Oxidative stress-induced DNA damage by particulate air pollution

Air Pollution-Linked Epigenetic Modifications in Placental DNA: Prognostic Potential for Identifying Future Foetal Anomalies

Prenatal exposure to air pollution is a significant risk factor for the mother and the developing foetus. The accumulation of pollutants in the placenta can cause a self-cascade loop of pro-inflammatory cytokine responses and DNA double-strand breaks. Previous research has shown that airborne particulate matter can damage the epigenome and disturb mitochondrial machinery, ultimately impairing placental function. Mitochondria are essential for preserving cellular homeostasis, energy metabolism, redox equilibrium, and epigenetic reprogramming. As these organelles are subtle targets of environmental exposures, any disruption in the signaling pathways can result in epigenomic instability, which can impact gene expression and mitochondrial function. This, in turn, can lead to changes in DNA methylation, post-translational histone modifications, and aberrant expression of microRNAs in proliferating trophoblast cells. The placenta has two distinct layers, cytotrophoblasts, and syncytiotrophoblasts, each with its mitochondria, which play important roles in preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and overall health. Foetal nucleic acids enter maternal circulation during placental development because of necrotic, apoptotic, and inflammatory mechanisms. These nucleic acids reflect normal or abnormal ongoing cellular changes during prenatal foetal development. Detecting cell-free DNA in the bloodstream can be a biomarker for predicting negative pregnancy-related outcomes and recognizing abnormalities in foetal growth. Hence, a thorough understanding of how air pollution induces epigenetic variations within the placenta could offer crucial insights into underlying mechanisms and prolonged repercussions on foetal development and susceptibility in later stages of life.

Particulate matter-induced gene expression patterns in human-derived cells based on 11 public gene expression datasets

BACKGROUND

Exposure to particulate matter (PM) and house dust mite (HDM) can change the expression patterns of inflammation-, oxidative stress-, and cell death-related genes. We investigated the changes in gene expression patterns owing to PM exposure.

OBJECTIVE

This study examined the changes in gene expression patterns following PM exposure.

METHODS

We searched for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) following PM exposure using five cell line-based RNA-seq or microarray datasets and six human-derived datasets. The enrichment terms of the DEGs were assessed.

RESULTS

DEG analysis yielded two gene sets. Thus, enrichment analysis was performed for each gene set, and the enrichment terms related to respiratory diseases were presented. The intersection of six human-derived datasets and two gene sets was obtained, and the expression patterns following PM exposure were observed.

CONCLUSIONS

Two gene sets were obtained for cells treated with PM and their expression patterns were presented following verification in human-derived cells. Our findings suggest that exposure to PM2.5 and HDM may reveal changes in genes that are associated with diseases, such as allergies, highlighting the importance of mitigating PM2.5 and HDM exposure for disease prevention.

Association of Air Quality Improvement and Frailty Progression: A National Study across China

Accumulating evidence strongly suggests that exposure to ambient air pollution is linked with increased frailty. However, little is known about the effect of improved air quality on frailty progression. We aimed to investigate whether improvements in air quality (PM1, PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and O3) can alleviate frailty progression, particularly in the aftermath of implementation of the "Clean Air Action" policy in China. The study involved 12,891 participants with geocoded environmental data from the nationwide China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) during the period from May 2011 to August 2015. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to analyze the association of air pollution improvements and frailty progression. The protective effects were noted for PM1, PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 indices, with an aOR (adjusted odds ratio) ranging from 0.72 to 0.79. Air quality improvement in PM1, PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 could alleviate the progression of frailty. The study is the first to examine the association between the improvement of air quality and the progression of frailty, setting a precedent for the importance of a nationwide clean air policy and its impact on healthy ageing.

Toxicological effects of solvent-extracted organic matter associated with PM2.5 on human bronchial epithelial cell line NL-20

The heterogeneity and complexity of solvent-extracted organic matter associated with PM2.5 (SEOM-PM2.5) is well known; however, there is scarce information on its biological effects in human cells. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of SEOM-PM2.5 collected in northern Mexico City during the cold-dry season (November 2017) on NL-20 cells, a human bronchial epithelial cell line. The SEOM obtained accounted for 15.5% of the PM2.5 mass and contained 21 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The cell viability decreased following exposure to SEOM-PM2.5, and there were noticeable morphological changes such as increased cell size and the presence of cytoplasmic vesicles in cells treated with 5-40 μg/mL SEOM-PM2.5. Exposure to 5 μg/mL SEOM-PM2.5 led to several alterations compared with the control cells, including the induction of double-stranded DNA breaks based (p < 0.001); nuclear fragmentation and an increased mitotic index (p < 0.05); 53BP1 staining, a marker of DNA repair by non-homologous end-joining (p < 0.001); increased BiP protein expression; and reduced ATF6, IRE1α, and PERK gene expression. Conversely, when exposed to 40 μg/mL SEOM-PM2.5, the cells showed an increase in reactive oxygen species formation (p < 0.001), BiP protein expression (p < 0.05), and PERK gene expression (p < 0.05), indicating endoplasmic reticulum stress. Our data suggest concentration-dependent toxicological effects of SEOM-PM2.5 on NL-20 cells, including genotoxicity, genomic instability, and endoplasmic reticulum stress.

The causal effect of exposure to air pollution on risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: A two-sample Mendelian randomisation study

BACKGROUND

Epidemiological studies have examined the relation between air pollution (NOx, NO2, PM2.5, PM2.5-10, and PM10) and adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs). There's increasing evidence that air pollution increases the risk of APOs. However, the results of these studies are controversial, and the causal relation remains uncertain. We aimed to assess whether a genetic causal link exists between air pollution and APOs and the potential effects of this relation.

METHODS

A novel two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) study used pooled data from a large-scale complete genome correlation study. The primary analysis method was inverse variance weighting (IVW), which explored the expose-outcome relationship for assessing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with air pollution. Further sensitivity analysis, including MR-PRESSO, MR-Egger regression, and leave-one analysis, was used to test the consistency of the results.

RESULTS

There was a significant correlation between air pollution-related SNPs and APOs. A robust causal link was found between genetic susceptibility to air pollution and APOs.

CONCLUSIONS

Our MR analysis reveals a genetic causal relation between air pollution and APOs, which may help provide new insights into further mechanisms and clinical studies in air pollution-mediated APOs.

Particulate matter pollution, polygenic risk score and mosaic loss of chromosome Y in middle-aged and older men from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort study

Mosaic loss of chromosome Y (mLOY) is the most common somatic alteration as men aging and may reflect genome instability. PM exposure is a major health concern worldwide, but its effects with genetic factors on mLOY has never been investigated. Here we explored the associations of PM2.5 and PM10 exposure with mLOY of 10,158 males measured via signal intensity of 2186 probes in male-specific chromosome-Y region from Illumina array data. The interactive and joint effects of PM2.5 and PM10 with genetic factors and smoking on mLOY were further evaluated. Compared with the lowest tertiles of PM2.5 levels in each exposure window, the highest tertiles in the same day, 7-, 14-, 21-, and 28-day showed a 0.005, 0.006, 0.007, 0.007, and 0.006 decrease in mLRR-Y, respectively (all P < 0.05), with adjustment for age, BMI, smoking pack-years, alcohol drinking status, physical activity, education levels, season of blood draw, and experimental batch. Such adverse effects were also observed in PM10-mLOY associations. Moreover, the unweighted and weighted PRS presented significant negative associations with mLRR-Y (both P < 0.001). Participants with high PRS and high PM2.5 or PM10 exposure in the 28-day separately showed a 0.018 or 0.019 lower mLRR-Y level [β (95 %CI) = -0.018 (-0.023, -0.012) and - 0.019 (-0.025, -0.014), respectively, both P < 0.001], when compared to those with low PRS and low PM2.5 or PM10 exposure. We also observed joint effects of PM with smoking on exacerbated mLOY. This large study is the first to elucidate the impacts of PM2.5 exposure on mLOY, and provides key evidence regarding the interactive and joint effects of PM with genetic factors on mLOY, which may promote understanding of mLOY development, further modifying and increasing healthy aging in males.

