1
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Tabuena DR, Jang SS, Grone B, Yip O, Aery Jones EA, Blumenfeld J, Liang Z, Koutsodendris N, Rao A, Ding L, Zhang AR, Hao Y, Xu Q, Yoon SY, Leon SD, Huang Y, Zilberter M. Neuronal APOE4-induced Early Hippocampal Network Hyperexcitability in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.28.555153. [PMID: 37693533 PMCID: PMC10491126 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.28.555153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The full impact of apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), on neuronal and network function remains unclear. We found hippocampal region-specific network hyperexcitability in young APOE4 knock-in (E4-KI) mice which predicted cognitive deficits at old age. Network hyperexcitability in young E4-KI mice was mediated by hippocampal region-specific subpopulations of smaller and hyperexcitable neurons that were eliminated by selective removal of neuronal APOE4. Aged E4-KI mice exhibited hyperexcitable granule cells, a progressive inhibitory deficit, and E/I imbalance in the dentate gyrus, exacerbating hippocampal hyperexcitability. Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing revealed neuronal cell type-specific and age-dependent transcriptomic changes, including Nell2 overexpression in E4-KI mice. Reducing Nell2 expression in specific neuronal types of E4-KI mice with CRISPRi rescued their abnormal excitability phenotypes, implicating Nell2 overexpression as a cause of APOE4-induced hyperexcitability. These findings highlight the early transcriptomic and electrophysiological alterations underlying APOE4-induced hippocampal network dysfunction and its contribution to AD pathogenesis with aging.
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2
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Grenon MB, Papavergi MT, Bathini P, Sadowski M, Lemere CA. Temporal Characterization of the Amyloidogenic APPswe/PS1dE9;hAPOE4 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5754. [PMID: 38891941 PMCID: PMC11172317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating disorder with a global prevalence estimated at 55 million people. In clinical studies administering certain anti-beta-amyloid (Aβ) antibodies, amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIAs) have emerged as major adverse events. The frequency of these events is higher among apolipoprotein ε4 allele carriers (APOE4) compared to non-carriers. To reflect patients most at risk for vascular complications of anti-Aβ immunotherapy, we selected an APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mouse model bearing the human APOE4 gene (APPPS1:E4) and compared it with the same APP/PS1 mouse model bearing the human APOE3 gene (APOE ε3 allele; APPPS1:E3). Using histological and biochemical analyses, we characterized mice at three ages: 8, 12, and 16 months. Female and male mice were assayed for general cerebral fibrillar and pyroglutamate (pGlu-3) Aβ deposition, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), microhemorrhages, apoE and cholesterol composition, astrocytes, microglia, inflammation, lysosomal dysfunction, and neuritic dystrophy. Amyloidosis, lipid deposition, and astrogliosis increased with age in APPPS1:E4 mice, while inflammation did not reveal significant changes with age. In general, APOE4 carriers showed elevated Aβ, apoE, reactive astrocytes, pro-inflammatory cytokines, microglial response, and neuritic dystrophy compared to APOE3 carriers at different ages. These results highlight the potential of the APPPS1:E4 mouse model as a valuable tool in investigating the vascular side effects associated with anti-amyloid immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine B. Grenon
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.B.G.); (M.-T.P.); (P.B.)
- Section Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria-Tzousi Papavergi
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.B.G.); (M.-T.P.); (P.B.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Praveen Bathini
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.B.G.); (M.-T.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Martin Sadowski
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Cynthia A. Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.B.G.); (M.-T.P.); (P.B.)
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3
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Zhong MZ, Peng T, Duarte ML, Wang M, Cai D. Updates on mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:23. [PMID: 38462606 PMCID: PMC10926682 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the United States (US). Animal models, specifically mouse models have been developed to better elucidate disease mechanisms and test therapeutic strategies for AD. A large portion of effort in the field was focused on developing transgenic (Tg) mouse models through over-expression of genetic mutations associated with familial AD (FAD) patients. Newer generations of mouse models through knock-in (KI)/knock-out (KO) or CRISPR gene editing technologies, have been developed for both familial and sporadic AD risk genes with the hope to more accurately model proteinopathies without over-expression of human AD genes in mouse brains. In this review, we summarized the phenotypes of a few commonly used as well as newly developed mouse models in translational research laboratories including the presence or absence of key pathological features of AD such as amyloid and tau pathology, synaptic and neuronal degeneration as well as cognitive and behavior deficits. In addition, advantages and limitations of these AD mouse models have been elaborated along with discussions of any sex-specific features. More importantly, the omics data from available AD mouse models have been analyzed to categorize molecular signatures of each model reminiscent of human AD brain changes, with the hope to guide future selection of most suitable models for specific research questions to be addressed in the AD field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Z Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Thomas Peng
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Science Research Program, Scarsdale High School, New York, NY, 10583, USA
| | - Mariana Lemos Duarte
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Research & Development, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Dongming Cai
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Research & Development, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Neurology, N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Geriatric Research Education & Clinical Center (GRECC), The Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA.
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4
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Rao A, Chen N, Kim MJ, Blumenfeld J, Yip O, Hao Y, Liang Z, Nelson MR, Koutsodendris N, Grone B, Ding L, Yoon SY, Arriola P, Huang Y. Microglia Depletion Reduces Human Neuronal APOE4-Driven Pathologies in a Chimeric Alzheimer's Disease Model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.10.566510. [PMID: 38014339 PMCID: PMC10680610 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.10.566510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite strong evidence supporting the involvement of both apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) and microglia in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathogenesis, the effects of microglia on neuronal APOE4-driven AD pathogenesis remain elusive. Here, we examined such effects utilizing microglial depletion in a chimeric model with human neurons in mouse hippocampus. Specifically, we transplanted homozygous APOE4, isogenic APOE3, and APOE-knockout (APOE-KO) induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived human neurons into the hippocampus of human APOE3 or APOE4 knock-in mice, and depleted microglia in half the chimeric mice. We found that both neuronal APOE and microglial presence were important for the formation of Aβ and tau pathologies in an APOE isoform-dependent manner (APOE4 > APOE3). Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis identified two pro-inflammatory microglial subtypes with high MHC-II gene expression that are enriched in chimeric mice with human APOE4 neuron transplants. These findings highlight the concerted roles of neuronal APOE, especially APOE4, and microglia in AD pathogenesis. HIGHLIGHTS Transplanted human APOE4 neurons generate Aβ and p-tau aggregates in APOE4-KI mouse hippocampus.Human neuronal APOE4 promotes the formation of dense-core Aβ plaques and p-tau aggregates.Microglia is required for human neuronal APOE4-driven formation of p-tau aggregates.scRNA-seq reveals enrichment of MHC-II microglia in mice with human APOE4 neuron transplants.
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5
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Lee S, Devanney NA, Golden LR, Smith CT, Schwartz JL, Walsh AE, Clarke HA, Goulding DS, Allenger EJ, Morillo-Segovia G, Friday CM, Gorman AA, Hawkinson TR, MacLean SM, Williams HC, Sun RC, Morganti JM, Johnson LA. APOE modulates microglial immunometabolism in response to age, amyloid pathology, and inflammatory challenge. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112196. [PMID: 36871219 PMCID: PMC10117631 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The E4 allele of Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is associated with both metabolic dysfunction and a heightened pro-inflammatory response: two findings that may be intrinsically linked through the concept of immunometabolism. Here, we combined bulk, single-cell, and spatial transcriptomics with cell-specific and spatially resolved metabolic analyses in mice expressing human APOE to systematically address the role of APOE across age, neuroinflammation, and AD pathology. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) highlighted immunometabolic changes across the APOE4 glial transcriptome, specifically in subsets of metabolically distinct microglia enriched in the E4 brain during aging or following an inflammatory challenge. E4 microglia display increased Hif1α expression and a disrupted tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and are inherently pro-glycolytic, while spatial transcriptomics and mass spectrometry imaging highlight an E4-specific response to amyloid that is characterized by widespread alterations in lipid metabolism. Taken together, our findings emphasize a central role for APOE in regulating microglial immunometabolism and provide valuable, interactive resources for discovery and validation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangderk Lee
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Nicholas A Devanney
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Lesley R Golden
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Cathryn T Smith
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - James L Schwartz
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Adeline E Walsh
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Harrison A Clarke
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Advanced Spatial Biomolecule Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Danielle S Goulding
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | | | | | - Cassi M Friday
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Amy A Gorman
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Tara R Hawkinson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Advanced Spatial Biomolecule Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Steven M MacLean
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Holden C Williams
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Ramon C Sun
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Advanced Spatial Biomolecule Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Josh M Morganti
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Lance A Johnson
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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6
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Zhang X, Wu L, Swerdlow RH, Zhao L. Opposing Effects of ApoE2 and ApoE4 on Glycolytic Metabolism in Neuronal Aging Supports a Warburg Neuroprotective Cascade against Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2023; 12:410. [PMID: 36766752 PMCID: PMC9914046 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is the most recognized genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), whereas ApoE2 reduces the risk for LOAD. The underlying mechanisms are unclear but may include effects on brain energy metabolism. Here, we used neuro-2a (N2a) cells that stably express human ApoE isoforms (N2a-hApoE), differentiated N2a-hApoE neuronal cells, and humanized ApoE knock-in mouse models to investigate relationships among ApoE isoforms, glycolytic metabolism, and neuronal health and aging. ApoE2-expressing cells retained robust hexokinase (HK) expression and glycolytic activity, whereas these endpoints progressively declined with aging in ApoE4-expressing cells. These divergent ApoE2 and ApoE4 effects on glycolysis directly correlated with markers of cellular wellness. Moreover, ApoE4-expressing cells upregulated phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase with the apparent intent of compensating for the HK-dependent glycolysis reduction. The introduction of ApoE2 increased HK levels and glycolysis flux in ApoE4 cells. PI3K/Akt signaling was distinctively regulated by ApoE isoforms but was only partially responsible for the ApoE-mediated effects on HK. Collectively, our findings indicate that human ApoE isoforms differentially modulate neuronal glycolysis through HK regulation, with ApoE2 upregulating and ApoE4 downregulating, which markedly impacts neuronal health during aging. These findings lend compelling support to the emerging inverse-Warburg theory of AD and highlight a therapeutic opportunity for bolstering brain glycolytic resilience to prevent and treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Long Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Russell H. Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Liqin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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7
