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Le Thuc O, García-Cáceres C. Obesity-induced inflammation: connecting the periphery to the brain. Nat Metab 2024; 6:1237-1252. [PMID: 38997442 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is often associated with a chronic, low-grade inflammatory state affecting the entire body. This sustained inflammatory state disrupts the coordinated communication between the periphery and the brain, which has a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis through humoural, nutrient-mediated, immune and nervous signalling pathways. The inflammatory changes induced by obesity specifically affect communication interfaces, including the blood-brain barrier, glymphatic system and meninges. Consequently, brain areas near the third ventricle, including the hypothalamus and other cognition-relevant regions, become susceptible to impairments, resulting in energy homeostasis dysregulation and an elevated risk of cognitive impairments such as Alzheimer's disease and dementia. This Review explores the intricate communication between the brain and the periphery, highlighting the effect of obesity-induced inflammation on brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélia Le Thuc
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cristina García-Cáceres
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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2
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la Torre ME, Monda A, Messina A, de Stefano MI, Monda V, Moscatelli F, Tafuri F, Saraiello E, Latino F, Monda M, Messina G, Polito R, Tafuri D. The Potential Role of Nutrition in Overtraining Syndrome: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:4916. [PMID: 38068774 PMCID: PMC10708264 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Competition between athletes and an increase in sporting knowledge have greatly influenced training methods while increasing the number of them more and more. As a result, the number of athletes who have increased the number and intensity of their workouts while decreasing recovery times is rising. Positive overtraining could be considered a natural and fundamental process when the result is adaptation and improved performance; however, in the absence of adequate recovery, negative overtraining could occur, causing fatigue, maladaptation, and inertia. One of the earliest forms of fatigue is overreaching. It is considered to be an accumulation of training that leads to reduced sports performance, requiring days or weeks to recover. Overreaching, if followed by adequate recovery, can lead to an increase in athletic performance. Nonetheless, if overreaching becomes extreme, combined with additional stressors, it could lead to overtraining syndrome (OTS). OTS, caused by systemic inflammation, leads to central nervous system (CNS) effects, including depressed mood, further inflammation, central fatigue, and ultimately neurohormonal changes. There are therefore not only physiological, biochemical, and immunological but also psychological symptoms or markers that must be considered, independently or together, being intrinsically linked with overtraining, to fully understand OTS. However, to date, there are very few published studies that have analyzed how nutrition in its specific food aspects, if compromised during OTS, can be both etiology and consequence of the syndrome. To date, OTS has not yet been fully studied, and the topic needs further research. The purpose of this narrative review is therefore to study how a correct diet and nutrition can influence OTS in all its aspects, from prevention to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ester la Torre
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.E.l.T.); (M.I.d.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Antonietta Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Maria Ida de Stefano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.E.l.T.); (M.I.d.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Economics, Law, Cybersecurity, and Sports Sciences, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.M.); (E.S.); (D.T.)
| | - Fiorenzo Moscatelli
- Department of Human Sciences, Telematic University Pegaso, 80100 Naples, Italy; (F.M.); (F.L.)
| | - Francesco Tafuri
- Heracle Lab Research in Educational Neuroscience, Niccolò Cusano University, 00166 Roma, Italy;
| | - Emma Saraiello
- Department of Economics, Law, Cybersecurity, and Sports Sciences, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.M.); (E.S.); (D.T.)
| | - Francesca Latino
- Department of Human Sciences, Telematic University Pegaso, 80100 Naples, Italy; (F.M.); (F.L.)
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.E.l.T.); (M.I.d.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Rita Polito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.E.l.T.); (M.I.d.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Domenico Tafuri
- Department of Economics, Law, Cybersecurity, and Sports Sciences, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (V.M.); (E.S.); (D.T.)