Toxicity of particulate emissions from residential biomass combustion: An overview of in vitro studies using cell models

This article aims to critically review the current state of knowledge on in vitro toxicological assessments of particulate emissions from residential biomass heating systems. The review covers various aspects of particulate matter (PM) toxicity, including oxidative stress, inflammation, genotoxicity, and cytotoxicity, all of which have important implications for understanding the development of diseases. Studies in this field have highlighted the different mechanisms that biomass combustion particles activate, which vary depending on the combustion appliances and fuels. In general, particles from conventional combustion appliances are more potent in inducing cytotoxicity, DNA damage, inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress than those from modern appliances. The sensitivity of different cell lines to the toxic effects of biomass combustion particles is also influenced by cell type and culture conditions. One of the main challenges in this field is the considerable variation in sampling strategies, sample processing, experimental conditions, assays, and extraction techniques used in biomass burning PM studies. Advanced culture systems, such as co-cultures and air-liquid interface exposures, can provide more accurate insights into the effects of biomass combustion particles compared to simpler submerged monocultures. This review provides critical insights into the complex field of toxicity from residential biomass combustion emissions, underscoring the importance of continued research and standardisation of methodologies to better understand the associated health hazards and to inform targeted interventions.

Protocol for CARES-HAPIN: an ambidirectional cohort study on exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and risk of early childhood caries

INTRODUCTION

Prenatal and postnatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been linked with early childhood caries (ECC), but the specific molecular mechanisms and pathways remain largely unknown. The Caries Risk from exposure to Environmental tobacco Smoke (CARES) within the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) study aims to establish the association between ETS and ECC by employing epidemiological and novel biomarker-based approaches. Here, we outline the overall design and rationale of the project.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

We will leverage the infrastructure and data from the HAPIN trial (India) to mount the CARES study. In this ambidirectional cohort study, children (n=735, aged: 3-5 years) will undergo ECC examination by a trained dentist using standard criteria and calibrated methods. Structured questionnaires will be used to gather information on sociodemographic variables, dietary habits, oral hygiene, oral health-related quality of life and current exposure to ETS. We will collect non-invasive or minimally invasive biospecimens (i.e., saliva, buccal cells, dried blood spots and urine) from a subset of HAPIN children (n=120) to assess a battery of biomarkers indicative of exposure to ETS, early biological effect and epigenetic modifications. Both self-reported and objective measures of ETS exposure collected longitudinally during in utero and early postnatal periods will be accessed from the HAPIN database. We will apply current science data techniques to assess the association and interrelationships between ETS, ECC, and multiple biomarkers.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Information gathered in this research will be published in peer-reviewed journals and summaries will be shared with the key stakeholders as well as patients and their parents/guardians involved in this study. Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research Ethics Board has approved the study protocol (IEC-NI22/JUL/83/82).

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT02944682.

The stress-responsive cytotoxic effect of diesel exhaust particles on lymphatic endothelial cells

Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are very small (typically < 0.2 μm) fragments that have become major air pollutants. DEPs are comprised of a carbonaceous core surrounded by organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs. Inhaled DEPs reach the deepest sites in the respiratory system where they could induce respiratory/cardiovascular dysfunction. Additionally, a previous study has revealed that a portion of inhaled DEPs often activate immune cells and subsequently induce somatic inflammation. Moreover, DEPs are known to localize in lymph nodes. Therefore, in this study we explored the effect of DEPs on the lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) that are a constituent of the walls of lymph nodes. DEP exposure induced cell death in a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent manner. Following exposure to DEPs, next-generation sequence (NGS) analysis identified an upregulation of the integrated stress response (ISR) pathway and cell death cascades. Both the soluble and insoluble components of DEPs generated intracellular ROS. Three-dimensional Raman imaging revealed that DEPs are taken up by LECs, which suggests internalized DEP cores produce ROS, as well as soluble DEP components. However, significant cell death pathways such as apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and parthanatos seem unlikely to be involved in DEP-induced cell death in LECs. This study clarifies how DEPs invading the body might affect the lymphatic system through the induction of cell death in LECs.

Association between Airport Ultrafine Particles and Lung Cancer Risk: The Multiethnic Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

Ultrafine particles (UFP) are unregulated air pollutants abundant in aviation exhaust. Emerging evidence suggests that UFPs may impact lung health due to their high surface area-to-mass ratio and deep penetration into airways. This study aimed to assess long-term exposure to airport-related UFPs and lung cancer incidence in a multiethnic population in Los Angeles County.

METHODS

Within the California Multiethnic Cohort, we examined the association between long-term exposure to airport-related UFPs and lung cancer incidence. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the effect of UFP exposure on lung cancer incidence. Subgroup analyses by demographics, histology and smoking status were conducted.

RESULTS

Airport-related UFP exposure was not associated with lung cancer risk [per one IGR HR, 1.01; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.97-1.05] overall and across race/ethnicity. A suggestive positive association was observed between a one IQR increase in UFP exposure and lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) risk (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.00-1.17) with a Phet for histology = 0.05. Positive associations were observed in 5-year lag analysis for SCC (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, CI, 1.02-1.22) and large cell carcinoma risk (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.01-1.49) with a Phet for histology = 0.01.

CONCLUSIONS

This large prospective cohort analysis suggests a potential association between airport-related UFP exposure and specific lung histologies. The findings align with research indicating that UFPs found in aviation exhaust may induce inflammatory and oxidative injury leading to SCC.

IMPACT

These results highlight the potential role of airport-related UFP exposure in the development of lung SCC.

Unleashing the promise of emerging nanomaterials as a sustainable platform to mitigate antimicrobial resistance

The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant (AR) bacterial strains and biofilm-associated diseases have heightened concerns about exploring alternative bactericidal methods. The WHO estimates that at least 700 000 deaths yearly are attributable to antimicrobial resistance, and that number could increase to 10 million annual deaths by 2050 if appropriate measures are not taken. Therefore, the increasing threat of AR bacteria and biofilm-related infections has created an urgent demand for scientific research to identify novel antimicrobial therapies. Nanomaterials (NMs) have emerged as a promising alternative due to their unique physicochemical properties, and ongoing research holds great promise for developing effective NMs-based treatments for bacterial and viral infections. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of NMs based mechanisms combat bacterial infections, particularly those caused by acquired antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, this review examines NMs design features and attributes that can be optimized to enhance their efficacy as antimicrobial agents. In addition, plant-based NMs have emerged as promising alternatives to traditional antibiotics for treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections due to their reduced toxicity compared to other NMs. The potential of plant mediated NMs for preventing AR is also discussed. Overall, this review emphasizes the importance of understanding the properties and mechanisms of NMs for the development of effective strategies against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

PM2.5 Extracts Induce INFγ-Independent Activation of CIITA, MHCII, and Increases Inflammation in Human Bronchial Epithelium

The capacity of particulate matter (PM) to enhance and stimulate the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators has been previously demonstrated in non-antigen-presenting cells (human bronchial epithelia). Nonetheless, many proposed mechanisms for this are extrapolated from known canonical molecular pathways. This work evaluates a possible mechanism for inflammatory exacerbation after exposure to PM2.5 (from Puerto Rico) and CuSO4, using human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) as a model. The induction of CIITA, MHCII genes, and various pro-inflammatory mediators was investigated. Among these, the phosphorylation of STAT1 Y701 was significantly induced after 4 h of PM2.5 exposure, concurrent with a slight increase in CIITA and HLA-DRα mRNA levels. INFγ mRNA levels remained low amidst exposure time, while IL-6 levels significantly increased at earlier times. IL-8 remained low, as expected from attenuation by IL-6 in the known INFγ-independent inflammation pathway. The effects of CuSO4 showed an increase in HLA-DRα expression after 8 h, an increase in STAT1 at 1 h, and RF1 at 8 h We hypothesize and show evidence that an inflammatory response due to PM2.5 extract exposure in human bronchial epithelia can be induced early via an alternate non-canonical pathway in the absence of INFγ.

Exploring the adverse effect of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on wildland firefighters' pulmonary function and DNA damage

Chiang Mai encounters severe pollution during the wildfire season. Wildland firefighters encounter various hazards while engaged in fire suppression operations, which encompass significant exposure to elevated concentrations of air pollutants resulting from combustion, especially particulate matter. The adverse effects of wildfire smoke on respiratory health are a significant concern. The objective of this study was to examine the potential adverse effects of PM2.5 exposure on the respiratory function and DNA damage of wildland firefighters. This prospective cohort study conducted in Chiang Mai from January to May 2022 planned to evaluate the health status of wildland firefighters during the pre-peak, peak, and post-peak ambient air pollution seasons. The measurement of PM2.5 was done at every forest fire station, as well as utilizing data from the Pollution Control Department. Participants received general health examinations, spirometry evaluations, and blood tests for DNA damage analysis. Pair t-tests and multiple regression models were used to examine the connection between pulmonary function parameters (FVC, FEV1) and PM2.5 concentration, with a significance level of P < 0.05. Thirty-three peak-season and twenty-one post-peak-season participants were enrolled. Four pre-peak-season wildland firefighters had FVC and FEV1 declines of > 15%. Multiple regression analysis showed a negative association between PM2.5 exposure and FVC% predicted (- 2.81%, 95% CI - 5.27 to - 0.34%, P = 0.027) and a marginally significant negative correlation with FVC (- 114.38 ml, 95% CI - 230.36 to 1.59 ml, P = 0.053). The remaining pulmonary measures showed a statistically insignificant decline. There were no significant changes in DNA damage detected. Wildland firefighters suffered a significant decline in pulmonary function associated with PM2.5 exposure. Spirometry is crucial for monitoring and promptly identifying respiratory issues that occur during wildfire seasons. Further research is recommended to explore DNA damage alterations and their potential association with PM2.5.