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Steele OG, Stuart AC, Minkley L, Shaw K, Bonnar O, Anderle S, Penn AC, Rusted J, Serpell L, Hall C, King S. A multi-hit hypothesis for an APOE4-dependent pathophysiological state. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5476-5515. [PMID: 35510513 PMCID: PMC9796338 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The APOE gene encoding the Apolipoprotein E protein is the single most significant genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. The APOE4 genotype confers a significantly increased risk relative to the other two common genotypes APOE3 and APOE2. Intriguingly, APOE4 has been associated with neuropathological and cognitive deficits in the absence of Alzheimer's disease-related amyloid or tau pathology. Here, we review the extensive literature surrounding the impact of APOE genotype on central nervous system dysfunction, focussing on preclinical model systems and comparison of APOE3 and APOE4, given the low global prevalence of APOE2. A multi-hit hypothesis is proposed to explain how APOE4 shifts cerebral physiology towards pathophysiology through interconnected hits. These hits include the following: neurodegeneration, neurovascular dysfunction, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, endosomal trafficking impairments, lipid and cellular metabolism disruption, impaired calcium homeostasis and altered transcriptional regulation. The hits, individually and in combination, leave the APOE4 brain in a vulnerable state where further cumulative insults will exacerbate degeneration and lead to cognitive deficits in the absence of Alzheimer's disease pathology and also a state in which such pathology may more easily take hold. We conclude that current evidence supports an APOE4 multi-hit hypothesis, which contributes to an APOE4 pathophysiological state. We highlight key areas where further study is required to elucidate the complex interplay between these individual mechanisms and downstream consequences, helping to frame the current landscape of existing APOE-centric literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucy Minkley
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Kira Shaw
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Orla Bonnar
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sarah King
- School of PsychologyUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
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8
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Chockanathan U, Padmanabhan K. From synapses to circuits and back: Bridging levels of understanding in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5564-5586. [PMID: 35244297 PMCID: PMC10926359 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by behavioural changes that include memory loss and cognitive decline and is associated with the appearance of amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles throughout the brain. Although aspects of the disease percolate across multiple levels of neuronal organization, from the cellular to the behavioural, it is increasingly clear that circuits are a critical junction between the cellular pathology and the behavioural phenotypes that bookend these levels of analyses. In this review, we discuss critical aspects of neural circuit research, beginning with synapses and progressing to network activity and how they influence our understanding of disease processed in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udaysankar Chockanathan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
- Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Krishnan Padmanabhan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
- Ernest J. Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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9
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Fernández-Calle R, Konings SC, Frontiñán-Rubio J, García-Revilla J, Camprubí-Ferrer L, Svensson M, Martinson I, Boza-Serrano A, Venero JL, Nielsen HM, Gouras GK, Deierborg T. APOE in the bullseye of neurodegenerative diseases: impact of the APOE genotype in Alzheimer’s disease pathology and brain diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:62. [PMID: 36153580 PMCID: PMC9509584 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ApoE is the major lipid and cholesterol carrier in the CNS. There are three major human polymorphisms, apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4, and the genetic expression of APOE4 is one of the most influential risk factors for the development of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuroinflammation has become the third hallmark of AD, together with Amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated aggregated tau protein. This review aims to broadly and extensively describe the differential aspects concerning apoE. Starting from the evolution of apoE to how APOE's single-nucleotide polymorphisms affect its structure, function, and involvement during health and disease. This review reflects on how APOE's polymorphisms impact critical aspects of AD pathology, such as the neuroinflammatory response, particularly the effect of APOE on astrocytic and microglial function and microglial dynamics, synaptic function, amyloid-β load, tau pathology, autophagy, and cell–cell communication. We discuss influential factors affecting AD pathology combined with the APOE genotype, such as sex, age, diet, physical exercise, current therapies and clinical trials in the AD field. The impact of the APOE genotype in other neurodegenerative diseases characterized by overt inflammation, e.g., alpha- synucleinopathies and Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, is also addressed. Therefore, this review gathers the most relevant findings related to the APOE genotype up to date and its implications on AD and CNS pathologies to provide a deeper understanding of the knowledge in the APOE field.
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10
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Miranda AM, Ashok A, Chan RB, Zhou B, Xu Y, McIntire LB, Area-Gomez E, Di Paolo G, Duff KE, Oliveira TG, Nuriel T. Effects of APOE4 allelic dosage on lipidomic signatures in the entorhinal cortex of aged mice. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:129. [PMID: 35351864 PMCID: PMC8964762 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) is the primary genetic risk factor for the late-onset form of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the reason for this association is not completely understood, researchers have uncovered numerous effects of APOE4 expression on AD-relevant brain processes, including amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation, lipid metabolism, endosomal-lysosomal trafficking, and bioenergetics. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of APOE4 allelic dosage on regional brain lipid composition in aged mice, as well as in cultured neurons. We performed a targeted lipidomic analysis on an AD-vulnerable brain region (entorhinal cortex; EC) and an AD-resistant brain region (primary visual cortex; PVC) from 14-15 month-old APOE3/3, APOE3/4, and APOE4/4 targeted replacement mice, as well as on neurons cultured with conditioned media from APOE3/3 or APOE4/4 astrocytes. Our results reveal that the EC possesses increased susceptibility to APOE4-associated lipid alterations compared to the PVC. In the EC, APOE4 expression showed a dominant effect in decreasing diacylglycerol (DAG) levels, and a semi-dominant, additive effect in the upregulation of multiple ceramide, glycosylated sphingolipid, and bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate (BMP) species, lipids known to accumulate as a result of endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction. Neurons treated with conditioned media from APOE4/4 vs. APOE3/3 astrocytes showed similar alterations of DAG and BMP species to those observed in the mouse EC. Our results suggest that APOE4 expression differentially modulates regional neuronal lipid signatures, which may underlie the increased susceptibility of EC-localized neurons to AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Miguel Miranda
- grid.10328.380000 0001 2159 175XLife and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal ,grid.10328.380000 0001 2159 175XICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal ,grid.418336.b0000 0000 8902 4519Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Imagiology, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova Gaia/Espinho, 4434-502 Vila Nova Gaia, Portugal
| | - Archana Ashok
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA ,grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Robin Barry Chan
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA ,grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Bowen Zhou
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA ,grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Yimeng Xu
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA ,grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Laura Beth McIntire
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA ,grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Estela Area-Gomez
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA ,grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Neurology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Gilbert Di Paolo
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA ,grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA ,grid.491115.90000 0004 5912 9212Present Address: Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Karen E. Duff
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA ,grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 USA ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Tiago Gil Oliveira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal. .,Department of Neuroradiology, Hospital de Braga, 4710-243, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Tal Nuriel
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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11
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Torres ERS, Luo J, Boehnlein JK, Towns D, Kinzie JD, DeBarber AE, Raber J. Apolipoprotein E Isoform-specific changes related to stress and trauma exposure. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:125. [PMID: 35347119 PMCID: PMC8960860 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01848-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a highly prevalent mental health disorder. Due to the high level of variability in susceptibility and severity, PTSD therapies are still insufficient. In addition to environmental exposures, genetic risks play a prominent role and one such factor is apolipoprotein E. The protein (apoE) is functionally involved in cholesterol transport and metabolism and exists as 3 major isoforms in humans: E2, E3, and E4. To model the role of apolipoprotein E isoform in stress-related changes in behavior and cognition, female and male mice (3-5 months of age) expressing E2, E3, or E4 were used. Mice were either placed into control groups or exposed to chronic variable stress (CVS), which has been shown to induce PTSD-like behavioral and neuroendocrine changes. E2 mice showed a unique response to CVS compared to E3 and E4 mice that included impaired spatial learning and memory, increased adrenal gland weight, and no increase in glucocorticoid receptor protein levels (normalized to apoE levels). In addition, the cholesterol metabolite 7-ketocholesterol was elevated in the cortex after CVS in E3 and E4, but not E2 female mice. E2 confers unique changes in behavioral, cognitive, and biomarker profiles after stress exposure and identify 7-ketocholesterol as a possible novel biomarker of the traumatic stress response. We further explored the relationship between E2 and PTSD in an understudied population by genotyping 102 patients of Cambodian and Vietnamese ethnicity. E2 carriers demonstrated a higher odds ratio of having a PTSD diagnosis compared to E3/E3 carriers, supporting that the E2 genotype is associated with PTSD diagnosis after trauma exposure in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Ruth S Torres
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L470, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jenny Luo
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - James K Boehnlein
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, UHN-80, Portland, OR, 97201-3098, USA
- VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Washington DC, USA
| | - Daniel Towns
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, UHN-80, Portland, OR, 97201-3098, USA
| | - J David Kinzie
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, UHN-80, Portland, OR, 97201-3098, USA
| | - Andrea E DeBarber
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L470, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Radiation Medicine and Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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12
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Aqul AA, Ramirez CM, Lopez AM, Burns DK, Repa JJ, Turley SD. Molecular markers of brain cholesterol homeostasis are unchanged despite a smaller brain mass in a mouse model of cholesteryl ester storage disease. Lipids 2022; 57:3-16. [PMID: 34618372 PMCID: PMC8766890 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL), encoded by the gene LIPA, facilitates the intracellular processing of lipids by hydrolyzing cholesteryl esters and triacylglycerols present in newly internalized lipoproteins. Loss-of-function mutations in LIPA result in cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD) or Wolman disease when mutations cause complete loss of LAL activity. Although the phenotype of a mouse CESD model has been extensively characterized, there has not been a focus on the brain at different stages of disease progression. In the current studies, whole-brain mass and the concentrations of cholesterol in both the esterified (EC) and unesterified (UC) fractions were measured in Lal-/- and matching Lal+/+ mice (FVB-N strain) at ages ranging from 14 up to 280 days after birth. Compared to Lal+/+ controls at 50, 68-76, 140-142, and 230-280 days of age, Lal-/- mice had brain weights that averaged approximately 6%, 7%, 18%, and 20% less, respectively. Brain EC levels were higher in the Lal-/- mice at every age, being elevated 27-fold at 230-280 days. Brain UC concentrations did not show a genotypic difference at any age. The elevated brain EC levels in the Lal-/- mice did not reflect EC in residual blood. An mRNA expression analysis for an array of genes involved in the synthesis, catabolism, storage, and transport of cholesterol in the brains of 141-day old mice did not detect any genotypic differences although the relative mRNA levels for several markers of inflammation were moderately elevated in the Lal-/- mice. The possible sites of EC accretion in the central nervous system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal A. Aqul
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - Charina M. Ramirez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - Adam M. Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - Dennis K. Burns
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - Joyce J. Repa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas TX 75390 USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - Stephen D. Turley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas TX 75390 USA
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13