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Cernackova A, Tillinger A, Bizik J, Mravec B, Horvathova L. Dynamics of cachexia-associated inflammatory changes in the brain accompanying intra-abdominal fibrosarcoma growth in Wistar rats. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 376:578033. [PMID: 36738563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated data indicate that inflammation affecting brain structures participates in the development of cancer-related cachexia. However, the mechanisms responsible for the induction and progression of cancer-related neuroinflammation are still not fully understood. Therefore, we studied the time-course of neuroinflammation in selected brain structures and cachexia development in tumor-bearing rats. After tumor cells inoculation, specifically on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day of tumor growth, we assessed the presence of cancer-associated cachexia in rats. Changes in gene expression of inflammatory factors were studied in selected regions of the hypothalamus, brain stem, and circumventricular organs. We showed that the initial stages of cancer growth (7th and 14th day after tumor cells inoculation), are not associated with cachexia, or increased expression of inflammatory molecules in the brain. Even when we did not detect cachexia in tumor-bearing rats by the 21st day of the experiment, the inflammatory brain reaction had already started, as we found elevated levels of interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA levels in the nucleus of the solitary tract. Furthermore, we found increased interleukin 1 beta expression in the locus coeruleus and higher allograft inflammatory factor 1 expression in the vascular organ of lamina terminalis. Ultimately, the most pronounced manifestations of tumor growth were present on the 28th day post-inoculation of tumor cells. In these animals, we detected cancer-related cachexia and significant increases in interleukin 1 beta expression in all brain areas studied. We also observed significantly decreased expression of the glial cell activation markers allograft inflammatory factor 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein in most brain areas of cachectic rats. In addition, we showed increased expression of cluster of differentiation 163 and cyclooxygenase 2 mRNA in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, A1/C1 neurons, and area postrema of cachectic rats. Our data indicate that cancer-related cachexia is associated with complex neuroinflammatory changes in the brain. These changes can be found in both hypothalamic as well as extrahypothalamic structures, while their extent and character depend on the stage of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Cernackova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Tillinger
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Bizik
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Mravec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Lubica Horvathova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Della Guardia L, Codella R. Exercise Restores Hypothalamic Health in Obesity by Reshaping the Inflammatory Network. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020297. [PMID: 36829858 PMCID: PMC9951965 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and overnutrition induce inflammation, leptin-, and insulin resistance in the hypothalamus. The mediobasal hypothalamus responds to exercise enabling critical adaptions at molecular and cellular level that positively impact local inflammation. This review discusses the positive effect of exercise on obesity-induced hypothalamic dysfunction, highlighting the mechanistic aspects related to the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. In HFD-fed animals, both acute and chronic moderate-intensity exercise mitigate microgliosis and lower inflammation in the arcuate nucleus (ARC). Notably, this associates with restored leptin sensitivity and lower food intake. Exercise-induced cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 mediate part of these positive effect on the ARC in obese animals. The reduction of obesity-associated pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g., FFAs, TNFα, resistin, and AGEs), and the improvement in the gut-brain axis represent alternative paths through which regular exercise can mitigate hypothalamic inflammation. These findings suggest that the regular practice of exercise can restore a proper functionality in the hypothalamus in obesity. Further analysis investigating the crosstalk muscle-hypothalamus would help toward a deeper comprehension of the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Della Guardia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Codella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-50330356
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Trends in Gliosis in Obesity, and the Role of Antioxidants as a Therapeutic Alternative. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101972. [PMID: 36290695 PMCID: PMC9598641 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity remains a global health problem. Chronic low-grade inflammation in this pathology has been related to comorbidities such as cognitive alterations that, in the long term, can lead to neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroinflammation or gliosis in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus has been related to the effect of adipokines, high lipid levels and glucose, which increase the production of free radicals. Cerebral gliosis can be a risk factor for developing neurodegenerative diseases, and antioxidants could be an alternative for the prevention and treatment of neural comorbidities in obese patients. AIM Identify the immunological and oxidative stress mechanisms that produce gliosis in patients with obesity and propose antioxidants as an alternative to reducing neuroinflammation. METHOD Advanced searches were performed in scientific databases: PubMed, ProQuest, EBSCO, and the Science Citation index for research on the physiopathology of gliosis in obese patients and for the possible role of antioxidants in its management. CONCLUSION Patients with obesity can develop neuroinflammation, conditioned by various adipokines, excess lipids and glucose, which results in an increase in free radicals that must be neutralized with antioxidants to reduce gliosis and the risk of long-term neurodegeneration.
