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Yan A, Torpey A, Morrisroe E, Andraous W, Costa A, Bergese S. Clinical Management in Traumatic Brain Injury. Biomedicines 2024; 12:781. [PMID: 38672137 PMCID: PMC11048642 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is one of the major public healthcare burdens in the US, with millions of patients suffering from the traumatic brain injury itself (approximately 1.6 million/year) or its repercussions (2-6 million patients with disabilities). The severity of traumatic brain injury can range from mild transient neurological dysfunction or impairment to severe profound disability that leaves patients completely non-functional. Indications for treatment differ based on the injury's severity, but one of the goals of early treatment is to prevent secondary brain injury. Hemodynamic stability, monitoring and treatment of intracranial pressure, maintenance of cerebral perfusion pressure, support of adequate oxygenation and ventilation, administration of hyperosmolar agents and/or sedatives, nutritional support, and seizure prophylaxis are the mainstays of medical treatment for severe traumatic brain injury. Surgical management options include decompressive craniectomy or cerebrospinal fluid drainage via the insertion of an external ventricular drain. Several emerging treatment modalities are being investigated, such as anti-excitotoxic agents, anti-ischemic and cerebral dysregulation agents, S100B protein, erythropoietin, endogenous neuroprotectors, anti-inflammatory agents, and stem cell and neuronal restoration agents, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (A.Y.); (A.T.); (W.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrew Torpey
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (A.Y.); (A.T.); (W.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Erin Morrisroe
- Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Wesam Andraous
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (A.Y.); (A.T.); (W.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Ana Costa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (A.Y.); (A.T.); (W.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Sergio Bergese
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neurological Surgery, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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DePaula-Silva AB. The Contribution of Microglia and Brain-Infiltrating Macrophages to the Pathogenesis of Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Diseases during TMEV Infection of the Central Nervous System. Viruses 2024; 16:119. [PMID: 38257819 PMCID: PMC10819099 DOI: 10.3390/v16010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The infection of the central nervous system (CNS) with neurotropic viruses induces neuroinflammation and is associated with the development of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis and epilepsy. The activation of the innate and adaptive immune response, including microglial, macrophages, and T and B cells, while required for efficient viral control within the CNS, is also associated with neuropathology. Under healthy conditions, resident microglia play a pivotal role in maintaining CNS homeostasis. However, during pathological events, such as CNS viral infection, microglia become reactive, and immune cells from the periphery infiltrate into the brain, disrupting CNS homeostasis and contributing to disease development. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), a neurotropic picornavirus, is used in two distinct mouse models: TMEV-induced demyelination disease (TMEV-IDD) and TMEV-induced seizures, representing mouse models of multiple sclerosis and epilepsy, respectively. These murine models have contributed substantially to our understanding of the pathophysiology of MS and seizures/epilepsy following viral infection, serving as critical tools for identifying pharmacological targetable pathways to modulate disease development. This review aims to discuss the host-pathogen interaction during a neurotropic picornavirus infection and to shed light on our current understanding of the multifaceted roles played by microglia and macrophages in the context of these two complexes viral-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz DePaula-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Zhuo H, Ritz B, Warren JL, Liew Z. Season of Conception and Risk of Cerebral Palsy. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2335164. [PMID: 37738049 PMCID: PMC10517373 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.35164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most prevalent neuromotor disability in childhood, but for most cases the etiology remains unexplained. Seasonal variation in the conception of CP may provide clues for their potential etiological risk factors that vary across seasons. Objective To evaluate whether the month or season of conception is associated with CP occurrence. Design, Setting, and Participants This statewide cohort study examined more than 4 million live births that were registered in the California birth records during 2007 to 2015 and were linked to CP diagnostic records (up to year 2021). Statistical analyses were conducted between March 2022 and January 2023. Exposures The month and season of conception were estimated based on the child's date of birth and the length of gestation recorded in the California birth records. Main Outcomes and Measures CP status was ascertained from the diagnostic records obtained from the Department of Developmental Services in California. Poisson regression was used to estimate the relative risk (RR) and 95% CI for CP according to the month or the season of conception, adjusting for maternal- and neighborhood-level factors. Stratified analyses were conducted by child's sex and neighborhood social vulnerability measures, and the mediating role of preterm birth was evaluated. Results Records of 4 468 109 children (51.2% male; maternal age: 28.3% aged 19 to 25 years, 27.5% aged 26 to 30 years; maternal race and ethnicity: 5.6% African American or Black, 13.5% Asian, 49.8% Hispanic or Latinx of any race, and 28.3% non-Hispanic White) and 4697 with CP (55.1% male; maternal age: 28.3% aged 19 to 25 years, 26.0% aged 26 to 30 years; maternal race and ethnicity: 8.3% African American or Black, 8.6% Asian, 54.3% Hispanic or Latinx of any race, and 25.8% non-Hispanic White) were analyzed. Children conceived in winter (January to March) or spring (April to June) were associated with a 9% to 10% increased risk of CP (winter: RR, 1.09 [95% CI, 1.01-1.19]; spring: RR, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.02-1.20]) compared with summer (July to September) conceptions. Analyses for specific months showed similar results with children conceived in January, February, and May being at higher risk of CP. The associations were slightly stronger for mothers who lived in neighborhoods with a high social vulnerability index, but no child sex differences were observed. Only a small portion of the estimated association was mediated through preterm birth. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study in California, children conceived in winter and spring had a small increase in CP risk. These findings suggest that seasonally varying environmental factors should be considered in the etiological research of CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhuo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
- Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Joshua L. Warren
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Zeyan Liew
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
- Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
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Tyagi K, Rai P, Gautam A, Kaur H, Kapoor S, Suttee A, Jaiswal PK, Sharma A, Singh G, Barnwal RP. Neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2: complexity, mechanism and associated disorders. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:307. [PMID: 37649125 PMCID: PMC10469568 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01293-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronaviruses such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS), Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are associated with critical illnesses, including severe respiratory disorders. SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of the deadly COVID-19 illness, which has spread globally as a pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 may enter the human body through olfactory lobes and interact with the angiotensin-converting enzyme2 (ACE2) receptor, further facilitating cell binding and entry into the cells. Reports have shown that the virus can pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and enter the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in various disorders. Cell entry by SARS-CoV-2 largely relies on TMPRSS2 and cathepsin L, which activate S protein. TMPRSS2 is found on the cell surface of respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital epithelium, while cathepsin-L is a part of endosomes. AIM The current review aims to provide information on how SARS-CoV-2 infection affects brain function.. Furthermore, CNS disorders associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, including ischemic stroke, cerebral venous thrombosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, meningitis, and encephalitis, are discussed. The many probable mechanisms and paths involved in developing cerebrovascular problems in COVID patients are thoroughly detailed. MAIN BODY There have been reports that the SARS-CoV-2 virus can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and enter the central nervous system (CNS), where it could cause a various illnesses. Patients suffering from COVID-19 experience a range of neurological complications, including sleep disorders, viral encephalitis, headaches, dysgeusia, and cognitive impairment. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of COVID-19 patients has been reported. Health experts also reported its presence in cortical neurons and human brain organoids. The possible mechanism of virus infiltration into the brain can be neurotropic, direct infiltration and cytokine storm-based pathways. The olfactory lobes could also be the primary pathway for the entrance of SARS-CoV-2 into the brain. CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 can lead to neurological complications, such as cerebrovascular manifestations, motor movement complications, and cognitive decline. COVID-19 infection can result in cerebrovascular symptoms and diseases, such as strokes and thrombosis. The virus can affect the neural system, disrupt cognitive function and cause neurological disorders. To combat the epidemic, it is crucial to repurpose drugs currently in use quickly and develop novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Tyagi
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prachi Rai
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anuj Gautam
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harjeet Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sumeet Kapoor
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Suttee
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Akanksha Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Gurpal Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Martínez-Mármol R, Giordano-Santini R, Kaulich E, Cho AN, Przybyla M, Riyadh MA, Robinson E, Chew KY, Amor R, Meunier FA, Balistreri G, Short KR, Ke YD, Ittner LM, Hilliard MA. SARS-CoV-2 infection and viral fusogens cause neuronal and glial fusion that compromises neuronal activity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg2248. [PMID: 37285437 PMCID: PMC10246911 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous viruses use specialized surface molecules called fusogens to enter host cells. Many of these viruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can infect the brain and are associated with severe neurological symptoms through poorly understood mechanisms. We show that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces fusion between neurons and between neurons and glia in mouse and human brain organoids. We reveal that this is caused by the viral fusogen, as it is fully mimicked by the expression of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein or the unrelated fusogen p15 from the baboon orthoreovirus. We demonstrate that neuronal fusion is a progressive event, leads to the formation of multicellular syncytia, and causes the spread of large molecules and organelles. Last, using Ca2+ imaging, we show that fusion severely compromises neuronal activity. These results provide mechanistic insights into how SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses affect the nervous system, alter its function, and cause neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Martínez-Mármol