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Taubes A, Nova P, Zalocusky KA, Kosti I, Bicak M, Zilberter MY, Hao Y, Yoon SY, Oskotsky T, Pineda S, Chen B, Jones EAA, Choudhary K, Grone B, Balestra ME, Chaudhry F, Paranjpe I, De Freitas J, Koutsodendris N, Chen N, Wang C, Chang W, An A, Glicksberg BS, Sirota M, Huang Y. Experimental and real-world evidence supporting the computational repurposing of bumetanide for APOE4-related Alzheimer's disease. NATURE AGING 2021; 1:932-947. [PMID: 36172600 PMCID: PMC9514594 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The evident genetic, pathological, and clinical heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses challenges for traditional drug development. We conducted a computational drug repurposing screen for drugs to treat apolipoprotein (apo) E4-related AD. We first established apoE-genotype-dependent transcriptomic signatures of AD by analyzing publicly-available human brain database. We then queried these signatures against the Connectivity Map database containing transcriptomic perturbations of >1300 drugs to identify those that best reverse apoE-genotype-specific AD signatures. Bumetanide was identified as a top drug for apoE4 AD. Bumetanide treatment of apoE4 mice without or with Aβ accumulation rescued electrophysiological, pathological, or cognitive deficits. Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing revealed transcriptomic reversal of AD signatures in specific cell types in these mice, a finding confirmed in apoE4-iPSC-derived neurons. In humans, bumetanide exposure was associated with a significantly lower AD prevalence in individuals over the age of 65 in two electronic health record databases, suggesting effectiveness of bumetanide in preventing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Taubes
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Phil Nova
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kelly A. Zalocusky
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Idit Kosti
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA, USA
| | - Mesude Bicak
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Misha Y. Zilberter
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yanxia Hao
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Seo Yeon Yoon
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tomiko Oskotsky
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA, USA
| | - Silvia Pineda
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bin Chen
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Emily A. Aery Jones
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Krishna Choudhary
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Brian Grone
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Maureen E. Balestra
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Fayzan Chaudhry
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ishan Paranjpe
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jessica De Freitas
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nicole Koutsodendris
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Development and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nuo Chen
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Celine Wang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - William Chang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alice An
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Benjamin S. Glicksberg
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marina Sirota
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA, USA
- Correspondence: Yadong Huang () or Marina Sirota ()
| | - Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Correspondence: Yadong Huang () or Marina Sirota ()
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14
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Jones NS, Watson KQ, Rebeck GW. High-fat diet increases gliosis and immediate early gene expression in APOE3 mice, but not APOE4 mice. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:214. [PMID: 34537055 PMCID: PMC8449905 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background APOE4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and obesity is a strong environmental risk factor for AD. These factors result in multiple central nervous system (CNS) disturbances and significantly increase chances of AD. Since over 20% of the US population carry the APOE4 allele and over 40% are obese, it is important to understand how these risk factors interact to affect neurons and glia in the CNS. Methods We fed male and female APOE3 and APOE4 knock-in mice a high-fat diet (HFD-45% kcal fat) or a "control" diet (CD-10% kcal fat) for 12 weeks beginning at 6 months of age. At the end of the 12 weeks, brains were collected and analyzed for gliosis, neuroinflammatory genes, and neuronal integrity. Results APOE3 mice on HFD, but not APOE4 mice, experienced increases in gliosis as measured by GFAP and Iba1 immunostaining. APOE4 mice on HFD showed a stronger increase in the expression of Adora2a than APOE3 mice. Finally, APOE3 mice on HFD, but not APOE4 mice, also showed increased neuronal expression of immediate early genes cFos and Arc. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that APOE genotype and obesity interact in their effects on important processes particularly related to inflammation and neuronal plasticity in the CNS. During the early stages of obesity, the APOE3 genotype modulates a response to HFD while the APOE4 genotype does not. This supports a model where early dysregulation of inflammation in APOE4 brains could predispose to CNS damages from various insults and later result in the increased CNS damage normally associated with the APOE4 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahdia S Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Katarina Q Watson
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - G William Rebeck
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.
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15
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Cancer Chemotherapy Related Cognitive Impairment and the Impact of the Alzheimer's Disease Risk Factor APOE. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123842. [PMID: 33352780 PMCID: PMC7766535 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is a serious impairment to maintaining quality of life in cancer survivors. Cancer chemotherapy contributes to this condition through several potential mechanisms, including damage to the blood brain barrier, increases in oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain, and impaired neurogenesis, each of which lead to neuronal dysfunction. A genetic predisposition to CRCI is the E4 allele of the Apolipoprotein E gene (APOE), which is also the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. In normal brains, APOE performs essential lipid transport functions. The APOE4 isoform has been linked to altered lipid binding, increased oxidative stress and inflammation, reduced turnover of neural progenitor cells, and impairment of the blood brain barrier. As chemotherapy also affects these processes, the influence of APOE4 on CRCI takes on great significance. This review outlines the main areas where APOE genotype could play a role in CRCI. Potential therapeutics based on APOE biology could mitigate these detrimental cognitive effects for those receiving chemotherapy, emphasizing that the APOE genotype could help in developing personalized cancer treatment regimens.
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16
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Jones EA, Gillespie AK, Yoon SY, Frank LM, Huang Y. Early Hippocampal Sharp-Wave Ripple Deficits Predict Later Learning and Memory Impairments in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2123-2133.e4. [PMID: 31747587 PMCID: PMC7437815 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by progressive memory loss, and there is a pressing need to identify early pathophysiological alterations that predict subsequent memory impairment. Hippocampal sharp-wave ripples (SWRs)—electrophysiological signatures of memory reactivation in the hippocampus—are a compelling candidate for this purpose. Mouse models of AD show reductions in both SWR abundance and associated slow gamma (SG) power during aging, but these alterations have yet to be directly linked to memory impairments. In aged apolipoprotein E4 knockin (apoE4-KI) mice—a model of the major genetic risk factor for AD—we find that reduced SWR abundance and associated CA3 SG power predicted spatial memory impairments measured 1–2 months later. Importantly, SWR-associated CA3 SG power reduction in young apoE4-KI mice also predicted spatial memory deficits measured 10 months later. These results establish features of SWRs as potential functional biomarkers of memory impairment in AD. Currently, there are no functional biomarkers that can predict progression to Alzheimer’s disease before cognitive decline begins. Jones et al. demonstrate that sharp-wave ripple and associated slow gamma deficits predict memory impairments in aged apoE4 mice. Slow gamma deficits in young apoE4 mice predict memory impairment onset 10+ months later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Jones
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Anna K Gillespie
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Seo Yeon Yoon
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Loren M Frank
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Departments of Neurology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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17
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Najm R, Zalocusky KA, Zilberter M, Yoon SY, Hao Y, Koutsodendris N, Nelson M, Rao A, Taubes A, Jones EA, Huang Y. In Vivo Chimeric Alzheimer's Disease Modeling of Apolipoprotein E4 Toxicity in Human Neurons. Cell Rep 2020; 32:107962. [PMID: 32726626 PMCID: PMC7430173 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its clear impact on Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, apolipoprotein (apo) E4's contributions to AD etiology remain poorly understood. Progress in answering this and other questions in AD research has been limited by an inability to model human-specific phenotypes in an in vivo environment. Here we transplant human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons carrying normal apoE3 or pathogenic apoE4 into human apoE3 or apoE4 knockin mouse hippocampi, enabling us to disentangle the effects of apoE4 produced in human neurons and in the brain environment. Using single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq), we identify key transcriptional changes specific to human neuron subtypes in response to endogenous or exogenous apoE4. We also find that Aβ from transplanted human neurons forms plaque-like aggregates, with differences in localization and interaction with microglia depending on the transplant and host apoE genotype. These findings highlight the power of in vivo chimeric disease modeling for studying AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsey Najm
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kelly A Zalocusky
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Misha Zilberter
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Seo Yeon Yoon
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yanxia Hao
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nicole Koutsodendris
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Maxine Nelson
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Antara Rao
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alice Taubes
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Emily A Jones
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Departments of Neurology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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18
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Sullivan P. Influence of Western diet and APOE genotype on Alzheimer's disease risk. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 138:104790. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Demby TC, Rodriguez O, McCarthy CW, Lee YC, Albanese C, Mandelblatt J, Rebeck GW. A mouse model of chemotherapy-related cognitive impairments integrating the risk factors of aging and APOE4 genotype. Behav Brain Res 2020; 384:112534. [PMID: 32027870 PMCID: PMC7082850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Some cancer survivors experience marked cognitive impairment, referred to as cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI). CRCI has been linked to the genetic factor APOE4, the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We used APOE knock-in mice to test whether the relationship between APOE4 and CRCI can be demonstrated in a mouse model, to identify associations of chemotherapy with behavioural and structural correlates of cognition, and to test whether chemotherapy affects markers of AD. Twelve-month old C57BL/6 J female APOE3 (n = 30) and APOE4 (n = 31) knock-in mice were randomized to treatment with either doxorubicin (10 mg/kg) or saline. Behavioural assays at 2-21 weeks-post exposure included open field maze, elevated zero maze, pre-pulse inhibition, Barnes maze, and fear conditioning. Ex-vivo magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine regional volume differences at 31-35 weeks-post exposure, and tissue sections were analyzed for markers of AD pathogenesis. Minimal toxicities were observed in the aged mice after doxorubicin exposure. In the Barnes maze assay, APOE3 mice did not exhibit impairment in spatial learning after doxorubicin treatment, but APOE4 mice demonstrated significant impairments in both the initial identification of the escape hole and the latency to full escape at 6 weeks post-exposure. Both APOE3 and APOE4 mice treated with doxorubicin showed impairment of spatial memory. Grey matter volume in the frontal cortex decreased in APOE4 mice treated with doxorubicin vs. APOE3 mice. This study demonstrates cognitive impairments in aged APOE4 knock-in mice after doxorubicin treatment and establishes this system as a novel and powerful model of CRCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar C Demby
- Tumor Biology Program, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC United States
| | - Olga Rodriguez
- Department of Oncology, Molecular Oncology Program, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC United States; Center for Translational Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, United States
| | - Camryn W McCarthy
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC United States
| | - Yi-Chien Lee
- Department of Oncology, Molecular Oncology Program, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC United States; Center for Translational Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, United States
| | - Christopher Albanese
- Department of Oncology, Molecular Oncology Program, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC United States; Center for Translational Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, United States
| | - Jeanne Mandelblatt
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, United States
| | - G William Rebeck
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC United States.
