1
|
Andreoli MF, Gentreau M, Rukh G, Perello M, Schiöth HB. Genetic variants of LEAP2 are associated with anthropometric traits and circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 concentration: A UK Biobank study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:3565-3575. [PMID: 38888057 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
AIM To test the hypothesis that liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) genetic variants might influence the susceptibility to human obesity. METHODS Using data from the UK Biobank, we identified independent LEAP2 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and examined their associations with obesity traits and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentration. These associations were evaluated for both individual SNPs and after combining them into a genetic risk score (GRSLEAP2) using linear and logistic regression models. Sex-stratified analyses were also conducted. RESULTS Five SNPs showed positive associations with obesity-related traits. rs57880964 was associated with body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI (WHRadjBMI), in the total population and among women. Four independent SNPs were positively associated with higher serum IGF-1 concentrations in both men and women. GRSLEAP2 was associated with BMI and WHRadjBMI only in women and with serum IGF-1 concentration in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal sex-specific associations between key LEAP2 gene variants and several obesity traits, while also indicating a strong independent association of LEAP2 variants with serum IGF-1 concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María F Andreoli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP). HIAEP Sor María Ludovica de La Plata, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mélissa Gentreau
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gull Rukh
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mario Perello
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Grupo de Neurofisiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE). Universidad Nacional La Plata (UNLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) y CIC-PBA, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fei Y, Bao Z, Wang Q, Zhu Y, Lu J, Ouyang L, Hu Q, Zhou Y, Chen L. CRISPR/Cas9-induced LEAP2 and GHSR1a knockout mutant zebrafish displayed abnormal growth and impaired lipid metabolism. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 355:114563. [PMID: 38830459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Investigating the principles of fish fat deposition and conducting related research are current focal points in fish nutrition. This study explores the endocrine regulation of LEAP2 and GHSR1a in zebrafish by constructing mutantmodels andexamining the effects of the endocrine factors LEAP2 and its receptor GHSR1a on zebrafish growth, feeding, and liver fat deposition. Compared to the wild type (WT), the mutation of LEAP2 results in increased feeding and decreased swimming in zebrafish. The impact is more pronounced in adult female zebrafish, characterized by increased weight, length, width, and accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver.Incontrast, deficiency in GHSR1a significantly reduces the growth of male zebrafish and markedly decreases liver fat deposition.These research findings indicate the crucial roles of LEAP2 and GHSR1a in zebrafish feeding, growth, and intracellular fat metabolism. This study, for the first time, investigated the endocrine metabolic regulation functions of LEAP2 and GHSR1a in the model organism zebrafish, providing initial insights into their effects and potential mechanisms on zebrafish fat metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Fei
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonggui Bao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jigang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linyue Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quiqin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangbiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Andreoli MF, Kruger AL, Sokolov AV, Rukh G, De Francesco PN, Perello M, Schiöth HB. LEAP2 is associated with impulsivity and reward sensitivity depending on the nutritional status and decreases with protein intake in humans. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024. [PMID: 39140219 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
AIM Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) dynamics in human plasma and its association with feeding behaviour remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study aims: (a) to investigate fasting LEAP2 in participants with normal weight or with overweight or mild obesity (OW/OB); (b) to study the association between fasting LEAP2 and anthropometric and metabolic traits, feeding behaviour, LEAP2 genetic variants and blood cell DNA methylation status; and (c) to ascertain postprandial changes in LEAP2 after high protein intake and the association with feeding behaviour and food intake. METHODS Anthropometric and behavioural measures, genotyping, methylation profiling, plasma glucose and LEAP2 concentrations were assessed in 327 females and males. A subgroup of 123 participants received an ad libitum high-protein meal, and postprandial LEAP2 concentration and behavioural measures were assessed. RESULTS LEAP2 concentration was higher in participants with OW/OB (p < 0.001) and in females (p < 0.001), and was associated with LEAP2 single nucleotide polymorphisms rs765760 (p = 0.012) and rs803223 (p = 0.019), but not with LEAP2 methylation status. LEAP2 concentration was directly related to glycaemia (p = 0.001) and fullness (p = 0.003) in participants with normal weight, whereas it was associated with body mass index (p = 0.018), waist circumference (p = 0.014) and motor impulsivity in participants with OW/OB (p = 0.005). A negative association with reward responsiveness was observed in participants with OW/OB (p = 0.023). LEAP2 concentration was inversely associated with food intake (p = 0.034) and decreased after a high-protein meal (p < 0.001), particularly in women (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Increased LEAP2 in participants with OW/OB is associated with behavioural characteristics of obesity. Our results show sexual dimorphism in LEAP2 concentration before and after food intake and highlight the role of LEAP2 in feeding regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María F Andreoli
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), Children's Hospital HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" La Plata-Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
- CONICET La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ana Luz Kruger
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP), Children's Hospital HIAEP "Sor María Ludovica" La Plata-Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
- CONICET La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Aleksandr V Sokolov
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gull Rukh
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pablo N De Francesco
- Neurophysiology Group, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE) (UNLP-CIC-PBA-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mario Perello
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Neurophysiology Group, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE) (UNLP-CIC-PBA-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Casado S, Varela-Miguéns M, de Oliveira Diz T, Quintela-Vilariño C, Nogueiras R, Diéguez C, Tovar S. The effects of ghrelin and LEAP-2 in energy homeostasis are modulated by thermoneutrality, high-fat diet and aging. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:2061-2074. [PMID: 38337094 PMCID: PMC11266414 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-024-02307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP-2) has been recently identified as the endogenous non-competitive allosteric antagonist of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a). In rodents, LEAP-2 blunts ghrelin-induced feeding and its plasma levels are modulated in response to nutritional status, being decreased upon fasting and increased in high-fat diet (HFD) fed mice. Clinical data support the regulation of circulating LEAP-2 by nutrient availability in humans. In this work, our primary objective was to examine the chronic effects of ghrelin and LEAP-2 administration on food intake, adiposity, and energy expenditure in young mice subjected to standard and HFD at both room temperature and at thermoneutrality. Furthermore, we aimed to assess the impact of these two hormones on aging mice. RESULTS Our results indicate that LEAP-2 produces a significant decrease of body weight and adiposity, an increase in energy expenditure, and activation of the thermogenic program in white and brown adipose tissue depots. However, this effect is not maintained under HFD or under thermoneutral conditions and is only partially observed in aging mice. CONCLUSION In summary our studies describe the central effects of LEAP-2 within distinct experimental contexts, and contribute to the comprehension of LEAP-2's role in energy metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Casado
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Varela-Miguéns
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - T de Oliveira Diz
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - C Quintela-Vilariño
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Nogueiras
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Diéguez
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - S Tovar
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lin CE, Chen CY. Impacts of Central Administration of the Novel Peptide, LEAP-2, in Different Food Intake Models in Conscious Rats. Nutrients 2024; 16:1946. [PMID: 38931301 PMCID: PMC11206331 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP-2) has mutual antagonism with ghrelin, which evokes food intake under a freely fed state. Nevertheless, the impact of LEAP-2 on ghrelin under time-restricted feeding (TRF), which has benefits in the context of metabolic disease, is still unknown. This study aims to explore the impact of central administration of LEAP-2 on the ingestion behavior of rats, which was evaluated using their cumulative food intake in the TRF state. Before intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of O-n-octanoylated ghrelin (0.1 nmol/rat), as a food-stimulatory model, the rats received various doses of LEAP-2 (0.3, 1, 3 nmol/rat, ICV). Cumulative food intake was recorded at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after ICV injection under 12 h freely fed and TRF states in a light phase. In 12 h freely fed and TRF states, central administration of ghrelin alone induced feeding behavior. Pre-treatment with LEAP-2 (1 and 3 nmol/rat, ICV) suppressed ghrelin-induced food intake in a dose-dependent manner in a 12 h freely fed state instead of a TRF state, which may have disturbed the balance of ghrelin and LEAP-2. This study provides neuroendocrine-based evidence that may explain why TRF sometimes fails in fighting obesity/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-En Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Tajen University, No. 20, Weixin Rd., Yanpu Township, Pingtung County 907101, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Yen Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