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Rosina Giordano-Santini
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Eva Kaulich
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ann-Na Cho
- Dementia Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Magdalena Przybyla
- Dementia Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Md Asrafuzzaman Riyadh
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Emilija Robinson
- Dementia Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Keng Yih Chew
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Rumelo Amor
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Frédéric A. Meunier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Balistreri
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Kirsty R. Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yazi D. Ke
- Dementia Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Lars M. Ittner
- Dementia Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Massimo A. Hilliard
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Hwang KS, Seo EU, Choi N, Kim J, Kim HN. 3D engineered tissue models for studying human-specific infectious viral diseases. Bioact Mater 2023; 21:576-594. [PMID: 36204281 PMCID: PMC9519398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections cause damage to various organ systems by inducing organ-specific symptoms or systemic multi-organ damage. Depending on the infection route and virus type, infectious diseases are classified as respiratory, nervous, immune, digestive, or skin infections. Since these infectious diseases can widely spread in the community and their catastrophic effects are severe, identification of their causative agent and mechanisms underlying their pathogenesis is an urgent necessity. Although infection-associated mechanisms have been studied in two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models and animal models, they have shown limitations in organ-specific or human-associated pathogenesis, and the development of a human-organ-mimetic system is required. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) engineered tissue models, which can present human organ-like physiology in terms of the 3D structure, utilization of human-originated cells, recapitulation of physiological stimuli, and tight cell–cell interactions, were developed. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that these models can recapitulate infection-associated pathologies. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in 3D engineered tissue models that mimic organ-specific viral infections. First, we briefly described the limitations of the current 2D and animal models in recapitulating human-specific viral infection pathology. Next, we provided an overview of recently reported viral infection models, focusing particularly on organ-specific infection pathologies. Finally, a future perspective that must be pursued to reconstitute more human-specific infectious diseases is presented. 3D in vitro models are different from the traditional model in the infection process. Human-specific infection research requires a 3D microenvironment and human cells. 3D in vitro infectious models can be useful for basic research on infectious disease. 3D in vitro infectious models recapitulate the complex cell-virus-immune interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Seob Hwang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun U Seo
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Nakwon Choi
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbaeg Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author.
| | - Hong Nam Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei-KIST Convergence Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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Alhazmi FH, Alsharif WM, Alshoabi SA, Gameraddin M, Aloufi KM, Abdulaal OM, Qurashi AA. Identifying cerebral microstructural changes in patients with COVID-19 using MRI: A systematic review. Brain Circ 2023; 9:6-15. [PMID: 37151797 PMCID: PMC10158661 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_77_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an epidemic viral disease caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite the excessive number of neurological articles that have investigated the effect of COVID-19 on the brain from the neurological point of view, very few studies have investigated the impact of COVID-19 on the cerebral microstructure and function of the brain. The aim of this study was to summarize the results of the existing studies on cerebral microstructural changes in COVID-19 patients, specifically the use of quantitative volumetric analysis, blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Semantic Scholar, and Google Scholar from December 2020 to April 2022. A well-constructed search strategy was used to identify the articles for review. Seven research articles have met this study's inclusion and exclusion criteria, which have applied neuroimaging tools such as quantitative volumetric analysis, BOLD, and DTI to investigate cerebral microstructure changes in COVID-19 patients. A significant effect of COVID-19 was found in the brain such as hypoperfusion of cerebral blood flow, increased gray matter (GM) volume, and reduced cortical thickness. The insula and thalamic radiation were the most frequent GM region and white matter tract, respectively, that are involved in SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 was found to be associated with changes in cerebral microstructures. These abnormalities in brain areas might lead to be associated with behaviors, mental and neurological alterations that need to be considered carefully in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad H. Alhazmi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa M. Alsharif
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Abdulwadoud Alshoabi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moawia Gameraddin
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
- Address for correspondence: Dr. Moawia Gameraddin, Department of Diagnostic Radiology Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia. E-mail:
| | - Khalid M. Aloufi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama M. Abdulaal
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdualziz A. Qurashi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
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Rocamonde B, Hasan U, Mathieu C, Dutartre H. Viral-induced neuroinflammation: Different mechanisms converging to similar exacerbated glial responses. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1108212. [PMID: 36937670 PMCID: PMC10017484 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1108212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that viral infections are the source/origin of various types of encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, and other neurological and cognitive disorders. While the involvement of certain viruses, such as the Nipah virus and measles virus, is known, the mechanisms of neural invasion and the factors that trigger intense immune reactions are not fully understood. Based on recent publications, this review discusses the role of the immune response, interactions between viruses and glial cells, and cytokine mediators in the development of inflammatory diseases in the central nervous system. It also highlights the significant gaps in knowledge regarding these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Rocamonde
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Équipe d’Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
- *Correspondence: Brenda Rocamonde,
| | - Uzma Hasan
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Enveloped Viruses, Vectors and Immunotherapy INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- The Lyon Immunotherapy for Cancer Laboratory (LICL), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL, UMR INSERM 1052 – CNRS 5286) Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie Équipe Neuro-Invasion, Tropism and Viral Encephalitis, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Cyrille Mathieu,
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Équipe d’Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
- Hélène Dutartre,
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9
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Gomes JA, Wachholz GE, Boquett JA, Vianna FSL, Schuler-Faccini L, Fraga LR. Molecular Mechanisms of ZIKV-Induced Teratogenesis: A Systematic Review of Studies in Animal Models. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 60:68-83. [PMID: 36215025 PMCID: PMC9549063 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a teratogen that causes congenital anomalies, being linked to microcephaly in children exposed during pregnancy. Animal studies have been conducted to investigate the molecular mechanisms related to ZIKV teratogenesis. Although animal models can mimic the effects of ZIKV in human embryo development, few in vivo studies have addressed molecular changes following ZIKV infection in embryos. Moreover, few literature reviews have been conducted with these studies. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of ZIKV teratogenesis determined from studies in animal models. PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus as well as grey literature were searched for studies that evaluated molecular alterations related to ZIKV teratogenesis which occurred during embryonic development. Nine studies were included: six with mice, one with mice and guinea pigs, one with pigs and one with chickens. In general, studies presented an unclear or high risk of bias for methodological criteria. Most of studies reported embryos exposed to ZIKV presenting microcephaly, reduced cortex thickness, and growth restriction. Different techniques were used to evaluated molecular changes in the animals following ZIKV infection: RNA sequencing, RT-qPCR, and in situ hybridization. It was found that common pathways are changed in most studies, being pathways related to immune response upregulated and those involved to neurodevelopment downregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Gomes
- Teratology Information Service, Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, 90035-903, Brazil
- Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - Gabriela E Wachholz
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juliano A Boquett
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics, Biosciences Institute, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S L Vianna
- Teratology Information Service, Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, 90035-903, Brazil
- Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, 90035-903, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics, Biosciences Institute, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Lavínia Schuler-Faccini
- Teratology Information Service, Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, 90035-903, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics, Biosciences Institute, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Lucas R Fraga
- Teratology Information Service, Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, 90035-903, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Genomic Medicine, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, 90035-903, Brazil.
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil.
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90050-170, Brazil.