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APOE4 is Associated with Differential Regional Vulnerability to Bioenergetic Deficits in Aged APOE Mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4277. [PMID: 32152337 PMCID: PMC7062695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the dominant genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the reason for the association between APOE4 and AD remains unclear. While much of the research has focused on the ability of the apoE4 protein to increase the aggregation and decrease the clearance of Aβ, there is also an abundance of data showing that APOE4 negatively impacts many additional processes in the brain, including bioenergetics. In order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of APOE4′s role in AD pathogenesis, we performed a transcriptomics analysis of APOE4 vs. APOE3 expression in the entorhinal cortex (EC) and primary visual cortex (PVC) of aged APOE mice. This study revealed EC-specific upregulation of genes related to oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). Follow-up analysis utilizing the Seahorse platform showed decreased mitochondrial respiration with age in the hippocampus and cortex of APOE4 vs. APOE3 mice, but not in the EC of these mice. Additional studies, as well as the original transcriptomics data, suggest that multiple bioenergetic pathways are differentially regulated by APOE4 expression in the EC of aged APOE mice in order to increase the mitochondrial coupling efficiency in this region. Given the importance of the EC as one of the first regions to be affected by AD pathology in humans, the observation that the EC is susceptible to differential bioenergetic regulation in response to a metabolic stressor such as APOE4 may point to a causative factor in the pathogenesis of AD.
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21
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Lewandowski CT, Maldonado Weng J, LaDu MJ. Alzheimer's disease pathology in APOE transgenic mouse models: The Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 139:104811. [PMID: 32087290 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus on amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles has yielded no Alzheimer's disease (AD) modifying treatments in the past several decades, despite successful studies in preclinical mouse models. This inconsistency has caused a renewed focus on improving the fidelity and reliability of AD mouse models, with disparate views on how this improvement can be accomplished. However, the interactive effects of the universal biological variables of AD, which include age, APOE genotype, and sex, are often overlooked. Age is the greatest risk factor for AD, while the ε4 allele of the human APOE gene, encoding apolipoprotein E, is the greatest genetic risk factor. Sex is the final universal biological variable of AD, as females develop AD at almost twice the rate of males and, importantly, female sex exacerbates the effects of APOE4 on AD risk and rate of cognitive decline. Therefore, this review evaluates the importance of context for understanding the role of APOE in preclinical mouse models. Specifically, we detail how human AD pathology is mirrored in current transgenic mouse models ("What") and describe the critical need for introducing human APOE into these mouse models ("Who"). We next outline different methods for introducing human APOE into mice ("How") and highlight efforts to develop temporally defined and location-specific human apoE expression models ("When" and "Where"). We conclude with the importance of choosing the human APOE mouse model relevant to the question being addressed, using the selection of transgenic models for testing apoE-targeted therapeutics as an example ("Why").
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Affiliation(s)
- Cutler T Lewandowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Juan Maldonado Weng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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22
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Takeuchi Y, Berényi A. Oscillotherapeutics - Time-targeted interventions in epilepsy and beyond. Neurosci Res 2020; 152:87-107. [PMID: 31954733 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Oscillatory brain activities support many physiological functions from motor control to cognition. Disruptions of the normal oscillatory brain activities are commonly observed in neurological and psychiatric disorders including epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, anxiety/trauma-related disorders, major depressive disorders, and drug addiction. Therefore, these disorders can be considered as common oscillation defects despite having distinct behavioral manifestations and genetic causes. Recent technical advances of neuronal activity recording and analysis have allowed us to study the pathological oscillations of each disorder as a possible biomarker of symptoms. Furthermore, recent advances in brain stimulation technologies enable time- and space-targeted interventions of the pathological oscillations of both neurological disorders and psychiatric disorders as possible targets for regulating their symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Takeuchi
- MTA-SZTE 'Momentum' Oscillatory Neuronal Networks Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary; Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Antal Berényi
- MTA-SZTE 'Momentum' Oscillatory Neuronal Networks Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary; HCEMM-SZTE Magnetotherapeutics Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary; Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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23
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Bastrup J, Kastaniegaard K, Asuni AA, Volbracht C, Stensballe A. Proteomic and Unbiased Post-Translational Modification Profiling of Amyloid Plaques and Surrounding Tissue in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 73:393-411. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-190652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Bastrup
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, Denmark
- Neuroscience, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Allan Stensballe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, Denmark
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24
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APOE in the normal brain. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 136:104724. [PMID: 31911114 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The APOE4 protein affects the primary neuropathological markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD): amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and gliosis. These interactions have been investigated to understand the strong effect of APOE genotype on risk of AD. However, APOE genotype has strong effects on processes in normal brains, in the absence of the hallmarks of AD. We propose that CNS APOE is involved in processes in the normal brains that in later years apply specifically to processes of AD pathogenesis. We review the differences of the APOE protein found in the CNS compared to the plasma, including post-translational modifications (glycosylation, lipidation, multimer formation), focusing on ways that the common APOE isoforms differ from each other. We also review structural and functional studies of young human brains and control APOE knock-in mouse brains. These approaches demonstrate the effects of APOE genotype on microscopic neuron structure, gross brain structure, and behavior, primarily related to the hippocampal areas. By focusing on the effects of APOE genotype on normal brain function, approaches can be pursued to identify biomarkers of APOE dysfunction, to promote normal functions of the APOE4 isoform, and to prevent the accumulation of the pathologic hallmarks of AD with aging.
