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Calì C, Cantando I, Veloz Castillo MF, Gonzalez L, Bezzi P. Metabolic Reprogramming of Astrocytes in Pathological Conditions: Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8922. [PMID: 39201607 PMCID: PMC11354244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play a pivotal role in maintaining brain energy homeostasis, supporting neuronal function through glycolysis and lipid metabolism. This review explores the metabolic intricacies of astrocytes in both physiological and pathological conditions, highlighting their adaptive plasticity and diverse functions. Under normal conditions, astrocytes modulate synaptic activity, recycle neurotransmitters, and maintain the blood-brain barrier, ensuring a balanced energy supply and protection against oxidative stress. However, in response to central nervous system pathologies such as neurotrauma, stroke, infections, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease, astrocytes undergo significant morphological, molecular, and metabolic changes. Reactive astrocytes upregulate glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation to meet increased energy demands, which can be protective in acute settings but may exacerbate chronic inflammation and disease progression. This review emphasizes the need for advanced molecular, genetic, and physiological tools to further understand astrocyte heterogeneity and their metabolic reprogramming in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Calì
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy;
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10143 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Iva Cantando
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (I.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Maria Fernanda Veloz Castillo
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy;
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10143 Orbassano, Italy
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laurine Gonzalez
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (I.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Paola Bezzi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (I.C.); (L.G.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
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2
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Kramer M, Hoang TH, Yang H, Shchyglo O, Böge J, Neubacher U, Colitti-Klausnitzer J, Manahan-Vaughan D. Intracerebral inoculation of healthy non-transgenic rats with a single aliquot of oligomeric amyloid-β (1-42) profoundly and progressively alters brain function throughout life. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1397901. [PMID: 39156737 PMCID: PMC11327071 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1397901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the puzzling aspects of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is how it commences. Changes in one key brain peptide, amyloid-beta (Aβ), accompany disease progression, but whether this comprises a trigger or a consequence of AD is still a topic of debate. It is clear however that the cerebral presence of oligomeric Aβ (1-42) is a key factor in early AD-pathogenesis. Furthermore, treatment of rodent brains with oligomeric Aβ (1-42) either in vitro or in vivo, acutely impairs hippocampal synaptic plasticity, creating a link between Aβ-pathology and learning impairments. Here, we show that a once-off inoculation of the brains of healthy adult rats with oligomeric Aβ (1-42) exerts debilitating effects on the long-term viability of the hippocampus, one of the primary targets of AD. Changes are progressive: months after treatment, synaptic plasticity, neuronal firing and spatial learning are impaired and expression of plasticity-related proteins are changed, in the absence of amyloid plaques. Early changes relate to activation of microglia, whereas later changes are associated with a reconstruction of astroglial morphology. These data suggest that a disruption of Aβ homeostasis may suffice to trigger an irreversible cascade, underlying progressive loss of hippocampal function, that parallels the early stages of AD.
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Alhadidi QM, Bahader GA, Arvola O, Kitchen P, Shah ZA, Salman MM. Astrocytes in functional recovery following central nervous system injuries. J Physiol 2024; 602:3069-3096. [PMID: 37702572 DOI: 10.1113/jp284197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are increasingly recognised as partaking in complex homeostatic mechanisms critical for regulating neuronal plasticity following central nervous system (CNS) insults. Ischaemic stroke and traumatic brain injury are associated with high rates of disability and mortality. Depending on the context and type of injury, reactive astrocytes respond with diverse morphological, proliferative and functional changes collectively known as astrogliosis, which results in both pathogenic and protective effects. There is a large body of research on the negative consequences of astrogliosis following brain injuries. There is also growing interest in how astrogliosis might in some contexts be protective and help to limit the spread of the injury. However, little is known about how astrocytes contribute to the chronic functional recovery phase following traumatic and ischaemic brain insults. In this review, we explore the protective functions of astrocytes in various aspects of secondary brain injury such as oedema, inflammation and blood-brain barrier dysfunction. We also discuss the current knowledge on astrocyte contribution to tissue regeneration, including angiogenesis, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, dendrogenesis and axogenesis. Finally, we discuss diverse astrocyte-related factors that, if selectively targeted, could form the basis of astrocyte-targeted therapeutic strategies to better address currently untreatable CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasim M Alhadidi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Yarmok University College, Diyala, Iraq
| | - Ghaith A Bahader
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Oiva Arvola
- Division of Anaesthesiology, Jorvi Hospital, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Philip Kitchen
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zahoor A Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Mootaz M Salman
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kavli Institute for NanoScience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Ohki CMY, Benazzato C, van der Linden V, França JV, Toledo CM, Machado RRG, Araujo DB, Oliveira DBL, Neris RS, Assunção-Miranda I, de Oliveira Souza IN, Nogueira CO, Leite PEC, van der Linden H, Figueiredo CP, Durigon EL, Clarke JR, Russo FB, Beltrão-Braga PCB. Zika virus infection impairs synaptogenesis, induces neuroinflammation, and could be an environmental risk factor for autism spectrum disorder outcome. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167097. [PMID: 38408544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection was first associated with Central Nervous System (CNS) infections in Brazil in 2015, correlated with an increased number of newborns with microcephaly, which ended up characterizing the Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS). Here, we investigated the impact of ZIKV infection on the functionality of iPSC-derived astrocytes. Besides, we extrapolated our findings to a Brazilian cohort of 136 CZS children and validated our results using a mouse model. Interestingly, ZIKV infection in neuroprogenitor cells compromises cell migration and causes apoptosis but does not interfere in astrocyte generation. Moreover, infected astrocytes lost their ability to uptake glutamate while expressing more glutamate transporters and secreted higher levels of IL-6. Besides, infected astrocytes secreted factors that impaired neuronal synaptogenesis. Since these biological endophenotypes were already related to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), we extrapolated these results to a cohort of children, now 6-7 years old, and found seven children with ASD diagnosis (5.14 %). Additionally, mice infected by ZIKV revealed autistic-like behaviors, with a significant increase of IL-6 mRNA levels in the brain. Considering these evidence, we inferred that ZIKV infection during pregnancy might lead to synaptogenesis impairment and neuroinflammation, which could increase the risk for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cecília Benazzato
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Julia V França
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carmen M Toledo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Romulo S Neris
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Goes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Iranaia Assunção-Miranda
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Goes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Clara O Nogueira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Emilio Corrêa Leite
- Clinical Research Unit of the Antonio Pedro Hospital, Federal Fluminense University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia P Figueiredo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Institut Pasteur de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia R Clarke
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Yang XM, Yu H, Li JX, Li N, Li C, Xu DH, Zhang H, Fang TH, Wang SJ, Yan PY, Han BB. Excitotoxic Storms of Ischemic Stroke: A Non-neuronal Perspective. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04184-7. [PMID: 38662299 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Numerous neurological disorders share a fatal pathologic process known as glutamate excitotoxicity. Among which, ischemic stroke is the major cause of mortality and disability worldwide. For a long time, the main idea of developing anti-excitotoxic neuroprotective agents was to block glutamate receptors. Despite this, there has been little successful clinical translation to date. After decades of "neuron-centered" views, a growing number of studies have recently revealed the importance of non-neuronal cells. Glial cells, cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, blood cells, and so forth are extensively engaged in glutamate synthesis, release, reuptake, and metabolism. They also express functional glutamate receptors and can listen and respond for fast synaptic transmission. This broadens the thoughts of developing excitotoxicity antagonists. In this review, the critical contribution of non-neuronal cells in glutamate excitotoxicity during ischemic stroke will be emphasized in detail, and the latest research progress as well as corresponding therapeutic strategies will be updated at length, aiming to reconceptualize glutamate excitotoxicity in a non-neuronal perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Man Yang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xin Li
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Han Xu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-He Fang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Jun Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pei-Yu Yan
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China.