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10
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Li S, Le W. Editorial: Viral infection and brain diseases. Brain Res Bull 2022; 188:108-109. [PMID: 35870738 PMCID: PMC9299986 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
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11
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Lyra E Silva NM, Barros-Aragão FGQ, De Felice FG, Ferreira ST. Inflammation at the crossroads of COVID-19, cognitive deficits and depression. Neuropharmacology 2022; 209:109023. [PMID: 35257690 PMCID: PMC8894741 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M Lyra E Silva
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Fernanda G Q Barros-Aragão
- D'OR Institute for Research & Education, RJ, Brazil; Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda G De Felice
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; D'OR Institute for Research & Education, RJ, Brazil; Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- D'OR Institute for Research & Education, RJ, Brazil; Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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12
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Constant O, Maarifi G, Blanchet FP, Van de Perre P, Simonin Y, Salinas S. Role of Dendritic Cells in Viral Brain Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:862053. [PMID: 35529884 PMCID: PMC9072653 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.862053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain access to the brain, a so-called immune-privileged organ due to its physical separation from the blood stream, pathogens and particularly viruses have been selected throughout evolution for their use of specific mechanisms. They can enter the central nervous system through direct infection of nerves or cerebral barriers or through cell-mediated transport. Indeed, peripheral lymphoid and myeloid immune cells can interact with the blood-brain and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers and allow viral brain access using the "Trojan horse" mechanism. Among immune cells, at the frontier between innate and adaptive immune responses, dendritic cells (DCs) can be pathogen carriers, regulate or exacerbate antiviral responses and neuroinflammation, and therefore be involved in viral transmission and spread. In this review, we highlight an important contribution of DCs in the development and the consequences of viral brain infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orianne Constant
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Ghizlane Maarifi
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabien P. Blanchet
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Simonin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Salinas
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
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13
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Zika virus infection accelerates Alzheimer’s disease phenotypes in brain organoids. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:153. [PMID: 35368019 PMCID: PMC8976422 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00958-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the progressive neurodegenerative diseases characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) production and Phosphorylated-Tau (p-Tau) protein in the cerebral cortex. The precise mechanisms of the cause, responsible for disease pathology and progression, are not well understood because there are multiple risk factors associated with the disease. Viral infection is one of the risk factors for AD, and we demonstrated that Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in brain organoids could trigger AD pathological features, including Aβ and p-Tau expression. AD-related phenotypes in brain organoids were upregulated via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) after ZIKV infection in brain organoids. Under persistent ER stress, activated-double stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase-like ER-resident (PERK) triggered the phosphorylation of Eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) and then BACE, and GSK3α/β related to AD. Furthermore, we demonstrated that pharmacological inhibitors of PERK attenuated Aβ and p-Tau in brain organoids after ZIKV infection.
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14
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Hopkins HK, Traverse EM, Barr KL. Viral Parkinsonism: An underdiagnosed neurological complication of Dengue virus infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010118. [PMID: 35139081 PMCID: PMC8827468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a flavivirus that is a significant cause of human disease costing billions of dollars per year in medical and mosquito control costs. It is estimated that up to 20% of DENV infections affect the brain. Incidence of DENV infections is increasing, which suggests more people are at risk of developing neurological complications. The most common neurological manifestations of DENV are encephalitis and encephalopathy, and movement disorders such as parkinsonism have been observed. Parkinsonism describes syndromes similar to Parkinson’s Disease where tremors, stiffness, and slow movements are observed. Parkinsonism caused by viral infection is characterized by patients exhibiting at least two of the following symptoms: tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. To investigate DENV-associated parkinsonism, case studies and reports of DENV-associated parkinsonism were obtained from peer-reviewed manuscripts and gray literature. Seven reports of clinically diagnosed DENV-associated parkinsonism and 15 cases of DENV encephalitis, where the patient met the case criteria for a diagnosis of viral parkinsonism were found. Clinically diagnosed DENV-associated parkinsonism patients were more likely to be male and exhibit expressionless face, speech problems, and lymphocytosis. Suspected patients were more likely to exhibit tremor, have thrombocytopenia and low hemoglobin. Viral parkinsonism can cause a permanent reduction in neurons with consequential cognitive and behavior changes, or it can leave a latent imprint in the brain that can cause neurological dysfunction decades after recovery. DENV-associated parkinsonism is underdiagnosed and better adherence to the case definition of viral parkinsonism is needed for proper management of potential sequalae especially if the patient has an ongoing or potential to develop a neurodegenerative disease. Dengue Virus (DENV) causes generalized fever in most patients and is transmitted via Aedes aegypti mosquitos. A small proportion of DENV infected patients have neurological complications associated with the critical phase of the illness. The usual neurological manifestations are encephalitis and encephalopathy, but there can also be movement disorders such as parkinsonism. DENV patients with parkinsonism present with tremor, bradykinesia, instability, and rigidity on top of the typical febrile manifestations of the disease. We searched the literature and uncovered 7 cases of clinically diagnosed DENV parkinsonism patients and 15 cases of suspected DENV parkinsonism. We found that the clinically diagnosed patients were more likely to be male, have expressionless face, speech issues and lymphocytosis. The suspected cases often had a diagnosis of encephalitis and were more likely to have tremors, thrombocytopenia, and low hemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K. Hopkins
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth M. Traverse
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kelli L. Barr
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Disease Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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IL-1 reprogramming of adult neural stem cells limits neurocognitive recovery after viral encephalitis by maintaining a proinflammatory state. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 99:383-396. [PMID: 34695572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses to emerging RNA viruses are increasingly recognized as having significant contributions to neurologic sequelae, especially memory disorders. Using a recovery model of West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis, we show that, while macrophages deliver the antiviral and anti-neurogenic cytokine IL-1β during acute infection; viral recovery is associated with continued astrocyte inflammasome-mediated production of inflammatory levels of IL-1β, which is maintained by hippocampal astrogenesis via IL-1R1 signaling in neural stem cells (NSC). Accordingly, aberrant astrogenesis is prevented in the absence of IL-1 signaling in NSC, indicating that only newly generated astrocytes exert neurotoxic effects, preventing synapse repair and promoting spatial learning deficits. Ex vivo evaluation of IL-1β-treated adult hippocampal NSC revealed the upregulation of developmental differentiation pathways that derail adult neurogenesis in favor of astrogenesis, following viral infection. We conclude that NSC-specific IL-1 signaling within the hippocampus during viral encephalitis prevents synapse recovery and promotes spatial learning defects via altered fates of NSC progeny that maintain inflammation.