Redox-activity and in vitro effects of regional atmospheric aerosol pollution: Seasonal differences and correlation between oxidative potential and in vitro toxicity of PM1

Particulate Matter (PM) is a complex and heterogeneous mixture of atmospheric particles recognized as a threat to human health. Oxidative Potential (OP) measurement is a promising and integrative method for estimating PM-induced health impacts since it is recognized as more closely associated with adverse health effects than ordinarily used PM mass concentrations. OP measurements could be introduced in the air quality monitoring, along with the parameters currently evaluated. PM deposition in the lungs induces oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage. The study aimed to compare the OP measurements with toxicological effects on BEAS-2B and THP-1 cells of winter and summer PM1 collected in the Po Valley (Italy) during 2021. PM1 was extracted in deionized water by mechanical agitation and tested for OP and, in parallel, used to treat cells. Cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses were assessed by MTT test, DCFH-DA assay, micronucleus, γ-H2AX, comet assay modified with endonucleases, ELISA, and Real-Time PCR. The evaluation of OP was performed by applying three different assays: dithiothreitol (OPDTT), ascorbic acid (OPAA), and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (OPDCFH), in addition, the reducing potential was also analysed (RPDPPH). Seasonal differences were detected in all the parameters investigated. The amount of DNA damage detected with the Comet assay and ROS formation highlights the presence of oxidative damage both in winter and in summer samples, while DNA damage (micronucleus) and genes regulation were mainly detected in winter samples. A positive correlation with OPDCFH (Spearman's analysis, p < 0.05) was detected for IL-8 secretion and γ-H2AX. These results provide a biological support to the implementation in air quality monitoring of OP measurements as a useful proxy to estimate PM-induced cellular toxicological responses. In addition, these results provide new insights for the assessment of the ability of secondary aerosol in the background atmosphere to induce oxidative stress and health effects.

Association Between Long‑Term Exposure to Air Pollution and the Rate of Mortality After Hip Fracture Surgery in Patients Older Than 60 Years: Nationwide Cohort Study in Taiwan

BACKGROUND

To enhance postoperative patient survival, particularly in older adults, understanding the predictors of mortality following hip fracture becomes paramount. Air pollution, a prominent global environmental issue, has been linked to heightened morbidity and mortality across a spectrum of diseases. Nevertheless, the precise impact of air pollution on hip fracture outcomes remains elusive.

OBJECTIVE

This retrospective study aims to comprehensively investigate the profound influence of a decade-long exposure to 12 diverse air pollutants on the risk of post-hip fracture mortality among older Taiwanese patients (older than 60 years). We hypothesized that enduring long-term exposure to air pollution would significantly elevate the 1-year mortality rate following hip fracture surgery.

METHODS

From Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database, we obtained the data of patients who underwent hip fracture surgery between July 1, 2003, and December 31, 2013. Using patients' insurance registration data, we estimated their cumulative exposure levels to sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), particulate matter having a size of <10 μm (PM10), particulate matter having a size of <2.5 μm (PM2.5), nitrogen oxides (NOX), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), total hydrocarbons (THC), nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC), and methane (CH4). We quantified the dose-response relationship between these air pollutants and the risk of mortality by calculating hazard ratios associated with a 1 SD increase in exposure levels over a decade.

RESULTS

Long-term exposure to SO2, CO, PM10, PM2.5, NOX, NO, NO2, THC, NMHC, and CH4 demonstrated significant associations with heightened all-cause mortality risk within 1 year post hip fracture surgery among older adults. For older adults, each 1 SD increment in the average exposure levels of SO2, CO, PM10, PM2.5, NOX, NO, NO2, THC, NMHC, and CH4 corresponded to a substantial escalation in mortality risk, with increments of 14%, 49%, 18%, 12%, 41%, 33%, 38%, 20%, 9%, and 26%, respectively. We further noted a 35% reduction in the hazard ratio for O3 exposure suggesting a potential protective effect, along with a trend of potentially protective effects of CO2.

CONCLUSIONS

This comprehensive nationwide retrospective study, grounded in a population-based approach, demonstrated that long-term exposure to specific air pollutants significantly increased the risk of all-cause mortality within 1 year after hip fracture surgery in older Taiwanese adults. A reduction in the levels of SO2, CO, PM10, PM2.5, NOX, NO, NO2, THC, NMHC, and CH4 may reduce the risk of mortality after hip fracture surgery. This study provides robust evidence and highlights the substantial impact of air pollution on the outcomes of hip fractures.

Effects of PM10 Airborne Particles from Different Regions of a Megacity on In Vitro Secretion of Cytokines by a Monocyte Line during Different Seasons

Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated that particulate matter (PM) in air pollution can be involved in the genesis or aggravation of different cardiovascular, respiratory, perinatal, and cancer diseases. This study assessed the in vitro effects of PM10 on the secretion of cytokines by a human monocytic cell line (THP-1). We compared the chemotactic, pro-inflammatory, and anti-inflammatory cytokines induced by PM10 collected for two years during three different seasons in five different Mexico City locations. MIP-1α, IP-10, MCP-1, TNF-α, and VEGF were the main secretion products after stimulation with 80 μg/mL of PM10 for 24 h. The THP-1 cells showed a differential response to PM10 obtained in the different sites of Mexico City. The PM10 from the north and the central city areas induced a higher pro-inflammatory cytokine response than those from the south. Seasonal pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion always exceeded anti-inflammatory secretion. The rainy-season-derived particles caused the lowest pro-inflammatory effects. We concluded that toxicological assessment of airborne particles provides evidence supporting their potential role in the chronic exacerbation of local or systemic inflammatory responses that may worsen the evolution of some chronic diseases.

Exposure to ambient black carbon and particulate matter during pregnancy in associations with risk of pre-eclampsia: A meta-analysis based on population-based studies

Air pollution control protocols and policies formulated for PM2.5 and PM10 (particulate matter [PM] with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 and 10 μm), however, such protocols and policies have not been available for black carbon (BC). A growing number of studies have evaluated the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution with BC and PM and pre-eclampsia. We applied a meta-analysis to estimate pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) based on four exposure windows (first/second/third trimester and entire pregnancy). 24 studies meeting our selection criteria (8 for BC, 21 and 15 for PM2.5 and PM10) were finally included after screening studies published up to June 22, 2023. An increase of 1 μg/m3 BC during the second trimester and entire pregnancy were associated with a 16 % (OR: 1.16, 95 % CI: [1.02, 1.32]) and a 15 % (OR: 1.15, 95 % CI: [1.03, 1.29]) increased risk of pre-eclampsia, respectively. A 10 μg/m3 increase in second-trimester exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 was associated with a 1 % (OR: 1.01, 95 % CI: [1.00, 1.03]) and a 5 % (OR: 1.05, 95 % CI: [1.01, 1.10]) increased risk of pre-eclampsia. An 11 % (OR: 1.11, 95 % CI: [1.03, 1.21]) increased risk of pre-eclampsia was found to be associated with a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM10 exposure during the entire pregnancy. The results support the potential effect of exposure to ambient particulate pollutants on risk of pre-eclampsia and emphasize the necessity of strategies and protocols for controlling BC. Greater efforts in controlling ambient particulate pollution and especially BC are needed in order to prevent pregnant women from developing pre-eclampsia.

Short-term effects of exposure to ambient PM2.5 and its components on hospital admissions for threatened and spontaneous abortions: A multicity case-crossover study in China

BACKGROUND

The adverse effects of short-term exposure to PM2.5 and its components on hospital admissions for threatened and spontaneous abortions (TSAB) are still controversial.