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Puente-Ruiz SC, Jais A. Reciprocal signaling between adipose tissue depots and the central nervous system. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:979251. [PMID: 36200038 PMCID: PMC9529070 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.979251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, various dietary and social factors led to the development of increased brain sizes alongside large adipose tissue stores. Complex reciprocal signaling mechanisms allow for a fine-tuned interaction between the two organs to regulate energy homeostasis of the organism. As an endocrine organ, adipose tissue secretes various hormones, cytokines, and metabolites that signal energy availability to the central nervous system (CNS). Vice versa, the CNS is a critical regulator of adipose tissue function through neural networks that integrate information from the periphery and regulate sympathetic nerve outflow. This review discusses the various reciprocal signaling mechanisms in the CNS and adipose tissue to maintain organismal energy homeostasis. We are focusing on the integration of afferent signals from the periphery in neuronal populations of the mediobasal hypothalamus as well as the efferent signals from the CNS to adipose tissue and its implications for adipose tissue function. Furthermore, we are discussing central mechanisms that fine-tune the immune system in adipose tissue depots and contribute to organ homeostasis. Elucidating this complex signaling network that integrates peripheral signals to generate physiological outputs to maintain the optimal energy balance of the organism is crucial for understanding the pathophysiology of obesity and metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes.
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Brugaletta G, Greene E, Ramser A, Maynard CW, Tabler TW, Sirri F, Anthony NB, Orlowski S, Dridi S. Effect of Cyclic Heat Stress on Hypothalamic Oxygen Homeostasis and Inflammatory State in the Jungle Fowl and Three Broiler-Based Research Lines. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:905225. [PMID: 35692291 PMCID: PMC9174949 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.905225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) is devastating to poultry production sustainability due its detrimental effects on performance, welfare, meat quality, and profitability. One of the most known negative effects of HS is feed intake depression, which is more pronounced in modern high-performing broilers compared to their ancestor unselected birds, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully defined. The present study aimed, therefore, to determine the hypothalamic expression of a newly involved pathway, hypoxia/oxygen homeostasis, in heat-stressed broiler-based research lines and jungle fowl. Three populations of broilers (slow growing ACRB developed in 1956, moderate growing 95RB from broilers available in 1995, and modern fast growing MRB from 2015) and unselected Jungle fowl birds were exposed to cyclic heat stress (36°C, 9 h/day for 4 weeks) in a 2 × 4 factorial experimental design. Total RNAs and proteins were extracted from the hypothalamic tissues and the expression of target genes and proteins was determined by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot, respectively. It has been previously shown that HS increased core body temperature and decreased feed intake in 95RB and MRB, but not in ACRB or JF. HS exposure did not affect the hypothalamic expression of HIF complex, however there was a line effect for HIF-1α (P = 0.02) with higher expression in JF under heat stress. HS significantly up regulated the hypothalamic expression of hemoglobin subunits (HBA1, HBBR, HBE, HBZ), and HJV in ACRB, HBA1 and HJV in 95RB and MRB, and HJV in JF, but it down regulated FPN1 in JF. Additionally, HS altered the hypothalamic expression of oxygen homeostasis- up and down-stream signaling cascades. Phospho-AMPKThr172 was activated by HS in JF hypothalamus, but it decreased in that of the broiler-based research lines. Under thermoneutral conditions, p-AMPKThr172 was higher in broiler-based research lines compared to JF. Ribosomal protein S6K1, however, was significantly upregulated in 95RB and MRB under both environmental conditions. HS significantly upregulated the hypothalamic expression of NF-κB2 in MRB, RelB, and TNFα in ACRB, abut it down regulated RelA in 95RB. The regulation of HSPs by HS seems to be family- and line-dependent. HS upregulated the hypothalamic expression of HSP60 in ACRB and 95RB, down regulated HSP90 in JF only, and decreased HSP70 in all studied lines. Taken together, this is the first report showing that HS modulated the hypothalamic expression of hypoxia- and oxygen homeostasis-associated genes as well as their up- and down-stream mediators in chickens, and suggests that hypoxia, thermotolerance, and feed intake are interconnected, which merit further in-depth investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Brugaletta
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Greene
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Alison Ramser
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Craig W. Maynard
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Travis W. Tabler
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Federico Sirri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicholas B. Anthony
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Sara Orlowski
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Sami Dridi
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
- *Correspondence: Sami Dridi