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16
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Andrade CA, Kalergis AM, Bohmwald K. Potential Neurocognitive Symptoms Due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Pathogens 2021; 11:47. [PMID: 35055995 PMCID: PMC8780657 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections are among the major public health burdens, especially during winter. Along these lines, the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the principal viral agent causing acute lower respiratory tract infections leading to hospitalization. The pulmonary manifestations due to hRSV infection are bronchiolitis and pneumonia, where the population most affected are infants and the elderly. However, recent evidence suggests that hRSV infection can impact the mother and fetus during pregnancy. Studies have indicated that hRSV can infect different cell types from the placenta and even cross the placenta barrier and infect the fetus. In addition, it is known that infections during the gestational period can lead to severe consequences for the development of the fetus due not only to a direct viral infection but also because of maternal immune activation (MIA). Furthermore, it has been described that the development of the central nervous system (CNS) of the fetus can be affected by the inflammatory environment of the uterus caused by viral infections. Increasing evidence supports the notion that hRSV could invade the CNS and infect nervous cells, such as microglia, neurons, and astrocytes, promoting neuroinflammation. Moreover, it has been described that the hRSV infection can provoke neurological manifestations, including cognitive impairment and behavioral alterations. Here, we will review the potential effect of hRSV in brain development and the potential long-term neurological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina A. Andrade
- Department of Molecular and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile;
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Department of Molecular and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile;
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - Karen Bohmwald
- Department of Molecular and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile;
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17
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Balcom EF, Nath A, Power C. Acute and chronic neurological disorders in COVID-19: potential mechanisms of disease. Brain 2021; 144:3576-3588. [PMID: 34398188 PMCID: PMC8719840 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection and is associated with both acute and chronic disorders affecting the nervous system. Acute neurological disorders affecting patients with COVID-19 range widely from anosmia, stroke, encephalopathy/encephalitis, and seizures to Guillain-Barré syndrome. Chronic neurological sequelae are less well defined although exercise intolerance, dysautonomia, pain, as well as neurocognitive and psychiatric dysfunctions are commonly reported. Molecular analyses of CSF and neuropathological studies highlight both vascular and immunologic perturbations. Low levels of viral RNA have been detected in the brains of few acutely ill individuals. Potential pathogenic mechanisms in the acute phase include coagulopathies with associated cerebral hypoxic-ischaemic injury, blood-brain barrier abnormalities with endotheliopathy and possibly viral neuroinvasion accompanied by neuro-immune responses. Established diagnostic tools are limited by a lack of clearly defined COVID-19 specific neurological syndromes. Future interventions will require delineation of specific neurological syndromes, diagnostic algorithm development and uncovering the underlying disease mechanisms that will guide effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin F Balcom
- Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Avindra Nath
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, NINDS-NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Power
- Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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18
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Tabari P, Amini M, Arya N, Moghadami M, Khoshnood K, Shokripour M, Omidifar N. The role of educating health-care personnel in prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of COVID-19: A narrative mini review. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2021; 10:476. [PMID: 35233423 PMCID: PMC8826867 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_328_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Front-line clinicians and health-care workers need to be educated to provide care in critical situations such as large-scale catastrophes and pandemics. This narrative review is focused on investigating educational strategies in confrontation with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We conducted a literature search in December 2020 through LitCovid, PubMed, ERIC, and Cochrane Library in order to retrieve relevant studies regarding the role of education in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19. There were 12 reviewed studies related to this specific subject. The articles selected for this study demonstrated that education and training had a positive impact on the knowledge and attitude of the participants and also the educational interventions, whether they were simulation-based or other formats of training, would be deemed crucial for enhancing participants' level of perceptions and confidence. Therefore, it is highly recommended that public health policymakers consider this important issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinaz Tabari
- Clinical Education Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mitra Amini
- Clinical Education Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Neil Arya
- Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Mohsen Moghadami
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kaveh Khoshnood
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mansoureh Shokripour
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Omidifar
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Research Center of Quran, Hadith and Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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19
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Bohmwald K, Andrade CA, Gálvez NMS, Mora VP, Muñoz JT, Kalergis AM. The Causes and Long-Term Consequences of Viral Encephalitis. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:755875. [PMID: 34916908 PMCID: PMC8668867 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.755875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports regarding brain inflammation, known as encephalitis, have shown an increasing frequency during the past years. Encephalitis is a relevant concern to public health due to its high morbidity and mortality. Infectious or autoimmune diseases are the most common cause of encephalitis. The clinical symptoms of this pathology can vary depending on the brain zone affected, with mild ones such as fever, headache, confusion, and stiff neck, or severe ones, such as seizures, weakness, hallucinations, and coma, among others. Encephalitis can affect individuals of all ages, but it is frequently observed in pediatric and elderly populations, and the most common causes are viral infections. Several viral agents have been described to induce encephalitis, such as arboviruses, rhabdoviruses, enteroviruses, herpesviruses, retroviruses, orthomyxoviruses, orthopneumovirus, and coronaviruses, among others. Once a neurotropic virus reaches the brain parenchyma, the resident cells such as neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, can be infected, promoting the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules and the subsequent immune cell infiltration that leads to brain damage. After resolving the viral infection, the local immune response can remain active, contributing to long-term neuropsychiatric disorders, neurocognitive impairment, and degenerative diseases. In this article, we will discuss how viruses can reach the brain, the impact of viral encephalitis on brain function, and we will focus especially on the neurocognitive sequelae reported even after viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina A. Andrade
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás M. S. Gálvez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina P. Mora
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José T. Muñoz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Alexis M. Kalergis, ;
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20
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López-Ojeda W, Hurley RA. Enigmatic Neural Pathways: Potentiating Viral Neuroinvasion Into the CNS. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 33:260-265. [PMID: 34709060 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.21060152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo López-Ojeda
- Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, and Research and Academic Affairs Service Line, W.G. Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, N.C. (López-Ojeda, Hurley); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C. (López-Ojeda); Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C. (Hurley); and the Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (Hurley)
| | - Robin A Hurley
- Veterans Affairs Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, and Research and Academic Affairs Service Line, W.G. Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, N.C. (López-Ojeda, Hurley); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C. (López-Ojeda); Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, N.C. (Hurley); and the Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (Hurley)
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21
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Putilina MV. [Asthenic disorders as a manifestation of chronic fatigue syndrome]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:125-130. [PMID: 34481448 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2021121081125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The article explains the changes in terminology and diagnostic criteria for asthenic disorders as manifestations of chronic fatigue syndrome CFS (myalgic encephalomyelitis). Chronic fatigue syndrome is defined as neuroimmune endocrine dysfunction with a purely clinical diagnosis. Probably, viral infections can play a leading role in the pathogenesis. Published diagnostic criteria reveal possible correlations between chronic fatigue syndrome and COVID-19 disease. A promising strategy for the therapy and rehabilitation of patients is the use of smart peptides, a representative of which is the drug cortexin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Putilina
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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22
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Jahagirdar D, Bangde P, Jain R, Dandekar P. Degenerative disease-on-a-chip: Developing microfluidic models for rapid availability of newer therapies. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2100154. [PMID: 34390543 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the pathophysiology of degenerative diseases pertaining to nervous system, ocular region, bone/cartilage and muscle are still being comprehended, thus delaying the availability of targeted therapies. PURPOSE AND SCOPE Newer micro-physiological systems (organ-on-chip technology) involves development of more sophisticated devices, modelling a range of in vitro human tissues and an array of models for diseased conditions. These models expand opportunities for high throughput screening (HTS) of drugs and are likely to be rapid and cost-effective, thus reducing extensive usage of animal models. CONCLUSION Through this review article, we aim to present an overview of the degenerative disease models that are presently being developed using microfluidic platforms with the aim of mimicking in vivo tissue physiology and micro-architecture. The manuscript provides an overview of the degenerative disease models and their potential for testing and screening of possible biotherapeutic molecules and drugs. It highlights the perspective of the regulatory bodies with respect to the established-on chip models and thereby enhancing its translational potential. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devashree Jahagirdar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Prachi Bangde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
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23
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Putilina MV, Teplova NV, Poryadin GV. [Prospects for pharmacological adaptation of neurovascular unit in conditions of neurotropic viral infection]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:144-150. [PMID: 34184491 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2021121051144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The article discusses the prospects for pharmacological conditioning as a method for adaptation of neurovascular unit in conditions of neurotropic viral infection. A step-by-step mechanism for development of preconditioning and postconditioning is presented with a detailed description of it's main stages (trigger, signal and effector). The role of neuroinflammation as the leading mechanism of damage and the possibility of influencing the brain neurotrophic factor are considered. It is shown that different medications including neurotrophic drugs (cerebrolysin) can serve as inducers of conditioning. Usage of neurotrophic drugs in different doses for preconditioning and postconditioning is pathogenetically justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Putilina
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - N V Teplova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - G V Poryadin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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24