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25
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Patra K, Giannisis A, Edlund AK, Sando SB, Lauridsen C, Berge G, Grøntvedt GR, Bråthen G, White LR, Nielsen HM. Plasma Apolipoprotein E Monomer and Dimer Profile and Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 71:1217-1231. [PMID: 31524156 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The APOEɛ4 gene variant is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), whereas APOEɛ3 conventionally is considered as 'risk neutral' although APOEɛ3-carriers also develop AD. Previous studies have shown that the apolipoprotein E3 (apoE3) isoform occurs as monomers, homodimers and heterodimers with apolipoprotein A-II in human body fluids and brain tissue, but the relevance of a plasma apoE3 monomer/dimer profile to AD is unknown. Here we assessed the distribution of monomers, homodimers and heterodimers in plasma from control subjects and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD with either a homozygous APOEɛ3 (n = 31 control subjects, and n = 14 MCI versus n = 5 AD patients) or APOEɛ4 genotype (n = 1 control subject, n = 21 MCI and n = 7 AD patients). Total plasma apoE levels were lower in APOEɛ4-carriers and overall correlated significantly to CSF Aβ42, p(Thr181)-tau and t-tau levels. Apolipoprotein E dimers were only observed in the APOEɛ3-carriers and associated with total plasma apoE levels, negatively correlated to apoE monomers, but were unrelated to plasma homocysteine levels. Importantly, the APOEɛ3-carrying AD patients versus controls exhibited a significant decrease in apoE homodimers (17.8±9.6% versus 26.7±6.3%, p = 0.025) paralleled by an increase in apoE monomers (67.8±18.3% versus 48.5±11.2%, p = 0.008). In the controls, apoE monomers and heterodimers were significantly associated with plasma triglycerides; the apoE heterodimers were also associated with levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The physiological relevance of apoE dimer formation needs to be further investigated, though the distribution of apoE in monomers and dimers appears to be of relevance to AD in APOEɛ3 subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalicharan Patra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Giannisis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna K Edlund
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sigrid Botne Sando
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Camilla Lauridsen
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Guro Berge
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Geir Bråthen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Linda R White
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Henrietta M Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Speidell AP, Demby T, Lee Y, Rodriguez O, Albanese C, Mandelblatt J, Rebeck GW. Development of a Human APOE Knock-in Mouse Model for Study of Cognitive Function After Cancer Chemotherapy. Neurotox Res 2019; 35:291-303. [PMID: 30284204 PMCID: PMC6333492 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-related cognitive impairment in breast cancer patients exposed to multi-agent chemotherapy regimens is associated with the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) allele. However, it is difficult to determine the effects of specific agents on cognitive impairment in human studies. We describe the development of a human APOE knock-in congenic C57BL/6J mouse model to study cancer-related cognitive impairment. Female APOE3 and APOE4 homozygous mice were either left untreated or treated with the most commonly used breast cancer therapeutic agent, doxorubicin. APOE3 and APOE4 mice had similar behaviors in exploratory and anxiety assays, which were affected transiently by doxorubicin treatment. Spatial learning and memory were measured in a Barnes maze: after 4 days of training, control APOE3 and APOE4 mice were able to escape with similar latencies. In contrast, doxorubicin-treated APOE4 mice had markedly impaired learning compared to doxorubicin-treated APOE3 mice at all time points. Voxel-based morphometry of magnetic resonance images revealed that doxorubicin treatment caused significant changes in the cortex and hippocampus of in both APOE3 and APOE4 mouse brains, but the differences were significantly greater in the APOE4 brains. The results indicate that doxorubicin-exposed APOE4 mice recapitulate key aspects of human cancer-related cognitive impairment. These data support the usefulness of this novel preclinical model for future elucidation of the genetic and molecular interactions of APOE genotype with chemotherapy; this model can also allow extension to prospective studies of older mice to study these interactions in the context of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Speidell
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tamar Demby
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yichien Lee
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Olga Rodriguez
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - G William Rebeck
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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27
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A small molecule ApoE4-targeted therapeutic candidate that normalizes sirtuin 1 levels and improves cognition in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17574. [PMID: 30514854 PMCID: PMC6279743 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35687-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here the results from the testing of a small molecule first-in-class apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4)-targeted sirtuin1 (SirT1) enhancer, A03, that increases the levels of the neuroprotective enzyme SirT1 while not affecting levels of neurotoxic sirtuin 2 (SirT2) in vitro in ApoE4-transfected cells. A03 was identified by high-throughput screening (HTS) and found to be orally bioavailable and brain penetrant. In vivo, A03 treatment increased SirT1 levels in the hippocampus of 5XFAD-ApoE4 (E4FAD) Alzheimer’s disease (AD) model mice and elicited cognitive improvement while inducing no observed toxicity. We were able to resolve the enantiomers of A03 and show using in vitro models that the L-enantiomer was more potent than the corresponding D-enantiomer in increasing SirT1 levels. ApoE4 expression has been shown to decrease the level of the NAD-dependent deacetylase and major longevity determinant SirT1 in brain tissue and serum of AD patients as compared to normal controls. A deficiency in SirT1 level has been recently implicated in increased tau acetylation, a dominant post-translational modification and key pathological event in AD and tauopathies. Therefore, as a novel approach to therapeutic development for AD, we targeted identification of compounds that enhance and normalize brain SirT1 levels.
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28
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Wu L, Zhang X, Zhao L. Human ApoE Isoforms Differentially Modulate Brain Glucose and Ketone Body Metabolism: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease Risk Reduction and Early Intervention. J Neurosci 2018; 38:6665-6681. [PMID: 29967007 PMCID: PMC6067075 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2262-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans possess three genetic isoforms of apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4-that confer differential risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. This study sought to investigate the impact of human ApoE isoforms on brain energy metabolism, an area significantly perturbed in preclinical AD. A TaqMan custom array was performed to examine the expression of a total of 43 genes involved in glucose and ketone body transport and metabolism, focusing on pathways leading to the generation of acetyl-CoA, in human ApoE gene-targeted replacement female mice. Consistent with our previous findings, brains expressing ApoE2 exhibited the most robust profile, whereas brains expressing ApoE4 displayed the most deficient profile on the uptake and metabolism of glucose, the primary fuel for the brain. Specifically, the three ApoE brains differed significantly in facilitated glucose transporters, which mediate the entry of glucose into neurons, and hexokinases, which act as the "gateway enzyme" in glucose metabolism. Interestingly, on the uptake and metabolism of ketone bodies, the secondary energy source for the brain, ApoE2 and ApoE4 brains showed a similar level of robustness, whereas ApoE3 brains presented a relatively deficient profile. Further, ingenuity pathway analysis indicated that the PPAR-γ/PGC-1α signaling pathway could be activated in the ApoE2 brain and inhibited in the ApoE4 brain. Notably, PGC-1α overexpression ameliorated ApoE4-induced deficits in glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. Overall, our data provide additional evidence that human ApoE isoforms differentially modulate brain bioenergetic metabolism, which could serve as a potential mechanism contributing to their discrete risk impact in AD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We uncovered hexokinase as a key cytosolic point in the glucose metabolism that is differentially modulated by the three ApoE genotypes. The differences in hexokinase expression and activity exhibited in the three ApoE brains may underlie their distinct impact on brain glucose utilization and further susceptibility to AD. Therefore, a therapeutic approach that could circumvent the deficiencies in the cytosolic metabolism of glucose by providing glucose metabolizing intermediates, e.g., pyruvate, may hold benefits for ApoE4 carriers, who are at high risk for AD. The bioenergetic robustness may translate into enhanced synaptic activity and, ultimately, reduces the risk of developing AD and/or delays the onset of clinical manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and
| | - Liqin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
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29
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Liao F, Li A, Xiong M, Bien-Ly N, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Finn MB, Hoyle R, Keyser J, Lefton KB, Robinson GO, Serrano JR, Silverman AP, Guo JL, Getz J, Henne K, Leyns CE, Gallardo G, Ulrich JD, Sullivan PM, Lerner EP, Hudry E, Sweeney ZK, Dennis MS, Hyman BT, Watts RJ, Holtzman DM. Targeting of nonlipidated, aggregated apoE with antibodies inhibits amyloid accumulation. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2144-2155. [PMID: 29600961 PMCID: PMC5919821 DOI: 10.1172/jci96429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E E4 allele of the APOE gene is the strongest genetic factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD). There is compelling evidence that apoE influences Alzheimer disease (AD) in large part by affecting amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation and clearance; however, the molecular mechanism underlying these findings remains largely unknown. Herein, we tested whether anti-human apoE antibodies can decrease Aβ pathology in mice producing both human Aβ and apoE4, and investigated the mechanism underlying these effects. We utilized APPPS1-21 mice crossed to apoE4-knockin mice expressing human apoE4 (APPPS1-21/APOE4). We discovered an anti-human apoE antibody, anti-human apoE 4 (HAE-4), that specifically recognizes human apoE4 and apoE3 and preferentially binds nonlipidated, aggregated apoE over the lipidated apoE found in circulation. HAE-4 also binds to apoE in amyloid plaques in unfixed brain sections and in living APPPS1-21/APOE4 mice. When delivered centrally or by peripheral injection, HAE-4 reduced Aβ deposition in APPPS1-21/APOE4 mice. Using adeno-associated virus to express 2 different full-length anti-apoE antibodies in the brain, we found that HAE antibodies decreased amyloid accumulation, which was dependent on Fcγ receptor function. These data support the hypothesis that a primary mechanism for apoE-mediated plaque formation may be a result of apoE aggregation, as preferentially targeting apoE aggregates with therapeutic antibodies reduces Aβ pathology and may represent a selective approach to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liao
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Aimin Li
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Monica Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nga Bien-Ly
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yin Zhang
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mary Beth Finn
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rosa Hoyle
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jennifer Keyser
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Katheryn B. Lefton
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Grace O. Robinson
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Javier Remolina Serrano
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Jing L. Guo
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Getz
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kirk Henne
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cheryl E.G. Leyns
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gilbert Gallardo
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jason D. Ulrich
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Eli Paul Lerner
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eloise Hudry
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Mark S. Dennis
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bradley T. Hyman
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan J. Watts
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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30
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East BS, Fleming G, Peng K, Olofsson JK, Levy E, Mathews PM, Wilson DA. Human Apolipoprotein E Genotype Differentially Affects Olfactory Behavior and Sensory Physiology in Mice. Neuroscience 2018; 380:103-110. [PMID: 29678753 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is an important lipid carrier in both the periphery and the brain. The ApoE ε4 allele (ApoE4) is the single most important genetic risk-factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) while the ε2 allele (ApoE2) is associated with a lower risk of AD-related neurodegeneration compared to the most common variant, ε3 (ApoE3). ApoE genotype affects a variety of neural circuits; however, the olfactory system appears to provide early biomarkers of ApoE genotype effects. Here, we directly compared olfactory behavior and olfactory system physiology across all three ApoE genotypes in 6-month- and 12-month-old mice with targeted replacement for the human ApoE2, ApoE3, or ApoE4 genes. Odor investigation and habituation were assessed, along with, olfactory bulb and piriform cortical local field potential activity. The results demonstrate that while initial odor investigation was unaffected by ApoE genotype, odor habituation was impaired in E4 relative to E2 mice, with E3 mice intermediate in function. There was also significant deterioration of odor habituation from 6 to 12 months of age regardless of the ApoE genotype. Olfactory system excitability and odor responsiveness were similarly determined by ApoE genotype, with an ApoE4 > ApoE3 > ApoE2 excitability ranking. Although motivated behavior is influenced by many processes, hyper-excitability of ApoE4 mice may contribute to impaired odor habituation, while hypo-excitability of ApoE2 mice may contribute to its protective effects. Given that these ApoE mice do not have AD pathology, our results demonstrate how ApoE affects the olfactory system at early stages, prior to the development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett S East