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Engel DF, Velloso LA. The timeline of neuronal and glial alterations in experimental obesity. Neuropharmacology 2022; 208:108983. [PMID: 35143850 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In experimental models, hypothalamic dysfunction is a key component of the pathophysiology of diet-induced obesity. Early after the introduction of a high-fat diet, neurons, microglia, astrocytes and tanycytes of the mediobasal hypothalamus undergo structural and functional changes that impact caloric intake, energy expenditure and systemic glucose tolerance. Inflammation has emerged as a central component of this response, and as in other inflammatory conditions, there is a time course of events that determine the fate of distinct cells involved in the central regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis. Here, we review the work that identified key mechanisms, cellular players and temporal features of diet-induced hypothalamic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane F Engel
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Brazil.
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Lee TL, Tsai TF. Non-immune functions of inflammatory cytokines targeted by anti-psoriatic biologics: a review. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:157-168. [PMID: 34981130 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Psoriasis is an inflammatory disease characterized by skin thickening with silvery white desquamation due to dysregulated inflammatory pathways and elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines. Biologic agents targeting these inflammatory cytokines have brought about significant improvement in clearing psoriatic lesions in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Moreover, biologics exert both beneficial and detrimental effects on comorbidities in psoriasis, which include increased risk of cardiovascular events, metabolic syndrome, among other conditions. However, non-immune functions of cytokines targeted by biologics, and, hence, the potential risks and benefits of biologics for psoriasis to different organs/systems and comorbidities, have not been well elucidated. RESULTS This review summarizes current understanding of the pathogenesis of psoriasis-related comorbidities and emerging discoveries of roles of cytokines targeted in psoriasis treatment, including tumor necrosis factor α and interleukins 12, 23, and 17, aiming to complete the safety profile of each biologics and provide therapeutic implications on psoriasis-related comorbidities, and on diseases involving other organs or systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Lin Lee
- Department of Medical Education, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsen-Fang Tsai
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 7 Chung-Shan S. Rd., Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
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Bhusal A, Rahman MH, Suk K. Hypothalamic inflammation in metabolic disorders and aging. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:32. [PMID: 34910246 PMCID: PMC11071926 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a critical brain region for the regulation of energy homeostasis. Over the years, studies on energy metabolism primarily focused on the neuronal component of the hypothalamus. Studies have recently uncovered the vital role of glial cells as an additional player in energy balance regulation. However, their inflammatory activation under metabolic stress condition contributes to various metabolic diseases. The recruitment of monocytes and macrophages in the hypothalamus helps sustain such inflammation and worsens the disease state. Neurons were found to actively participate in hypothalamic inflammatory response by transmitting signals to the surrounding non-neuronal cells. This activation of different cell types in the hypothalamus leads to chronic, low-grade inflammation, impairing energy balance and contributing to defective feeding habits, thermogenesis, and insulin and leptin signaling, eventually leading to metabolic disorders (i.e., diabetes, obesity, and hypertension). The hypothalamus is also responsible for the causation of systemic aging under metabolic stress. A better understanding of the multiple factors contributing to hypothalamic inflammation, the role of the different hypothalamic cells, and their crosstalks may help identify new therapeutic targets. In this review, we focus on the role of glial cells in establishing a cause-effect relationship between hypothalamic inflammation and the development of metabolic diseases. We also cover the role of other cell types and discuss the possibilities and challenges of targeting hypothalamic inflammation as a valid therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Bhusal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
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TRAP1 in Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111829. [PMID: 34829705 PMCID: PMC8614808 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1), also known as heat shock protein 75 (HSP75), is a member of the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) chaperone family that resides mainly in the mitochondria. As a mitochondrial molecular chaperone, TRAP1 supports protein folding and contributes to the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity even under cellular stress. TRAP1 is a cellular regulator of mitochondrial bioenergetics, redox homeostasis, oxidative stress-induced cell death, apoptosis, and unfolded protein response (UPR) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). TRAP1 has attracted increasing interest as a therapeutical target, with a special focus on the design of TRAP1 specific inhibitors. Although TRAP1 was extensively studied in the oncology field, its role in central nervous system cells, under physiological and pathological conditions, remains largely unknown. In this review, we will start by summarizing the biology of TRAP1, including its structure and related pathways. Thereafter, we will continue by debating the role of TRAP1 in the maintenance of redox homeostasis and protection against oxidative stress and apoptosis. The role of TRAP1 in neurodegenerative disorders will also be discussed. Finally, we will review the potential of TRAP1 inhibitors as neuroprotective drugs.