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Bayoumi Y, Sobhy N, Morsi A, El-Neshwey W, El-Seddawy N, Abdallah A. Clinical and histopathological studies on neurodegeneration and dysautonomia in buffalo calves during foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Egypt. Vet World 2021; 14:1622-1630. [PMID: 34316212 PMCID: PMC8304408 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1622-1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Signs of dysautonomia were frequently observed in calves that died during foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) outbreaks in Egypt from 2015 to 2018. This study aimed to describe the clinical and histopathological features of the central nervous system in malignant cases of FMD and excluding possible concurrent bacterial, and bovine herpes virus 4 (BHV4) infections or both. Materials and Methods In this study, 335 FMDV-infected buffalo calves aged 1-22 months were clinically examined and followed until recovery or death. Of the 335 calves, 134 died (malignant group) and 201 recovered after exhibiting classic symptoms of FMD (recover group). The calves were subjected to clinical examination. For the malignant group, several laboratory trials were conducted to assess the possible cause/s of dysautonomia-related viral, bacterial, or concurrent infections. Koch's postulates and polymerase chain reaction were employed. Postmortem and histopathological examinations of nervous tissue were performed. Results In the malignant group, signs of dysautonomia were observed before death, including partial or complete gut dysfunction, loss of anal sphincter tone, rapid breathing sounds, fluctuating body temperature, and cardiac arrhythmias. In the malignant group, histopathological examination of the spinal cord, pons, medulla oblongata, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and cerebrum revealed demyelination, neuronal degeneration, and focal areas of malacia and gliosis. The nervous tissue and heart samples from malignant cases were positive for serotype O FMDV. Conclusion Findings revealed in this study support the existence of neurodegeneration induced by FMDV infection in buffalo calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Bayoumi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nader Sobhy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Abdelkarem Morsi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Wafaa El-Neshwey
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nora El-Seddawy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Abdelmonem Abdallah
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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25
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Whitmore HAB, Kim LA. Understanding the Role of Blood Vessels in the Neurologic Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1946-1954. [PMID: 34126084 PMCID: PMC8193973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was originally identified as an outbreak in Wuhan, China, toward the end of 2019 and quickly became a global pandemic, with a large death toll. Originally identified as a respiratory disease, similar to previously discovered SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), concern has since been raised about the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the vasculature. This viral-vascular involvement is of particular concern with regards to the small vessels present in the brain, with mounting evidence demonstrating that SARS-CoV-2 is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier. Severe symptoms, termed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), often result in neurologic complications, regardless of patient age. These neurologic complications range from mild to severe across all demographics; however, the long-term repercussions of neurologic involvement on patient health are still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A B Whitmore
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leo A Kim
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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26
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Rocha LCD, Estofolete CF, Milhim BHGDA, Augusto MT, Zini N, Silva GCDD, Ferraz-Junior HC, Brienze VMS, Liso E, Cunha MS, Sabino EC, da Costa AC, Nogueira ML, Luchs A, Terzian ACB. Enteric viruses circulating in undiagnosed central nervous system infections at tertiary hospital in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3539-3548. [PMID: 32579291 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus (EV) is commonly associated with central nervous system (CNS) syndromes. Recently, gastroenteric viruses, including rotavirus (RVA), human astrovirus (HAstV), and norovirus (NoV), have also been associated with CNS neurological disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of EV, RVA, HAst, and NoV associated to CNS infections with undiagnosed etiology in Northwest region of São Paulo State, Brazil, and to conduct the molecular characterization of the positive samples detected. A total of 288 cerebrospinal fluid samples collected from July to December 2017 were tested for EV and NoV by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), HAstV by conventional RT-PCR, and RVA by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Positive-EV samples were inoculated in cells lines, amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. RVA, NoV, and HAstV were not detected. EV infection was detected in 5.5% (16/288), and five samples successful genotyped: echovirus 3 (E3) (1/5), coxsackie virus A6 (CVA6) (1/5), and coxsackie virus B4 (CVB4) (3/5). Meningitis was the main syndrome observed (12/16; 75%). CVA6, CVB4, and E3 were identified associated with aseptic meningitis. Reports of CVA6 associated with aseptic meningitis are rare, E3 had not been previously reported in Brazil, and epidemiological data on CVB4 in the country is virtually unknown. The present investigation illustrates the circulation of diverse EV types in a small regional sample set and in a short period of time, highlighting the importance of an active EV surveillance system in CNS infections. Enhanced understanding of undiagnosed CNS infections will assist in public health and health care planning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nathalia Zini
- São José do Rio Preto School of Medicine (FAMERP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Mariana Sequetin Cunha
- Vector Borne Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ester Cerdeira Sabino
- LIM/46, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Adriana Luchs
- Enteric Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Pacheco-Herrero M, Soto-Rojas LO, Harrington CR, Flores-Martinez YM, Villegas-Rojas MM, León-Aguilar AM, Martínez-Gómez PA, Campa-Córdoba BB, Apátiga-Pérez R, Corniel-Taveras CN, Dominguez-García JDJ, Blanco-Alvarez VM, Luna-Muñoz J. Elucidating the Neuropathologic Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Neurol 2021; 12:660087. [PMID: 33912129 PMCID: PMC8072392 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.660087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic caused by the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a public health emergency. To date, March 1, 2021, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused about 114 million accumulated cases and 2.53 million deaths worldwide. Previous pieces of evidence suggest that SARS-CoV-2 may affect the central nervous system (CNS) and cause neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients. It is also known that angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), the primary receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection, is expressed in different brain areas and cell types. Thus, it is hypothesized that infection by this virus could generate or exacerbate neuropathological alterations. However, the molecular mechanisms that link COVID-19 disease and nerve damage are unclear. In this review, we describe the routes of SARS-CoV-2 invasion into the central nervous system. We also analyze the neuropathologic mechanisms underlying this viral infection, and their potential relationship with the neurological manifestations described in patients with COVID-19, and the appearance or exacerbation of some neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Pacheco-Herrero
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic
| | - Luis O Soto-Rojas
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Charles R Harrington
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Yazmin M Flores-Martinez
- Programa Institucional de Biomedicina Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcos M Villegas-Rojas
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIBI- IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo M León-Aguilar
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIBI- IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paola A Martínez-Gómez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - B Berenice Campa-Córdoba
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.,National Dementia BioBank, Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Cuautitlán, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Apátiga-Pérez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.,National Dementia BioBank, Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Cuautitlán, Mexico
| | - Carolin N Corniel-Taveras
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic
| | - Jesabelle de J Dominguez-García
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic
| | | | - José Luna-Muñoz
- National Dementia BioBank, Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Cuautitlán, Mexico.,Banco Estado de Cerebros-UNPHU, Universidad Nacional Pedro Henriquez Ureña, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
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28
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Mussa BM, Srivastava A, Verberne AJM. COVID-19 and Neurological Impairment: Hypothalamic Circuits and Beyond. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030498. [PMID: 33802995 PMCID: PMC8002703 DOI: 10.3390/v13030498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei, China. The virus infection, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), represents a global concern, as almost all countries around the world are affected. Clinical reports have confirmed several neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients such as headaches, vomiting, and nausea, indicating the involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Neuroinvasion of coronaviruses is not a new phenomenon, as it has been demonstrated by previous autopsies of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) patients who experienced similar neurologic symptoms. The hypothalamus is a complex structure that is composed of many nuclei and diverse neuronal cell groups. It is characterized by intricate intrahypothalamic circuits that orchestrate a finely tuned communication within the CNS and with the PNS. Hypothalamic circuits are critical for maintaining homeostatic challenges including immune responses to viral infections. The present article reviews the possible routes and mechanisms of neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2, with a specific focus on the role of the hypothalamic circuits in mediating the neurological symptoms noted during COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashair M. Mussa
- Basic Medical Science Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +971-65057220
| | - Ankita Srivastava
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Anthony J. M. Verberne
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg 3084, Australia;
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29
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Rutherford HA, Kasher PR, Hamilton N. Dirty Fish Versus Squeaky Clean Mice: Dissecting Interspecies Differences Between Animal Models of Interferonopathy. Front Immunol 2021; 11:623650. [PMID: 33519829 PMCID: PMC7843416 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.623650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases are rare but often devastating disorders, underpinned by abnormal immune function. While some autoimmune disorders are thought to be triggered by a burden of infection throughout life, others are thought to be genetic in origin. Among these heritable disorders are the type I interferonopathies, including the rare Mendelian childhood-onset encephalitis Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. Patients with Aicardi Goutières syndrome are born with defects in enzymes responsible for nucleic acid metabolism and develop devastating white matter abnormalities resembling congenital cytomegalovirus brain infection. In some cases, common infections preceded the onset of the disease, suggesting immune stimulation as a potential trigger. Thus, the antiviral immune response has been actively studied in an attempt to provide clues on the pathological mechanisms and inform on the development of therapies. Animal models have been fundamental in deciphering biological mechanisms in human health and disease. Multiple rodent and zebrafish models are available to study type I interferonopathies, which have advanced our understanding of the human disease by identifying key pathological pathways and cellular drivers. However, striking differences in phenotype have also emerged between these vertebrate models, with zebrafish models recapitulating key features of the human neuropathology often lacking in rodents. In this review, we compare rodent and zebrafish models, and summarize how they have advanced our understanding of the pathological mechanisms in Aicardi Goutières syndrome and similar disorders. We highlight recent discoveries on the impact of laboratory environments on immune stimulation and how this may inform the differences in pathological severity between mouse and zebrafish models of type I interferonopathies. Understanding how these differences arise will inform the improvement of animal disease modeling to accelerate progress in the development of therapies for these devastating childhood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A. Rutherford
- The Bateson Centre, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. Kasher
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Noémie Hamilton
- The Bateson Centre, Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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30
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Role of Melatonin on Virus-Induced Neuropathogenesis-A Concomitant Therapeutic Strategy to Understand SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010047. [PMID: 33401749 PMCID: PMC7823793 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections may cause neurological disorders by directly inducing oxidative stress and interrupting immune system function, both of which contribute to neuronal death. Several reports have described the neurological manifestations in Covid-19 patients where, in severe cases of the infection, brain inflammation and encephalitis are common. Recently, extensive research-based studies have revealed and acknowledged the clinical and preventive roles of melatonin in some viral diseases. Melatonin has been shown to have antiviral properties against several viral infections which are accompanied by neurological symptoms. The beneficial properties of melatonin relate to its properties as a potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory molecule and its neuroprotective effects. In this review, what is known about the therapeutic role of melatonin in virus-induced neuropathogenesis is summarized and discussed.