- Zhuhai MUST Science and Technology Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bing-Bing Han
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Chalmers N, Masouti E, Beckervordersandforth R. Astrocytes in the adult dentate gyrus-balance between adult and developmental tasks. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:982-991. [PMID: 38177351 PMCID: PMC11176073 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Astrocytes, a major glial cell type in the brain, are indispensable for the integration, maintenance and survival of neurons during development and adulthood. Both life phases make specific demands on the molecular and physiological properties of astrocytes, and most research projects traditionally focus on either developmental or adult astrocyte functions. In most brain regions, the generation of brain cells and the establishment of neural circuits ends with postnatal development. However, few neurogenic niches exist in the adult brain in which new neurons and glial cells are produced lifelong, and the integration of new cells into functional circuits represent a very special form of plasticity. Consequently, in the neurogenic niche, the astrocytes must be equipped to execute both mature and developmental tasks in order to integrate newborn neurons into the circuit and yet maintain overall homeostasis without affecting the preexisting neurons. In this review, we focus on astrocytes of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), and discuss specific features of the astrocytic compartment that may allow the execution of both tasks. Firstly, astrocytes of the adult DG are molecularly, morphologically and functionally diverse, and the distinct astrocytes subtypes are characterized by their localization to DG layers. This spatial separation may lead to a functional specification of astrocytes subtypes according to the neuronal structures they are embedded in, hence a division of labor. Secondly, the astrocytic compartment is not static, but steadily increasing in numbers due to lifelong astrogenesis. Interestingly, astrogenesis can adapt to environmental and behavioral stimuli, revealing an unexpected astrocyte dynamic that allows the niche to adopt to changing demands. The diversity and dynamic of astrocytes in the adult DG implicate a vital contribution to hippocampal plasticity and represent an interesting model to uncover mechanisms how astrocytes simultaneously fulfill developmental and adult tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Chalmers
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Evangelia Masouti
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Chamaa F, Magistretti PJ, Fiumelli H. Astrocyte-derived lactate in stress disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 192:106417. [PMID: 38296112 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Stress disorders are psychiatric disorders arising following stressful or traumatic events. They could deleteriously affect an individual's health because they often co-occur with mental illnesses. Considerable attention has been focused on neurons when considering the neurobiology of stress disorders. However, like other mental health conditions, recent studies have highlighted the importance of astrocytes in the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders. In addition to their structural and homeostatic support role, astrocytes actively serve several functions in regulating synaptic transmission and plasticity, protecting neurons from toxic compounds, and providing metabolic support for neurons. The astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle model sets forth the importance of astrocytes in providing lactate for the metabolic supply of neurons under intense activity. Lactate also plays a role as a signaling molecule and has been recently studied regarding its antidepressant activity. This review discusses the involvement of astrocytes and brain energy metabolism in stress and further reflects on the importance of lactate as an energy supply in the brain and its emerging antidepressant role in stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Chamaa
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre J Magistretti
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hubert Fiumelli
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
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Escalada P, Ezkurdia A, Ramírez MJ, Solas M. Essential Role of Astrocytes in Learning and Memory. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1899. [PMID: 38339177 PMCID: PMC10856373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most biologically relevant functions of astrocytes within the CNS is the regulation of synaptic transmission, i.e., the physiological basis for information transmission between neurons. Changes in the strength of synaptic connections are indeed thought to be the cellular basis of learning and memory. Importantly, astrocytes have been demonstrated to tightly regulate these processes via the release of several gliotransmitters linked to astrocytic calcium activity as well as astrocyte-neuron metabolic coupling. Therefore, astrocytes seem to be integrators of and actors upon learning- and memory-relevant information. In this review, we focus on the role of astrocytes in learning and memory processes. We delineate the recognized inputs and outputs of astrocytes and explore the influence of manipulating astrocytes on behaviour across diverse learning paradigms. We conclude that astrocytes influence learning and memory in various manners. Appropriate astrocytic Ca2+ dynamics are being increasingly identified as central contributors to memory formation and retrieval. In addition, astrocytes regulate brain rhythms essential for cognition, and astrocyte-neuron metabolic cooperation is required for memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Escalada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (P.E.); (A.E.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Amaia Ezkurdia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (P.E.); (A.E.); (M.J.R.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Javier Ramírez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (P.E.); (A.E.); (M.J.R.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (P.E.); (A.E.); (M.J.R.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Ali R, Sen S, Hameed R, Nazir A, Verma S. Strategies for gaseous neuromodulator release in chemical neuroscience: Experimental approaches and translational validation. J Control Release 2024; 365:132-160. [PMID: 37972768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Gasotransmitters are a group of short-lived gaseous signaling molecules displaying diverse biological functions depending upon their localized concentration. Nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and carbon monoxide (CO) are three important examples of endogenously produced gasotransmitters that play a crucial role in human neurophysiology and pathogenesis. Alterations in their optimal physiological concentrations can lead to various severe pathophysiological consequences, including neurological disorders. Exogenous administration of gasotransmitters has emerged as a prominent therapeutic approach for treating such neurological diseases. However, their gaseous nature and short half-life limit their therapeutic delivery. Therefore, developing synthetic gasotransmitter-releasing strategies having control over the release and duration of these gaseous molecules has become imperative. However, the complex chemistry of synthesis and the challenges of specific quantified delivery of these gases, make their therapeutic application a challenging task. This review article provides a focused overview of emerging strategies for delivering gasotransmitters in a controlled and sustained manner to re-establish neurophysiological homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafat Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, UP, India
| | - Shantanu Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, UP, India
| | - Rohil Hameed
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, UP, India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, UP, India.
| | - Sandeep Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, UP, India; Center for Nanoscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, UP, India; Mehta Family Center for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, UP, India.
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10
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Šimončičová E, Henderson Pekarik K, Vecchiarelli HA, Lauro C, Maggi L, Tremblay MÈ. Adult Neurogenesis, Learning and Memory. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 37:221-242. [PMID: 39207695 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Neural plasticity can be defined as the ability of neural circuits to be shaped by external and internal factors. It provides the brain with a capacity for functional and morphological remodelling, with many lines of evidence indicating that these changes are vital for learning and memory formation. The basis of this brain plasticity resides in activity- and experience-driven modifications of synaptic strength, including synaptic formation, elimination or weakening, as well as of modulation of neuronal population, which drive the structural reorganization of neural networks. Recent evidence indicates that brain-resident glial cells actively participate in these processes, suggesting that mechanisms underlying plasticity in the brain are multifaceted. Establishing the 'tripartite' synapse, the role of astrocytes in modulating synaptic transmission in response to neuronal activity was recognized first. Further redefinition of the synapse as 'quad-partite' followed to acknowledge the contribution of microglia which were revealed to affect numerous brain functions via dynamic interactions with synapses, acting as 'synaptic sensors' that respond to neuronal activity and neurotransmitter release, as well as crosstalk with astrocytes. Early studies identified microglial ability to dynamically survey their local brain environment and established their integral role in the active interfacing of environmental stimuli (both internal and external), with brain plasticity and remodelling. Following the introduction to neurogenesis, this chapter details the role that microglia play in regulating neurogenesis in adulthood, specifically as it relates to learning and memory, as well as factors involved in modulation of microglia. Further, a microglial perspective is introduced for the context of environmental enrichment impact on neurogenesis, learning and memory across states of stress, ageing, disease and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Šimončičová
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Clotilde Lauro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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Uribe-Arias A, Rozenblat R, Vinepinsky E, Marachlian E, Kulkarni A, Zada D, Privat M, Topsakalian D, Charpy S, Candat V, Nourin S, Appelbaum L, Sumbre G. Radial astrocyte synchronization modulates the visual system during behavioral-state transitions. Neuron 2023; 111:4040-4057.e6. [PMID: 37863038 PMCID: PMC10783638 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells support the function of neurons. Recent evidence shows that astrocytes are also involved in brain computations. To explore whether and how their excitable nature affects brain computations and motor behaviors, we used two-photon Ca2+ imaging of zebrafish larvae expressing GCaMP in both neurons and radial astrocytes (RAs). We found that in the optic tectum, RAs synchronize their Ca2+ transients immediately after the end of an escape behavior. Using optogenetics, ablations, and a genetically encoded norepinephrine sensor, we observed that RA synchronous Ca2+ events are mediated by the locus coeruleus (LC)-norepinephrine circuit. RA synchronization did not induce direct excitation or inhibition of tectal neurons. Nevertheless, it modulated the direction selectivity and the long-distance functional correlations among neurons. This mechanism supports freezing behavior following a switch to an alerted state. These results show that LC-mediated neuro-glial interactions modulate the visual system during transitions between behavioral states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Uribe-Arias
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Rotem Rozenblat
- The Faculty of Life Sciences and The Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ehud Vinepinsky
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Emiliano Marachlian
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anirudh Kulkarni
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - David Zada
- The Faculty of Life Sciences and The Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Martin Privat
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Diego Topsakalian
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sarah Charpy
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Virginie Candat
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sarah Nourin
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lior Appelbaum
- The Faculty of Life Sciences and The Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Germán Sumbre
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France.
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12
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Abreu DS, Gomes JI, Ribeiro FF, Diógenes MJ, Sebastião AM, Vaz SH. Astrocytes control hippocampal synaptic plasticity through the vesicular-dependent release of D-serine. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1282841. [PMID: 38145284 PMCID: PMC10740624 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1282841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), sense synaptic activity and respond through the release of gliotransmitters, a process mediated by intracellular Ca2+ level changes and SNARE-dependent mechanisms. Ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which are activated by glutamate along with D-serine or glycine, play a crucial role in learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity. However, the precise impact of astrocyte-released D-serine on neuronal modulation remains insufficiently characterized. To address this, we have used the dominant negative SNARE (dnSNARE) mouse model, which selectively inhibits SNARE-dependent exocytosis from astrocytes. We recorded field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) in CA3-CA1 synapses within hippocampal slices obtained from dnSNARE mice and wild-type (Wt) littermates. Our results demonstrate that hippocampal θ-burst long-term potentiation (LTP), a critical form of synaptic plasticity, is impaired in hippocampal slices from dnSNARE mice. Notably, this LTP impairment was rescued upon incubation with D-serine. To further investigate the involvement of astrocytes in D-serine-mediated mechanisms of LTP maintenance, we perfused hippocampal slices with L-serine - a substrate used by both neurons and astrocytes for D-serine production. The enhancement in LTP observed in dnSNARE mice was exclusively associated with D-serine presence, with no effects evident in the presence of L-serine. Additionally, both D- and L-serine reduced basal synaptic strength in the hippocampal slices of both Wt and dnSNARE mice. These results provide compelling evidence that distinct processes underlie the modulation of basal synaptic transmission and LTP through D-serine. Our findings underscore the pivotal contribution of astrocytes in D-serine-mediated processes that govern LTP establishment and basal transmission. This study not only provides essential insights into the intricate interplay between neurons and astrocytes but also emphasizes their collective role in shaping hippocampal synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sofia Abreu
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana I. Gomes
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipa F. Ribeiro
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Diógenes
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Sebastião
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sandra H. Vaz
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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13
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Yang X, Qi Y, Wang C, Zwang TJ, Rommelfanger NJ, Hong G, Lieber CM. Laminin-coated electronic scaffolds with vascular topography for tracking and promoting the migration of brain cells after injury. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:1282-1292. [PMID: 37814007 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
In the adult brain, neural stem cells are largely restricted into spatially discrete neurogenic niches, and hence areas of neuron loss during neurodegenerative disease or following a stroke or traumatic brain injury do not typically repopulate spontaneously. Moreover, understanding neural activity accompanying the neural repair process is hindered by a lack of minimally invasive devices for the chronic measurement of the electrophysiological dynamics in damaged brain tissue. Here we show that 32 individually addressable platinum microelectrodes integrated into laminin-coated branched polymer scaffolds stereotaxically injected to span a hydrogel-filled cortical lesion and deeper regions in the brains of mice promote neural regeneration while allowing for the tracking of migrating host brain cells into the lesion. Chronic measurements of single-unit activity and neural-circuit analyses revealed the establishment of spiking activity in new neurons in the lesion and their functional connections with neurons deeper in the brain. Electronic implants mimicking the topographical and surface properties of brain vasculature may aid the stimulation and tracking of neural-circuit restoration following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Yue Qi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Chonghe Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Theodore J Zwang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | | | - Guosong Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Charles M Lieber
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Lieber Research Group, Lexington, MA, USA.