- Institute of Emergency and Critical Medicine, and School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Chinese Taipei Society for the Study of Obesity, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stark R. The olfactory bulb: A neuroendocrine spotlight on feeding and metabolism. J Neuroendocrinol 2024; 36:e13382. [PMID: 38468186 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Olfaction is the most ancient sense and is needed for food-seeking, danger protection, mating and survival. It is often the first sensory modality to perceive changes in the external environment, before sight, taste or sound. Odour molecules activate olfactory sensory neurons that reside on the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity, which transmits this odour-specific information to the olfactory bulb (OB), where it is relayed to higher brain regions involved in olfactory perception and behaviour. Besides odour processing, recent studies suggest that the OB extends its function into the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Furthermore, numerous hormone receptors associated with appetite and metabolism are expressed within the OB, suggesting a neuroendocrine role outside the hypothalamus. Olfactory cues are important to promote food preparatory behaviours and consumption, such as enhancing appetite and salivation. In addition, altered metabolism or energy state (fasting, satiety and overnutrition) can change olfactory processing and perception. Similarly, various animal models and human pathologies indicate a strong link between olfactory impairment and metabolic dysfunction. Therefore, understanding the nature of this reciprocal relationship is critical to understand how olfactory or metabolic disorders arise. This present review elaborates on the connection between olfaction, feeding behaviour and metabolism and will shed light on the neuroendocrine role of the OB as an interface between the external and internal environments. Elucidating the specific mechanisms by which olfactory signals are integrated and translated into metabolic responses holds promise for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies and interventions aimed at modulating appetite and promoting metabolic health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romana Stark
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shankar K, Metzger NP, Lawrence C, Gupta D, Osborne-Lawrence S, Varshney S, Singh O, Richard CP, Zaykov AN, Rolfts R, DuBois BN, Perez-Tilve D, Mani BK, Hammer STG, Zigman JM. A long-acting LEAP2 analog reduces hepatic steatosis and inflammation and causes marked weight loss in mice. Mol Metab 2024; 84:101950. [PMID: 38697291 PMCID: PMC11103953 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The number of individuals affected by metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease [1] is on the rise, yet hormonal contributors to the condition remain incompletely described and only a single FDA-approved treatment is available. Some studies suggest that the hormones ghrelin and LEAP2, which act as agonist and antagonist/inverse agonist, respectively, for the G protein coupled receptor GHSR, may influence the development of MAFLD. For instance, ghrelin increases hepatic fat whereas synthetic GHSR antagonists do the opposite. Also, hepatic steatosis is less prominent in standard chow-fed ghrelin-KO mice but more prominent in 42% high-fat diet-fed female LEAP2-KO mice. METHODS Here, we sought to determine the therapeutic potential of a long-acting LEAP2 analog (LA-LEAP2) to treat MAFLD in mice. LEAP2-KO and wild-type littermate mice were fed a Gubra-Amylin-NASH (GAN) diet for 10 or 40 wks, with some randomized to an additional 28 or 10 days of GAN diet, respectively, while treated with LA-LEAP2 vs Vehicle. Various metabolic parameters were followed and biochemical and histological assessments of MAFLD were made. RESULTS Among the most notable metabolic effects, daily LA-LEAP2 administration to both LEAP2-KO and wild-type littermates during the final 4 wks of a 14 wk-long GAN diet challenge markedly reduced liver weight, hepatic triglycerides, plasma ALT, hepatic microvesicular steatosis, hepatic lobular inflammation, NASH activity scores, and prevalence of higher-grade fibrosis. These changes were accompanied by prominent reductions in body weight, without effects on food intake, and reduced plasma total cholesterol. Daily LA-LEAP2 administration during the final 10 d of a 41.5 wk-long GAN diet challenge also reduced body weight, plasma ALT, and plasma total cholesterol in LEAP2-KO and wild-type littermates and prevalence of higher grade fibrosis in LEAP2-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS Administration of LA-LEAP2 to mice fed a MAFLD-prone diet markedly improves several facets of MAFLD, including hepatic steatosis, hepatic lobular inflammation, higher-grade hepatic fibrosis, and transaminitis. These changes are accompanied by prominent reductions in body weight and lowered plasma total cholesterol. Taken together, these data suggest that LEAP2 analogs such as LA-LEAP2 hold promise for the treatment of MAFLD and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kripa Shankar
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA
| | - Nathan P Metzger
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA
| | - Connor Lawrence
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA
| | - Deepali Gupta
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA
| | - Sherri Osborne-Lawrence
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA
| | - Salil Varshney
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA
| | - Omprakash Singh
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA
| | - Corine P Richard
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Rolfts
- Novo Nordisk Lexington, 33 Hayden Ave, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Barent N DuBois
- Novo Nordisk Lexington, 33 Hayden Ave, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bharath K Mani
- Novo Nordisk Lexington, 33 Hayden Ave, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Suntrea T G Hammer
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Zigman
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, USA; Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Berthoud HR, Münzberg H, Morrison CD, Neuhuber WL. Hepatic interoception in health and disease. Auton Neurosci 2024; 253:103174. [PMID: 38579493 PMCID: PMC11129274 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2024.103174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The liver is a large organ with crucial functions in metabolism and immune defense, as well as blood homeostasis and detoxification, and it is clearly in bidirectional communication with the brain and rest of the body via both neural and humoral pathways. A host of neural sensory mechanisms have been proposed, but in contrast to the gut-brain axis, details for both the exact site and molecular signaling steps of their peripheral transduction mechanisms are generally lacking. Similarly, knowledge about function-specific sensory and motor components of both vagal and spinal access pathways to the hepatic parenchyma is missing. Lack of progress largely owes to controversies regarding selectivity of vagal access pathways and extent of hepatocyte innervation. In contrast, there is considerable evidence for glucose sensors in the wall of the hepatic portal vein and their importance for glucose handling by the liver and the brain and the systemic response to hypoglycemia. As liver diseases are on the rise globally, and there are intriguing associations between liver diseases and mental illnesses, it will be important to further dissect and identify both neural and humoral pathways that mediate hepatocyte-specific signals to relevant brain areas. The question of whether and how sensations from the liver contribute to interoceptive self-awareness has not yet been explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Heike Münzberg
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Christopher D Morrison
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Winfried L Neuhuber
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu Z, Ren Q, Mu H, Zeng Y, An Z, He H. Preliminary study on the diagnostic value of LEAP-2 and CK18 in biopsy-proven MAFLD. BMC Gastroenterol 2024; 24:182. [PMID: 38778244 PMCID: PMC11112914 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-024-03258-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) has become the leading cause of chronic liver disease. Liver biopsy, as the diagnostic gold standard, is invasive and has sampling bias, making it particularly important to search for sensitive and specific biomarkers for diagnosis. Cytokeratin 18 (CK18) M30 and M65 are products of liver cell apoptosis and necrosis, respectively, and liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP-2) is a related indicator of glucose and lipid metabolism. Correlation studies have found that all three indicators positively correlate with the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Through comparison of diagnostic values, it was found that CK18 M65 can better distinguish between healthy individuals and MAFLD; LEAP-2 can effectively distinguish MAFLD from other liver diseases, especially ALD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Qiao Ren
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Hongying Mu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yuping Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zhenmei An
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - He He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huang S, Yu C, Hu M, Wen Q, Wen X, Li S, Li K, Ma H. Electroacupuncture ameliorates hepatic defects in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome induced by letrozole and a high-fat diet. Acupunct Med 2024; 42:87-99. [PMID: 38044823 DOI: 10.1177/09645284231207863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to evaluate the effects of low-frequency electroacupuncture (EA) on glucose and lipid disturbances in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) characterized by insulin resistance (IR) and hepatic steatosis. METHODS The PCOS rat model was induced by continuous administration of letrozole (LET) combined with a high-fat diet (HFD). Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following four groups: control, control + EA, LET + HFD and LET + HFD + EA. EA was administered five or six times a week with a maximum of 20 treatment sessions. Body weight, estrous cyclicity, hormonal status, glucose and insulin tolerance, lipid profiles, liver inflammation factors, liver morphology and changes in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt (protein kinase B) pathway were evaluated. RESULTS The rat model presented anovulatory cycles, increased body weight, elevated testosterone, abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism, IR, liver inflammation, hepatic steatosis and dysregulation of the insulin-mediated PI3-K/Akt signaling axis. EA reduced fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, area under the curve for glucose, homeostasis model assessment of IR indices, triglycerides and free fatty acids, and alleviated hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, low-frequency EA downregulated mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, upregulated mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α, increased protein expression of phosphorylated (p)-Akt (Ser473), p-glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β (Ser9) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), increased the ratio of p-GSK3β to GSK3β and downregulated protein expression of GSK3β. CONCLUSION An obese PCOS rat model with IR and hepatic steatosis was successfully established by the combination of LET and HFD. EA improved dysfunctional glucose and lipid metabolism in this PCOS-IR rat model, and the molecular mechanism appeared to involve regulation of the expression of key molecules of the PI3-K/Akt insulin signaling pathway in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiya Huang
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuyi Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qidan Wen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Wen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuna Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kunyin Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kulkarni SS, Singh O, Zigman JM. The intersection between ghrelin, metabolism and circadian rhythms. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:228-238. [PMID: 38123819 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite the growing popular interest in sleep and diet, many gaps exist in our scientific understanding of the interaction between circadian rhythms and metabolism. In this Review, we explore a promising, bidirectional role for ghrelin in mediating this interaction. Ghrelin both influences and is influenced by central and peripheral circadian systems. Specifically, we focus on how ghrelin impacts outputs of circadian rhythm, including neuronal activity, circulating growth hormone levels, locomotor activity and eating behaviour. We also consider the effects of circadian rhythms on ghrelin expression and the consequences of disrupted circadian patterns, such as shift work and jet lag, on ghrelin secretion. Our Review is aimed at both the casual reader interested in gaining more insight into the scientific context surrounding the trending topics of sleep and metabolism, as well as experienced scientists in the fields of ghrelin and circadian biology seeking inspiration and a comprehensive overview of how these fields are related.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumya S Kulkarni