METHODS

Data on daily hospitalizations for TSAB and PM2.5 and its components, including sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), ammonium salt (NH4+), organic matter (OM), and black carbon (BC), were collected from January 2015 to December 2021 (total 2,557 days) in five cities in China. Case-crossover analyses were conducted to investigate the short-term associations between PM2.5 and its components and TSAB. Additionally, the modification effects by age (<35 and ≥35 years), season (cold and warm seasons), and the "Three-Year Action Plan to Win the Blue Sky Defense War" (before and after implementation) on the above associations were further conducted.

RESULTS

For each 10 μg/m3 (1 μg/m3 for BC) increase, the strongest relative risks (95% confidence intervals) of hospitalization for TSAB were 1.011 (1.001-1.021) for PM2.5 in lag02, 1.060 (1.003-1.120) for SO42- in lag02, 1.035 (1.000-1.070) for NO3- in lag02, 1.065 (1.009-1.124) for NH4+ in lag02, 1.047 (1.008-1.088) for OM in lag01 and 1.029 (1.005-1.054) for BC in lag02 (all P <0.05). Furthermore, significant modifying effects of age and the Action Plan were found. The effects of NO3- (lag2), NH4+ (lag2), and BC (lag2) were more pronounced in mothers aged ≥35 years and the effects of PM2.5 (lag4), NO3- (lag4), NH4+ (lag4), OM (lag4), and BC (lag4) was more pronounced in the period before the Action Plan was implemented (all P modification <0.05).

CONCLUSION

Short-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 and its components (SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, OM, and BC) was related to increased risks of hospitalization for TSAB. The effects were more pronounced in mothers aged ≥35 years and the period before the Action Plan.

The effects of short-time air pollution, SO2, and ozone on biochemical, histo-pathological, oxidative stress, and carcinogenesis related genes expressions in the liver of the rats

OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH

Air pollution is a universal issue and has significant deleterious effects on both human health and also environment. The important indicators of air pollution include ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). This research aims to investigate the impacts of ambient air pollution (AAP), SO2, and O3 on oxidative stress parameters, liver tissue histopathology, and expression of some carcinogenesis-related genes in the hepatic tissue of rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

32 Wistar rats were randomly allocated to four groups: the control group, the AAP group, the SO2 group (10 ppm), and the ozone group (0.6 ppm). Over a period of five consecutive weeks, the rats were exposed to the specified pollutants for 3 h daily; liver tissues were harvested and instantly fixed with formalin. Pathological changes were assessed in the tissue samples. Additionally, the RT-qPCR technique was utilized to investigate Expression alterations of BAX, p-53, BCL2, caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9. Furthermore, 30 milligrams of hepatic tissues were extracted to assess the activities of oxidative stress enzymes.

RESULTS

The liver catalase and MDA activity were elevated in the air pollution (p < .05). Also, liver GPx activity in air pollution and ozone groups was significant in comparison to the control group (p < .05). The SO2 group exhibited severe lesions in histopathology examinations.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings revealed an alteration in liver histopathology, an induction of oxidative stress, and the expression of some apoptosis-related genes in hepatic tissues after exposure to AAP, SO2, and O3.

Association of Air Pollution with a Urinary Biomarker of Biological Aging and Effect Modification by Vitamin K in the FLEMENGHO Prospective Population Study

BACKGROUND

A recently developed urinary peptidomics biological aging clock can be used to study accelerated human aging. From 1990 to 2019, exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) became the leading environmental risk factor worldwide.

OBJECTIVES

This study investigated whether air pollution exposure is associated with accelerated urinary peptidomic aging, independent of calendar age, and whether this association is modified by other risk factors.

METHODS

In a Flemish population, the urinary peptidomic profile (UPP) age (UPP-age) was derived from the urinary peptidomic profile measured by capillary electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry. UPP-age-R was calculated as the residual of the regression of UPP-age on chronological age, which reflects accelerated aging predicted by UPP-age, independent of chronological age. A high-resolution spatial-temporal interpolation method was used to assess each individual's exposure to PM 10 , PM 2.5 , black carbon (BC), and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ). Associations of UPP-age-R with these pollutants were investigated by mixed models, accounting for clustering by residential address and confounders. Effect modifiers of the associations between UPP-age-R and air pollutants that included 18 factors reflecting vascular function, renal function, insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, or inflammation were evaluated. Direct and indirect (via UPP-age-R) effects of air pollution on mortality were evaluated by multivariable-adjusted Cox models.

RESULTS

Among 660 participants (50.2% women; mean age: 50.7 y), higher exposure to PM 10 , PM 2.5 , BC, and NO 2 was associated with a higher UPP-age-R. Studying effect modifiers showed that higher plasma levels of desphospho-uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein (dpucMGP), signifying poorer vitamin K status, steepened the slopes of UPP-age-R on the air pollutants. In further analyses among participants with dpucMGP ≥ 4.26 μ g / L (median), an interquartile range (IQR) higher level in PM 10 , PM 2.5 , BC, and NO 2 was associated with a higher UPP-age-R of 2.03 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.60, 3.46], 2.22 (95% CI: 0.71, 3.74), 2.00 (95% CI: 0.56, 3.43), and 2.09 (95% CI: 0.77, 3.41) y, respectively. UPP-age-R was an indirect mediator of the associations of mortality with the air pollutants [multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios from 1.094 (95% CI: 1.000, 1.196) to 1.110 (95% CI: 1.007, 1.224)] in participants with a high dpucMGP, whereas no direct associations were observed.

DISCUSSION

Ambient air pollution was associated with accelerated urinary peptidomics aging, and high vitamin K status showed a potential protective effect in this population. Current guidelines are insufficient to decrease the adverse health effects of airborne pollutants, including healthy aging trajectories. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13414.

Molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and oxidative stress induced by environmental pollutants

Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are essential organelles playing pivotal roles in the regulation of cellular metabolism, energy production, and protein synthesis. In addition, these organelles are important targets susceptible to external stimuli, such as environmental pollutants. Exposure to environmental pollutants can cause the mitochondrial damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and oxidative stress, leading to cellular dysfunction and death. Therefore, understanding the toxic effects and molecular mechanisms of environmental pollution underlying these processes is crucial for developing effective strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of environmental pollutants on human health. In the present study, we summarized and reviewed the toxic effects and molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial damage, ERS, and oxidative stress caused by exposure to environmental pollutants as well as interactions inducing the cell apoptosis and the roles in exposure to environmental pollutants.

Long-term exposure to air pollution and risk of Sarcopenia in adult residents of Taiwan: a nationwide retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Sarcopenia is an age-related, multifactorial syndrome. Previous studies have shown that air pollutants are associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. However, the association between long-term exposure to air pollution and sarcopenia is not completely understood.

METHODS

The Taiwan National Health Research Database (NHIRD) contains medical records of almost all Taiwanese residents. Daily air pollution data collected by the Taiwan Environmental Protection Agency was used to analyze concentrations of sulfur oxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10). The databases were merged according to the insurants' living area and the location of the air quality monitoring station. We categorized the pollutants into quartiles (Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4).

RESULTS

Our study population consisted of 286,044 patients, among whom 54.9% were female and 45.1% were male. Compared to Q1 levels of pollutants, Q4 levels of SO2 (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 8.43; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.84, 9.07); CO (aHR = 3.03; 95%CI = 2.83, 3.25); NO (aHR = 3.47; 95%CI = 3.23, 3.73); NO2 (aHR = 3.72; 95%CI = 3.48, 3.98); PM2.5 (aHR = 21.9; 95% CI = 19.7, 24.5) and PM10 (aHR = 15.6; 95%CI = 14.1, 17.4) increased risk of sarcopenia.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicated a significantly increased risk of sarcopenia in both male and female residents exposed to high levels of air pollutants.

Household characteristics associated with environmentally persistent free radicals in house dust in two Australian locations

The association between air pollution and adverse health outcomes has been extensively studied, and while oxidative stress in likely to be involved, the underlying mechanism(s) remain unclear. Recent studies propose environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) as the missing connection between air pollution and detrimental health impacts. However, the indoor environment is rarely considered in EPFR research. We measured EPFRs in household dust from two locations in Australia and investigated household characteristics associated with EPFRs. Random forest models were built to identify important household characteristics through variable importance plots and the associations were analysed using Spearman's rho test. We found that age of house, type of garage, house outer wall material, heating method used in home, frequency of extractor fan use when cooking, traffic related air pollution, frequency of cleaning and major house renovation were important household characteristics associated with EPFRs in Australian homes. The direction of association between household characteristics and EPFRs differ between the locations. Hence, further research is warranted to determine the generalisability of our results.