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14
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Sanghai N, Tranmer GK. Biochemical and Molecular Pathways in Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Integrated View. Cells 2023; 12:2318. [PMID: 37759540 PMCID: PMC10527779 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are defined by a myriad of complex aetiologies. Understanding the common biochemical molecular pathologies among NDDs gives an opportunity to decipher the overlapping and numerous cross-talk mechanisms of neurodegeneration. Numerous interrelated pathways lead to the progression of neurodegeneration. We present evidence from the past pieces of literature for the most usual global convergent hallmarks like ageing, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity-induced calcium butterfly effect, defective proteostasis including chaperones, autophagy, mitophagy, and proteosome networks, and neuroinflammation. Herein, we applied a holistic approach to identify and represent the shared mechanism across NDDs. Further, we believe that this approach could be helpful in identifying key modulators across NDDs, with a particular focus on AD, PD, and ALS. Moreover, these concepts could be applied to the development and diagnosis of novel strategies for diverse NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Sanghai
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada;
| | - Geoffrey K. Tranmer
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada;
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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15
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Zhou H, Wang J, Wen T. The molecular neural mechanism underlying the acceleration of brain aging due to Dcf1 deficiency. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 126:103884. [PMID: 37506857 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to the continuous increase in human life expectancy, the management of aging-related diseases has become an urgent issue. The brain dominates the central nervous system; therefore, brain aging is a key area of aging-related research. We previously uncovered that dendritic cell factor 1 (Dcf1) maintains the stemness of neural stem cells and its expression in Drosophila can prolong lifespan, suggesting an association between Dcf1 and aging; however, the specific underlying neural mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we show for the first time that hippocampal neurogenesis is decreased in aged Dcf1-/- mice, which leads to a decrease in the number of brain neurons and an increased number of senescent cells. Moreover, astrocytes proliferate abnormally and express elevated mRNA levels of aging-related factors, in addition to displaying increased activation of Akt and Foxo3a. Finally, behavioral tests confirm that aged Dcf1-/- mice exhibit a significant decline in cognitive abilities related to learning and memory. In conclusion, we reveal a novel mechanism underlying brain aging triggered by Dcf1 deficiency at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and behavioral levels, providing a new perspective for the exploration of brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haicong Zhou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University Shanghai, China
| | - Tieqiao Wen
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University Shanghai, China.
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16
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Zhang S, Zhang Y, Zheng Y, Zhu S, Sun J, Deng Y, Wang Q, Zhai Q. Dexmedetomidine attenuates sleep deprivation-induced inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis via VEGF-VEGFR2 signaling and inhibits neuroinflammation. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115085. [PMID: 37392656 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Long periods of sleep deprivation (SD) have serious effects on health. While the α2 adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine (DEX) can improve sleep quality for patients who have insomnia, the effect of DEX on cognition and mechanisms after SD remains elusive. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 20 h SD daily for seven days. DEX (100 μg/kg) was administered intravenously twice daily (at 1:00 p.m. and 3:00 p.m.) during seven days of SD. We found that systemic administration of DEX attenuated cognitive deficits by performing the Y maze and novel object recognition tests and increased DCX+, SOX2+, Ki67+, and BrdU+NeuN+/NeuN+ cell numbers in the dentate gyrus (DG) region of SD mice by using immunofluorescence, western blotting, and BrdU staining. DEX did not reverse the decrease in DCX+, SOX2+, or Ki67+ cell numbers in SD mice after administration of the α2A-adrenoceptor antagonist BRL-44408. Furthermore, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) expression was upregulated in SD+DEX mice compared with SD mice. Luminex analysis showed that the neurogenic effects of DEX were possibly related to the inhibition of neuroinflammation, including IL-1α, IL-2, CCL5, and CXCL1. Our results suggested that DEX alleviated the impaired learning and memory of SD mice potentially by inducing hippocampal neurogenesis via the VEGF-VEGFR2 signaling pathway and by suppressing neuroinflammation, and α2A adrenoceptors are required for the neurogenic effects of DEX after SD. This novel mechanism may add to our knowledge of DEX in the clinical treatment of impaired memory caused by SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yige Zheng
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shan Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianyu Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingying Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Qian Zhai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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17
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Gebicke-Haerter PJ. The computational power of the human brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1220030. [PMID: 37608987 PMCID: PMC10441807 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1220030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
At the end of the 20th century, analog systems in computer science have been widely replaced by digital systems due to their higher computing power. Nevertheless, the question keeps being intriguing until now: is the brain analog or digital? Initially, the latter has been favored, considering it as a Turing machine that works like a digital computer. However, more recently, digital and analog processes have been combined to implant human behavior in robots, endowing them with artificial intelligence (AI). Therefore, we think it is timely to compare mathematical models with the biology of computation in the brain. To this end, digital and analog processes clearly identified in cellular and molecular interactions in the Central Nervous System are highlighted. But above that, we try to pinpoint reasons distinguishing in silico computation from salient features of biological computation. First, genuinely analog information processing has been observed in electrical synapses and through gap junctions, the latter both in neurons and astrocytes. Apparently opposed to that, neuronal action potentials (APs) or spikes represent clearly digital events, like the yes/no or 1/0 of a Turing machine. However, spikes are rarely uniform, but can vary in amplitude and widths, which has significant, differential effects on transmitter release at the presynaptic terminal, where notwithstanding the quantal (vesicular) release itself is digital. Conversely, at the dendritic site of the postsynaptic neuron, there are numerous analog events of computation. Moreover, synaptic transmission of information is not only neuronal, but heavily influenced by astrocytes tightly ensheathing the majority of synapses in brain (tripartite synapse). At least at this point, LTP and LTD modifying synaptic plasticity and believed to induce short and long-term memory processes including consolidation (equivalent to RAM and ROM in electronic devices) have to be discussed. The present knowledge of how the brain stores and retrieves memories includes a variety of options (e.g., neuronal network oscillations, engram cells, astrocytic syncytium). Also epigenetic features play crucial roles in memory formation and its consolidation, which necessarily guides to molecular events like gene transcription and translation. In conclusion, brain computation is not only digital or analog, or a combination of both, but encompasses features in parallel, and of higher orders of complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Gebicke-Haerter
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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18
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Ruiz-Clavijo L, Martín-Suárez S. The differential response to neuronal hyperexcitation and neuroinflammation of the hippocampal neurogenic niche. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1186256. [PMID: 37496737 PMCID: PMC10366379 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1186256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal neurogenesis is a tightly regulated process in which neural stem cells (NSCs) get activated, enter in the cell cycle and give rise to neurons after a multistep process. Quiescent and activated NSCs, neural precursors, immature and mature neurons and newborn astrocytes coexist in the neurogenic niche in a strictly controlled environment which maintains the correct functioning of neurogenesis. NSCs are the first step in the neurogenic process and are a finite and, mostly, non-renewable resource, therefore any alteration of the intrinsic properties of NSCs will impact the total neurogenic output. Neuronal hyperexcitation is a strong activator of NSCs prompting them to divide and therefore increasing neurogenesis. However, neuronal hyperactivity is not an isolated process but often also involves excitotoxicity which is subsequently accompanied by neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation normally reduces the activation of NSCs. It is technically difficult to isolate the effect of neuronal hyperexcitation alone, but neuroinflammation without neuronal hyperexcitation can be studied in a variety of models. In order to shed light on how the balance of neuronal hyperexcitation and neuroinflammation affect NSCs we analyzed proliferation and morphology of NSCs. We used two models of neuronal hyperactivity [an epilepsy model induced by KA, and a model of traumatic brain injury (TBI)] and different models of inflammation (LPS, Poly I:C, IFN-α and IL-6). We observed that only those models that induce neuronal hyperactivity induce NSCs activation but neuroinflammation causes the opposite effect. We also analyzed the response of other cell types in the neurogenic niche, focusing on astrocytes.