- Medical Scientist Training Program, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Omprakash Singh
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Zigman
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Howe SL, Holdom CJ, McCombe PA, Henderson RD, Zigman JM, Ngo ST, Steyn FJ. Associations of postprandial ghrelin, liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 and leptin levels with body composition, disease progression and survival in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2024; 31:e16052. [PMID: 37658515 PMCID: PMC10840749 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Loss of appetite contributes to weight loss and faster disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Impairment of appetite control in ALS may include altered production or action of orexigenic (i.e., ghrelin) and anorexigenic (i.e., liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 [LEAP2] and leptin) hormones. We aimed to determine if postprandial circulating ghrelin levels, LEAP2 levels, LEAP2:ghrelin molar ratio and leptin levels differ in ALS patients compared to non-neurodegenerative disease controls, and whether they are associated with disease progression and body composition. METHODS In this prospective natural history study, we assessed postprandial plasma levels of ghrelin, LEAP2 and leptin in patients with ALS (cases; n = 46) and controls (controls; n = 43). For cases, measures were compared to changes in body weight, body composition and clinical outcomes. RESULTS Postprandial ghrelin level was decreased by 52% in cases compared to controls (p = 0.013). LEAP2:ghrelin molar ratio was increased by 249% (p = 0.009), suggesting greater ghrelin resistance. Patients with lower LEAP2:ghrelin tended to have better functional capacity at assessment, as inferred by the ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (τ = -0.179, p = 0.086). Furthermore, ghrelin and LEAP2:ghrelin molar ratio correlated with diagnostic delay (ghrelin, τ = 0.223, p = 0.029; LEAP2:ghrelin, τ = -0.213, p = 0.037). Baseline ghrelin level, LEAP2 level, LEAP2:ghrelin ratio and leptin level were, however, not predictive of change in functional capacity during follow-up. Also, patients with higher postprandial ghrelin levels (hazard ratio [HR] 1.375, p = 0.048), and lower LEAP2:ghelin ratios (HR 0.828, p = 0.051) had an increased risk of earlier death. CONCLUSIONS Reduced postprandial ghrelin levels, coupled with increased LEAP2:ghrelin molar ratios, suggests a loss of ghrelin action in patients with ALS. Given ghrelin's actions on appetite, metabolism and neuroprotection, reduced ghrelin and greater ghrelin resistance could contribute to impaired capacity to tolerate the physiological impact of disease. Comprehensive studies are needed to explain how ghrelin and LEAP2 contribute to body weight regulation and disease progression in ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Howe
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Cory J. Holdom
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Centre for Clinical ResearchThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Pamela A. McCombe
- Centre for Clinical ResearchThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Department of NeurologyRoyal Brisbane and Women's HospitalBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Robert D. Henderson
- Centre for Clinical ResearchThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Department of NeurologyRoyal Brisbane and Women's HospitalBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Jeffrey M. Zigman
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
| | - Shyuan T. Ngo
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Centre for Clinical ResearchThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Department of NeurologyRoyal Brisbane and Women's HospitalBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Frederik J. Steyn
- Department of NeurologyRoyal Brisbane and Women's HospitalBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Singh O, Ogden SB, Varshney S, Shankar K, Gupta D, Paul S, Osborne-Lawrence S, Richard CP, Metzger NP, Lawrence C, Leon Mercado L, Zigman JM. Ghrelin-responsive mediobasal hypothalamic neurons mediate exercise-associated food intake and exercise endurance. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e172549. [PMID: 37962950 PMCID: PMC10807726 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have implicated the orexigenic hormone ghrelin as a mediator of exercise endurance and the feeding response postexercise. Specifically, plasma ghrelin levels nearly double in mice when they are subjected to an hour-long bout of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) using treadmills. Also, growth hormone secretagogue receptor-null (GHSR-null) mice exhibit decreased food intake following HIIE and diminished running distance (time until exhaustion) during a longer, stepwise exercise endurance protocol. To investigate whether ghrelin-responsive mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) neurons mediate these effects, we stereotaxically delivered the inhibitory designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs virus AAV2-hSyn-DIO-hM4(Gi)-mCherry to the MBH of Ghsr-IRES-Cre mice, which express Cre recombinase directed by the Ghsr promoter. We found that chemogenetic inhibition of GHSR-expressing MBH neurons (upon delivery of clozapine-N-oxide) 1) suppressed food intake following HIIE, 2) reduced maximum running distance and raised blood glucose and blood lactate levels during an exercise endurance protocol, 3) reduced food intake following ghrelin administration, and 4) did not affect glucose tolerance. Further, HIIE increased MBH Ghsr expression. These results indicate that activation of ghrelin-responsive MBH neurons is required for the normal feeding response to HIIE and the usual amount of running exhibited during an exercise endurance protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omprakash Singh
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Sean B. Ogden
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Salil Varshney
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Kripa Shankar
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Deepali Gupta
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Subhojit Paul
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Connor Lawrence
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | - Jeffrey M. Zigman
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine; and
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gupta D, Burstein AW, Schwalbe DC, Shankar K, Varshney S, Singh O, Paul S, Ogden SB, Osborne-Lawrence S, Metzger NP, Richard CP, Campbell JN, Zigman JM. Ghrelin deletion and conditional ghrelin cell ablation increase pancreatic islet size in mice. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e169349. [PMID: 38099492 PMCID: PMC10721155 DOI: 10.1172/jci169349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin exerts key effects on islet hormone secretion to regulate blood glucose levels. Here, we sought to determine whether ghrelin's effects on islets extend to the alteration of islet size and β cell mass. We demonstrate that reducing ghrelin - by ghrelin gene knockout (GKO), conditional ghrelin cell ablation, or high-fat diet (HFD) feeding - was associated with increased mean islet size (up to 62%), percentage of large islets (up to 854%), and β cell cross-sectional area (up to 51%). In GKO mice, these effects were more apparent in 10- to 12-week-old mice than in 4-week-old mice. Higher β cell numbers from decreased β cell apoptosis drove the increase in β cell cross-sectional area. Conditional ghrelin cell ablation in adult mice increased the β cell number per islet by 40% within 4 weeks. A negative correlation between islet size and plasma ghrelin in HFD-fed plus chow-fed WT mice, together with even larger islet sizes in HFD-fed GKO mice than in HFD-fed WT mice, suggests that reduced ghrelin was not solely responsible for diet-induced obesity-associated islet enlargement. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed changes in gene expression in several GKO islet cell types, including upregulation of Manf, Dnajc3, and Gnas expression in β cells, which supports decreased β cell apoptosis and/or increased β cell proliferation. These effects of ghrelin reduction on islet morphology might prove useful when designing new therapies for diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Gupta
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Avi W. Burstein
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Dana C. Schwalbe
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kripa Shankar
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Salil Varshney
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Omprakash Singh
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Subhojit Paul
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sean B. Ogden
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sherri Osborne-Lawrence
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Nathan P. Metzger
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Corine P. Richard
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - John N. Campbell
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Zigman
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine and
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Holá L, Tureckiuová T, Kuneš J, Železná B, Maletínská L. High-Fat Diet Induces Resistance to Ghrelin and LEAP2 Peptide Analogs in Mice. Physiol Res 2023; 72:607-619. [PMID: 38015760 PMCID: PMC10751049 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent data suggest that the orexigenic peptide ghrelin and liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) have opposing effects on food intake regulation. Although circulating ghrelin is decreased in obesity, peripheral ghrelin administration does not induce food intake in obese mice. Limited information is available on ghrelin resistance in relation to LEAP2. In this study, the interplay between ghrelin and LEAP2 in obesity induced by a high-fat (HF) diet in mice was studied. First, the progression of obesity and intolerance to glucose together with plasma levels of active and total ghrelin, leptin, as well as liver LEAP2 mRNA expression at different time points of HF diet feeding was examined. In addition, the impact of switch from a HF diet to a standard diet on plasma ghrelin and LEAP2 production was studied. Second, sensitivity to the stable ghrelin analogue [Dpr3]Ghrelin or our novel LEAP2 analogue palm-LEAP2(1-14) during the progression of HF diet-induced obesity and after the switch for standard diet was investigated. Food intake was monitored after acute subcutaneous administration. HF diet feeding decreased both active and total plasma ghrelin and increased liver LEAP2 mRNA expression along with intolerance to glucose and the switch to a standard diet normalized liver LEAP2 mRNA expression and plasma level of active ghrelin, but not of total ghrelin. Additionally, our study demonstrates that a HF diet causes resistance to [Dpr3]Ghrelin, reversible by switch to St diet, followed by resistance to palm-LEAP2(1-14). Further studies are needed to determine the long-term effects of LEAP2 analogues on obesity-related ghrelin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Holá
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tuero C, Becerril S, Ezquerro S, Neira G, Frühbeck G, Rodríguez A. Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the hepatoprotective role of ghrelin against NAFLD progression. J Physiol Biochem 2023; 79:833-849. [PMID: 36417140 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-022-00933-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms for the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are complex and multifactorial. Within the last years, experimental and clinical evidences support the role of ghrelin in the development of NAFLD. Ghrelin is a gut hormone that plays a major role in the short-term regulation of appetite and long-term regulation of adiposity. The liver constitutes a target for ghrelin, where this gut-derived peptide triggers intracellular pathways regulating lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis. Interestingly, circulating ghrelin levels are altered in patients with metabolic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, which, in turn, are well-known risk factors for the pathogenesis of NAFLD. This review summarizes the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the hepatoprotective action of ghrelin, including the reduction of hepatocyte lipotoxicity via autophagy and fatty acid β-oxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress and programmed cell death, the reversibility of the proinflammatory phenotype in Kupffer cells, and the inactivation of hepatic stellate cells. Together, the metabolic and inflammatory pathways regulated by ghrelin in the liver support its potential as a therapeutic target to prevent NAFLD in patients with metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Tuero