Prenatal exposure to environmental air pollution and psychosocial stress jointly contribute to the epigenetic regulation of the serotonin transporter gene in newborns

Antenatal exposures to maternal stress and to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) have been independently associated with developmental outcomes in early infancy and beyond. Knowledge about their joint impact, biological mechanisms of their effects and timing-effects, is still limited. Both PM2.5 and maternal stress exposure during pregnancy might result in altered patterns of DNA methylation in specific stress-related genes, such as the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4 DNAm), that might, in turn, influence infant development across several domains, including bio-behavioral, cognitive and socio-emotional domains. Here, we investigated the independent and interactive influence of variations in antenatal exposures to maternal pandemic-related stress (PRS) and PM2.5 on SLC6A4 DNAm levels in newborns. Mother-infant dyads (N = 307) were enrolled at delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic. Infants' methylation status was assessed in 13 CpG sites within the SLC6A4 gene's region (chr17:28562750-28562958) in buccal cells at birth and women retrospectively report on PRS. PM2.5 exposure throughout the entire gestation and at each gestational trimester was estimated using a spatiotemporal model based on residential address. Among several potentially confounding socio-demographic and health-related factors, infant's sex was significantly associated with infants' SLC6A4 DNAm levels, thus hierarchical regression models were adjusted for infant's sex. Higher levels of SLC6A4 DNAm at 6 CpG sites were found in newborns born to mothers reporting higher levels of antenatal PRS and greater PM2.5 exposure across gestation, while adjusting for infant's sex. These effects were especially evident when exposure to elevated PM2.5 occurred during the second trimester of pregnancy. Several important brain processes (e.g., synaptogenesis and myelination) occur during mid-pregnancy, potentially making the second trimester a sensitive time window for the effects of stress-related exposures. Understanding the interplay between environmental and individual-level stressors has important implications for the improvement of mother-infant health during and after the pandemic.

Air Pollution: Role of Extracellular Vesicles-Derived Non-Coding RNAs in Environmental Stress Response

Air pollution has increased over the years, causing a negative impact on society due to the many health-related problems it can contribute to. Although the type and extent of air pollutants are known, the molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of negative effects on the human body remain unclear. Emerging evidence suggests the crucial involvement of different molecular mediators in inflammation and oxidative stress in air pollution-induced disorders. Among these, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) carried by extracellular vesicles (EVs) may play an essential role in gene regulation of the cell stress response in pollutant-induced multiorgan disorders. This review highlights EV-transported ncRNAs' roles in physiological and pathological conditions, such as the development of cancer and respiratory, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases following exposure to various environmental stressors.

Multi biomarker approach to assess manganese and manganese nanoparticles toxicity in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

Manganese (Mn) is an essential element for humans and animals including, fish. It is a still poorly studied in aquatic organisms, where it can be noticeably useful for dietary components and also found pollutant in aquatic environment at high concentrations. On the above information, an experiment was delineated to determine the lethal concentration of manganese (Mn) and manganese nanoparticles (Mn-NPs) alone and with high temperature (34 °C) and its effect on various biochemical markers in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. The median lethal concentration (96-LC₅₀) of Mn alone (111.75 mg L^-1) and along with high temperature (110.76 mg L^-1), Mn-NPs alone (93.81 mg L^-1) and with high temperature (34 °C) (92.39 mg L^-1) was determined in P. hypophthalmus. The length and weight of the fish were 6.32 ± 0.23 cm and 7.57 ± 1.35 g. The present investigation used five hundred forty-six fish, including range finding (216 fish) and definitive test (330 fish). The acute definitive doses were applied to assess the effect of oxidative stress, glycolytic biomarkers, protein biomarkers, fish immunity, neurotransmitter, energy level, stress hormone and histopathology. Oxidative stress (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-s-transferase and glutathione peroxidase), stress biomarkers (lipid peroxidation, cortisol, heat shock protein, and blood glucose), lactate and malate dehydrogenase, alanine and aspartate aminotransferase, a neurotransmitter, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), ATPase, immune system biomarkers (NBT, total protein, albumin, globulin and A:G ratio) were altered with exposure to Mn and Mn-NPs. The histopathology of the liver and gill were also changed due to exposure to Mn and Mn-NPs. The bioaccumulation of Mn in the liver, gill, kidney, brain and muscle tissues, and experimental water at different intervals of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h were determined. Based on the present results, it is strongly suggested that Mn and Mn-NPs exposure alone and with high temperature (34 °C) enhanced toxicity and altered biochemical and morphological attributes. This study also suggested that essential elements in both forms (inorganic and nano) at higher concentrations of Mn and Mn-NPs lead to pronounced deleterious alteration in cellular and metabolic activities and histopathology of P. hypophthalmus.

Astaxanthin protected against the adverse effects induced by diesel exhaust particulate matter via improving membrane stability and anti-oxidative property

Diesel exhaust particulate matter (DPM), which has been clarified as a Group I carcinogenic agent, is still challenging in its detoxification due to the complex composition and toxic mechanisms. Astaxanthin (AST) is a pleiotropic small biological molecule widely used in medical and healthcare with surprising effects and applications. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of AST on DPM-induced injury and the underlying mechanism. Our results indicated that AST significantly suppressed the generation of phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX, marker of DNA damage) and inflammation caused by DPM both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, AST prevented the endocytosis and intracellular accumulation of DPM via regulating the stability and fluidity of plasma membranes. Moreover, the oxidative stress elicited by DPM in cells could also be effectively inhibited by AST, together with protecting the structure and function of mitochondria. These investigations provided clear evidence that AST notably reduced DPM invasion and intracellular accumulation by modulating the membrane-endocytotic pathway, which eventually reduced intracellular oxidative stress caused by DPM. Our data might provide a novel clue for curing and treating the harmful effects of particulate matter.

Preterm birth and term low birth weight associated with wildfire-specific PM2.5: A cohort study in New South Wales, Australia during 2016-2019

BACKGROUND

Exposure to wildfire smoke has been linked with a range of health outcomes. However, to date, evidence is limited for the association between wildfire-specific PM_2.5, a primary emission of wildfire smoke, and adverse birth outcomes.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to estimate the risk and burden of preterm birth/term low birth weight, associated with maternal exposure to wildfire-specific PM_2.5.

METHODS

A total of 330,884 birth records with maternal information were collected from the New South Wales Australia from 2015 to 2019, covering 523 residential communities. Daily wildfire-specific PM_2.5 at a 0.25° × 0.25° (≈ 25 km × 25 km) resolution was estimated by a machine learning method combining 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) and reanalysis meteorological data. Cox proportional hazards models were implemented to evaluate the association between wildfire-specific PM_2.5 and preterm birth/term low birth weight. Number and fraction of preterm birth/term low birth weight attributable to wildfire-specific PM_2.5 during pregnancy were calculated.

RESULTS

Per one interquartile-range rise in wildfire-specific PM_2.5 was found to be associated with 6.9% (HR: 1.069, 95% CI: 1.058-1.081) increased risk of preterm birth and 3.6% (HR: 1.036, 95% CI: 1.014-1.058) higher risk of term low birth weight. The most susceptible gestational window was the 2nd trimester for preterm birth whereas the 1st for term low birth weight. We estimated that 14.30% preterm births and 8.04% term low birth weight cases were attributable to maternal exposure to wildfire-specific PM_2.5 during the whole pregnancy. Male infants and mothers aged ≥ 40, experiencing temperature extremes or living in the inner region, and concepted during spring had higher risks of preterm birth/term low birth weight associated with wildfire-specific PM_2.5. Comparatively, mothers with advanced age have a higher risk of preterm birth while younger mothers were more likely to deliver term newborns with low birth weight, when being exposed to wildfire-specific PM_2.5. Pregnancy-induced hypertension enhanced the risk of preterm birth associated with wildfire-specific PM_2.5.

CONCLUSIONS

This study strengthened robust evidence on the enhanced risk of preterm birth/term low birth weight associated with maternal exposure to wildfire-specific PM_2.5. In light of higher frequency and intensity of wildfire occurrences globally, more special attention should be paid to pregnant women by policy makers.