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19
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Stogsdill JA, Harwell CC, Goldman SA. Astrocytes as master modulators of neural networks: Synaptic functions and disease-associated dysfunction of astrocytes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1525:41-60. [PMID: 37219367 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cell type in the central nervous system and are essential to the development, plasticity, and maintenance of neural circuits. Astrocytes are heterogeneous, with their diversity rooted in developmental programs modulated by the local brain environment. Astrocytes play integral roles in regulating and coordinating neural activity extending far beyond their metabolic support of neurons and other brain cell phenotypes. Both gray and white matter astrocytes occupy critical functional niches capable of modulating brain physiology on time scales slower than synaptic activity but faster than those adaptive responses requiring a structural change or adaptive myelination. Given their many associations and functional roles, it is not surprising that astrocytic dysfunction has been causally implicated in a broad set of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we focus on recent discoveries concerning the contributions of astrocytes to the function of neural networks, with a dual focus on the contribution of astrocytes to synaptic development and maturation, and on their role in supporting myelin integrity, and hence conduction and its regulation. We then address the emerging roles of astrocytic dysfunction in disease pathogenesis and on potential strategies for targeting these cells for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corey C Harwell
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven A Goldman
- Sana Biotechnology Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Oddi S, Fiorenza MT, Maccarrone M. Endocannabinoid signaling in adult hippocampal neurogenesis: A mechanistic and integrated perspective. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 91:101239. [PMID: 37385352 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Dentate gyrus of the hippocampus continuously gives rise to new neurons, namely, adult-born granule cells, which contribute to conferring plasticity to the mature brain throughout life. Within this neurogenic region, the fate and behavior of neural stem cells (NSCs) and their progeny result from a complex balance and integration of a variety of cell-autonomous and cell-to-cell-interaction signals and underlying pathways. Among these structurally and functionally diverse signals, there are endocannabinoids (eCBs), the main brain retrograde messengers. These pleiotropic bioactive lipids can directly and/or indirectly influence adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) by modulating, both positively and negatively, multiple molecular and cellular processes in the hippocampal niche, depending on the cell type or stage of differentiation. Firstly, eCBs act directly as cell-intrinsic factors, cell-autonomously produced by NSCs following their stimulation. Secondly, in many, if not all, niche-associated cells, including some local neuronal and nonneuronal elements, the eCB system indirectly modulates the neurogenesis, linking neuronal and glial activity to regulating distinct stages of AHN. Herein, we discuss the crosstalk of the eCB system with other neurogenesis-relevant signal pathways and speculate how the hippocampus-dependent neurobehavioral effects elicited by (endo)cannabinergic medications are interpretable in light of the key regulatory role that eCBs play on AHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Oddi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Fiorenza
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy; Department of Psychology, Division of Neuroscience and "Daniel Bovet" Neurobiology Research Center, Sapienza University of Rome, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Center for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy; Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio Snc, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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21
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Abbate C. The Adult Neurogenesis Theory of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD221279. [PMID: 37182879 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease starts in neural stem cells (NSCs) in the niches of adult neurogenesis. All primary factors responsible for pathological tau hyperphosphorylation are inherent to adult neurogenesis and migration. However, when amyloid pathology is present, it strongly amplifies tau pathogenesis. Indeed, the progressive accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β deposits in the brain triggers a state of chronic inflammation by microglia. Microglial activation has a significant pro-neurogenic effect that fosters the process of adult neurogenesis and supports neuronal migration. Unfortunately, this "reactive" pro-neurogenic activity ultimately perturbs homeostatic equilibrium in the niches of adult neurogenesis by amplifying tau pathogenesis in AD. This scenario involves NSCs in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus in late-onset AD (LOAD) and NSCs in the ventricular-subventricular zone along the lateral ventricles in early-onset AD (EOAD), including familial AD (FAD). Neuroblasts carrying the initial seed of tau pathology travel throughout the brain via neuronal migration driven by complex signals and convey the disease from the niches of adult neurogenesis to near (LOAD) or distant (EOAD) brain regions. In these locations, or in close proximity, a focus of degeneration begins to develop. Then, tau pathology spreads from the initial foci to large neuronal networks along neural connections through neuron-to-neuron transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Abbate
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
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22
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Jiang M, Jang SE, Zeng L. The Effects of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors on Neurogenesis. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091285. [PMID: 37174685 PMCID: PMC10177620 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian brain, neurogenesis is maintained throughout adulthood primarily in two typical niches, the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and in other nonclassic neurogenic areas (e.g., the amygdala and striatum). During prenatal and early postnatal development, neural stem cells (NSCs) differentiate into neurons and migrate to appropriate areas such as the olfactory bulb where they integrate into existing neural networks; these phenomena constitute the multistep process of neurogenesis. Alterations in any of these processes impair neurogenesis and may even lead to brain dysfunction, including cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration. Here, we first summarize the main properties of mammalian neurogenic niches to describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurogenesis. Accumulating evidence indicates that neurogenesis plays an integral role in neuronal plasticity in the brain and cognition in the postnatal period. Given that neurogenesis can be highly modulated by a number of extrinsic and intrinsic factors, we discuss the impact of extrinsic (e.g., alcohol) and intrinsic (e.g., hormones) modulators on neurogenesis. Additionally, we provide an overview of the contribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection to persistent neurological sequelae such as neurodegeneration, neurogenic defects and accelerated neuronal cell death. Together, our review provides a link between extrinsic/intrinsic factors and neurogenesis and explains the possible mechanisms of abnormal neurogenesis underlying neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Jiang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Se Eun Jang
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Li Zeng
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technology University, Novena Campus, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
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23
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Licht-Murava A, Meadows SM, Palaguachi F, Song SC, Jackvony S, Bram Y, Zhou C, Schwartz RE, Froemke RC, Orr AL, Orr AG. Astrocytic TDP-43 dysregulation impairs memory by modulating antiviral pathways and interferon-inducible chemokines. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade1282. [PMID: 37075107 PMCID: PMC10115456 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade1282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Transactivating response region DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) pathology is prevalent in dementia, but the cell type-specific effects of TDP-43 pathology are not clear, and therapeutic strategies to alleviate TDP-43-linked cognitive decline are lacking. We found that patients with Alzheimer's disease or frontotemporal dementia have aberrant TDP-43 accumulation in hippocampal astrocytes. In mouse models, induction of widespread or hippocampus-targeted accumulation in astrocytic TDP-43 caused progressive memory loss and localized changes in antiviral gene expression. These changes were cell-autonomous and correlated with impaired astrocytic defense against infectious viruses. Among the changes, astrocytes had elevated levels of interferon-inducible chemokines, and neurons had elevated levels of the corresponding chemokine receptor CXCR3 in presynaptic terminals. CXCR3 stimulation altered presynaptic function and promoted neuronal hyperexcitability, akin to the effects of astrocytic TDP-43 dysregulation, and blockade of CXCR3 reduced this activity. Ablation of CXCR3 also prevented TDP-43-linked memory loss. Thus, astrocytic TDP-43 dysfunction contributes to cognitive impairment through aberrant chemokine-mediated astrocytic-neuronal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Licht-Murava
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samantha M. Meadows
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fernando Palaguachi
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Soomin C. Song
- Skirball Institute, Neuroscience Institute, Department of Otolaryngology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie Jackvony
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yaron Bram
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Constance Zhou
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine–Rockefeller–Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY USA
| | - Robert E. Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert C. Froemke
- Skirball Institute, Neuroscience Institute, Department of Otolaryngology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam L. Orr
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna G. Orr
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine–Rockefeller–Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY USA
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24
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Petrelli F, Scandella V, Montessuit S, Zamboni N, Martinou JC, Knobloch M. Mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism regulates the activation of quiescent adult neural stem cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd5220. [PMID: 36857455 PMCID: PMC9977184 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add5220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellular metabolism is important for adult neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) behavior. However, its role in the transition from quiescence to proliferation is not fully understood. We here show that the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) plays a crucial and unexpected part in this process. MPC transports pyruvate into mitochondria, linking cytosolic glycolysis to mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Despite its metabolic key function, the role of MPC in NSPCs has not been addressed. We show that quiescent NSPCs have an active mitochondrial metabolism and express high levels of MPC. Pharmacological MPC inhibition increases aspartate and triggers NSPC activation. Furthermore, genetic Mpc1 ablation in vitro and in vivo also activates NSPCs, which differentiate into mature neurons, leading to overall increased hippocampal neurogenesis in adult and aged mice. These findings highlight the importance of metabolism for NSPC regulation and identify an important pathway through which mitochondrial pyruvate import controls NSPC quiescence and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Petrelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Scandella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Montessuit
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Zamboni
- Institute for Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Marlen Knobloch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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25
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Liu Y, Shen X, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Cepeda C, Wang Y, Duan S, Tong X. Interactions of glial cells with neuronal synapses, from astrocytes to microglia and oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Glia 2023; 71:1383-1401. [PMID: 36799296 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian brain is a complex organ comprising neurons, glia, and more than 1 × 1014 synapses. Neurons are a heterogeneous group of electrically active cells, which form the framework of the complex circuitry of the brain. However, glial cells, which are primarily divided into astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes (OLs), and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), constitute approximately half of all neural cells in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) and mainly provide nutrition and tropic support to neurons in the brain. In the last two decades, the concept of "tripartite synapses" has drawn great attention, which emphasizes that astrocytes are an integral part of the synapse and regulate neuronal activity in a feedback manner after receiving neuronal signals. Since then, synaptic modulation by glial cells has been extensively studied and substantially revised. In this review, we summarize the latest significant findings on how glial cells, in particular, microglia and OL lineage cells, impact and remodel the structure and function of synapses in the brain. Our review highlights the cellular and molecular aspects of neuron-glia crosstalk and provides additional information on how aberrant synaptic communication between neurons and glia may contribute to neural pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Songjiang Institute and Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Shen