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31
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Xu W, Wang Y, Quan H, Liu D, Zhang H, Qi Y, Li Q, Liao J, Gao HM, Zhou H, Huang J. Double-stranded RNA-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra in the presence of Mac1 receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:1148-1154. [PMID: 33046245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying mechanism of viral infection as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease, remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We used Mac-1-/- and gp91phox-/- transgene animal models to investigate the mechanisms by which poly I:C, a mimic of virus double-stranded RNA, induces PD neurodegeneration. METHOD Poly I:C was stereotaxically injected into the substantia nigra (SN) of wild-type (WT), Mac-1-knockout (Mac-1-/-) and gp91 phox-knockout (gp91 phox-/-) mice (10 μg/μl), and nigral dopaminergic neurodegeneration, α-synuclein accumulation and neuroinflammation were evaluated. RESULT Dopaminergic neurons in the nigra and striatum were markedly reduced in WT mice after administration of poly I:C together with abundant microglial activation in the SN, and the expression of α-synuclein was also elevated. However, these pathological changes were greatly dampened in Mac-1-/- and gp91 phox-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that viral infection could result in the activation of microglia as well as NADPH oxidase, which may lead to neuron loss and the development of Parkinson's-like symptoms. Mac-1 is a key receptor during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixing Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, 100191, China
| | - Yinxi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, 100191, China
| | - Huihui Quan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, 100191, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, 100191, China
| | - Huifeng Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, 100191, China
| | - Yuze Qi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, 100191, China
| | - Qingru Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, 100191, China
| | - Jieying Liao
- Haixi Institutes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361024, China
| | - Hui-Ming Gao
- Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, 100191, China.
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, 100191, China.
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32
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Abate G, Memo M, Uberti D. Impact of COVID-19 on Alzheimer's Disease Risk: Viewpoint for Research Action. Healthcare (Basel) 2020; 8:E286. [PMID: 32839380 PMCID: PMC7551579 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the middle of the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) outbreak, the main efforts of the scientific community are rightly all focused on identifying efficient pharmacological treatments to cure the acute severe symptoms and developing a reliable vaccine. On the other hand, we cannot exclude that, in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positive subjects, the virus infection could have long-term consequences, leading to chronic medical conditions such as dementia and neurodegenerative disease. Considering the age of SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects, the neuroinvasive potential might lead/contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we analyzed a possible link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and Alzheimer's disease risk, hypothesizing possible mechanisms at the base of disease development. This reflection raises the need to start to experimentally investigating today the mechanistic link between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and COVID-19 to be ready tomorrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Abate
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (M.M.); (D.U.)
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33
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Yang L, Jiménez JA, Earley AM, Hamlin V, Kwon V, Dixon CT, Shiau CE. Drainage of inflammatory macromolecules from the brain to periphery targets the liver for macrophage infiltration. eLife 2020; 9:58191. [PMID: 32735214 PMCID: PMC7434444 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many brain pathologies are associated with liver damage, but a direct link has long remained elusive. Here, we establish a new paradigm for interrogating brain-periphery interactions by leveraging zebrafish for its unparalleled access to the intact whole animal for in vivo analysis in real time after triggering focal brain inflammation. Using traceable lipopolysaccharides (LPS), we reveal that drainage of these inflammatory macromolecules from the brain led to a strikingly robust peripheral infiltration of macrophages into the liver independent of Kupffer cells. We further demonstrate that this macrophage recruitment requires signaling from the cytokine IL-34 and Toll-like receptor adaptor MyD88, and occurs in coordination with neutrophils. These results highlight the possibility for circulation of brain-derived substances to serve as a rapid mode of communication from brain to the liver. Understanding how the brain engages the periphery at times of danger may offer new perspectives for detecting and treating brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Yang
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Jessica A Jiménez
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Alison M Earley
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Victoria Hamlin
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Victoria Kwon
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Cameron T Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Celia E Shiau
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
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34
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Vishvkarma R, Rajender S. Could SARS-CoV-2 affect male fertility? Andrologia 2020; 52:e13712. [PMID: 32578263 PMCID: PMC7361071 DOI: 10.1111/and.13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed this systematic review to evaluate the possibility of an impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on male fertility. SARS-CoV-2 enters the cells with the help of ACE2; therefore, testicular expression of ACE2 was analysed from transcriptome sequencing studies and our unpublished data. Literature suggested that SARS-CoV-1 (2002-2004 SARS) had a significant adverse impact on testicular architecture, suggesting a high possibility of the impact of SARS-CoV-2 as well. Out of two studies on semen samples from COVID-19 affected patients, one reported the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the semen samples while the other denied it, raising conflict about its presence in the semen samples and the possibility of sexual transmission. Our transcriptome sequencing studies on rat testicular germ cells showed ACE expression in rat testicular germ cells. We also found ACE2 expression in transcriptome sequencing data for human spermatozoa, corroborating its presence in the testicular germ cells. Transcriptome sequencing data from literature search revealed ACE2 expression in the germ, Sertoli and Leydig cells. The presence of ACE2 on almost all testicular cells and the report of a significant impact of previous SARS coronavirus on testes suggest that SARS-CoV-2 is highly likely to affect testicular tissue, semen parameters and male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Vishvkarma
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Singh Rajender
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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35
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Liu YT, Shivakoti S, Jia F, Tao CL, Zhang B, Xu F, Lau P, Bi GQ, Zhou ZH. Biphasic exocytosis of herpesvirus from hippocampal neurons and mechanistic implication to membrane fusion. Cell Discov 2020; 6:2. [PMID: 31969988 PMCID: PMC6957672 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-019-0134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Exocytosis is a crucial cellular process involved in the release of neural transmitters or signaling hormones, and disposal of waste or toxic materials. The relationship between structural transition and temporal progression of this process is poorly understood, partly due to lack of adequate tools to resolve such dynamic structures at sufficient resolution in 3D. Exocytosis can be hijacked by some viruses, exemplified by the widely used model α-herpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV), which relies on exocytosis for trans-synaptic spread across neurons. Here, we have used cryo electron tomography (cryoET) to capture 199 events of PRV exocytosis from cultured hippocampal neurons. We established cumulative frequency analysis to estimate the relative duration of an exocytosis stage based on the frequency of observed viral particles at that stage. This analysis revealed that PRV exocytosis is biphasic, including a fast, "release phase" driven by fusion proteins and fused membranes, and a slow, "recovery phase" driven by flattening of curved membranes. The biphasic property of exocytosis discovered here appears to be conserved for membrane fusion during viral entry, and our approach of cumulative frequency analysis should have general utility for characterizing other membrane fusion events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Tao Liu
- Center for Integrative Imaging, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095-7227 USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7364 USA
| | - Sakar Shivakoti
- Center for Integrative Imaging, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095-7227 USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7364 USA
| | - Fan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Brain Research Center, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Chang-Lu Tao
- Center for Integrative Imaging, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
| | - Bin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Brain Research Center, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Pakming Lau
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
| | - Guo-Qiang Bi
- Center for Integrative Imaging, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Z. Hong Zhou
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095-7227 USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7364 USA
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Brown DG, Soto R, Yandamuri S, Stone C, Dickey L, Gomes-Neto JC, Pastuzyn ED, Bell R, Petersen C, Buhrke K, Fujinami RS, O'Connell RM, Stephens WZ, Shepherd JD, Lane TE, Round JL. The microbiota protects from viral-induced neurologic damage through microglia-intrinsic TLR signaling. eLife 2019; 8:e47117. [PMID: 31309928 PMCID: PMC6634972 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic microbes impact the function and development of the central nervous system (CNS); however, little is known about the contribution of the microbiota during viral-induced neurologic damage. We identify that commensals aid in host defense following infection with a neurotropic virus through enhancing microglia function. Germfree mice or animals that receive antibiotics are unable to control viral replication within the brain leading to increased paralysis. Microglia derived from germfree or antibiotic-treated animals cannot stimulate viral-specific immunity and microglia depletion leads to worsened demyelination. Oral administration of toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands to virally infected germfree mice limits neurologic damage. Homeostatic activation of microglia is dependent on intrinsic signaling through TLR4, as disruption of TLR4 within microglia, but not the entire CNS (excluding microglia), leads to increased viral-induced clinical disease. This work demonstrates that gut immune-stimulatory products can influence microglia function to prevent CNS damage following viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Garrett Brown