Status and frontier analysis of indoor PM2.5-related health effects: a bibliometric analysis

Epidemiological data indicate atmospheric particulate matter, especially fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), has many negative effects on human health. Of note, people spend about 90% of their time indoors. More importantly, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) statistics, indoor air pollution causes nearly 1.6 million deaths each year, and it is considered as one of the major health risk factors. In order to obtain a deeper understanding of the harmful effects of indoor PM_2.5 on human health, we used bibliometric software to summarize articles in this field. In conclusion, since 2000, the annual publication volume has increased year by year. America topped the list for the number of articles, and Professor Petros Koutrakis and Harvard University were the author and institution with the most published in this research area, respectively. Over the past decade, scholars gradually paid attention to molecular mechanisms, therefore, the toxicity can be better explored. Particularly, apart from timely intervention and treatment for adverse consequences, it is necessary to effectively reduce indoor PM_2.5 through technologies. In addition, the trend and keywords analysis are favorable ways to find out future research hotspots. Hopefully, various countries and regions strengthen academic cooperation and integration of multi-disciplinary.

Metal-Based Nanoparticles and Their Relevant Consequences on Cytotoxicity Cascade and Induced Oxidative Stress

Emerging nanoscience allows us to take advantage of the improved evolutionary components and apply today’s advanced characterization and fabrication techniques to solve environmental and biological problems. Despite the promise that nanotechnology will improve our lives, the potential risks of technology remain largely uncertain. The lack of information on bio-impacts and the absence of consistent standards are the limitations of using metal-based nanoparticles (mNPs) for existing applications. To analyze the role played by the mNPs physicochemical characteristics and tactics to protect live beings, the field of nanotoxicology nowadays is focused on collecting and analyzing data from in vitro and in vivo investigations. The degree of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress caused by material nanoparticles (NPs) depends on many factors, such as size, shape, chemical composition, etc. These characteristics enable NPs to enter cells and interact with biological macromolecules and cell organelles, resulting in oxidative damage, an inflammatory response, the development of mitochondrial dysfunction, damage to genetic material, or cytotoxic effects. This report explored the mechanisms and cellular signaling cascades of mNPs-induced oxidative stress and the relevant health consequences.

Heavy metals and inflammatory, oxidative/antioxidant and DNA damage biomarkers among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Niger Delta, Nigeria

This study evaluated the association of heavy metals (HMs) and effect biomarkers (inflammation, oxidative stress/antioxidant capacity and DNA damage) among people living with HIV/AIDS (PHWHA) in Niger Delta area, Nigeria. Blood levels of lead (BPb), cadmium (BCd), copper (BCu), zinc (BZn), iron (BFe), C-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione (GSH) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were determined in a total of 185 participants, 104 HIV-positive and 81 HIV-negative sampled in both Niger Delta and non-Niger Delta regions. BCd (p < 0.001) and BPb (p = 0.139) were higher in HIV-positive subjects compared to HIV-negative controls; on the contrary, BCu, BZn and BFe levels were lower (p < 0.001) in HIV-positive subjects compared to HIV-negative controls. The Niger Delta population had higher levels of heavy metals (p < 0.01) compared to non-Niger Delta residents. CRP and 8-OHdG were higher (p < 0.001) in HIV-positive than in HIV-negative subjects and in Niger-Delta than in non-Niger Delta residents. BCu had significant positive dose-response relationship with CRP (61.9%, p = 0.063) and GSH (1.64%, p = 0.035) levels in HIV-positive subjects, and negative response with MDA levels (26.6%, p < 0.001). Periodic assessment of HMs levels among PLWHA is recommended.

Processing of carbon-reinforced construction materials releases PM2.5 inducing inflammation and (secondary) genotoxicity in human lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts

Building demolition following domestic fires or abrasive processing after thermal recycling can release particles harmful for the environment and human health. To mimic such situations, particles release during dry-cutting of construction materials was investigated. A reinforcement material consisting of carbon rods (CR), carbon concrete composite (C³) and thermally treated C³ (ttC³) were physicochemically and toxicologically analyzed in monocultured lung epithelial cells, and co-cultured lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts at the air-liquid interface. C³ particles reduced their diameter to WHO fibre dimensions during thermal treatment. Caused by physical properties or by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and bisphenol A found in the materials, especially the released particles of CR and ttC³ induced an acute inflammatory response and (secondary) DNA damage. Transcriptome analysis indicated that CR and ttC³ particles carried out their toxicity via different mechanisms. While ttC³ affected pro-fibrotic pathways, CR was mostly involved in DNA damage response and in pro-oncogenic signaling.

Curcumin-loaded human endometrial stem cells derived exosomes as an effective carrier to suppress alpha-synuclein aggregates in 6OHDA-induced Parkinson's disease mouse model

Parkinson disease (PD) is considered as one of the most worldwide neurodegenerative disorders. The major reasons associated to neurodegeneration process of PD pathogenesis are oxidative stress. Many studies reported that natural antioxidant molecules, especially, curcumin can suppress inflammatory pathways and preserve dopaminergic neurons damage in PD. Further, the poor pharmacokinetics, instability of chemical structure because of fast hydrolytic degradation at physiologic condition and especially, the presence of the blood brain barrier (BBB) has regarded as a considerable restriction factor for transfer of neurotherapeutic molecules to the brain tissue. The present research aims to the fabrication of nanoformulated curcumin loaded human endometrial stem cells derived exosomes (hEnSCs EXOs-Cur) to study on enhancing curcumin penetration to the brain across BBB and to improve anti- Parkinsonism effects of curcumin against neural death and alpha-synuclein aggregation. hEnSCs EXOs-Cur characterization results demonstrated the accurate size and morphology of formulated curcumin loaded exosomes with a proper stability and sustained release profile. In vivo studies including behavioral, Immunohistochemical and molecular evaluations displayed that novel formulation of hEnSCs EXO-Cur is able to cross BBB, enhance motor uncoordinated movements, suppress the aggregation of αS protein and rescue neuronal cell death through elevation of BCL2 expression level as an anti-apoptotic protein and the expression level reduction of BAX and Caspase 3 as apoptotic markers.

Ambient Fine Particulate Matter and Cancer: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives

The high incidence of cancer has placed an enormous health and economic burden on countries around the world. In addition to evidence of epidemiological studies, conclusive evidence from animal experiments and mechanistic studies have also shown that morbidity and mortality of some cancers can be attributed to ambient fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) exposure, especially in lung cancer. However, the underlying carcinogenetic mechanisms of PM_2.5 remain unclear. Furthermore, in terms of risks of other types of cancer, both epidemiological and mechanistic evidence are more limited and scattered, and the results are also inconsistent. In order to sort out the carcinogenic effect of PM_2.5, this paper reviews the association of cancers with PM_2.5 based on epidemiological and biological evidence including genetic, epigenetic, and molecular mechanisms. The limitations of existing researches and the prospects for the future are also well clarified in this paper to provide insights for future studies.

Particle Debris Generated from Passenger Tires Induces Morphological and Gene Expression Alterations in the Macrophages Cell Line RAW 264.7

Air pollution in the urban environment is a topical subject. Aero-suspended particles can cause respiratory diseases in humans, ranging from inflammation to asthma and cancer. One of the components that is most prevalent in particulate matter (PM) in urban areas is the set of tire microparticles (1-20 μm) and nanoparticles (<1 μm) that are formed due to the friction of wheels with asphalt and are increased in slow-moving areas that involve a lot of braking actions. In this work, we studied the effect that microparticles generated from passenger tires (PTWP, passenger tire wear particles) have in vitro on murine macrophages cells RAW 264.7 at two concentrations of 25 and 100 μg/mL, for 24 and 48 h. In addition to the chemical characterization of the material and morphological characterization of the treated cells by transmission electron microscopy, gene expression analysis with RT-PCR and active protein analysis with Western blotting were performed. Growth curves were obtained, and the genotoxic effect was evaluated with a comet assay. The results indicate that initially, an induction of the apoptotic process is observable, but this is subsequently reversed by Bcl2. No genotoxic damage is present, but mild cellular abnormalities were observed in the treated cells.