- Department of General Surgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Becerril
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Irunlarrea 1, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia Ezquerro
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Irunlarrea 1, Spain
| | - Gabriela Neira
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Irunlarrea 1, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Irunlarrea 1, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Irunlarrea 1, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lang Y, Liu Y, Ye C, Tang X, Cheng Z, Xie L, Feng L, Liu Y. Loss of LEAP-2 alleviates obesity-induced myocardial injury by regulating macrophage polarization. Exp Cell Res 2023; 430:113702. [PMID: 37414204 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a serious public health issue worldwide, which is a risk factor of cardiovascular disorders. Obesity has been shown to be associated with subclinical myocardial injury, increasing the risk of heart failure. Our study aims to explore novel mechanisms underlying obesity-induced myocardial injury. METHODS Mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to establish a mouse model of obesity, and serum levels of TG, TCH, LDL, CK-MB, LDH, cTnI and BNP were examined. Inflammatory response was evaluated by determining the expression and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. Macrophage infiltration in the heart was examined by IHC staining, and H&E staining was applied to evaluate myocardial injury. Primary peritoneal macrophages were isolated from mice and treated with palmitic acid (PA). Macrophage polarization was evaluated by determine the expression of CCL2, iNOS, CD206 and arginase I via Western blot, RT-qPCR, and flow cytometry. Co-IP assays were performed to examine the interaction between LEAP-2, GHSR and ghrelin. RESULTS Hyperlipidemia, increased proinflammatory cytokines and myocardial injury were observed in mice with obesity, and silencing of LEAP-2 ameliorated HFD-induced hyperlipidemia, inflammation, and myocardial injury. Moreover, HFD-induced macrophage infiltration and M1 polarization were reversed by LEAP-2 knockdown in mice. Furthermore, silencing of LEAP-2 suppressed PA-induced M1 polarization but enhanced M2 polarization in vitro. LEAP-2 interacted with GHSR in macrophages, and knockdown of LEAP-2 promoted the interaction of GHSR and ghrelin. Overexpression of ghrelin enhanced LEAP-1 silencing-mediated suppression of inflammatory response and upregulation of M2 polarization in PA-induced macrophages. CONCLUSION Knockdown of LEAP-2 ameliorates obesity-induced myocardial injury via promoting M2 polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Lang
- The Image Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Yanling Liu
- Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Chunfeng Ye
- Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Tang
- Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Zugen Cheng
- Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Lixin Xie
- Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Lihua Feng
- Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Byberg S, Blond MB, Holm S, Amadid H, Nielsen LB, Clemmensen KKB, Færch K, Holst B. LEAP2 is associated with cardiometabolic markers but is unchanged by antidiabetic treatment in people with prediabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E244-E251. [PMID: 37436962 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00023.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
To examine whether fasting plasma liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (FP-LEAP2) is associated with markers of cardiometabolic disease susceptibility in a cohort with prediabetes and overweight/obesity and whether antidiabetic interventions affect FP-LEAP2 levels. The analysis included 115 individuals with prediabetes [hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 39-47 mmol/mol, 5.7%-6.4%] and overweight/obesity [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2] from a randomized controlled trial. Changes in FP-LEAP2 levels were assessed in relation to treatment with dapagliflozin (10 mg once daily), metformin (1,700 mg daily), or interval-based exercise (5 days/wk, 30 min/session) compared with control (habitual lifestyle) after 6 and 13 wk of treatment. FP-LEAP2 levels were positively associated with [standardized beta coefficient (95% CI)]: BMI 0.22 (0.03:0.41), P = 0.027; body weight 0.27 (0.06:0.48), P = 0.013; fat mass 0.2 (0.00:0.4), P = 0.048; lean mass 0.47 (0.13:0.8), P = 0.008; HbA1c 0.35 (0.17:0.53), P < 0.001; fasting plasma glucose (FPG) 0.32 (0.12:0.51), P = 0.001; fasting serum insulin 0.28 (0.09:0.47), P = 0.005; total cholesterol 0.19 (0.01:0.38), P = 0.043; triglycerides 0.31 (0.13:0.5), P < 0.001; and transaminases and fatty liver index (standardized beta coefficients 0.23-0.32), all P < 0.020. FP-LEAP2 levels were inversely associated with insulin sensitivity [-0.22 (-0.41: -0.03), P = 0.022] and kidney function [estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) -0.34 (-0.56: -0.12), P = 0.003]. FP-LEAP2 levels were not associated with fat distribution or body fat percentage, fasting glucagon, postload glucose, β-cell function, or low-density lipoprotein. The interventions were not associated with changes in FP-LEAP2. FP-LEAP2 is associated with body mass, impaired insulin sensitivity, liver-specific enzymes, and kidney function. The findings highlight the importance of studying LEAP2 in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. FP-LEAP2 was not affected by metformin, dapaglifloxin, or exercise in this population.NEW & NOTEWORTHY LEAP2, primarily secreted by the liver, increases with greater body mass, insulin resistance, and liver-specific enzymes in individuals with prediabetes and overweight or obesity. Fasting glucose, body mass, and alanine aminotransferase independently predict LEAP2 levels. LEAP2 is inversely linked to impaired kidney function. Elevated LEAP2 levels might indicate an increased metabolic risk, warranting further investigation into its potential involvement in glucose and body weight control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Byberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Bæk Blond
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Stephanie Holm
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanan Amadid
- Department of Data Science, Novo Nordisk, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | | | - Kristine Færch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bhargava R, Luur S, Rodriguez Flores M, Emini M, Prechtl CG, Goldstone AP. Postprandial Increases in Liver-Gut Hormone LEAP2 Correlate with Attenuated Eating Behavior in Adults Without Obesity. J Endocr Soc 2023; 7:bvad061. [PMID: 37287649 PMCID: PMC10243873 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The novel liver-gut hormone liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP2) is a centrally acting inverse agonist, and competitive antagonist of orexigenic acyl ghrelin (AG), at the GH secretagogue receptor, reducing food intake in rodents. In humans, the effects of LEAP2 on eating behavior and mechanisms behind the postprandial increase in LEAP2 are unclear, though this is reciprocal to the postprandial decrease in plasma AG. Methods Plasma LEAP2 was measured in a secondary analysis of a previous study. Twenty-two adults without obesity attended after an overnight fast, consuming a 730-kcal meal without or with subcutaneous AG administration. Postprandial changes in plasma LEAP2 were correlated with postprandial changes in appetite, high-energy (HE) or low-energy (LE) food cue reactivity using functional magnetic resonance imaging, ad libitum food intake, and plasma/serum AG, glucose, insulin, and triglycerides. Results Postprandial plasma LEAP2 increased by 24.5% to 52.2% at 70 to 150 minutes, but was unchanged by exogenous AG administration. Postprandial increases in LEAP2 correlated positively with postprandial decreases in appetite, and cue reactivity to HE/LE and HE food in anteroposterior cingulate cortex, paracingulate cortex, frontal pole, and middle frontal gyrus, with similar trend for food intake. Postprandial increases in LEAP2 correlated negatively with body mass index, but did not correlate positively with increases in glucose, insulin, or triglycerides, nor decreases in AG. Conclusions These correlational findings are consistent with a role for postprandial increases in plasma LEAP2 in suppressing human eating behavior in adults without obesity. Postprandial increases in plasma LEAP2 are unrelated to changes in plasma AG and the mediator(s) remain uncertain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Bhargava
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sandra Luur
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Marcela Rodriguez Flores
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mimoza Emini
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Christina G Prechtl
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Anthony P Goldstone
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tian J, Guo L, Wang T, Jia K, Swerdlow RH, Zigman JM, Du H. Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 elevation contributes to age-associated cognitive decline. JCI Insight 2023; 8:166175. [PMID: 37212281 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.166175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Elderly individuals frequently report cognitive decline, while various studies indicate hippocampal functional declines with advancing age. Hippocampal function is influenced by ghrelin through hippocampus-expressed growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) is an endogenous GHSR antagonist that attenuates ghrelin signaling. Here, we measured plasma ghrelin and LEAP2 levels in a cohort of cognitively normal individuals older than 60 and found that LEAP2 increased with age while ghrelin (also referred to in literature as "acyl-ghrelin") marginally declined. In this cohort, plasma LEAP2/ghrelin molar ratios were inversely associated with Mini-Mental State Examination scores. Studies in mice showed an age-dependent inverse relationship between plasma LEAP2/ghrelin molar ratio and hippocampal lesions. In aged mice, restoration of the LEAP2/ghrelin balance to youth-associated levels with lentiviral shRNA Leap2 downregulation improved cognitive performance and mitigated various age-related hippocampal deficiencies such as CA1 region synaptic loss, declines in neurogenesis, and neuroinflammation. Our data collectively suggest that LEAP2/ghrelin molar ratio elevation may adversely affect hippocampal function and, consequently, cognitive performance; thus, it may serve as a biomarker of age-related cognitive decline. Moreover, targeting LEAP2 and ghrelin in a manner that lowers the plasma LEAP2/ghrelin molar ratio could benefit cognitive performance in elderly individuals for rejuvenation of memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and
| | - Lan Guo
- Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Tienju Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and
| | - Kun Jia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Zigman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Heng Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and
- Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Stark R, Feehan J, Mousa A, Andrews ZB, de Courten B. Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 is associated with improved pancreatic insulin secretion in adults with overweight and obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:1213-1220. [PMID: 36597795 PMCID: PMC10947148 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To examine association of liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2), an endogenous ghrelin antagonist with anorexiant effects, to key cardiometabolic risk factors in people with overweight and obesity. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we sought to identify associations between LEAP2 levels and cardiometabolic risk factors, including body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry), insulin and glucose metabolism (oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests and hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamps), plasma lipids and inflammation markers (ELISA and multiplex assays). RESULTS In 65 participants with overweight or obesity (63.1% male, mean age 31.3 ± 8.5 years), LEAP2 levels were associated with total body fat, but not with body mass index or waist-hip ratio in both univariable and age- and sex-adjusted models (P < 0.05). Higher LEAP2 level was also positively associated with higher insulin secretion in univariable (P = 0.047) and multivariable models adjusted for age, sex and body fat (P = 0.03), but not with fasting glucose levels (P ≥ 0.05). Higher LEAP2 levels were associated insulin resistance (P = 0.07) after adjustment for age and sex, but the association disappeared after an additional adjustment for body fat (P = 0.2). There was an inverse association between LEAP2 levels and nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB) activity in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells in age-, sex- and body fat-adjusted models (P = 0.04). There were no associations with cardiovascular risk factors (lipids, blood pressure) or other inflammation markers. CONCLUSIONS These results provide important insights into the association between LEAP2 and cardiometabolic health in a high-risk population of individuals with overweight and obesity. This is a first report of an association between LEAP2 and insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity and NFκB activity. LEAP2 may represent an important potential therapeutic target to promote insulin secretion in people with type 2 diabetes and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romana Stark
- School of Clinical SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jack Feehan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria UniversityFootscrayVictoriaAustralia
| | - Aya Mousa
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of PhysiologyMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Zane B. Andrews
- School of Clinical SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- School of Health and Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nabekura H, Islam MN, Sakoda H, Yamaguchi T, Saiki A, Nabekura T, Oshiro T, Tanaka Y, Murayama S, Zhang W, Tatsuno I, Nakazato M. Liver-Expressed Antimicrobial Peptide 2 Is a Hepatokine That Predicts Weight Loss and Complete Remission of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus after Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy in Japanese Individuals. Obes Facts 2023; 16:392-400. [PMID: 37094564 PMCID: PMC10427959 DOI: 10.1159/000530733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) is considered one of the most effective treatments for sustained weight loss and complete remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus (CR-T2DM). Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2), a ghrelin receptor antagonist peptide, is a metabolic hormone regulated by VSG. However, it is unknown whether LEAP2 can be used to predict the outcomes of VSG. This study aimed to evaluate LEAP2 as a predictive factor for weight loss and CR-T2DM after VSG. METHODS This retrospective study included 39 Japanese participants with obesity who underwent VSG. Serum LEAP2, des-acyl ghrelin (DAG), and other metabolic and anthropometric parameters were studied before and at 12 months after VSG. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was generated to evaluate predictive score for weight loss with cut-off value of >50 percent excess weight loss. ROC curve was also generated to assess CR-T2DM. RESULTS Serum LEAP2 levels were significantly higher in participants with body mass index (BMI) 32-50 kg/m2 than in those with normal weight. Participants with BMI >50 kg/m2 had lower serum LEAP2 concentrations than those with BMI 32-50 kg/m2. VSG caused a significant reduction in serum DAG concentrations, but it did not affect serum LEAP2 concentrations in either male or female participants. Preoperative serum LEAP2 concentration of 2.88 pmol/mL was the optimal cutoff value for predicting weight loss after VSG, with sensitivity of 80.0% and specificity of 75.9%. Preoperative serum LEAP2 level higher than 4.67 pmol/mL predicted CR-T2DM after VSG with sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 58.8%. CONCLUSION Preoperative serum LEAP2 could predict weight loss and CR-T2DM as outcomes of VSG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nabekura
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Md Nurul Islam
- Department of Bioregulatory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sakoda
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan,
- Department of Bioregulatory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan,
| | - Takashi Yamaguchi
- Center of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Saiki
- Center of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taiki Nabekura
- Department of Surgery, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Oshiro
- Department of Surgery, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuri Tanaka
- Department of Bioregulatory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Shinya Murayama
- Department of Bioregulatory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Department of Bioregulatory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tatsuno
- Center of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Nakazato
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- Department of Bioregulatory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- Department of Inter-Organ Communication Research Project, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Korgan AC, Oliveira-Abreu K, Wei W, Martin SLA, Bridges ZJD, Leal-Cardoso JH, Kaczorowski CC, O'Connell KMS. High sucrose consumption decouples intrinsic and synaptic excitability of AgRP neurons without altering body weight. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:224-235. [PMID: 36725979 PMCID: PMC10023568 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01265-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE As the obesity epidemic continues, the understanding of macronutrient influence on central nervous system function is critical for understanding diet-induced obesity and potential therapeutics, particularly in light of the increased sugar content in processed foods. Previous research showed mixed effects of sucrose feeding on body weight gain but has yet to reveal insight into the impact of sucrose on hypothalamic functioning. Here, we explore the impact of liquid sucrose feeding for 12 weeks on body weight, body composition, caloric intake, and hypothalamic AgRP neuronal function and synaptic plasticity. METHODS Patch-clamp electrophysiology of hypothalamic AgRP neurons, metabolic phenotyping and food intake were performed on C57BL/6J mice. RESULTS While mice given sugar-sweetened water do not gain significant weight, they do show subtle differences in body composition and caloric intake. When given sugar-sweetened water, mice show similar alterations to AgRP neuronal excitability as in high-fat diet obese models. Increased sugar consumption also primes mice for increased caloric intake and weight gain when given access to a HFD. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that elevated sucrose consumption increased activity of AgRP neurons and altered synaptic excitability. This may contribute to obesity in mice and humans with access to more palatable (HFD) diets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin C Korgan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Klausen Oliveira-Abreu
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Wei Wei
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Zoey J D Bridges
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | | | - Catherine C Kaczorowski
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristen M S O'Connell
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA.
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ghrelin system in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 78:102655. [PMID: 36527939 PMCID: PMC10395051 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia in seniors. Current efforts to understand the etiopathogenesis of this neurodegenerative disorder have brought forth questions about systemic factors in the development of AD. Ghrelin is a brain-gut peptide that is activated by ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) and signals via its receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). With increasing recognition of the neurotropic effects of ghrelin, the role of ghrelin system deregulation in the development of AD has been accentuated in recent years. In this review, we summarized recent research progress regarding the mechanisms of ghrelin signaling dysregulation and its contribution to AD brain pathology. In addition, we also discussed the therapeutic potential of strategies targeting ghrelin signaling for the treatment of this neurological disease.
Collapse
|
25
|
Tezenas-du-Montcel C, Tolle V. La régulation de la prise alimentaire au travers des actions antagonistes de la ghréline et du LEAP-2. CAHIERS DE NUTRITION ET DE DIÉTÉTIQUE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnd.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
|
26
|
Ragland TJ, Malin SK. Plasma LEAP-2 Following a Low-Calorie Diet with or without Interval Exercise in Women with Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:655. [PMID: 36771362 PMCID: PMC9918887 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP-2) is associated with caloric intake and glucose metabolism. Purpose: Assess if a low-calorie diet with interval exercise (LCD+INT) raises LEAP-2 more than LCD in relation to appetite and cardiometabolic health. Methods: Women with obesity were randomized to either 2 weeks of LCD (n = 13, ~1200 kcal/d) or LCD+INT (n = 12; 60 min/d) of INT at 3 min of 90% and 50% HRpeak, respectively. LEAP-2 and acylated ghrelin (AG) were measured at 0, 30, and 60 min, while glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and free fatty acids (FFA) were obtained up to 180 min of a 75 g OGTT. Fasting and 120 min OGTT appetite were assessed via visual analog scales. Results: LCD reduced the BMI (p < 0.001) compared with LCD+INT, but only LCD+INT increased the VO2 max (p = 0.04). Treatments reduced fasting LEAP-2 (p = 0.05), but only LCD increased LEAP-2 iAUC60 min (p = 0.06) and post-prandial LEAP-2 stimulation (p = 0.02). Higher post-LEAP-260 min tended to relate to a lower desire to eat 120 min of sweet (r = 0.40, p = 0.07) and salty foods (r = 0.41, p = 0.06), as well as lower AG30 min (r = -0.51, p = 0.01) and higher FFA iAUC180 min (r = 0.56, p = 0.007) post-treatment. Conclusion: LCD, with or without INT, reduced fasting LEAP-2, but only LCD raised post-prandial LEAP-2. How diet and exercise impact LEAP-2 for lower chronic disease risk awaits further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven K. Malin
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, New Brunswick, NJ 08091, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08091, USA
- New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08091, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08091, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li HZ, Shao XX, Wang YF, Liu YL, Xu ZG, Guo ZY. LEAP2 is a more conserved ligand than ghrelin for fish GHSRs. Biochimie 2023; 209:10-19. [PMID: 36669723 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recently, liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) was identified as an endogenous antagonist and an inverse agonist of the ghrelin receptor GHSR. However, its functions in lower vertebrates are not well understood. Our recent study demonstrated that both LEAP2 and ghrelin are functional towards a fish GHSR from Latimeria chalumnae, an extant coelacanth believed to be one of the closest ancestors of tetrapods. However, amino acid sequence alignment identified that the 6.58 position (Ballesteros-Weinstein numbering system) of most fish GHSRs are not occupied by an aromatic Phe residue, which is absolutely conserved in all known GHSRs from amphibians to mammals, and is responsible for human GHSR binding to its agonist, ghrelin. To test whether these unusual fish receptors are functional, we studied the ligand binding properties of three representative fish GHSRs, two from Danio rerio (zebrafish) and one from Larimichthys crocea (large yellow croaker). After overexpression in human embryonic kidney 293T cells, the three fish GHSRs retained normal binding to all tested LEAP2s, except for a second LEAP2 from L. crocea. However, they displayed almost no binding to all chemically synthesized n-octanoylated ghrelins, despite these ghrelins all retaining normal function towards human and coelacanth GHSRs. Thus, it seems that LEAP2 is a more conserved ligand than ghrelin towards fish GHSRs. Our results not only provided new insights into the interaction mechanism of GHSRs with LEAP2s and ghrelins, but also shed new light on the functions of LEAP2 and ghrelin in different fish species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Zheng Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Shao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Fen Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Li Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Guang Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhan-Yun Guo