- Songjiang Institute and Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Zheng
- Songjiang Institute and Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Carlos Cepeda
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, The Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shumin Duan
- Songjiang Institute and Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Tong
- Songjiang Institute and Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, China
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26
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Salta E, Lazarov O, Fitzsimons CP, Tanzi R, Lucassen PJ, Choi SH. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease: A roadmap to clinical relevance. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:120-136. [PMID: 36736288 PMCID: PMC10082636 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) drops sharply during early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD), via unknown mechanisms, and correlates with cognitive status in AD patients. Understanding AHN regulation in AD could provide a framework for innovative pharmacological interventions. We here combine molecular, behavioral, and clinical data and critically discuss the multicellular complexity of the AHN niche in relation to AD pathophysiology. We further present a roadmap toward a better understanding of the role of AHN in AD by probing the promises and caveats of the latest technological advancements in the field and addressing the conceptual and methodological challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Salta
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Orly Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Carlos P Fitzsimons
- Brain Plasticity group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolph Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, McCance Center for Brain Health, 114 16th Street, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Center for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 404, 1098 SM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Se Hoon Choi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, McCance Center for Brain Health, 114 16th Street, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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27
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The Dialogue Between Neuroinflammation and Adult Neurogenesis: Mechanisms Involved and Alterations in Neurological Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:923-959. [PMID: 36383328 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03102-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis occurs mainly in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles. Evidence supports the critical role of adult neurogenesis in various conditions, including cognitive dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Several factors can alter adult neurogenesis, including genetic, epigenetic, age, physical activity, diet, sleep status, sex hormones, and central nervous system (CNS) disorders, exerting either pro-neurogenic or anti-neurogenic effects. Compelling evidence suggests that any insult or injury to the CNS, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), infectious diseases, or neurodegenerative disorders, can provoke an inflammatory response in the CNS. This inflammation could either promote or inhibit neurogenesis, depending on various factors, such as chronicity and severity of the inflammation and underlying neurological disorders. Notably, neuroinflammation, driven by different immune components such as activated glia, cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species, can regulate every step of adult neurogenesis, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, survival of newborn neurons, maturation, synaptogenesis, and neuritogenesis. Therefore, this review aims to present recent findings regarding the effects of various components of the immune system on adult neurogenesis and to provide a better understanding of the role of neuroinflammation and neurogenesis in the context of neurological disorders, including AD, PD, ischemic stroke (IS), seizure/epilepsy, TBI, sleep deprivation, cognitive impairment, and anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors. For each disorder, some of the most recent therapeutic candidates, such as curcumin, ginseng, astragaloside, boswellic acids, andrographolide, caffeine, royal jelly, estrogen, metformin, and minocycline, have been discussed based on the available preclinical and clinical evidence.
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28
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Rasia-Filho AA, Calcagnotto ME, von Bohlen Und Halbach O. Glial Cell Modulation of Dendritic Spine Structure and Synaptic Function. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 34:255-310. [PMID: 37962798 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-36159-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Glia comprise a heterogeneous group of cells involved in the structure and function of the central and peripheral nervous system. Glial cells are found from invertebrates to humans with morphological specializations related to the neural circuits in which they are embedded. Glial cells modulate neuronal functions, brain wiring and myelination, and information processing. For example, astrocytes send processes to the synaptic cleft, actively participate in the metabolism of neurotransmitters, and release gliotransmitters, whose multiple effects depend on the targeting cells. Human astrocytes are larger and more complex than their mice and rats counterparts. Astrocytes and microglia participate in the development and plasticity of neural circuits by modulating dendritic spines. Spines enhance neuronal connectivity, integrate most postsynaptic excitatory potentials, and balance the strength of each input. Not all central synapses are engulfed by astrocytic processes. When that relationship occurs, a different pattern for thin and large spines reflects an activity-dependent remodeling of motile astrocytic processes around presynaptic and postsynaptic elements. Microglia are equally relevant for synaptic processing, and both glial cells modulate the switch of neuroendocrine secretion and behavioral display needed for reproduction. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the structure, function, and plasticity of glial cells and relate them to synaptic maturation and modulation, also involving neurotrophic factors. Together, neurons and glia coordinate synaptic transmission in both normal and abnormal conditions. Neglected over decades, this exciting research field can unravel the complexity of species-specific neural cytoarchitecture as well as the dynamic region-specific functional interactions between diverse neurons and glial subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto A Rasia-Filho
- Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology and Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisa Calcagnotto
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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29
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Kasahara Y, Nakashima H, Nakashima K. Seizure-induced hilar ectopic granule cells in the adult dentate gyrus. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1150283. [PMID: 36937666 PMCID: PMC10017466 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1150283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by hypersynchronous spontaneous recurrent seizures, and affects approximately 50 million people worldwide. Cumulative evidence has revealed that epileptogenic insult temporarily increases neurogenesis in the hippocampus; however, a fraction of the newly generated neurons are integrated abnormally into the existing neural circuits. The abnormal neurogenesis, including ectopic localization of newborn neurons in the hilus, formation of abnormal basal dendrites, and disorganization of the apical dendrites, rewires hippocampal neural networks and leads to the development of spontaneous seizures. The central roles of hilar ectopic granule cells in regulating hippocampal excitability have been suggested. In this review, we introduce recent findings about the migration of newborn granule cells to the dentate hilus after seizures and the roles of seizure-induced ectopic granule cells in the epileptic brain. In addition, we delineate possible intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms underlying this abnormality. Finally, we suggest that the regulation of seizure-induced ectopic cells can be a promising target for epilepsy therapy and provide perspectives on future research directions.
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30
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Li WP, Su XH, Hu NY, Hu J, Li XW, Yang JM, Gao TM. Astrocytes Mediate Cholinergic Regulation of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Memory Through M 1 Muscarinic Receptor. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:984-998. [PMID: 35787318 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the neurogenic niches of the adult hippocampus, new functional neurons are continuously generated throughout life, and generation of these neurons has been implicated in learning and memory. Astrocytes, as components of the neurogenic niches, are critical in the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN). However, little is known about how astrocytes receive and respond to extrinsic cues to regulate AHN. METHODS By using a transgenic strategy to conditionally delete astrocytic CRHM1 in mice and AAV (adeno-associated virus)-mediated overexpression of astrocytic CHRM1 specifically in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, we systematically investigated the role of astrocytic CHRM1 in the regulation of AHN and the underlying mechanisms using the combined approaches of immunohistochemistry, retrovirus labeling, electrophysiology, primary astrocyte cultures, immunoblotting, and behavioral assays. RESULTS We report that genetic ablation of CHRM1 in astrocytes led to defects in neural stem cell survival, neuronal differentiation, and maturation and integration of newborn neurons in the dentate gyrus. Astrocytic CHRM1-mediated modulation of AHN was mediated by BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) signaling. Furthermore, CHRM1 ablation in astrocytes impaired contextual fear memory. These impairments in both AHN and memory were rescued by overexpression of astrocytic CHRM1 in the dentate gyrus. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal a critical role for astrocytes in mediating cholinergic regulation of AHN and memory through CHRM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Institutes of Brain Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Institutes of Brain Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Neng-Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Institutes of Brain Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Institutes of Brain Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Institutes of Brain Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Institutes of Brain Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Tian-Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Institutes of Brain Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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31
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Cordella F, Ferrucci L, D’Antoni C, Ghirga S, Brighi C, Soloperto A, Gigante Y, Ragozzino D, Bezzi P, Di Angelantonio S. Human iPSC-Derived Cortical Neurons Display Homeostatic Plasticity. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12111884. [PMID: 36431019 PMCID: PMC9696876 DOI: 10.3390/life12111884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining the excitability of neurons and circuits is fundamental for healthy brain functions. The global compensatory increase in excitatory synaptic strength, in response to decreased activity, is one of the main homeostatic mechanisms responsible for such regulation. This type of plasticity has been extensively characterized in rodents in vivo and in vitro, but few data exist on human neurons maturation. We have generated an in vitro cortical model system, based on differentiated human-induced pluripotent stem cells, chronically treated with tetrodotoxin, to investigate homeostatic plasticity at different developmental stages. Our findings highlight the presence of homeostatic plasticity in human cortical networks and show that the changes in synaptic strength are due to both pre- and post-synaptic mechanisms. Pre-synaptic plasticity involves the potentiation of neurotransmitter release machinery, associated to an increase in synaptic vesicle proteins expression. At the post-synaptic level, we report an increase in the expression of post-synaptic density proteins, involved in glutamatergic receptor anchoring. These results extend our understanding of neuronal homeostasis and reveal the developmental regulation of its expression in human cortical networks. Since induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons can be obtained from patients with neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases, our platform offers a versatile model for assessing human neural plasticity under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cordella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science of Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Ferrucci
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara D’Antoni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science of Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Ghirga
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science of Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Brighi
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science of Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy
- CrestOptics S.p.A., Via di Torre Rossa 66, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Soloperto
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science of Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ylenia Gigante
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science of Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy
- D-Tails s.r.l., Via di Torre Rossa 66, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Ragozzino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation, European Center for Brain Research, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Bezzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence: or (P.B.); or (S.D.A.)
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science of Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy
- D-Tails s.r.l., Via di Torre Rossa 66, 00165 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: or (P.B.); or (S.D.A.)