Lung injury and oxidative stress induced by inhaled chlorine in mice is associated with proinflammatory activation of macrophages and altered bioenergetics

Chlorine (Cl2) gas is a highly toxic and oxidizing irritant that causes life-threatening lung injuries. Herein, we investigated the impact of Cl2-induced injury and oxidative stress on lung macrophage phenotype and function. Spontaneously breathing male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to air or Cl2 (300 ppm, 25 min) in a whole-body exposure chamber. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and cells, and lung tissue were collected 24 h later and analyzed for markers of injury, oxidative stress and macrophage activation. Exposure of mice to Cl2 resulted in increases in numbers of BAL cells and levels of IgM, total protein, and fibrinogen, indicating alveolar epithelial barrier dysfunction and inflammation. BAL levels of inflammatory proteins including surfactant protein (SP)-D, soluble receptor for glycation end product (sRAGE) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 were also increased. Cl2 inhalation resulted in upregulation of phospho-histone H2A.X, a marker of double-strand DNA breaks in the bronchiolar epithelium and alveolar cells; oxidative stress proteins, heme oxygenase (HO)-1 and catalase were also upregulated. Flow cytometric analysis of BAL cells revealed increases in proinflammatory macrophages following Cl2 exposure, whereas numbers of resident and antiinflammatory macrophages were not altered. This was associated with increases in numbers of macrophages expressing cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), markers of proinflammatory activation, with no effect on mannose receptor (MR) or Ym-1 expression, markers of antiinflammatory activation. Metabolic analysis of lung cells showed increases in glycolytic activity following Cl2 exposure in line with proinflammatory macrophage activation. Mechanistic understanding of Cl2-induced injury will be useful in the identification of efficacious countermeasures for mitigating morbidity and mortality of this highly toxic gas.

Impact of air pollution on ischemic heart disease: Evidence, mechanisms, clinical perspectives

Ambient air pollution, and especially particulate matter (PM) air pollution <2.5 μm in diameter (PM_2.5), has clearly emerged as an important yet often overlooked risk factor for atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease (IHD). In this review, we examine the available evidence demonstrating how acute and chronic PM_2.5 exposure clinically translates into a heightened coronary atherosclerotic burden and an increased risk of acute ischemic coronary events. Moreover, we provide insights into the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying PM_2.5-mediated atherosclerosis, focusing on the specific biological mechanism through which PM_2.5 exerts its detrimental effects. Further, we discuss about the possible mechanisms that explain the recent findings reporting a strong association between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, increased PM_2.5 exposure, and morbidity and mortality from IHD. We also address the possible mitigation strategies that should be implemented to reduce the impact of PM_2.5 on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and underscoring the strong need of clinical trials demonstrating the efficacy of specific interventions (including both PM_2.5 reduction and/or specific drugs) in reducing the incidence of IHD. Finally, we introduce the emerging concept of the exposome, highlighting the close relationship between PM_2.5 and other environmental exposures (i.e.: traffic noise and climate change) in terms of common underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms and possible mitigation strategies.

Nanomaterials and Their Impact on the Immune System

Nanomaterials have been the focus of intensive development and research in the medical and industrial sectors over the past several decades. Some studies have found that these compounds can have a detrimental impact on living organisms, including their cellular components. Despite the obvious advantages of using nanomaterials in a wide range of applications, there is sometimes skepticism caused by the lack of substantial proof that evaluates potential toxicities. The interactions of nanoparticles (NPs) with cells of the immune system and their biomolecule pathways are an area of interest for researchers. It is possible to modify NPs so that they are not recognized by the immune system or so that they suppress or stimulate the immune system in a targeted manner. In this review, we look at the literature on nanomaterials for immunostimulation and immunosuppression and their impact on how changing the physicochemical features of the particles could alter their interactions with immune cells for the better or for the worse (immunotoxicity). We also look into whether the NPs have a unique or unexpected (but desired) effect on the immune system, and whether the surface grafting of polymers or surface coatings makes stealth nanomaterials that the immune system cannot find and get rid of.

The Road to Malignant Cell Transformation after Particulate Matter Exposure: From Oxidative Stress to Genotoxicity

In cells, oxidative stress is an imbalance between the production/accumulation of oxidants and the ability of the antioxidant system to detoxify these reactive products. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), cause multiple cellular damages through their interaction with biomolecules such as lipids, proteins, and DNA. Genotoxic damage caused by oxidative stress has become relevant since it can lead to mutation and play a central role in malignant transformation. The evidence describes chronic oxidative stress as an important factor implicated in all stages of the multistep carcinogenic process: initiation, promotion, and progression. In recent years, ambient air pollution by particulate matter (PM) has been cataloged as a cancer risk factor, increasing the incidence of different types of tumors. Epidemiological and toxicological evidence shows how PM-induced oxidative stress could mediate multiple events oriented to carcinogenesis, such as proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, induction of angiogenesis, and activation of invasion/metastasis pathways. In this review, we summarize the findings regarding the involvement of oxidative and genotoxic mechanisms generated by PM in malignant cell transformation. We also discuss the importance of new approaches oriented to studying the development of tumors associated with PM with more accuracy, pursuing the goal of weighing the impact of oxidative stress and genotoxicity as one of the main mechanisms associated with its carcinogenic potential.

Maternal exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of congenital heart defects in Suzhou, China

Background

More and more studies have investigated the association between maternal exposure to ambient air pollution during pregnancy and incidence of congenital heart defects (CHDs), but results are controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate whether maternal exposure to air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, CO, SO2) are associated with an increased risk of congenital heart defects in Suzhou city, China.

Methods

Based on the birth defect monitoring system of Suzhou city and the Environmental Health Department of Suzhou CDC, the birth defect monitoring data and concentrations of five air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, CO, SO2) in Suzhou city from 2015 to 2019 were obtained. The distribution of demographic characteristics of children with birth defects and exposure to air pollutant concentrations during different pregnancy periods were analyzed, Chi-square test was used to analyze whether there were statistical differences in the distribution of parturient woman age, pregnant weeks, times of pregnancy, as well as fetal sex and birth weight among children with congenital heart defects and other defects. Logistic regression model was further established to calculate the adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between exposure to these ambient air pollutants during pregnancy and CHDs.

Results

A total of 5,213 infants with birth defects were recruited in this study from 2015 to 2019, the top five birth defects in Suzhou were syndactyly, congenital heart disease, ear malformation, cleft lip and palate, and hypospadias, and the proportion of congenital heart disease increased. The level of maternal exposures (mean ± sd) was highest in first trimester amongst pregnant women in Suzhou city. Compared to other birth defects, we observed significant increasing associations between PM2.5 exposure during second and third trimester with risk of CHDs, aORs were 1.228 and 1.236 (95% CI: 1.141-1.322, 1.154-1.324 separately) per a 10 μg/m3 change in PM2.5 concentration. Maternal NO2 exposure was significantly associated with CHDs in first trimester (aOR = 1.318; 95% CI: 1.210-1.435).

Conclusions

Our study contributes to explore the current state of Suzhou air quality and the association between maternal air pollution exposure and congenital heart defects. Exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 is thought to increase the risk of CHDs, but comprehensive description of these associations will be needed in future studies.

Short-term exposure to air pollution is an emerging but neglected risk factor for schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

This meta-analysis aimed to explore the association between short-term exposure to air pollution and schizophrenia (SCZ)1, and investigate the susceptible population and the lag characteristics of different pollutants.

METHODS

A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted by searching PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Sciences, and CNKI for relevant literature published up to 28 Feb 2022. Meta-analysis was performed separately to investigate the association of ambient particulates (diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5)2, 2.5 μm < diameter < 10 μm (PMC)3, ≤10μm (PM10)4) and gaseous pollutants (nitrogen dioxide (NO2)5, sulfur dioxide (SO2)6, carbon monoxide (CO)7) with SCZ. Relative risk (RR)8 per 10 μg/m3 increase in air pollutants concentration was used as the effect estimate. Subgroup analyses were conducted by age, gender, country, median pollutant concentration, and median temperature.

RESULTS

We identified 17 articles mainly conducted in Asia, of which 13 were included in the meta-analysis. Increased risk of SCZ was associated with short-term exposure to PM2.5 (RR: 1.0050, 95 % confidence interval (CI)9: 1.0017, 1.0083), PMC (1.0117, 1.0023, 1.0211), PM10 (1.0047, 1.0025, 1.0070), NO2 (1.0275, 1.0132, 1.0420), and SO2 (1.0288, 1.0146, 1.0432) exposure. Subgroup analyses showed that females may be more susceptible to SO2 and NO2, and the young seem to be more sensitive to PM2.5 and PM10. Gaseous pollutants presented the immediate risk, and particulates showed the delayed risk.

CONCLUSIONS

The present meta-analysis suggests that short-term exposure to PM2.5, PMC, PM10, SO2, and NO2 exposure may be associated with an elevated risk of SCZ.