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tian J, Du E, Jia K, Wang T, Guo L, Zigman JM, Du H. Elevated Ghrelin Promotes Hippocampal Ghrelin Receptor Defects in Humanized Amyloid-β Knockin Mice During Aging. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:1579-1592. [PMID: 38007666 PMCID: PMC10841720 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence has revealed that dysregulation of the hormone ghrelin and its receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Specifically, defective GHSR function and resultant hippocampal ghrelin resistance are linked to hippocampal synaptic injury in AD paradigms. Also, AD patients exhibit elevated ghrelin activation. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of hippocampal GHSR dysfunction and the relevance of ghrelin elevation to hippocampal ghrelin resistance in AD-relevant pathological settings are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE In the current study, we employed a recently established mouse line of AD risk [humanized amyloid beta knockin (hAβ KI mice), also referred to as a mouse model of late-onset AD in previous literature] to further define the role of ghrelin system dysregulation in the development of AD. METHODS We employed multidisciplinary techniques to determine the change of plasma ghrelin and the functional status of GHSR in hAβ KI mice as well as primary neuron cultures. RESULTS We observed concurrent plasma ghrelin elevation and hippocampal GHSR desensitization with disease progression. Further examination excluded the possibility that ghrelin elevation is a compensatory change in response to GHSR dysfunction. In contrast, further in vitro and in vivo results show that agonist-mediated overstimulation potentiates GHSR desensitization through enhanced GHSR internalization. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that circulating ghrelin elevation is a pathological event underlying hippocampal GHSR dysfunction, culminating in hippocampal ghrelin resistance and resultant synaptic injury in late-onset AD-related settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Eric Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Blue Valley West High School, Overland Park, KS, USA
| | - Kun Jia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Tienju Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Lan Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Zigman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Heng Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Alzheimer’s disease Research Center (ADRC), Department of Neurology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chen RB, Wang QY, Wang YY, Wang YD, Liu JH, Liao ZZ, Xiao XH. Feeding-induced hepatokines and crosstalk with multi-organ: A novel therapeutic target for Type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1094458. [PMID: 36936164 PMCID: PMC10020511 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1094458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia, which can be caused by either an insulin deficit and/or insulin resistance, is the main symptom of Type 2 diabetes, a significant endocrine metabolic illness. Conventional medications, including insulin and oral antidiabetic medicines, can alleviate the signs of diabetes but cannot restore insulin release in a physiologically normal amount. The liver detects and reacts to shifts in the nutritional condition that occur under a wide variety of metabolic situations, making it an essential organ for maintaining energy homeostasis. It also performs a crucial function in glucolipid metabolism through the secretion of hepatokines. Emerging research shows that feeding induces hepatokines release, which regulates glucose and lipid metabolism. Notably, these feeding-induced hepatokines act on multiple organs to regulate glucolipotoxicity and thus influence the development of T2DM. In this review, we focus on describing how feeding-induced cross-talk between hepatokines, including Adropin, Manf, Leap2 and Pcsk9, and metabolic organs (e.g.brain, heart, pancreas, and adipose tissue) affects metabolic disorders, thus revealing a novel approach for both controlling and managing of Type 2 diabetes as a promising medication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Bin Chen
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Qi-Yu Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Ya-Di Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jiang-Hua Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhe-Zhen Liao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Hua Xiao, ; Zhe-Zhen Liao,
| | - Xin-Hua Xiao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Hua Xiao, ; Zhe-Zhen Liao,
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chicken LEAP2 Level Substantially Changes with Feed Intake and May Be Regulated by CDX4 in Small Intestine. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243496. [PMID: 36552416 PMCID: PMC9774203 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), ghrelin, and GHSR have been reported to play important roles that influence feed intake in mammals. LEAP2, an endogenous antagonist of GHSR, plays an important role in the regulation of feed intake. However, chicken ghrelin has also been reported to have an inhibitory effect on feed intake. The role of the GOAT-Ghrelin-GHSR-LEAP2 axis in chicken-feed intake remains unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically evaluate the changes in the tissue expression levels of these genes under different energy states. In this study, broiler chicks in different energy states were subjected to starvation and feeding, and relevant gene expression levels were measured using quantitative real-time PCR. Different energy states significantly modulated the expression levels of LEAP2 and GHSR but did not significantly affect the expression levels of GOAT and ghrelin. A high expression level of LEAP2 was detected in the liver and the whole small intestine. Compared to the fed group, the fasted chicks showed significantly reduced LEAP2 expression levels in the liver and the small intestine; 2 h after being refed, the LEAP2 expression of the fasted chicks returned to the level of the fed group. Transcription factor prediction and results of a dual luciferase assay indicated that the transcription factor CDX4 binds to the LEAP2 promoter region and positively regulates its expression. High expression levels of GHSR were detected in the hypothalamus and pituitary. Moreover, we detected GHSR highly expressed in the jejunum-this finding has not been previously reported. Thus, GHSR may regulate intestinal motility, and this aspect needs further investigation. In conclusion, this study revealed the function of chicken LEAP2 as a potential feed-intake regulator and identified the potential mechanism governing its intestine-specific expression. Our study lays the foundations for future studies on avian feed-intake regulation.
Collapse
|
31
|
Holá L, Železná B, Karnošová A, Kuneš J, Fehrentz JA, Denoyelle S, Cantel S, Blechová M, Sýkora D, Myšková A, Maletínská L. A Novel Truncated Liver Enriched Antimicrobial Peptide-2 Palmitoylated at its N-Terminal Antagonizes Effects of Ghrelin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 383:129-136. [PMID: 36198495 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is secreted in the stomach during fasting and targets the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR1a) in the hypothalamus and brainstem to exert its orexigenic effect. Recently, liver enriched antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP2) was identified as an endogenous high-affinity GHSR1a antagonist. LEAP2 is a 40-amino acid peptide with two disulfide bridges and GHRS1a affinity in the N-terminal hydrophobic part. In this study, we tested modified truncated N-terminal peptide LEAP2 (1-14), along with its myristoylated, palmitoylated, and stearoylated analogs, to determine their affinity to and activation of GHSR1a and their anorexigenic effects after acute peripheral administration. The lipidized analogs bound GHSR1a with affinity similar to that of natural LEAP2, and lipidization significantly enhanced the affinity of LEAP2(1-14) to GHSR1a. According to the beta-lactamase reporter gene response, the natural GHSR1a agonist ghrelin activated the receptor with nanomolar EC50 LEAP2(1-14) analogs behaved as inverse agonists of GHSR1a and suppressed internal activity of the receptor with EC50 values in the 10-8 M range. LEAP2(1-14) analogs significantly lowered acute food intake in overnight fasted mice, and palmitoylated LEAP2(1-14) was the most potent. In free-fed mice, all LEAP2(1-14) analogs significantly decreased the orexigenic effect of the stable ghrelin analog [Dpr3]Ghrelin. Moreover, palmitoylated LEAP2(1-14) inhibited the growth hormone (GH) release induced by [Dpr3] Ghrelin and exhibited an increased stability in rat plasma compared with LEAP2(1-14). In conclusion, palmitoylated LEAP2(1-14) had the most pronounced affinity for GHSR1a, had an anorexigenic effect, exhibited stability in rat plasma, and attenuated [Dpr3]Ghrelin-induced GH release. Such properties render palmitoylated LEAP2(1-14) a promising substance for antiobesity treatment. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The agonist and antagonist of one receptor are rarely found in one organism. For ghrelin receptor (growth hormone secretagogue receptor, GHSR), endogenous agonist ghrelin and endogenous antagonist/inverse agonist liver enriched antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP2) co-exist and differently control GHSR signaling. As ghrelin has a unique role in food intake regulation, energy homeostasis, and cytoprotection, lipidized truncated LEAP2 analogs presented in this study could serve not only to reveal the relationship between ghrelin and LEAP2 but also for development of potential anti-obesity agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Holá
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., B.Ž., A.K., J.K., M.B., A.M., L.M.); Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.); First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., A.K.); University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic (D.S., A.M.); and IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France (J.A.F., S.C., S.D.)
| | - Blanka Železná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., B.Ž., A.K., J.K., M.B., A.M., L.M.); Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.); First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., A.K.); University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic (D.S., A.M.); and IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France (J.A.F., S.C., S.D.)
| | - Alena Karnošová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., B.Ž., A.K., J.K., M.B., A.M., L.M.); Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.); First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., A.K.); University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic (D.S., A.M.); and IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France (J.A.F., S.C., S.D.)
| | - Jaroslav Kuneš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., B.Ž., A.K., J.K., M.B., A.M., L.M.); Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.); First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., A.K.); University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic (D.S., A.M.); and IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France (J.A.F., S.C., S.D.)