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Gloria Fleming
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Kathy Peng
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jonas K Olofsson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Efrat Levy
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Paul M Mathews
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Donald A Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Nuriel T, Peng KY, Ashok A, Dillman AA, Figueroa HY, Apuzzo J, Ambat J, Levy E, Cookson MR, Mathews PM, Duff KE. The Endosomal-Lysosomal Pathway Is Dysregulated by APOE4 Expression in Vivo. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:702. [PMID: 29311783 PMCID: PMC5733017 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Possession of the ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the major genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although numerous hypotheses have been proposed, the precise cause of this increased AD risk is not yet known. In order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of APOE4's role in AD, we performed RNA-sequencing on an AD-vulnerable vs. an AD-resistant brain region from aged APOE targeted replacement mice. This transcriptomics analysis revealed a significant enrichment of genes involved in endosomal–lysosomal processing, suggesting an APOE4-specific endosomal–lysosomal pathway dysregulation in the brains of APOE4 mice. Further analysis revealed clear differences in the morphology of endosomal–lysosomal compartments, including an age-dependent increase in the number and size of early endosomes in APOE4 mice. These findings directly link the APOE4 genotype to endosomal–lysosomal dysregulation in an in vivo, AD pathology-free setting, which may play a causative role in the increased incidence of AD among APOE4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Nuriel
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, Colombia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Katherine Y Peng
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Archana Ashok
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, Colombia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Allissa A Dillman
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Helen Y Figueroa
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, Colombia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Justin Apuzzo
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, United States
| | - Jayanth Ambat
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, Colombia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Efrat Levy
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, United States.,Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Paul M Mathews
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Karen E Duff
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research of Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, Colombia University, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Integrative Neuroscience in the Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
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Neuronal hyperactivity due to loss of inhibitory tone in APOE4 mice lacking Alzheimer's disease-like pathology. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1464. [PMID: 29133888 PMCID: PMC5684208 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the dominant genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the reason APOE4 is associated with increased AD risk remains a source of debate. Neuronal hyperactivity is an early phenotype in both AD mouse models and in human AD, which may play a direct role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Here, we have identified an APOE4-associated hyperactivity phenotype in the brains of aged APOE mice using four complimentary techniques—fMRI, in vitro electrophysiology, in vivo electrophysiology, and metabolomics—with the most prominent hyperactivity occurring in the entorhinal cortex. Further analysis revealed that this neuronal hyperactivity is driven by decreased background inhibition caused by reduced responsiveness of excitatory neurons to GABAergic inhibitory inputs. Given the observations of neuronal hyperactivity in prodromal AD, we propose that this APOE4-driven hyperactivity may be a causative factor driving increased risk of AD among APOE4 carriers. The APOE4 allele is the leading risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease, but how it might contribute to the disease is not clear. Here the authors show that a mouse expressing the human APOE4 allele displays hyperactivity in the entorhinal cortex due to a decreased inhibitory tone, which may in part explain accelerated Alzheimer’s pathology in APOE4 carriers.
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Di Battista AM, Heinsinger NM, Rebeck GW. Alzheimer's Disease Genetic Risk Factor APOE-ε4 Also Affects Normal Brain Function. Curr Alzheimer Res 2017; 13:1200-1207. [PMID: 27033053 DOI: 10.2174/1567205013666160401115127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
APOE-ε4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and is associated with an increase in the levels of amyloid deposition and an early age of onset. Recent data demonstrate that AD pathological changes occur decades before clinical symptoms, raising questions about the precise onset of the disease. Now a convergence of approaches in mice and humans has demonstrated that APOE-ε4 affects normal brain function even very early in life in the absence of gross AD pathological changes. Normal mice expressing APOE4 have task-specific spatial learning deficits, as well as reduced NMDAR-dependent signaling and structural changes to presynaptic and postsynaptic compartments in neurons, particularly in hippocampal regions. Young humans possessing APOE-ε4 are more adept than APOE-ε4 negative individuals at some behavioral tasks, and functional magnetic resonance imaging has shown that inheritance of APOE-ε4 has specific effects on medial temporal brain activities. These findings suggest that inheritance of APOE-ε4 causes life long changes to the brain that may be related to the late risk of AD. Several possible mechanisms of how APOE-ε4 could affect brain neurochemistry, structure, and function are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - G William Rebeck
- New Research Building, WP- 13, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC 20007; USA
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Bar R, Boehm-Cagan A, Luz I, Kleper-Wall Y, Michaelson DM. The effects of apolipoprotein E genotype, α-synuclein deficiency, and sex on brain synaptic and Alzheimer's disease-related pathology. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2017; 10:1-11. [PMID: 29159264 PMCID: PMC5678739 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) and synucleinopathies share common pathological mechanisms. Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), the most prevalent genetic risk factor for AD, also increases the risk for dementia in pure synucleinopathies. We presently examined the effects of α-synuclein deficiency (α-syn−/−) and sex on apoE4-driven pathologies. Methods AD-related, synaptic, and vascular markers were analyzed in female and male α-syn−/− and α-syn+/+ apoE4, apoE3, and apoE3/E4 mice. Results ApoE4 was hypolipidated, and this effect was unchanged by α-syn−/− and sex. The levels of synaptic markers were lower, and the levels of AD-related parameters were higher in female α-syn−/− apoE4 mice compared with the corresponding apoE3 mice. By comparison, apoE4 had small effects on the AD parameters of male and female α-syn+/+ apoE4 mice. Discussion Although α-syn−/− does not affect the upstream lipidation impairment of apoE4, it acts as a “second hit” enhancer of the subsequent apoE4-driven pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Bar
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anat Boehm-Cagan
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ishai Luz
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yarden Kleper-Wall
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel M Michaelson
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Tai LM, Balu D, Avila-Munoz E, Abdullah L, Thomas R, Collins N, Valencia-Olvera AC, LaDu MJ. EFAD transgenic mice as a human APOE relevant preclinical model of Alzheimer's disease. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1733-1755. [PMID: 28389477 PMCID: PMC5580905 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r076315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Identified in 1993, APOE4 is the greatest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), increasing risk up to 15-fold compared with APOE3, with APOE2 decreasing AD risk. However, the functional effects of APOE4 on AD pathology remain unclear and, in some cases, controversial. In vivo progress to understand how the human (h)-APOE genotypes affect AD pathology has been limited by the lack of a tractable familial AD-transgenic (FAD-Tg) mouse model expressing h-APOE rather than mouse (m)-APOE. The disparity between m- and h-apoE is relevant for virtually every AD-relevant pathway, including amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and clearance, neuroinflammation, tau pathology, neural plasticity and cerebrovascular deficits. EFAD mice were designed as a temporally useful preclinical FAD-Tg-mouse model expressing the h-APOE genotypes for identifying mechanisms underlying APOE-modulated symptoms of AD pathology. From their first description in 2012, EFAD mice have enabled critical basic and therapeutic research. Here we review insights gleaned from the EFAD mice and summarize future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon M Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Deebika Balu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Evangelina Avila-Munoz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | | | - Riya Thomas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Nicole Collins
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | | | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612.
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Yamazaki Y, Painter MM, Bu G, Kanekiyo T. Apolipoprotein E as a Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of Basic Research and Clinical Evidence. CNS Drugs 2016; 30:773-89. [PMID: 27328687 PMCID: PMC5526196 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-016-0361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that causes progressive cognitive decline. The majority of AD cases are sporadic and late-onset (>65 years old) making it the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. While both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of late-onset AD (LOAD), APOE polymorphism is a major genetic risk determinant for LOAD. In humans, the APOE gene has three major allelic variants: ε2, ε3, and ε4, of which APOE ε4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for LOAD, whereas APOE ε2 is protective. Mounting evidence suggests that APOE ε4 contributes to AD pathogenesis through multiple pathways including facilitated amyloid-β deposition, increased tangle formation, synaptic dysfunction, exacerbated neuroinflammation, and cerebrovascular defects. Since APOE modulates multiple biological processes through its corresponding protein apolipoprotein E (apoE), APOE gene and apoE properties have been a promising target for therapy and drug development against AD. In this review, we summarize the current evidence regarding how the APOE ε4 allele contributes to the pathogenesis of AD and how relevant therapeutic approaches can be developed to target apoE-mediated pathways in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yamazaki
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Meghan M Painter
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Takahisa Kanekiyo
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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37
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Mahley RW. Central Nervous System Lipoproteins: ApoE and Regulation of Cholesterol Metabolism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1305-15. [PMID: 27174096 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ApoE on high-density lipoproteins is primarily responsible for lipid transport and cholesterol homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS). Normally produced mostly by astrocytes, apoE is also produced under neuropathologic conditions by neurons. ApoE on high-density lipoproteins is critical in redistributing cholesterol and phospholipids for membrane repair and remodeling. The 3 main structural isoforms differ in their effectiveness. Unlike apoE2 and apoE3, apoE4 has markedly altered CNS metabolism, is associated with Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, and is expressed at lower levels in brain and cerebrospinal fluid. ApoE4-expressing cultured astrocytes and neurons have reduced cholesterol and phospholipid secretion, decreased lipid-binding capacity, and increased intracellular degradation. Two structural features are responsible for apoE4 dysfunction: domain interaction, in which arginine-61 interacts ionically with glutamic acid-255, and a less stable conformation than apoE3 and apoE2. Blocking domain interaction by gene targeting (replacing arginine-61 with threonine) or by small-molecule structure correctors increases CNS apoE4 levels and lipid-binding capacity and decreases intracellular degradation. Small molecules (drugs) that disrupt domain interaction, so-called structure correctors, could prevent the apoE4-associated neuropathology by blocking the formation of neurotoxic fragments. Understanding how to modulate CNS cholesterol transport and metabolism is providing important insights into CNS health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Mahley
- From the Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA; and Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.
