learn that travelling with company boosts the metastatic potential of circulating tumour cells, as well as that a worm could be an excellent model to study antidiabetic drugs. In addition, we discover another pair of molecular scissors for genetic engineering, how exactly Leptospira wreaks havoc on its run through the host organism, and that hyperparathyroidism brings its own risks, but does not worsen the outcome of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Furthermore, the importance of taking into account differing beauty ideals for aesthetic surgery surveys is discussed, alongside the question how bad isolated local recurrence is in the case of HR + breast cancer. Finally, we find out that virtual colonoscopy deserves more credit, that the first medical experiment in space was all about the H-reflex, and that it is possible to survive advanced necrotising fasciitis of the face and neck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Julia Häfner
- University of Copenhagen, BRIC Biotech Research & Innovation Centre, Anders Lund Group, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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48
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Giambartolomei GH, Delpino MV. Immunopathogenesis of Hepatic Brucellosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:423. [PMID: 31956605 PMCID: PMC6951397 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatic immune system can induce rapid and controlled responses to pathogenic microorganisms and tumor cells. Accordingly, most of the microorganisms that reach the liver through the blood are eliminated. However, some of them, including Brucella spp., take advantage of the immunotolerant capacity of the liver to persist in the host. Brucella has a predilection for surviving in the reticuloendothelial system, with the liver being the largest organ of this system in the human body. Therefore, its involvement in brucellosis is practically invariable. In patients with active brucellosis, the liver is commonly affected, and the most frequent clinical manifestation is hepatosplenomegaly. The molecular mechanisms implicated in liver damage have been recently elucidated. It has been demonstrated how Brucella interacts with hepatocytes inducing its death by apoptosis. The inflammatory microenvironment and the direct effect of Brucella on hepatic stellate cells (HSC) induce their activation and turn these cells from its quiescent form to their fibrogenic phenotype. This HSC activation induced by Brucella infection relies on the presence of a functional type IV secretion system and the effector protein BPE005 through a mechanism involved in the activation of the autophagic pathway. Finally, the molecular mechanisms of liver brucellosis observed so far are shedding light on how the interaction of Brucella with liver cells may play an important role in the discovery of new targets to control the infection. In this review, we report the current understanding of the interaction between liver structural cells and immune system cells during Brucella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Hernán Giambartolomei
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Delpino
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Angeli A, Del Prete S, Pinteala M, Maier SS, Donald WA, Simionescu BC, Capasso C, Supuran CT. The first activation study of the β-carbonic anhydrases from the pathogenic bacteria Brucella suis and Francisella tularensis with amines and amino acids. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1178-1185. [PMID: 31282230 PMCID: PMC6691884 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1630617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of the β-class carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) from the bacteria Brucella suis and Francisella tularensis with amine and amino acids was investigated. BsuCA 1 was sensitive to activation with amino acids and amines, whereas FtuCA was not. The most effective BsuCA 1 activators were L-adrenaline and D-Tyr (KAs of 0.70–0.95 µM). L-His, L-/D-Phe, L-/D-DOPA, L-Trp, L-Tyr, 4-amino-L-Phe, dopamine, 2-pyridyl-methylamine, D-Glu and L-Gln showed activation constants in the range of 0.70–3.21 µM. FtuCA was sensitive to activation with L-Glu (KA of 9.13 µM). Most of the investigated compounds showed a weak activating effect against FtuCA (KAs of 30.5–78.3 µM). Many of the investigated amino acid and amines are present in high concentrations in many tissues in vertebrates, and their role in the pathogenicity of the two bacteria is poorly understood. Our study may bring insights in processes connected with invasion and pathogenic effects of intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angeli
- a Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
| | - Sonia Del Prete
- b Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse , CNR , Napoli , Italy
| | - Mariana Pinteala
- c Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers Department , "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Iasi , Romania
| | - Stelian S Maier
- c Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers Department , "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Iasi , Romania.,d Polymers Research Center, Polymeric Release Systems Research Group , "Gheorghe Asachi" Technical University of Iasi , Iasi , Romania
| | - William A Donald
- e School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Bogdan C Simionescu
- c Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers Department , "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Iasi , Romania
| | | | - Claudiu T Supuran
- a Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Sesto Fiorentino , Italy.,e School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
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50
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Navarro J, Grémillet D, Afán I, Miranda F, Bouten W, Forero MG, Figuerola J. Pathogen transmission risk by opportunistic gulls moving across human landscapes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10659. [PMID: 31337777 PMCID: PMC6650491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Wildlife that exploit human-made habitats hosts and spreads bacterial pathogens. This shapes the epidemiology of infectious diseases and facilitates pathogen spill-over between wildlife and humans. This is a global problem, yet little is known about the dissemination potential of pathogen-infected animals. By combining molecular pathogen diagnosis with GPS tracking of pathogen-infected gulls, we show how this knowledge gap could be filled at regional scales. Specifically, we generated pathogen risk maps of Salmonella, Campylobacter and Chlamydia based on the spatial movements of pathogen-infected yellow-legged gulls (Larus michahellis) equipped with GPS recorders. Also, crossing this spatial information with habitat information, we identified critical habitats for the potential transmission of these bacteria in southern Europe. The use of human-made habitats by infected-gulls could potentially increase the potential risk of direct and indirect bidirectional transmission of pathogens between humans and wildlife. Our findings show that pathogen-infected wildlife equipped with GPS recorders can provide accurate information on the spatial spread risk for zoonotic bacteria. Integration of GPS-tracking with classical epidemiological approaches may help to improve zoonosis surveillance and control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Navarro
- Institut de Ciències del Mar - CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Grémillet
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, Montpellier, France
- FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Isabel Afán
- Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Willem Bouten
- Computational Geo-Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jordi Figuerola
- Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBER-ESP), Sevilla, Spain
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