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., B.Ž., A.K., J.K., M.B., A.M., L.M.); Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.); First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., A.K.); University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic (D.S., A.M.); and IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France (J.A.F., S.C., S.D.)
| | - Séverine Denoyelle
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., B.Ž., A.K., J.K., M.B., A.M., L.M.); Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.); First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., A.K.); University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic (D.S., A.M.); and IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France (J.A.F., S.C., S.D.)
| | - Sonia Cantel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., B.Ž., A.K., J.K., M.B., A.M., L.M.); Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.); First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., A.K.); University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic (D.S., A.M.); and IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France (J.A.F., S.C., S.D.)
| | - Miroslava Blechová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., B.Ž., A.K., J.K., M.B., A.M., L.M.); Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.); First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., A.K.); University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic (D.S., A.M.); and IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France (J.A.F., S.C., S.D.)
| | - David Sýkora
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., B.Ž., A.K., J.K., M.B., A.M., L.M.); Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.); First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., A.K.); University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic (D.S., A.M.); and IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France (J.A.F., S.C., S.D.)
| | - Aneta Myšková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., B.Ž., A.K., J.K., M.B., A.M., L.M.); Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.); First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., A.K.); University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic (D.S., A.M.); and IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France (J.A.F., S.C., S.D.)
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., B.Ž., A.K., J.K., M.B., A.M., L.M.); Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.); First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic (L.H., A.K.); University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic (D.S., A.M.); and IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France (J.A.F., S.C., S.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Holm S, Husted AS, Skov LJ, Morville TH, Hagemann CA, Jorsal T, Dall M, Jakobsen A, Klein AB, Treebak JT, Knop FK, Schwartz TW, Clemmensen C, Holst B. Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Suppresses Hepatic Production of the Ghrelin Receptor Antagonist LEAP2. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6555773. [PMID: 35352108 PMCID: PMC9119693 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP2) is an endogenous ghrelin receptor antagonist, which is upregulated in the fed state and downregulated during fasting. We hypothesized that the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is involved in the downregulation of LEAP2 during conditions with high circulating levels of BHB. METHODS Hepatic and intestinal Leap2 expression were determined in 3 groups of mice with increasing circulating levels of BHB: prolonged fasting, prolonged ketogenic diet, and oral BHB treatment. LEAP2 levels were measured in lean and obese individuals, in human individuals following endurance exercise, and in mice after BHB treatment. Lastly, we investigated Leap2 expression in isolated murine hepatocytes challenged with BHB. RESULTS We confirmed increased circulating LEAP2 levels in individuals with obesity compared to lean individuals. The recovery period after endurance exercise was associated with increased plasma levels of BHB levels and decreased LEAP2 levels in humans. Leap2 expression was selectively decreased in the liver after fasting and after exposure to a ketogenic diet for 3 weeks. Importantly, we found that oral administration of BHB increased circulating levels of BHB in mice and decreased Leap2 expression levels and circulating LEAP2 plasma levels, as did Leap2 expression after direct exposure to BHB in isolated murine hepatocytes. CONCLUSION From our data, we suggest that LEAP2 is downregulated during different states of energy deprivation in both humans and rodents. Furthermore, we here provide evidence that the ketone body, BHB, which is highly upregulated during fasting metabolism, directly downregulates LEAP2 levels. This may be relevant in ghrelin receptor-induced hunger signaling during energy deprivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Holm
- Correspondence: Stephanie Holm, MSc, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (6th floor) & Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anna S Husted
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise J Skov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas H Morville
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer A Hagemann
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital—Herlev and Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Gubra, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Tina Jorsal
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital—Herlev and Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Morten Dall
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders B Klein
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital—Herlev and Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Holst
- Correspondence: Birgitte Holst MD, PhD, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fernandez G, Cabral A, De Francesco PN, Uriarte M, Reynaldo M, Castrogiovanni D, Zubiría G, Giovambattista A, Cantel S, Denoyelle S, Fehrentz JA, Tolle V, Schiöth HB, Perello M. GHSR controls food deprivation-induced activation of CRF neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in a LEAP2-dependent manner. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:277. [PMID: 35504998 PMCID: PMC11072678 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prolonged fasting is a major challenge for living organisms. An appropriate metabolic response to food deprivation requires the activation of the corticotropin-releasing factor-producing neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVHCRF neurons), which are a part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), as well as the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) signaling, whose activity is up- or down-regulated, respectively, by the hormones ghrelin and the liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2). Since ghrelin treatment potently up-regulates the HPA axis, we studied the role of GHSR in mediating food deprivation-induced activation of the PVHCRF neurons in mice. METHODS We estimated the activation of the PVHCRF neurons, using immuno-staining against CRF and the marker of neuronal activation c-Fos in brain sections, and assessed plasma levels of corticosterone and glucose in different pharmacologically or genetically manipulated mouse models exposed, or not, to a 2-day food deprivation protocol. In particular, we investigated ad libitum fed or food-deprived male mice that: (1) lacked GHSR gene expression, (2) had genetic deletion of the ghrelin gene, (3) displayed neurotoxic ablation of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, (4) were centrally treated with an anti-ghrelin antibody to block central ghrelin action, (5) were centrally treated with a GHSR ligand that blocks ghrelin-evoked and constitutive GHSR activities, or (6) received a continuous systemic infusion of LEAP2(1-12). RESULTS We found that food deprivation results in the activation of the PVHCRF neurons and in a rise of the ghrelin/LEAP2 molar ratio. Food deprivation-induced activation of PVHCRF neurons required the presence and the signaling of GHSR at hypothalamic level, but not of ghrelin. Finally, we found that preventing the food deprivation-induced fall of LEAP2 reverses the activation of the PVHCRF neurons in food-deprived mice, although it has no effect on body weight or blood glucose. CONCLUSION Food deprivation-induced activation of the PVHCRF neurons involves ghrelin-independent actions of GHSR at hypothalamic level and requires a decrease of plasma LEAP2 levels. We propose that the up-regulation of the actions of GHSR associated to the fall of plasma LEAP2 level are physiologically relevant neuroendocrine signals during a prolonged fasting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gimena Fernandez
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
| | - Agustina Cabral
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
| | - Pablo N De Francesco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
| | - Maia Uriarte
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
| | - Mirta Reynaldo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
| | - Daniel Castrogiovanni
- Cell Culture Facility, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
| | - Guillermina Zubiría
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
| | - Andrés Giovambattista
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina
| | - Sonia Cantel
- Institut Des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Severine Denoyelle
- Institut Des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- Institut Des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Virginie Tolle
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, UMR-S 1266 INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mario Perello
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata (UNLP)], Calle 526 S/N entre 10 y 11, La Plata, Buenos Aires, 1900, Argentina.
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Islam MN, Zhang W, Sakai K, Nakazato Y, Tanida R, Sakoda H, Takei T, Takao T, Nakazato M. Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 functions independently of growth hormone secretagogue receptor in calorie-restricted mice. Peptides 2022; 151:170763. [PMID: 35151767 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gastric-derived peptide that stimulates feeding, blood glucose elevation, body temperature reduction, and growth hormone (GH) secretion. Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) is an endogenous antagonist of the ghrelin receptor, also called growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). We studied the effects of LEAP2 administration on feeding, body weight, glycemia, body temperature, and inflammation-related genes in the liver in C57BL/6 J mice and Ghsr-knockout (Ghsr-KO) mice. We found that a single administration of LEAP2 did not abolish fasting-induced food intake in 24-h fasted C57BL/6 J mice or Ghsr-KO mice. Moreover, continuous LEAP2 administration to mice fed ad libitum for 6 days did not affect feeding, body temperature, plasma ghrelin, or blood glucose. By contrast, continuous LEAP2 administration to calorie-restricted C57BL/6 J mice and Ghsr-KO mice induced body weight loss, hypoglycemia, body temperature reduction, and upregulation of Il-6 and Il-1β mRNAs in the liver. Our findings suggest that LEAP2 functions independently of GHSR, implying that LEAP2 affects physiology beyond the ghrelin-GHSR system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Nurul Islam
- Department of Bioregulatory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Department of Bioregulatory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Katsuya Sakai
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakazato
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Ryota Tanida
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sakoda
- Department of Bioregulatory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Toshiki Takei
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Takao
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Nakazato
- Division of Interactive Organ Systems, Department of Projects Research, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan; AMED-CREST, Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hagemann CA, Jensen MS, Holm S, Gasbjerg LS, Byberg S, Skov-Jeppesen K, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Dela F, Vilsbøll T, Christensen MB, Holst B, Knop FK. LEAP2 reduces postprandial glucose excursions and ad libitum food intake in healthy men. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100582. [PMID: 35492241 PMCID: PMC9043997 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gastric hormone ghrelin stimulates food intake and increases plasma glucose through activation of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) has been proposed to inhibit actions of ghrelin through inverse effects on GHSR activity. Here, we investigate the effects of exogenous LEAP2 on postprandial glucose metabolism and ad libitum food intake in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of 20 healthy men. We report that LEAP2 infusion lowers postprandial plasma glucose and growth hormone concentrations and decreases food intake during an ad libitum meal test. In wild-type mice, plasma glucose and food intake are reduced by LEAP2 dosing, but not in GHSR-null mice, pointing to GHSR as a potential mediator of LEAP2’s glucoregulatory and appetite-suppressing effects in mice. Exogenous LEAP2 lowers postprandial plasma glucose excursions Exogenous LEAP2 suppresses ad libitum food intake During fasting, exogenous LEAP2 increases insulin secretion and suppresses lipolysis The GHSR is required for eliciting LEAP2 effects in mice
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer A Hagemann
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark; Gubra, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Malene S Jensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Stephanie Holm
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lærke S Gasbjerg
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Byberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsa Skov-Jeppesen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Dela
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Mikkel B Christensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Varimo T, Miettinen PJ, Vaaralahti K, Toppari J, Huopio H, Voutilainen R, Tenhola S, Hero M, Raivio T. Circulating Liver-Enriched Antimicrobial Peptide-2 Decreases during Male Puberty. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac013. [PMID: 35187383 PMCID: PMC8852683 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Circulating levels of liver-enriched antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2), a ghrelin receptor antagonist, decrease under caloric restriction and increase in obesity. The role of LEAP2 in male puberty, a phase with accelerated energy demand, is unclear.