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38
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Gillespie AK, Jones EA, Lin YH, Karlsson MP, Kay K, Yoon SY, Tong LM, Nova P, Carr JS, Frank LM, Huang Y. Apolipoprotein E4 Causes Age-Dependent Disruption of Slow Gamma Oscillations during Hippocampal Sharp-Wave Ripples. Neuron 2016; 90:740-51. [PMID: 27161522 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) E4 is the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the mechanism by which it causes cognitive decline is unclear. In knockin (KI) mice, human apoE4 causes age-dependent learning and memory impairments and degeneration of GABAergic interneurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Here we report two functional apoE4-KI phenotypes involving sharp-wave ripples (SWRs), hippocampal network events critical for memory processes. Aged apoE4-KI mice had fewer SWRs than apoE3-KI mice and significantly reduced slow gamma activity during SWRs. Elimination of apoE4 in GABAergic interneurons, which prevents learning and memory impairments, rescued SWR-associated slow gamma activity but not SWR abundance in aged mice. SWR abundance was reduced similarly in young and aged apoE4-KI mice; however, the full SWR-associated slow gamma deficit emerged only in aged apoE4-KI mice. These results suggest that progressive decline of interneuron-enabled slow gamma activity during SWRs critically contributes to apoE4-mediated learning and memory impairments. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Gillespie
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Emily A Jones
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yuan-Hung Lin
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mattias P Karlsson
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kenneth Kay
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Seo Yeon Yoon
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Leslie M Tong
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Philip Nova
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jessie S Carr
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Loren M Frank
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Departments of Neurology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Gottschalk WK, Mihovilovic M, Roses AD, Chiba-Falek O. The Role of Upregulated APOE in Alzheimer's Disease Etiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6. [PMID: 27104063 PMCID: PMC4836841 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0460.1000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirta Mihovilovic
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Allen D Roses
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Zinfandel Pharmaceuticals, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Biundo F, Ishiwari K, Del Prete D, D'Adamio L. Interaction of ApoE3 and ApoE4 isoforms with an ITM2b/BRI2 mutation linked to the Alzheimer disease-like Danish dementia: Effects on learning and memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 126:18-30. [PMID: 26528887 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in Amyloid β Precursor Protein (APP) and in genes that regulate APP processing--such as PSEN1/2 and ITM2b/BRI2--cause familial dementia, such Familial Alzheimer disease (FAD), Familial Danish (FDD) and British (FBD) dementias. The ApoE gene is the major genetic risk factor for sporadic AD. Three major variants of ApoE exist in humans (ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4), with the ApoE4 allele being strongly associated with AD. ITM2b/BRI2 is also a candidate regulatory node genes predicted to mediate the common patterns of gene expression shared by healthy ApoE4 carriers and late-onset AD patients not carrying ApoE4. This evidence provides a direct link between ITM2b/BRI2 and ApoE4. To test whether ApoE4 and pathogenic ITM2b/BRI2 interact to modulate learning and memory, we crossed a mouse carrying the ITM2b/BRI2 mutations that causes FDD knocked-in the endogenous mouse Itm2b/Bri2 gene (FDDKI mice) with human ApoE3 and ApoE4 targeted replacement mice. The resultant ApoE3, FDDKI/ApoE3, ApoE4, FDDKI/ApoE4 male mice were assessed longitudinally for learning and memory at 4, 6, 12, and 16-17 months of age. The results showed that ApoE4-carrying mice displayed spatial working/short-term memory deficits relative to ApoE3-carrying mice starting in early middle age, while long-term spatial memory of ApoE4 mice was not adversely affected even at 16-17 months, and that the FDD mutation impaired working/short-term spatial memory in ApoE3-carrying mice and produced impaired long-term spatial memory in ApoE4-carrying mice in middle age. The present results suggest that the FDD mutation may differentially affect learning and memory in ApoE4 carriers and non-carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Biundo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States
| | - Keita Ishiwari
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States
| | - Dolores Del Prete
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States
| | - Luciano D'Adamio
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States.
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Abstract
Human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains diverse lipid particles, including lipoproteins that are distinct from their plasma counterparts and contain apolipoprotein (apo) E isoforms, apoJ, and apoAI, and extracellular vesicles, which can be detected by annexin V binding. The aim of this study was to develop a method to quantify CSF particles and evaluate their relationship to aging and neurodegenerative diseases. We used a flow cytometric assay to detect annexin V-, apoE-, apoAI-, apoJ-, and amyloid (A) β42-positive particles in CSF from 131 research volunteers who were neurologically normal or had mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer disease (AD) dementia, or Parkinson disease. APOE ε4/ε4 participants had CSF apoE-positive particles that were more frequently larger but at an 88% lower level versus those in APOE ε3/ε3 or APOE ε3/ε4 patients; this finding was reproduced in conditioned medium from mouse primary glial cell cultures with targeted replacement of apoE. Cerebrospinal fluid apoE-positive and β-amyloid (Aβ42)-positive particle concentrations were persistently reduced one-third to one-half in middle and older age subjects; apoAI-positive particle concentration progressively increased approximately 2-fold with age. Both apoAI-positive and annexin V-positive CSF particle levels were reduced one-third to one-half in CSF of MCI and/or AD dementia patients versus age-matched controls. Our approach provides new methods to investigate CNS lipid biology in relation to neurodegeneration and perhaps develop new biomarkers for diagnosis or treatment monitoring.
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Yan P, Zhu A, Liao F, Xiao Q, Kraft A, Gonzales E, Perez R, Greenberg SM, Holtzman D, Lee JM. Minocycline reduces spontaneous hemorrhage in mouse models of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Stroke 2015; 46:1633-1640. [PMID: 25944329 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.008582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a common cause of recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage in the elderly. Previous studies have shown that CAA induces inflammation and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (gelatinases) in amyloid-laden vessels. Here, we inhibited both using minocycline in CAA mouse models to determine whether spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage could be reduced. METHODS Tg2576 (n=16) and 5xFAD/ApoE4 knockin mice (n=16), aged 17 and 12 months, respectively, were treated with minocycline (50 mg/kg, IP) or saline every other day for 2 months. Brains were extracted and stained with X-34 (to quantify amyloid), Perls' blue (to quantify hemorrhage), and immunostained to examined β-amyloid peptide load, gliosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP], Iba-1), and vascular markers of blood-brain barrier integrity (zonula occludins-1 [ZO-1] and collagen IV). Brain extracts were used to quantify mRNA for a variety of inflammatory genes. RESULTS Minocycline treatment significantly reduced hemorrhage frequency in the brains of Tg2576 and 5xFAD/ApoE4 mice relative to the saline-treated mice, without affecting CAA load. Gliosis (GFAP and Iba-1 immunostaining), gelatinase activity, and expression of a variety of inflammatory genes (matrix metalloproteinase-9, NOX4, CD45, S-100b, and Iba-1) were also significantly reduced. Higher levels of microvascular tight junction and basal lamina proteins were found in the brains of minocycline-treated Tg2576 mice relative to saline-treated controls. CONCLUSIONS Minocycline reduced gliosis, inflammatory gene expression, gelatinase activity, and spontaneous hemorrhage in 2 different mouse models of CAA, supporting the importance of matrix metalloproteinase-related and inflammatory pathways in intracerebral hemorrhage pathogenesis. As a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug, minocycline might be considered for clinical trials to test efficacy in preventing CAA-related intracerebral hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yan
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alec Zhu
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Fan Liao
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Qingli Xiao
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrew Kraft
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ernie Gonzales
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ron Perez
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Holtzman
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jin-Moo Lee
- Department of Neurology and the Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Orr AG, Hsiao EC, Wang MM, Ho K, Kim DH, Wang X, Guo W, Kang J, Yu GQ, Adame A, Devidze N, Dubal DB, Masliah E, Conklin BR, Mucke L. Astrocytic adenosine receptor A2A and Gs-coupled signaling regulate memory. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:423-34. [PMID: 25622143 PMCID: PMC4340760 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes express a variety of G protein-coupled receptors and might influence cognitive functions, such as learning and memory. However, the roles of astrocytic Gs-coupled receptors in cognitive function are not known. We found that humans with Alzheimer's disease (AD) had increased levels of the Gs-coupled adenosine receptor A2A in astrocytes. Conditional genetic removal of these receptors enhanced long-term memory in young and aging mice and increased the levels of Arc (also known as Arg3.1), an immediate-early gene that is required for long-term memory. Chemogenetic activation of astrocytic Gs-coupled signaling reduced long-term memory in mice without affecting learning. Like humans with AD, aging mice expressing human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) showed increased levels of astrocytic A2A receptors. Conditional genetic removal of these receptors enhanced memory in aging hAPP mice. Together, these findings establish a regulatory role for astrocytic Gs-coupled receptors in memory and suggest that AD-linked increases in astrocytic A2A receptor levels contribute to memory loss.