Modification of the drug resistance of emerging milk-borne pathogens through sodium alginate-based antibiotics and nanoparticles

Streptococcus agalactiae and Klebsiella pneumoniae are emerging as major milk-borne pathogens. Additionally, resistance to antibiotics of pathogens is of concern. Therefore, this study investigated the prevalence and drug resistance of S. agalactiae and K. pneumoniae in mastitis milk samples and assessed the antimicrobial potential of sodium alginate (G)-stabilized MgO nanoparticles (M) and antibiotics (tylosin [T] and ampicillin [A]) against both of these pathogens. A total of n = 200 milk samples from cattle were collected using purposive sampling, and standard microbiological approaches were adopted to isolate target bacteria. Parametric and non-parametric statistical tests were used to analyze the obtained data. Four preparations, GT (gel-stabilized tylosin), GA (gel-stabilized ampicillin), GTM (tylosin and MgO nanoparticles stabilized in gel), and GAM (ampicillin and MgO nanoparticles stabilized in gel), were evaluated against both bacteria through well diffusion and broth microdilution method. The analysis revealed that 45.24% (95/210) of the milk samples were positive for mastitis, of which 11.58% (11/95) were positive for S. agalactiae and 9.47% (9/95) were positive for K. pneumoniae. S. agalactiae had a significantly higher zone of inhibition (ZOI) than K. pneumoniae against penicillin, tetracycline, and amoxicillin, whereas the opposite was observed against imipenem and erythromycin. All gel (G)-based preparations showed an increase in the percentage of ZOI compared with antibiotics alone, with GTM presenting the highest of all, i.e., 59.09 and 56.25% ZOI compared with tylosin alone against S. agalactiae and K. pneumoniae, respectively. Similarly, in a broth microdilution assay, the lowest MIC was found for K. pneumoniae (9.766 ± 0.0 μg/mL) against GTM, followed by GT, GAM, and GA after incubation for 24 h. A similar response was noted for preparations against S. agalactiae but with a comparatively higher MIC. A significant reduction in MIC with respect to incubation time was found at 8 h and remained until at 20 h against both pathogens. The cytotoxicity of the MgO nanoparticles used in this study was significantly lower than that of the positive control. Overall, this study found that K. pneumoniae and S. agalactiae appeared higher in prevalence and antimicrobial resistance, and sodium alginate-based antibiotics and MgO nanoparticles were effective alternative approaches for tackling antimicrobial resistance.

The impact of PM2.5 on kidney

PM2.5 poses a severe risk to kidneys, inducing kidney function decline, increasing the risk of suffering from chronic kidney diseases and promoting the occurrence and development of various renal tumors. The mechanism of PM2.5-induced renal injury may involve oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and cytotoxicity. This paper elaborated PM2.5-induced kidney damage and the corresponding possible mechanism so as to raise awareness of air pollution and reduce the damage to human body.

DNA Damage as a Mechanistic Link between Air Pollution and Obesity?

It has been shown that the risk of developing obesity, a serious modern health problem, increases with air pollution. However, the molecular links are yet to be fully elucidated. Herein, we propose a hypothesis via which air pollution-induced DNA damage would be the mechanistic link between air pollution and the enhanced risk of obesity and overweight. Indeed, whereas air pollution leads to DNA damage, DNA damage results in inflammation, oxidative stress and metabolic impairments that could be behind energy balance changes contributing to obesity. Such thoughts, worth exploring, seems an important starting point to better understand the impact of air pollution on obesity development independently from the two main energy balance pillars that are diet and physical activity. This could possibly lead to new applications both for therapies as well as for policies and regulations.

PM2.5 and PM10 air pollution peaks are associated with emergency department visits for psychotic and mood disorders

Particulate matters with a diameter of less than 10 µm (PM10) or less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) are major air pollutants. Their relationship to psychiatric disorders has not yet been extensively studied. We aimed to explore the relationship between PM10 and PM2.5 air pollution peaks and the daily number of emergency visits for psychotic and mood disorders. Clinical data were collected from the Emergency Department of a Paris suburb (Créteil, France) from 2008 to 2018. Air pollution data were measured by the Paris region air quality network (Airparif) and collected from public databases. Pollution peak periods were defined as days for which the daily mean level of PM was above nationally predefined warning thresholds (20 µg/m3 for PM2.5, and 50 µg/m3 for PM10), and the 6 following days. Multivariable analyses compared the number of daily visits for psychotic and mood (unipolar and bipolar) disorders according to pollution peak, using negative binomial regression. After adjustment on meteorological variables (temperature, humidity, amount of sunshine in minutes), the daily number of emergency visits for psychotic disorders was significantly higher during PM2.5 and PM10 air pollution peak periods; while the number of visits for unipolar depressive disorders was higher only during PM10 peak periods (β = 0.059, p-value = 0.034). There were no significant differences between peak and non-peak periods for bipolar disorders. Differences in the effects of PM air pollution on psychotic and mood disorders should be analyzed in further studies.

Synthesis of N-doped carbon dots for highly selective and sensitive detection of metronidazole in real samples and its cytotoxicity studies

The current investigation reports the synthesis of N-CDs using glucosamine, ascorbic acid, and ethylenediamine precursors by a simple hydrothermal technique. The formation of N-CDs was proved by various characterisation techniques such as X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FT-IR). The optical properties were investigated by fluorescence and UV-vis spectrophotometer. Also, N-CDs showed high selectivity in detecting the MTZ compared to several other analytes. However, the metronidazole serves as an antibiotic against several microbial diseases but also a genotoxic, carcinogenic to the human when used in excessive dosage. The synthesised N-CDs showed high selectivity in detecting the MTZ compared to several other analytes. Besides, the cytotoxicity of the N-CDs was studied to evaluate its toxicity against the HeLa cancer cells. It showed 65.6% cell viability and 34.3% toxicity against the cancerous cells, and similarly 71% of cells viability against H9C2 cells. Thus, the current investigation explores the promising selective sensing of N-CDs against MTZ, along with that, it proved its cytotoxicity against HeLa cancerous cells and non-toxicity against H9C2 cells. The synthesised CDs can be better MTZ sensors and anti-cancer agents on further development at the industrial scale.

Predicting the cytotoxicity of nanomaterials through explainable, extreme gradient boosting

Nanoparticles (NPs) are a wide class of materials currently used in several industrial and biomedical applications. Due to their small size (1-100 nm), NPs can easily enter the human body, inducing tissue damage. NP toxicity depends on physical and chemical NP properties (e.g., size, charge and surface area) in ways and magnitudes that are still unknown. We assess the average as well as the individual importance of NP atomic descriptors, along with chemical properties and experimental conditions, in determining cytotoxicity endpoints for several nanomaterials. We employ a multicenter cytotoxicity nanomaterial database (12 different materials with first and second dimensions ranging between 2.70 and 81.2 nm and between 4.10 and 4048 nm, respectively). We develop a regressor model based on extreme gradient boosting with hyperparameter optimization. We employ Shapley additive explanations to obtain good cytotoxicity prediction performance. Model performances are quantified as statistically significant Spearman correlations between the true and predicted values, ranging from 0.5 to 0.7. Our results show that i) size in situ and surface areas larger than 200 nm and 50 m2/g, respectively, ii) primary particles smaller than 20 nm; iii) irregular (i.e., not spherical) shapes and iv) positive Z-potentials contribute the most to the prediction of NP cytotoxicity, especially if lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays are employed for short experimental times. These results were moderately stable across toxicity endpoints, although some degree of variability emerged across dose quantification methods, confirming the complexity of nano-bio interactions and the need for large, systematic experimental characterization to reach a safer-by-design approach.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Risk: The Role of Environmental Factors

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex, chronic autoimmune disease. The etiology of SLE is multifactorial and includes potential environmental triggers, which may occur sequentially (the "multi-hit" hypothesis). This review focuses on SLE risk potentially associated with environmental factors including infections, the microbiome, diet, respirable exposures (eg, crystalline silica, smoking, air pollution), organic pollutants, heavy metals, and ultraviolet radiation.

Chimeric antigen receptor T cells applied to solid tumors

Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy is novel tumor immunotherapy that enables autologous T to express synthetic receptors to specifically recognize the surface tumor-associated antigens for exerting subsequent antitumor effects, and eliminating the resistance, metastases and recurrence of cancer. Although CAR T cells have exhibited success in eradicating hematologic malignancies, their applications to solid tumors has not yet been achieved due to obstacles such as the immune-suppressor tumor microenvironment and lack of tumor specific target antigens. In this review, we presented advancements in the development of CAR T cell therapy in solid tumors, and offered a brief summary of the challenges, as well as novel engineering and pharmaceutical interventions to overcome these barriers. Looking forward, we discussed the latest studies which are expected to reach the clinicals in the next few years, including CRISPR screens-based CAR modification and CAR T cells driven from progenitor-like T cells. Collectively, this review may inspire researchers and clinicians to develop clinical available strategies of CAR T cell therapies in solid tumor.