Methods
We determined circulating LEAP2 levels in 28 boys with constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) who participated in a randomized controlled trial (NCT01797718), and were treated with letrozole (n=15) or intramuscular low-dose testosterone (T) (n=13) for 6 months. Blood sampling and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry-measured body composition were performed at 0, 6, and 12 month visits.
Results
Serum LEAP2 levels decreased significantly during pubertal progression (0-6 mo: mean decrease -4.3 [10.3] ng/ml, p=0.036 and 0-12mo: -3.9 [9.3] ng/ml, p=0.033). Between 0 and 6 months, the changes in serum LEAP2 levels correlated positively with changes in percentage of body fat (rs=0.48, p=0.011), and negatively with growth velocity, and estradiol levels (rs=-0.43, p=0.022, rs=-0.55, p=0.003, respectively). In the T group only, the changes in serum LEAP2 correlated negatively with changes in testosterone and estradiol levels. Between 0 and 12 months, the change in LEAP2 levels correlated negatively with the change in HDL levels (rs= -0.44, p=0.022) and positively with the change in insulin (rs=0.50, p=0.009), and HOMA-IR (rs=0.51, p=0.007) levels.
Conclusions
Circulating LEAP2 levels decreased after induction of puberty reciprocally with increased growth rate and energy demand reflecting the metabolic state of the adolescent. Further, the results suggest that estradiol levels may have a permissive role in downregulating circulating LEAP2 levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tero Varimo
- New Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi J Miettinen
- New Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Vaaralahti
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hanna Huopio
- Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Raimo Voutilainen
- Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Matti Hero
- New Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taneli Raivio
- New Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lugilde J, Casado S, Beiroa D, Cuñarro J, Garcia-Lavandeira M, Álvarez CV, Nogueiras R, Diéguez C, Tovar S. LEAP-2 Counteracts Ghrelin-Induced Food Intake in a Nutrient, Growth Hormone and Age Independent Manner. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030324. [PMID: 35159134 PMCID: PMC8834077 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Data gleaned recently shows that ghrelin, a stomach derived peptide, and liver-expressed-antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP-2) play opposite roles on food intake. However, the data available with LEAP-2 in relation to in vivo studies are still very scanty and some key questions regarding the interplay among ghrelin and LEAP-2 remain to be answered. In this work, using rats and mice, we study fasting-induced food intake as well as testing the effect of diet exposure, e.g., standard diet and high fat diet, in terms of ghrelin-induced food intake. The anorexigenic effect of LEAP-2 on fasting induced food intake appears to be dependent on energy stores, being more evident in ob/ob than in wild type mice and also in animals exposed to high fat diet. On the other hand, LEAP-2 administration markedly inhibited ghrelin-induced food intake in lean, obese (ob/ob and DIO) mice, aged rats and GH-deficient dwarf rats. In contrast, the inhibitory effect on glucose levels can only be observed in some specific experimental models indicating that the mechanisms involved are likely to be quite different. Taken together from these data, LEAP-2 emerged as a potential candidate to be therapeutically useful in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Lugilde
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.L.); (S.C.); (D.B.); (J.C.); (R.N.)
| | - Sabela Casado
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.L.); (S.C.); (D.B.); (J.C.); (R.N.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Daniel Beiroa
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.L.); (S.C.); (D.B.); (J.C.); (R.N.)
| | - Juan Cuñarro
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.L.); (S.C.); (D.B.); (J.C.); (R.N.)
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Lavandeira
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.G.-L.); (C.V.Á.)
| | - Clara V. Álvarez
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.G.-L.); (C.V.Á.)
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.L.); (S.C.); (D.B.); (J.C.); (R.N.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.L.); (S.C.); (D.B.); (J.C.); (R.N.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (S.T.)
| | - Sulay Tovar
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (J.L.); (S.C.); (D.B.); (J.C.); (R.N.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (S.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chu G, Peng H, Yu N, Zhang Y, Lin X, Lu Y. Involvement of POMC neurons in LEAP2 regulation of food intake and body weight. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:932761. [PMID: 36387867 PMCID: PMC9650057 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.932761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) is a newly discovered antagonist of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) and is considered the first endogenous peptide that can antagonize the metabolic actions of ghrelin. The effects of ghrelin administration on feeding behavior, body weight, and energy metabolism involve the activation of orexigenic neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus. It is unclear, however, if LEAP2 applied directly to the ARC of the hypothalamus affects these metabolic processes. Here, we show that overexpression of LEAP2 in the ARC through adeno-associated virus (AAV) reduced food intake and body weight in wild-type (WT) mice fed chow and a high-fat diet (HFD) and improved metabolic disorders. LEAP2 overexpression in the ARC overrides both central and peripheral ghrelin action on a chow diet. Interestingly, this AAV-LEAP2 treatment increased proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expression while agouti-related peptide (AGRP)/neuropeptide Y (NPY) and GHSR levels remained unchanged in the hypothalamus. Additionally, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of LEAP2 decreased food intake, increased POMC neuronal activity, and repeated LEAP2 administration to mice induced body weight loss. Using chemogenetic manipulations, we found that inhibition of POMC neurons abolished the anorexigenic effect of LEAP2. These results demonstrate that central delivery of LEAP2 leads to appetite-suppressing and body weight reduction, which might require activation of POMC neurons in the ARC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangpin Chu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hualing Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nana Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuejin Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueling Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yisheng Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yisheng Lu,
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Shen M, Manca C, Suriano F, Nallabelli N, Pechereau F, Allam-Ndoul B, Iannotti FA, Flamand N, Veilleux A, Cani PD, Silvestri C, Di Marzo V. Three of a Kind: Control of the Expression of Liver-Expressed Antimicrobial Peptide 2 (LEAP2) by the Endocannabinoidome and the Gut Microbiome. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 27:molecules27010001. [PMID: 35011234 PMCID: PMC8746324 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoidome (expanded endocannabinoid system, eCBome)-gut microbiome (mBIome) axis plays a fundamental role in the control of energy intake and processing. The liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) is a recently identified molecule acting as an antagonist of the ghrelin receptor and hence a potential effector of energy metabolism, also at the level of the gastrointestinal system. Here we investigated the role of the eCBome-gut mBIome axis in the control of the expression of LEAP2 in the liver and, particularly, the intestine. We confirm that the small intestine is a strong contributor to the circulating levels of LEAP2 in mice, and show that: (1) intestinal Leap2 expression is profoundly altered in the liver and small intestine of 13 week-old germ-free (GF) male mice, which also exhibit strong alterations in eCBome signaling; fecal microbiota transfer (FMT) from conventionally raised to GF mice completely restored normal Leap2 expression after 7 days from this procedure; in 13 week-old female GF mice no significant change was observed; (2) Leap2 expression in organoids prepared from the mouse duodenum is elevated by the endocannabinoid noladin ether, whereas in human Caco-2/15 epithelial intestinal cells it is elevated by PPARγ activation by rosiglitazone; (3) Leap2 expression is elevated in the ileum of mice with either high-fat diet—or genetic leptin signaling deficiency—(i.e., ob/ob and db/db mice) induced obesity. Based on these results, we propose that LEAP2 originating from the small intestine may represent a player in eCBome- and/or gut mBIome-mediated effects on food intake and energy metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Shen
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (M.S.); (C.M.); (N.N.); (N.F.)
| | - Claudia Manca
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (M.S.); (C.M.); (N.N.); (N.F.)
- Unité Mixte Internationale en Recherche Chimique et Biomoléculaire du Microbiome et son Impact sur la Santé Métabolique et la Nutrition, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Francesco Suriano
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.S.); (P.D.C.)
| | - Nayudu Nallabelli
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (M.S.); (C.M.); (N.N.); (N.F.)
| | - Florent Pechereau
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), École de Nutrition (FSAA), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (F.P.); (B.A.-N.); (A.V.)
| | - Bénédicte Allam-Ndoul
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), École de Nutrition (FSAA), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (F.P.); (B.A.-N.); (A.V.)
| | - Fabio Arturo Iannotti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (M.S.); (C.M.); (N.N.); (N.F.)
| | - Alain Veilleux
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), École de Nutrition (FSAA), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (F.P.); (B.A.-N.); (A.V.)
| | - Patrice D. Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (F.S.); (P.D.C.)
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (M.S.); (C.M.); (N.N.); (N.F.)
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), École de Nutrition (FSAA), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (F.P.); (B.A.-N.); (A.V.)
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (V.D.); Tel.: +1-418-656-8711 (ext. 7229) (C.S.); +1-418-656-8711 (ext. 7263) (V.D.)
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (M.S.); (C.M.); (N.N.); (N.F.)
- Unité Mixte Internationale en Recherche Chimique et Biomoléculaire du Microbiome et son Impact sur la Santé Métabolique et la Nutrition, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), École de Nutrition (FSAA), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (F.P.); (B.A.-N.); (A.V.)
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (V.D.); Tel.: +1-418-656-8711 (ext. 7229) (C.S.); +1-418-656-8711 (ext. 7263) (V.D.)
| |
Collapse
|