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MESH Headings
- Alzheimer Disease/pathology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism
- Exploratory Behavior/drug effects
- Exploratory Behavior/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/genetics
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism
- Humans
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Maze Learning/physiology
- Memory, Long-Term/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/metabolism
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT4/genetics
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT4/metabolism
- Recognition, Psychology/drug effects
- Recognition, Psychology/physiology
- Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna G. Orr
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Edward C. Hsiao
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and the Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Max M. Wang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Kaitlyn Ho
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Daniel H. Kim
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Xin Wang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Weikun Guo
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Jing Kang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Gui-Qiu Yu
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Anthony Adame
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nino Devidze
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Dena B. Dubal
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Bruce R. Conklin
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Lennart Mucke
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
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44
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APOE ε4: the most prevalent yet understudied risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2014; 10:861-8. [PMID: 25217293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain pathology of Alzheimer's diseases (AD) and the genetics of autosomal dominant familial AD have been the "lamp posts" under which the AD field has been looking for therapeutic targets. Although this approach still remains valid, none of the compounds tested to date have produced clinically meaningful results. This calls for developing complementary therapeutic approaches and AD targets. The allele ε4 of apolipoprotein E4 (APOE ε4), is the most prevalent genetic risk factor for sporadic AD, and is expressed in more than half of the AD patients. However, in spite of its genetic prominence, the allele APOE ε4 and its corresponding protein product apoE4 have been understudied. We presently briefly discuss the reasons underlying this situation and review newly developed AD therapeutic approaches that target apoE4 and which pave the way for future studies.
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45
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Apolipoprotein E-low density lipoprotein receptor interaction affects spatial memory retention and brain ApoE levels in an isoform-dependent manner. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 64:150-62. [PMID: 24412220 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human apolipoprotein E (apoE) exists in three isoforms: apoE2, apoE3 and apoE4. APOE ε4 is a major genetic risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). ApoE mediates cholesterol metabolism by binding various receptors. The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) has a high affinity for apoE, and is the only member of its receptor family to demonstrate an apoE isoform specific binding affinity (E4>E3>>E2). Evidence suggests that a functional interaction between apoE and LDLR influences the risk of CVD and AD. We hypothesize that the differential cognitive effects of the apoE isoforms are a direct result of their varying interactions with LDLR. To test this hypothesis, we have employed transgenic mice that express human apoE2, apoE3, or apoE4, and either human LDLR (hLDLR) or no LDLR (LDLR(-/-)). Our results show that plasma and brain apoE levels, cortical cholesterol, and spatial memory are all regulated by isoform-dependent interactions between apoE and LDLR. Conversely, both anxiety-like behavior and cued associative memory are strongly influenced by APOE genotype, but these processes appear to occur via an LDLR-independent mechanism. Both the lack of LDLR and the interaction between E4 and the LDLR were associated with significant impairments in the retention of long term spatial memory. Finally, levels of hippocampal apoE correlate with long term spatial memory retention in mice with human LDLR. In summary, we demonstrate that the apoE-LDLR interaction affects regional brain apoE levels, brain cholesterol, and cognitive function in an apoE isoform-dependent manner.
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46
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Lattanzio F, Carboni L, Carretta D, Rimondini R, Candeletti S, Romualdi P. Human apolipoprotein E4 modulates the expression of Pin1, Sirtuin 1, and Presenilin 1 in brain regions of targeted replacement apoE mice. Neuroscience 2014; 256:360-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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47
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Yu CE, Cudaback E, Foraker J, Thomson Z, Leong L, Lutz F, Gill JA, Saxton A, Kraemer B, Navas P, Keene CD, Montine T, Bekris LM. Epigenetic signature and enhancer activity of the human APOE gene. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:5036-47. [PMID: 23892237 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene plays an important role in lipid metabolism. It has three common genetic variants, alleles ε2/ε3/ε4, which translate into three protein isoforms of apoE2, E3 and E4. These isoforms can differentially influence total serum cholesterol levels; therefore, APOE has been linked with cardiovascular disease. Additionally, its ε4 allele is strongly associated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), whereas the ε2 allele appears to have a modest protective effect for AD. Despite decades of research having illuminated multiple functional differences among the three apoE isoforms, the precise mechanisms through which different APOE alleles modify diseases risk remain incompletely understood. In this study, we examined the genomic structure of APOE in search for properties that may contribute novel biological consequences to the risk of disease. We identify one such element in the ε2/ε3/ε4 allele-carrying 3'-exon of APOE. We show that this exon is imbedded in a well-defined CpG island (CGI) that is highly methylated in the human postmortem brain. We demonstrate that this APOE CGI exhibits transcriptional enhancer/silencer activity. We provide evidence that this APOE CGI differentially modulates expression of genes at the APOE locus in a cell type-, DNA methylation- and ε2/ε3/ε4 allele-specific manner. These findings implicate a novel functional role for a 3'-exon CGI and support a modified mechanism of action for APOE in disease risk, involving not only the protein isoforms but also an epigenetically regulated transcriptional program at the APOE locus driven by the APOE CGI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-En Yu
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
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48
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Reduced plasticity and mild cognitive impairment-like deficits after entorhinal lesions in hAPP/APOE4 mice. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2683-93. [PMID: 23706647 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a clinical condition that often precedes Alzheimer disease (AD). Compared with apolipoprotein E-ε3 (APOE3), the apolipoprotein E-ε4 (APOE4) allele is associated with an increased risk of developing MCI and spatial navigation impairments. In MCI, the entorhinal cortex (EC), which is the main innervation source of the dentate gyrus, displays partial neuronal loss. We show that bilateral partial EC lesions lead to marked spatial memory deficits and reduced synaptic density in the dentate gyrus of APOE4 mice compared with APOE3 mice. Genotype and lesion status did not affect the performance in non-navigational tasks. Thus, partial EC lesions in APOE4 mice were sufficient to induce severe spatial memory impairments and synaptic loss in the dentate gyrus. In addition, lesioned APOE4 mice showed no evidence of reactional increase in cholinergic terminals density as opposed to APOE3 mice, suggesting that APOE4 interferes with the ability of the cholinergic system to respond to EC input loss. These findings provide a possible mechanism underlying the aggravating effect of APOE4 on the cognitive outcome of MCI patients.
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49
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Ulrich JD, Burchett JM, Restivo JL, Schuler DR, Verghese PB, Mahan TE, Landreth GE, Castellano JM, Jiang H, Cirrito JR, Holtzman DM. In vivo measurement of apolipoprotein E from the brain interstitial fluid using microdialysis. Mol Neurodegener 2013; 8:13. [PMID: 23601557 PMCID: PMC3640999 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-8-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The APOE4 allele variant is the strongest known genetic risk factor for developing late-onset Alzheimer's disease. The link between apolipoprotein E (apoE) and Alzheimer's disease is likely due in large part to the impact of apoE on the metabolism of amyloid β (Aβ) within the brain. Manipulation of apoE levels and lipidation within the brain has been proposed as a therapeutic target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. However, we know little about the dynamic regulation of apoE levels and lipidation within the central nervous system. We have developed an assay to measure apoE levels in the brain interstitial fluid of awake and freely moving mice using large molecular weight cut-off microdialysis probes. RESULTS We were able to recover apoE using microdialysis from human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in vitro and mouse brain parenchyma in vivo. Microdialysis probes were inserted into the hippocampus of wild-type mice and interstitial fluid was collected for 36 hours. Levels of apoE within the microdialysis samples were determined by ELISA. The levels of apoE were found to be relatively stable over 36 hours. No apoE was detected in microdialysis samples from apoE KO mice. Administration of the RXR agonist bexarotene increased ISF apoE levels while ISF Aβ levels were decreased. Extrapolation to zero-flow analysis allowed us to determine the absolute recoverable concentration of apoE3 in the brain ISF of apoE3 KI mice. Furthermore, analysis of microdialysis samples by non-denaturing gel electrophoresis determined lipidated apoE particles in microdialysis samples were consistent in size with apoE particles from CSF. Finally, we found that the concentration of apoE in the brain ISF was dependent upon apoE isoform in human apoE KI mice, following the pattern apoE2>apoE3>apoE4. CONCLUSIONS We are able to collect lipidated apoE from the brain of awake and freely moving mice and monitor apoE levels over the course of several hours from a single mouse. Our technique enables assessment of brain apoE dynamics under physiological and pathophysiological conditions and in response to therapeutic interventions designed to affect apoE levels and lipidation within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Ulrich
- Department of Neurology, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jack M Burchett
- Department of Neurology, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jessica L Restivo
- Department of Neurology, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Dorothy R Schuler
- Department of Neurology, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Philip B Verghese
- Department of Neurology, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Thomas E Mahan
- Department of Neurology, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Gary E Landreth
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106USA
| | - Joseph M Castellano
- Department of Neurology, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - John R Cirrito
- Department of Neurology, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Developmental Biology, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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50
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Jain S, Yoon SY, Leung L, Knoferle J, Huang Y. Cellular source-specific effects of apolipoprotein (apo) E4 on dendrite arborization and dendritic spine development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59478. [PMID: 23527202 PMCID: PMC3602301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) E4 is the leading genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and it has a gene dose-dependent effect on the risk and age of onset of AD. Although apoE4 is primarily produced by astrocytes in the brain, neurons can also produce apoE4 under stress conditions. ApoE4 is known to inhibit neurite outgrowth and spine development in vitro and in vivo, but the potential influence of apoE4’s cellular source on dendritic arborization and spine development has not yet been investigated. In this study, we report impairments in dendritic arborization and a loss of spines, especially thin (learning) and mushroom (memory) spines, in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex of 19–21-month-old female neuron-specific-enolase (NSE)-apoE4 and apoE4-knockin (KI) mice compared to their respective apoE3-expressing counterparts. In general, NSE-apoE4 mice had more severe and widespread deficits in dendritic arborization as well as spine density and morphology than apoE4-KI mice. The loss of dendritic spines, especially mushroom spines, occurred in NSE-apoE4 mice as early as 7–8 months of age. In contrast, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-apoE4 mice, which express apoE4 solely in astrocytes, did not have impairments in their dendrite arborization or spine density and morphology compared to GFAP-apoE3 mice at both ages. These results indicate that the effects of apoE4 on dendrite arborization, spine density, and spine morphology depend critically on its cellular source, with neuronal apoE4 having more detrimental effects than astrocytic apoE4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachi Jain
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Seo Yeon Yoon
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Laura Leung
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Johanna Knoferle
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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