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32
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Savya SP, Li F, Lam S, Wellman SM, Stieger KC, Chen K, Eles JR, Kozai TDY. In vivo spatiotemporal dynamics of astrocyte reactivity following neural electrode implantation. Biomaterials 2022; 289:121784. [PMID: 36103781 PMCID: PMC10231871 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Brain computer interfaces (BCIs), including penetrating microelectrode arrays, enable both recording and stimulation of neural cells. However, device implantation inevitably causes injury to brain tissue and induces a foreign body response, leading to reduced recording performance and stimulation efficacy. Astrocytes in the healthy brain play multiple roles including regulating energy metabolism, homeostatic balance, transmission of neural signals, and neurovascular coupling. Following an insult to the brain, they are activated and gather around the site of injury. These reactive astrocytes have been regarded as one of the main contributors to the formation of a glial scar which affects the performance of microelectrode arrays. This study investigates the dynamics of astrocytes within the first 2 weeks after implantation of an intracortical microelectrode into the mouse brain using two-photon microscopy. From our observation astrocytes are highly dynamic during this period, exhibiting patterns of process extension, soma migration, morphological activation, and device encapsulation that are spatiotemporally distinct from other glial cells, such as microglia or oligodendrocyte precursor cells. This detailed characterization of astrocyte reactivity will help to better understand the tissue response to intracortical devices and lead to the development of more effective intervention strategies to improve the functional performance of neural interfacing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajishnu P Savya
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Northwestern University, USA
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Computational Modeling & Simulation PhD Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie Lam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven M Wellman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kevin C Stieger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Keying Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James R Eles
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Takashi D Y Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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33
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Demais V, Pohl A, Wunderlich KA, Pfaller AM, Kaplan L, Barthélémy A, Dittrich R, Puig B, Giebel B, Hauck SM, Pfrieger FW, Grosche A. Release of VAMP5-positive extracellular vesicles by retinal Müller glia in vivo. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12254. [PMID: 36043482 PMCID: PMC9428896 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell interactions in the central nervous system are based on the release of molecules mediating signal exchange and providing structural and trophic support through vesicular exocytosis and the formation of extracellular vesicles. The specific mechanisms employed by each cell type in the brain are incompletely understood. Here, we explored the means of communication used by Müller cells, a type of radial glial cells in the retina, which forms part of the central nervous system. Using immunohistochemical, electron microscopic, and molecular analyses, we provide evidence for the release of distinct extracellular vesicles from endfeet and microvilli of retinal Müller cells in adult mice in vivo. We identify VAMP5 as a Müller cell-specific SNARE component that is part of extracellular vesicles and responsive to ischemia, and we reveal differences between the secretomes of immunoaffinity-purified Müller cells and neurons in vitro. Our findings suggest extracellular vesicle-based communication as an important mediator of cellular interactions in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Demais
- Plateforme Imagerie In Vitro, CNRS UAR 3156, NeuropôleUniversity of StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Anne Pohl
- Department of Physiological GenomicsBioMedical Center BMCLudwig‐Maximilian UniversityPlanegg‐MartinsriedGermany
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | - Kirsten A. Wunderlich
- Department of Physiological GenomicsBioMedical Center BMCLudwig‐Maximilian UniversityPlanegg‐MartinsriedGermany
| | - Anna M. Pfaller
- Department of Physiological GenomicsBioMedical Center BMCLudwig‐Maximilian UniversityPlanegg‐MartinsriedGermany
| | - Lew Kaplan
- Department of Physiological GenomicsBioMedical Center BMCLudwig‐Maximilian UniversityPlanegg‐MartinsriedGermany
| | - Amelie Barthélémy
- Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueUniversité de StrasbourgInstitut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et IntégrativesStrasbourgFrance
| | - Robin Dittrich
- Institute for Transfusion MedicineUniversity Hospital EssenUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Berta Puig
- Neurology DepartmentExperimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI)University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion MedicineUniversity Hospital EssenUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Stefanie M. Hauck
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core and Research Unit Protein ScienceHelmholtz‐Zentrum MünchenMünchenGermany
| | - Frank W. Pfrieger
- Plateforme Imagerie In Vitro, CNRS UAR 3156, NeuropôleUniversity of StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueUniversité de StrasbourgInstitut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et IntégrativesStrasbourgFrance
| | - Antje Grosche
- Department of Physiological GenomicsBioMedical Center BMCLudwig‐Maximilian UniversityPlanegg‐MartinsriedGermany
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34
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Kim TA, Syty MD, Wu K, Ge S. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and its impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Zool Res 2022; 43:481-496. [PMID: 35503338 PMCID: PMC9113964 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2021.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is the creation of new neurons which integrate into the existing neural circuit of the adult brain. Recent evidence suggests that adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) persists throughout life in mammals, including humans. These newborn neurons have been implicated to have a crucial role in brain functions such as learning and memory. Importantly, studies have also found that hippocampal neurogenesis is impaired in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia affecting millions of people. Cognitive dysfunction is a common symptom of AD patients and progressive memory loss has been attributed to the degeneration of the hippocampus. Therefore, there has been growing interest in identifying how hippocampal neurogenesis is affected in AD. However, the link between cognitive decline and changes in hippocampal neurogenesis in AD is poorly understood. In this review, we summarized the recent literature on AHN and its impairments in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Kim
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Renaissance School of Medicine at SUNY, Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Michelle D Syty
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Wu
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Shaoyu Ge
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. E-mail:
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35
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Dohm-Hansen S, Donoso F, Lucassen PJ, Clarke G, Nolan YM. The gut microbiome and adult hippocampal neurogenesis: A new focal point for epilepsy? Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105746. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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36
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Oliveira JF, Araque A. Astrocyte regulation of neural circuit activity and network states. Glia 2022; 70:1455-1466. [PMID: 35460131 PMCID: PMC9232995 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are known to influence neuronal activity through different mechanisms, including the homeostatic control of extracellular levels of ions and neurotransmitters and the exchange of signaling molecules that regulate synaptic formation, structure, and function. While a great effort done in the past has defined many molecular mechanisms and cellular processes involved in astrocyte-neuron interactions at the cellular level, the consequences of these interactions at the network level in vivo have only relatively recently been identified. This review describes and discusses recent findings on the regulatory effects of astrocytes on the activity of neuronal networks in vivo. Accumulating but still limited, evidence indicates that astrocytes regulate neuronal network rhythmic activity and synchronization as well as brain states. These studies demonstrate a critical contribution of astrocytes to brain activity and are paving the way for a more thorough understanding of the cellular bases of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Filipe Oliveira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,IPCA-EST-2Ai, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Applied Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Campus of IPCA, Barcelos, Portugal
| | - Alfonso Araque
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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37
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Schneider J, Weigel J, Wittmann MT, Svehla P, Ehrt S, Zheng F, Elmzzahi T, Karpf J, Paniagua-Herranz L, Basak O, Ekici A, Reis A, Alzheimer C, Ortega de la O F, Liebscher S, Beckervordersandforth R. Astrogenesis in the murine dentate gyrus is a life-long and dynamic process. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110409. [PMID: 35451150 PMCID: PMC9156974 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021110409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are highly abundant in the mammalian brain, and their functions are of vital importance for all aspects of development, adaption, and aging of the central nervous system (CNS). Mounting evidence indicates the important contributions of astrocytes to a wide range of neuropathies. Still, our understanding of astrocyte development significantly lags behind that of other CNS cells. We here combine immunohistochemical approaches with genetic fate-mapping, behavioral paradigms, single-cell transcriptomics, and in vivo two-photon imaging, to comprehensively assess the generation and the proliferation of astrocytes in the dentate gyrus (DG) across the life span of a mouse. Astrogenesis in the DG is initiated by radial glia-like neural stem cells giving rise to locally dividing astrocytes that enlarge the astrocyte compartment in an outside-in-pattern. Also in the adult DG, the vast majority of astrogenesis is mediated through the proliferation of local astrocytes. Interestingly, locally dividing astrocytes were able to adapt their proliferation to environmental and behavioral stimuli revealing an unexpected plasticity. Our study establishes astrocytes as enduring plastic elements in DG circuits, implicating a vital contribution of astrocyte dynamics to hippocampal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schneider
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Weigel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Wittmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pavel Svehla
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Medical Faculty, BioMedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ehrt
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Medical Faculty, BioMedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fang Zheng
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tarek Elmzzahi
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Molecular Immunology in Neurodegeneration, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julian Karpf
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lucía Paniagua-Herranz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Spain
| | - Onur Basak
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arif Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andre Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Alzheimer
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felipe Ortega de la O
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Spain
| | - Sabine Liebscher
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Medical Faculty, BioMedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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38
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Arredondo SB, Valenzuela-Bezanilla D, Santibanez SH, Varela-Nallar L. Wnt signaling in the adult hippocampal neurogenic niche. Stem Cells 2022; 40:630-640. [PMID: 35446432 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) is a neurogenic niche of the adult brain that contains neural stem cells (NSCs) able to generate excitatory glutamatergic granule neurons, which integrate into the DG circuit and contribute to hippocampal plasticity, learning, and memory. Thus, endogenous NSCs could be harnessed for therapeutic purposes. In this context, it is critical to characterize the molecular mechanisms controlling the generation and functional integration of adult-born neurons. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is tightly controlled by both cell-autonomous mechanisms and the interaction with the complex niche microenvironment, which harbors the NSCs and provides the signals to support their maintenance, activation, and differentiation. Among niche-derived factors, Wnt ligands play diverse roles. Wnts are secreted glycoproteins that bind to Frizzled receptors and co-receptors to trigger the Wnt signaling pathway. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the roles of Wnts in the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. We discuss the possible contribution of the different niche cells to the regulation of local Wnt signaling activity, and how Wnts derived from different cell types could induce differential effects. Finally, we discuss how the effects of Wnt signaling on hippocampal network activity might contribute to neurogenesis regulation. Although the evidence supports relevant roles for Wnt signaling in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, defining the cellular source and the mechanisms controlling secretion and diffusion of Wnts will be crucial to further understand Wnt signaling regulation of adult NSCs, and eventually, to propose this pathway as a therapeutic target to promote neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian B Arredondo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Echaurren 183, 8370071, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Valenzuela-Bezanilla
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Echaurren 183, 8370071, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian H Santibanez
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Echaurren 183, 8370071, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Varela-Nallar
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Echaurren 183, 8370071, Santiago, Chile
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39
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Vitamin D3 suppresses astrocyte activation and ameliorates coal dust-induced mood disorders in mice. J Affect Disord 2022; 303:138-147. [PMID: 35157949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumoconiosis patients exhibit significantly more anxiety and depression than healthy individuals. However, the mechanism of coal dust-induced anxiety and depression remains unclear. METHODS A pneumoconiosis mouse model with anxiety- and depression-like behaviors were established after 28 days of exposure to coal dust. Vitamin D3 treatment (1200 IU/kg/week) was administered intraperitoneally for 3 months starting from the first coal exposure. Tail suspension test (TST), open field test (OFT), and elevated plus-maze (EPM) test were used to assess anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. Theserum concentration of 25(OH)D3 and fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) expression were determined. In addition, the morphology and distribution of GFAP and neurogenic differentiation factor1 expression (NeuroD1) in different cerebral hippocampus were observed. RESULTS In coal dust-exposed mice, immobility time decreased in OFT and increased in TST,and the frequency of entering the open arm decreased in the EPM compared with the control mice. Coal dust increased hippocampal GFAP expression and astrocyte activation and reduced neurogenic differentiation factor1 expression (NeuroD1). In addition, Vitamin D3 significantly alleviated anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in TST and EPM test, decreased GFAP expression level, modified hippocampal astrocyte activation pattern, and advanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) distribution and expression in CA1 and CA3 of the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that, by inhibiting the over-activation of astrocytes and increasing BDNF and neuron protection, vitamin D treatment ameliorates coal-dust-induced depressive and anxiety-like behavior, which is the first evidence that vitamin D may be a new approach for treating mood disorders caused by particulate matter.