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Raymond Soto
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Soumya Yandamuri
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Colleen Stone
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Laura Dickey
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Joao Carlos Gomes-Neto
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Elissa D Pastuzyn
- Department of NeurobiologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Rickesha Bell
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Charisse Petersen
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Kaitlin Buhrke
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Robert S Fujinami
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Ryan M O'Connell
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - W Zac Stephens
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Jason D Shepherd
- Department of NeurobiologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Thomas E Lane
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - June L Round
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
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Lee S, Atiya N, Wang S, Manikam R, Raju C, Sekaran S. Loss of Transfected Human Brain Micro-Vascular Endothelial Cell Integrity during Herpes Simplex Virus Infection. Intervirology 2018; 61:193-203. [DOI: 10.1159/000495180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Soung A, Klein RS. Viral Encephalitis and Neurologic Diseases: Focus on Astrocytes. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:950-962. [PMID: 30314877 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurotropic RNA virus infections cause a major neurological disease burden. Due to the morbidity and mortality rates of viral encephalitides worldwide, there is a need to develop clinical treatments. Features of the central nervous system (CNS), including interconnected cell types and limited regeneration, provide unique challenges. Viral encephalitis and antiviral immunity can disrupt the CNS environment, leaving patients with poor neurological outcomes despite virologic control. The cellular mechanism(s) underlying neurological recovery are not fully understood, but involve neuroimmune interactions that, until recently, primarily focused on microglia. With increasing evidence that astrocytes also have significant roles in inflammatory responses to viruses, here we summarize recent astrocyte contributions to acute virologic control and neurological impairments during recovery from viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Soung
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robyn S Klein
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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39
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Wang Y, Ding L, Zhu Q, Shu M, Cai Q. Common Infections May Lead to Alzheimer's Disease. Virol Sin 2018; 33:456-458. [PMID: 30225586 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Wang
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ling Ding
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Minfeng Shu
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Qiliang Cai
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Hennenfent AK, Iyengar P, Davies-Cole J. Assessing rabies knowledge gaps in human and animal healthcare professionals practicing in Washington, DC-A one health approach. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:947-956. [PMID: 30099849 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Once a person is exposed to the rabies virus, it is universally fatal unless postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) is administered promptly. In the United States, determining whether PEP recommeded is often a collaborative effort where health departments work with both animal and human healthcare professionals to enact animal quarantines (or rabies testing), recommending PEP when appropriate. A failure in the knowledge base of either profession can result in incorrect PEP recommendations and an increased risk of adverse outcomes. To assess rabies knowledge in licensed physicians and veterinarians practicing in Washington, DC, we conducted a survey from December 2, 2016, to January 2, 2017, assessing their knowledge of the clinical signs, epidemiology and the primary vectors of rabies. These responses were compared between the two groups. Physician-specific or veterinary-specific questions regarding the correct PEP schedule and administration site or animal quarantine recommendations, respectively, were also included. Nine hundred and fifty-two physicians and 125 veterinarians responded. Veterinarians were more likely to select the correct vectors and clinical signs in animals than physicians. Physicians more likely selected the correct transmission routes. Less than half of physicians identified the correct PEP schedule (39.4%) and administration site (49.0%). Half of veterinarians (50.0%) correctly identified quarantine length for wildlife-exposed vaccinated dogs compared to only 19.4% for unvaccinated dogs. Several knowledge gaps were identified amongst physicians and veterinarians. Due to the fatal nature of rabies, it is important that all healthcare providers have an understanding of current recommendations. Health departments can work to correct these gaps and serve as a bridge between human and animal healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Hennenfent
- District of Columbia Department of Health, Center for Policy, Planning and Evaluation, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Preetha Iyengar
- District of Columbia Department of Health, Center for Policy, Planning and Evaluation, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - John Davies-Cole
- District of Columbia Department of Health, Center for Policy, Planning and Evaluation, Washington, District of Columbia
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Soltani H, Mohammadzadeh S, Makvandi M, Pakseresht S, Samarbaf-Zadeh A. Detection of Borna Disease Virus (BDV) in Patients with First Episode of Schizophrenia. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2016; 11:257-261. [PMID: 28050187 PMCID: PMC5206329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Schizophrenia is a complex widespread neuropsychiatric disorder. This illness encompasses a complex debilitating mental disorder causing illusion, delusion, disturbed relationship, low motivation and decline of emotion. Viral infection of the brain including Borna Disease Virus (BDV) may play a role in transient or permanent neurological and behavioral abnormalities. This role of Borna virus has not been resolved outright yet, and based on published papers investigation examining the role of this virus in schizophrenia is in progress worldwide. Method: In this study, Nested Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (Nested RT-PCR) was used for detection of BDV Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) of a group of patients experiencing the first episode of schizophrenia. The results were compared with a normal group. Results: In our study, no BDV-positive was found in PBMCs of the case group. Out of 40 participants of control group one was positive for P24 gene of BDV. This result are similar to several published papers about this topic. Conclusion: An etiological relationship between Bornavirus and schizophrenia was not found in this study. More investigations are warranted to illustrate the probable relationship between bornavirus infection and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Soltani
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Serwa Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Economics & Social Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Manoochehr Makvandi
- Department of Virology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Siroos Pakseresht
- Department of Psychiatry, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Samarbaf-Zadeh
- Department of Pathology, Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Prevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in Patients With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study in the North of Iran. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.36576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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43
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Scordel C, Coulpier M. [The Borna disease virus phosphoprotein alters the development of human GABAergic neurons]. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31:1060-3. [PMID: 26672653 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153112003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Scordel
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and GeneCenter, Feodor-Lynen Strasse 25, Munich, Allemagne
| | - Muriel Coulpier
- INRA, UMR 1161 Virologie, 7, avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France - ANSES, UMR 1161 Virologie, 7, avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France - Université Paris-Est, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie, 7, avenue du Gal de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France
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44