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40
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Kurematsu C, Sawada M, Ohmuraya M, Tanaka M, Kuboyama K, Ogino T, Matsumoto M, Oishi H, Inada H, Ishido Y, Sakakibara Y, Nguyen HB, Thai TQ, Kohsaka S, Ohno N, Yamada MK, Asai M, Sokabe M, Nabekura J, Asano K, Tanaka M, Sawamoto K. Synaptic pruning of murine adult-born neurons by microglia depends on phosphatidylserine. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213073. [PMID: 35297954 PMCID: PMC9195048 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New neurons, continuously added in the adult olfactory bulb (OB) and hippocampus, are involved in information processing in neural circuits. Here, we show that synaptic pruning of adult-born neurons by microglia depends on phosphatidylserine (PS), whose exposure on dendritic spines is inversely correlated with their input activity. To study the role of PS in spine pruning by microglia in vivo, we developed an inducible transgenic mouse line, in which the exposed PS is masked by a dominant-negative form of milk fat globule-EGF-factor 8 (MFG-E8), MFG-E8D89E. In this transgenic mouse, the spine pruning of adult-born neurons by microglia is impaired in the OB and hippocampus. Furthermore, the electrophysiological properties of these adult-born neurons are altered in MFG-E8D89E mice. These data suggest that PS is involved in the microglial spine pruning and the functional maturation of adult-born neurons. The MFG-E8D89E-based genetic approach shown in this study has broad applications for understanding the biology of PS-mediated phagocytosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Kurematsu
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masato Sawada
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Masaki Ohmuraya
- Department of Genetics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Motoki Tanaka
- Department of Disease Model, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kuboyama
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Ogino
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mami Matsumoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Section of Electron Microscopy, Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Hisashi Oishi
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inada
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yuri Ishido
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukina Sakakibara
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Huy Bang Nguyen
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Truc Quynh Thai
- Section of Electron Microscopy, Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Histology-Embryology-Genetics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Shinichi Kohsaka
- National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan.,Division of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Maki K Yamada
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Neuroscience, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
| | - Masato Asai
- Department of Disease Model, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sokabe
- Mechanobiology Laboratory, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Junichi Nabekura
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kenichi Asano
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Masato Tanaka
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
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41
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Ramon-Duaso C, Conde-Moro AR, Busquets-Garcia A. Astroglial cannabinoid signaling and behavior. Glia 2022; 71:60-70. [PMID: 35293647 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In neuroscience, the explosion of innovative and advanced technical accomplishments is fundamental to understanding brain functioning. For example, the possibility to distinguish glial and neuronal activities at the synaptic level and/or the appearance of new genetic tools to specifically monitor and manipulate astroglial functions revealed that astrocytes are involved in several facets of behavioral control. In this sense, the discovery of functional presence of type-1 cannabinoid receptors in astrocytes has led to identify important behavioral responses mediated by this specific pool of cannabinoid receptors. Thus, astroglial type-1 cannabinoid receptors are in the perfect place to play a role in a complex scenario in which astrocytes sense neuronal activity, release gliotransmitters and modulate the activity of other neurons, ultimately controlling behavioral responses. In this review, we will describe the known behavioral implications of astroglial cannabinoid signaling and highlight exciting unexplored research avenues on how astroglial cannabinoid signaling could affect behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ramon-Duaso
- Cell-Type Mechanisms in Normal and Pathological Behavior Research Group, Neuroscience Programme, IMIM Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Rocio Conde-Moro
- Cell-Type Mechanisms in Normal and Pathological Behavior Research Group, Neuroscience Programme, IMIM Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnau Busquets-Garcia
- Cell-Type Mechanisms in Normal and Pathological Behavior Research Group, Neuroscience Programme, IMIM Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
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42
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Shimizu S, Maeda N, Takahashi Y, Uomoto S, Takesue K, Ojiro R, Tang Q, Ozawa S, Okano H, Takashima K, Woo GH, Yoshida T, Shibutani M. Oral exposure to aluminum chloride for 28 days suppresses neural stem cell proliferation and increases mature granule cells in adult hippocampal neurogenesis of young-adult rats. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1337-1353. [PMID: 35146777 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al), a common light metal, affects the developing nervous system. Developmental exposure to Al chloride (AlCl3 ) induces aberrant neurogenesis by targeting neural stem cells (NSCs) and/or neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in the dentate gyrus (DG) of rats and mice. To investigate whether hippocampal neurogenesis is similarly affected by AlCl3 exposure in a general toxicity study, AlCl3 was orally administered to 5-week-old Sprague Dawley rats at dosages of 0, 4000, or 8000 ppm in drinking water for 28 days. AlCl3 downregulated Sox2 transcript levels in the DG at the highest dosage and produced a dose-dependent decrease of SOX2+ cells without altering numbers of GFAP+ or TBR2+ cells in the subgranular zone, suggesting that AlCl3 decreases Type 2a NPCs. High-dose exposure downregulated Pcna, upregulated Pvalb, and altered expression of genes suggestive of oxidative stress induction (upregulation of Nos2 and downregulation of antioxidant enzyme genes), indicating suppressed proliferation and differentiation of Type 1 NSCs. AlCl3 doses also increased mature granule cells in the DG. Upregulation of Reln may have contributed to an increase of granule cells to compensate for the decrease of Type 2a NPCs. Moreover, upregulation of Calb2, Gria2, Mapk3, and Tgfb3, as well as increased numbers of activated astrocytes in the DG hilus, may represent ameliorating responses against suppressed neurogenesis. These results suggest that 28-day exposure of young-adult rats to AlCl3 differentially targeted NPCs and mature granule cells in hippocampal neurogenesis, yielding a different pattern of disrupted neurogenesis from developmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Shimizu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuno Maeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Takahashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suzuka Uomoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Takesue
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Ojiro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Qian Tang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ozawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromu Okano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumi Takashima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gye-Hyeong Woo
- Laboratory of Histopathology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Semyung University, Jecheon-si, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
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43
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Milbocker KA, Campbell TS, Collins N, Kim S, Smith IF, Roth TL, Klintsova AY. Glia-Driven Brain Circuit Refinement Is Altered by Early-Life Adversity: Behavioral Outcomes. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:786234. [PMID: 34924972 PMCID: PMC8678604 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.786234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life adversity (ELA), often clinically referred to as "adverse childhood experiences (ACE)," is the exposure to stress-inducing events in childhood that can result in poor health outcomes. ELA negatively affects neurodevelopment in children and adolescents resulting in several behavioral deficits and increasing the risk of developing a myriad of neuropsychiatric disorders later in life. The neurobiological mechanisms by which ELA alters neurodevelopment in childhood have been the focus of numerous reviews. However, a comprehensive review of the mechanisms affecting adolescent neurodevelopment (i.e., synaptic pruning and myelination) is lacking. Synaptic pruning and myelination are glia-driven processes that are imperative for brain circuit refinement during the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Failure to optimize brain circuitry between key brain structures involved in learning and memory, such as the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, leads to the emergence of maladaptive behaviors including increased anxiety or reduced executive function. As such, we review preclinical and clinical literature to explore the immediate and lasting effects of ELA on brain circuit development and refinement. Finally, we describe a number of therapeutic interventions best-suited to support adolescent neurodevelopment in children with a history of ELA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna Y. Klintsova
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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44
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Terreros-Roncal J, Moreno-Jiménez EP, Flor-García M, Rodríguez-Moreno CB, Trinchero MF, Cafini F, Rábano A, Llorens-Martín M. Impact of neurodegenerative diseases on human adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Science 2021; 374:1106-1113. [PMID: 34672693 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl5163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- J Terreros-Roncal
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - E P Moreno-Jiménez
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Flor-García
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - C B Rodríguez-Moreno
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - M F Trinchero
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity, Leloir Institute (IIBBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F Cafini
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Rábano
- Neuropathology Department, CIEN Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Llorens-Martín
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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45