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Scordel C, Huttin A, Cochet-Bernoin M, Szelechowski M, Poulet A, Richardson J, Benchoua A, Gonzalez-Dunia D, Eloit M, Coulpier M. Borna disease virus phosphoprotein impairs the developmental program controlling neurogenesis and reduces human GABAergic neurogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004859. [PMID: 25923687 PMCID: PMC4414417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that persistent viral infection may impair cellular function of specialized cells without overt damage. This concept, when applied to neurotropic viruses, may help to understand certain neurologic and neuropsychiatric diseases. Borna disease virus (BDV) is an excellent example of a persistent virus that targets the brain, impairs neural functions without cell lysis, and ultimately results in neurobehavioral disturbances. Recently, we have shown that BDV infects human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) and impairs neurogenesis, revealing a new mechanism by which BDV may interfere with brain function. Here, we sought to identify the viral proteins and molecular pathways that are involved. Using lentiviral vectors for expression of the bdv-p and bdv-x viral genes, we demonstrate that the phosphoprotein P, but not the X protein, diminishes human neurogenesis and, more particularly, GABAergic neurogenesis. We further reveal a decrease in pro-neuronal factors known to be involved in neuronal differentiation (ApoE, Noggin, TH and Scg10/Stathmin2), demonstrating that cellular dysfunction is associated with impairment of specific components of the molecular program that controls neurogenesis. Our findings thus provide the first evidence that a viral protein impairs GABAergic human neurogenesis, a process that is dysregulated in several neuropsychiatric disorders. They improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which a persistent virus may interfere with brain development and function in the adult. When a virus enters the brain, it most often induces inflammation, fever, and brain injury, all signs that are indicative of acute encephalitis. Under certain conditions, however, some neurotropic viruses may cause disease in a subtler manner. The Borna disease virus (BDV) is an excellent example of this second class of viruses, as it impairs neural function without cell lysis and induces neurobehavioral disturbances. Recently, we have shown that BDV infects human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) and impairs neurogenesis, revealing a new mechanism by which BDV may interfere with brain function. In the present study, we identify that a singled-out BDV protein called P causes similar impairment of human neurogenesis, and further show that it leads to diminution in the genesis of a particular neuronal subtype, the GABAergic neurons. We have also found that the expression of several genes involved in the generation and the maturation of neurons is dysregulated by this viral protein, which strongly suggests their implication in P-induced impairment of GABAergic neurogenesis. This study is the first to demonstrate that a viral protein interferes with human GABAergic neurogenesis, a process that is frequently impaired in neuropsychiatric disorders. It may thus contribute to elucidating the molecular bases of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Scordel
- INRA, UMR 1161, Maisons-Alfort, France
- ANSES, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Alexandra Huttin
- INRA, UMR 1161, Maisons-Alfort, France
- ANSES, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marielle Cochet-Bernoin
- INRA, UMR 1161, Maisons-Alfort, France
- ANSES, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marion Szelechowski
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1043, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Jennifer Richardson
- INRA, UMR 1161, Maisons-Alfort, France
- ANSES, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Daniel Gonzalez-Dunia
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1043, Toulouse, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Eloit
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Pasteur Institute, Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM U1117, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Coulpier
- INRA, UMR 1161, Maisons-Alfort, France
- ANSES, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR Virologie, Maisons-Alfort, France
- * E-mail:
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Kim M, Yu JE, Lee JH, Chang BJ, Song CS, Lee B, Paik DJ, Nahm SS. Comparative analyses of influenza virus receptor distribution in the human and mouse brains. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 52:49-57. [PMID: 23726946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests a potential link between influenza A virus infection and the occurrence of influenza-associated neurological disorders. As influenza infection is mediated by specific receptors on the host cell surface, it is important to understand the distribution patterns of influenza receptors in target organs. We carried out comprehensive experiments to localize influenza receptors in the brains of two different mouse strains and the human brain for comparison using lectin histochemistry. We further compared the brain regions in which influenza receptors were expressed and the regions in which experimental influenza infection was observed. Our results show that the expression patterns for influenza receptors in mouse and human brains are different. In the mouse brain, human influenza virus receptors (HuIV-R) were expressed in part of brainstem and cerebellar white matter while avian influenza virus receptors (AIV-R) were expressed in the cerebellar Purkinje neurons. In contrast, in the human brain, many neurons and glia in widespread regions, including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, brainstem, and cerebellum, express both AIV-R and HuIV-R. Importantly, vascular endothelial cells, choroid plexus epithelial cells and ependymal cells in both mouse and human brains express high levels of HuIV-R and AIV-R. The regional reciprocity was not observed when comparing regions with influenza receptor expression and the regions of influenza infection within the mouse brain. Our results demonstrate a differential influenza receptor expression pattern in mouse and human brains, and a disparity between influenza receptor distribution and regions with actual influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsoo Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Kosmac K, Bantug GR, Pugel EP, Cekinovic D, Jonjic S, Britt WJ. Glucocorticoid treatment of MCMV infected newborn mice attenuates CNS inflammation and limits deficits in cerebellar development. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003200. [PMID: 23505367 PMCID: PMC3591306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of the developing fetus with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major cause of central nervous system disease in infants and children; however, mechanism(s) of disease associated with this intrauterine infection remain poorly understood. Utilizing a mouse model of HCMV infection of the developing CNS, we have shown that peripheral inoculation of newborn mice with murine CMV (MCMV) results in CNS infection and developmental abnormalities that recapitulate key features of the human infection. In this model, animals exhibit decreased granule neuron precursor cell (GNPC) proliferation and altered morphogenesis of the cerebellar cortex. Deficits in cerebellar cortical development are symmetric and global even though infection of the CNS results in a non-necrotizing encephalitis characterized by widely scattered foci of virus-infected cells with mononuclear cell infiltrates. These findings suggested that inflammation induced by MCMV infection could underlie deficits in CNS development. We investigated the contribution of host inflammatory responses to abnormal cerebellar development by modulating inflammatory responses in infected mice with glucocorticoids. Treatment of infected animals with glucocorticoids decreased activation of CNS mononuclear cells and expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-β and IFNγ) in the CNS while minimally impacting CNS virus replication. Glucocorticoid treatment also limited morphogenic abnormalities and normalized the expression of developmentally regulated genes within the cerebellum. Importantly, GNPC proliferation deficits were normalized in MCMV infected mice following glucocorticoid treatment. Our findings argue that host inflammatory responses to MCMV infection contribute to deficits in CNS development in MCMV infected mice and suggest that similar mechanisms of disease could be responsible for the abnormal CNS development in human infants infected in-utero with HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Kosmac
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America.
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48
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McAllister AK, Patterson PH. Introduction to special issue on neuroimmunology in brain development and disease. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:1269-71. [PMID: 22927111 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Maes M, Berk M, Goehler L, Song C, Anderson G, Gałecki P, Leonard B. Depression and sickness behavior are Janus-faced responses to shared inflammatory pathways. BMC Med 2012; 10:66. [PMID: 22747645 PMCID: PMC3391987 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is of considerable translational importance whether depression is a form or a consequence of sickness behavior. Sickness behavior is a behavioral complex induced by infections and immune trauma and mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. It is an adaptive response that enhances recovery by conserving energy to combat acute inflammation. There are considerable phenomenological similarities between sickness behavior and depression, for example, behavioral inhibition, anorexia and weight loss, and melancholic (anhedonia), physio-somatic (fatigue, hyperalgesia, malaise), anxiety and neurocognitive symptoms. In clinical depression, however, a transition occurs to sensitization of immuno-inflammatory pathways, progressive damage by oxidative and nitrosative stress to lipids, proteins, and DNA, and autoimmune responses directed against self-epitopes. The latter mechanisms are the substrate of a neuroprogressive process, whereby multiple depressive episodes cause neural tissue damage and consequent functional and cognitive sequelae. Thus, shared immuno-inflammatory pathways underpin the physiology of sickness behavior and the pathophysiology of clinical depression explaining their partially overlapping phenomenology. Inflammation may provoke a Janus-faced response with a good, acute side, generating protective inflammation through sickness behavior and a bad, chronic side, for example, clinical depression, a lifelong disorder with positive feedback loops between (neuro)inflammation and (neuro)degenerative processes following less well defined triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Maes
- Maes Clinics @ TRIA, Piyavate Hospital, 998 Rimklongsamsen Road, Bangkok 10310, Thailand.
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50
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Borna disease virus infects human neural progenitor cells and impairs neurogenesis. J Virol 2011; 86:2512-22. [PMID: 22190725 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05663-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the complex mechanisms by which infectious agents can disrupt behavior represents a major challenge. The Borna disease virus (BDV), a potential human pathogen, provides a unique model to study such mechanisms. Because BDV induces neurodegeneration in brain areas that are still undergoing maturation at the time of infection, we tested the hypothesis that BDV interferes with neurogenesis. We showed that human neural stem/progenitor cells are highly permissive to BDV, although infection does not alter their survival or undifferentiated phenotype. In contrast, upon the induction of differentiation, BDV is capable of severely impairing neurogenesis by interfering with the survival of newly generated neurons. Such impairment was specific to neurogenesis, since astrogliogenesis was unaltered. In conclusion, we demonstrate a new mechanism by which BDV might impair neural function and brain plasticity in infected individuals. These results may contribute to a better understanding of behavioral disorders associated with BDV infection.
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