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Xu W, Zhang X, Liang F, Cao Y, Li Z, Qu W, Zhang J, Bi Y, Sun C, Zhang J, Sun B, Shu Q, Li X. Tet1 Regulates Astrocyte Development and Cognition of Mice Through Modulating GluA1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:644375. [PMID: 34778243 PMCID: PMC8581465 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.644375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tet (Ten eleven translocation) family proteins-mediated 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is highly enriched in the neuronal system, and is involved in diverse biological processes and diseases. However, the function of 5hmC in astrocyte remains completely unknown. In the present study, we show that Tet1 deficiency alters astrocyte morphology and impairs neuronal function. Specific deletion of Tet1 in astrocyte impairs learning and memory ability of mice. Using 5hmC high-throughput DNA sequencing and RNA sequencing, we present the distribution of 5hmC among genomic features in astrocyte and show that Tet1 deficiency induces differentially hydroxymethylated regions (DhMRs) and alters gene expression. Mechanistically, we found that Tet1 deficiency leads to the abnormal Ca2+ signaling by regulating the expression of GluA1, which can be rescued by ectopic GluA1. Collectively, our findings suggest that Tet1 plays important function in astrocyte physiology by regulating Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weize Xu
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xicheng Zhang
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Liang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuhang Cao
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.,The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Wenzheng Qu
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.,The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Bi
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongran Sun
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binggui Sun
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuekun Li
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.,The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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46
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Kikel-Coury NL, Brandt JP, Correia IA, O’Dea MR, DeSantis DF, Sterling F, Vaughan K, Ozcebe G, Zorlutuna P, Smith CJ. Identification of astroglia-like cardiac nexus glia that are critical regulators of cardiac development and function. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001444. [PMID: 34793438 PMCID: PMC8601506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are essential for functionality of the nervous system. Growing evidence underscores the importance of astrocytes; however, analogous astroglia in peripheral organs are poorly understood. Using confocal time-lapse imaging, fate mapping, and mutant genesis in a zebrafish model, we identify a neural crest-derived glial cell, termed nexus glia, which utilizes Meteorin signaling via Jak/Stat3 to drive differentiation and regulate heart rate and rhythm. Nexus glia are labeled with gfap, glast, and glutamine synthetase, markers that typically denote astroglia cells. Further, analysis of single-cell sequencing datasets of human and murine hearts across ages reveals astrocyte-like cells, which we confirm through a multispecies approach. We show that cardiac nexus glia at the outflow tract are critical regulators of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic system. These data establish the crucial role of glia on cardiac homeostasis and provide a description of nexus glia in the PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina L. Kikel-Coury
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jacob P. Brandt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Isabel A. Correia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Michael R. O’Dea
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Dana F. DeSantis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Felicity Sterling
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kevin Vaughan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Gulberk Ozcebe
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Pinar Zorlutuna
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Cody J. Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
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47
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Lalo U, Koh W, Lee CJ, Pankratov Y. The tripartite glutamatergic synapse. Neuropharmacology 2021; 199:108758. [PMID: 34433089 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Astroglial cells were long considered as structural and metabolic supporting cells are which do not directly participate in information processing in the brain. Discoveries of responsiveness of astrocytes to synaptically-released glutamate and their capability to release agonists of glutamate receptors awakened extensive studies of glia-neuron communications and led to the revolutionary changes in our understanding of brain cellular networks. Nowadays, astrocytes are widely acknowledged as inseparable element of glutamatergic synapses and role for glutamatergic astrocyte-neuron interactions in the brain computation is emerging. Astroglial glutamate receptors, in particular of NMDA, mGluR3 and mGluR5 types, can activate a variety of molecular cascades leading astroglial-driven modulation of extracellular levels of glutamate and activity of neuronal glutamate receptors. Their preferential location to the astroglial perisynaptic processes facilitates interaction of astrocytes with individual excitatory synapses. Bi-directional glutamatergic communication between astrocytes and neurons underpins a complex, spatially-distributed modulation of synaptic signalling thus contributing to the enrichment of information processing by the neuronal networks. Still, further research is needed to bridge the substantial gaps in our understanding of mechanisms and physiological relevance of astrocyte-neuron glutamatergic interactions, in particular ability of astrocytes directly activate neuronal glutamate receptors by releasing glutamate and, arguably, d-Serine. An emerging roles for aberrant changes in glutamatergic astroglial signalling, both neuroprotective and pathogenic, in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases also require further investigation. This article is part of the special Issue on 'Glutamate Receptors - The Glutamatergic Synapse'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulyana Lalo
- School of Life Sciences, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Wuhyun Koh
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, South Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, South Korea
| | - Yuriy Pankratov
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
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48
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Li F, Geng X, Yun HJ, Haddad Y, Chen Y, Ding Y. Neuroplastic Effect of Exercise Through Astrocytes Activation and Cellular Crosstalk. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1644-1657. [PMID: 34631212 PMCID: PMC8460294 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is an effective therapy for neurorehabilitation. Exercise has been shown to induce remodeling and proliferation of astrocyte. Astrocytes potentially affect the recruitment and function of neurons; they could intensify responses of neurons and bring more neurons for the process of neuroplasticity. Interactions between astrocytes, microglia and neurons modulate neuroplasticity and, subsequently, neural circuit function. These cellular interactions promote the number and function of synapses, neurogenesis, and cerebrovascular remodeling. However, the roles and crosstalk of astrocytes with neurons and microglia and any subsequent neuroplastic effects have not been studied extensively in exercise-induced settings. This article discusses the impact of physical exercise on astrocyte proliferation and highlights the interplay between astrocytes, microglia and neurons. The crosstalk between these cells may enhance neuroplasticity, leading to the neuroplastic effects of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwu Li
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Ho Jun Yun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Yazeed Haddad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Yuhua Chen
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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49
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Beyer F, Lüdje W, Karpf J, Saher G, Beckervordersandforth R. Distribution of Aldh1L1-CreER T2 Recombination in Astrocytes Versus Neural Stem Cells in the Neurogenic Niches of the Adult Mouse Brain. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:713077. [PMID: 34557065 PMCID: PMC8452868 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.713077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult central nervous system, neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in two discrete niches: the subependymal zone (SEZ) of the lateral ventricle and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG). Here, NSCs represent a population of highly specialized astrocytes that are able to proliferate and give rise to neuronal and glial progeny. This process, termed adult neurogenesis, is extrinsically regulated by other niche cells such as non-stem cell astrocytes. Studying these non-stem cell niche astrocytes and their role during adult neuro- and gliogenesis has been hampered by the lack of genetic tools to discriminate between transcriptionally similar NSCs and niche astrocytes. Recently, Aldh1L1 has been shown to be a pan-astrocyte marker and that its promoter can be used to specifically target astrocytes using the Cre-loxP system. In this study we explored whether the recently described Aldh1L1-CreERT2 mouse line (Winchenbach et al., 2016) can serve to specifically target niche astrocytes without inducing recombination in NSCs in adult neurogenic niches. Using short- and long-term tamoxifen protocols we revealed high recombination efficiency and specificity in non-stem cell astrocytes and little to no recombination in NSCs of the adult DG. However, in the SEZ we observed recombination in ependymal cells, astrocytes, and NSCs, the latter giving rise to neuronal progeny of the rostral migratory stream and olfactory bulb. Thus, we recommend the here described Aldh1L1-CreERT2 mouse line for predominantly studying the functions of non-stem cell astrocytes in the DG under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Beyer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wichard Lüdje
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julian Karpf
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gesine Saher
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ruth Beckervordersandforth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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50
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Wander CM, Song J. The neurogenic niche in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2021; 762:136109. [PMID: 34271133 PMCID: PMC9013442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is the process of generation and functional incorporation of new neurons, formed by adult neural stem cells in the dentate gyrus. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is highly dependent upon the integration of dynamic external stimuli and is instrumental in the formation of new spatial memories. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is therefore uniquely sensitive to the summation of neuronal circuit and neuroimmune environments that comprise the neurogenic niche, and has powerful implications in diseases of aging and neurological disorders. This sensitivity underlies the neurogenic niche alterations commonly observed in Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia. This review summarizes Alzheimer's disease associated changes in neuronal network activity, neuroinflammatory processes, and adult neural stem cell fate choice that ultimately result in neurogenic niche dysfunction and impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis. A more comprehensive understanding of the complex changes mediating neurogenic niche disturbances in Alzheimer's disease will aid development of future therapies targeting adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor M Wander
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Juan Song
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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