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12
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Yu Y, Fernandez ID, Meng Y, Zhao W, Groth SW. Gut hormones, adipokines, and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines/markers in loss of control eating: A scoping review. Appetite 2021; 166:105442. [PMID: 34111480 PMCID: PMC10683926 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Loss of control (LOC) eating is the defining feature of binge-eating disorder, and it has particular relevance for bariatric patients. The biomarkers of LOC eating are unclear; however, gut hormones (i.e., ghrelin, cholecystokinin [CCK], peptide YY [PYY], glucagon-like peptide 1 [GLP-1], and pancreatic polypeptide [PP]), adipokines (i.e., leptin, adiponectin), and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines/markers (e.g., high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP]) are candidates due to their involvement in the psychophysiological mechanisms of LOC eating. This review aimed to synthesize research that has investigated these biomarkers with LOC eating. Because LOC eating is commonly examined within the context of binge-eating disorder, is sometimes used interchangeably with subclinical binge-eating, and is the latent construct underlying disinhibition, uncontrolled eating, and food addiction, these eating behaviors were included in the search. Only studies among individuals with overweight or obesity were included. Among the identified 31 studies, 2 studies directly examined LOC eating and 4 studies were conducted among bariatric patients. Most studies were case-control in design (n = 16) and comprised female-dominant (n = 13) or female-only (n = 13) samples. Studies generally excluded fasting total ghrelin, fasting CCK, fasting PYY, and fasting PP as correlates of the examined eating behaviors. However, there was evidence that the examined eating behaviors were associated with lower levels of fasting acyl ghrelin (the active form of ghrelin) and adiponectin, higher levels of leptin and hsCRP, and altered responses of postprandial ghrelin, CCK, and PYY. The use of GLP-1 analog was able to decrease binge-eating. In conclusion, this review identified potential biomarkers of LOC eating. Future studies would benefit from a direct focus on LOC eating (especially in the bariatric population), using longitudinal designs, exploring potential mediators and moderators, and increased inclusion of the male population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - I Diana Fernandez
- School of Public Health, University of Rochester, 265 Crittenden Blvd, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Ying Meng
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Wenjuan Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Rd, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Susan W Groth
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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13
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Zhou B, Yuan Y, Shi L, Hu S, Wang D, Yang Y, Pan Y, Kong D, Shikov AN, Duez P, Jin M, Li X, Hu X. Creation of an Anti-Inflammatory, Leptin-Dependent Anti-Obesity Celastrol Mimic with Better Druggability. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:705252. [PMID: 34526895 PMCID: PMC8435713 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.705252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by an excessive body mass, but is also closely associated with metabolic syndrome. And, so far, only limited pharmacological treatments are available for obesity management. Celastrol, a pentacyclic triterpenoid from a traditional Chinese medicine (Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f.), has shown remarkable potency against obesity, inflammation and cancer, but its high toxicity, low natural abundance and tedious chemical synthesis hindered its translation into clinics. In the present work, a triterpenoid library was screened for compounds with both high natural abundance and structural similarity to celastrol; from this library, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a compound present in extremely high yields in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC., was selected as a possible scaffold for a celastrol mimic active against obesity. A simple chemical modification of GA resulted in GA-02, a derivative that suppressed 68% of food intake in diet-induced obesity mice and led to 26.4% weight loss in 2 weeks. GA-02 plays a role in obesity treatment by re-activating leptin signaling and reducing systemic and, more importantly, hypothalamic inflammation. GA-02 was readily bioavailable with unnoticeable in vitro and in vivo toxicities. The strategy of scaffold search and modification on the basis of bio-content and structural similarity has proved to be a green, economic, efficient and practical way of widening the medicinal applications of “imperfect” bioactive natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Molecular Engineering, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaxia Yuan
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Le Shi
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Molecular Engineering, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Molecular Engineering, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dexin Kong
- Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Alexander N Shikov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Formulations, St. Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pierre Duez
- Unit of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Moonsoo Jin
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Molecular Engineering, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuebo Hu
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Molecular Engineering, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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14
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Olson B, Diba P, Korzun T, Marks DL. Neural Mechanisms of Cancer Cachexia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13163990. [PMID: 34439145 PMCID: PMC8391721 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13163990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer cachexia is a devastating wasting syndrome that occurs in many illnesses, with signs and symptoms including anorexia, weight loss, cognitive impairment and fatigue. The brain is capable of exerting overarching homeostatic control of whole-body metabolism and is increasingly being recognized as an important mediator of cancer cachexia. Given the increased recognition and discovery of neural mechanisms of cancer cachexia, we sought to provide an in-depth review and update of mechanisms by which the brain initiates and propagates cancer cachexia programs. Furthermore, recent work has identified new molecular mediators of cachexia that exert their effects through their direct interaction with the brain. Therefore, this review will summarize neural mechanisms of cachexia and discuss recently identified neural mediators of cancer cachexia. Abstract Nearly half of cancer patients suffer from cachexia, a metabolic syndrome characterized by progressive atrophy of fat and lean body mass. This state of excess catabolism decreases quality of life, ability to tolerate treatment and eventual survival, yet no effective therapies exist. Although the central nervous system (CNS) orchestrates several manifestations of cachexia, the precise mechanisms of neural dysfunction during cachexia are still being unveiled. Herein, we summarize the cellular and molecular mechanisms of CNS dysfunction during cancer cachexia with a focus on inflammatory, autonomic and neuroendocrine processes and end with a discussion of recently identified CNS mediators of cachexia, including GDF15, LCN2 and INSL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan Olson
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (B.O.); (P.D.); (T.K.)
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Parham Diba
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (B.O.); (P.D.); (T.K.)
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Tetiana Korzun
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (B.O.); (P.D.); (T.K.)
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Daniel L. Marks
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Brenden-Colson Center for Pancreatic Care, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Correspondence:
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15
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Scherer T, Sakamoto K, Buettner C. Brain insulin signalling in metabolic homeostasis and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:468-483. [PMID: 34108679 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00498-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin signalling in the central nervous system regulates energy homeostasis by controlling metabolism in several organs and by coordinating organ crosstalk. Studies performed in rodents, non-human primates and humans over more than five decades using intracerebroventricular, direct hypothalamic or intranasal application of insulin provide evidence that brain insulin action might reduce food intake and, more importantly, regulates energy homeostasis by orchestrating nutrient partitioning. This Review discusses the metabolic pathways that are under the control of brain insulin action and explains how brain insulin resistance contributes to metabolic disease in obesity, the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scherer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Kenichi Sakamoto
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Christoph Buettner
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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16
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Dekker FA, Rüdiger SGD. The Mitochondrial Hsp90 TRAP1 and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:697913. [PMID: 34222342 PMCID: PMC8249562 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.697913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, characterised by intra- and extracellular protein aggregation. In AD, the cellular protein quality control (PQC) system is derailed and fails to prevent the formation of these aggregates. Especially the mitochondrial paralogue of the conserved Hsp90 chaperone class, tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1), is strongly downregulated in AD, more than other major PQC factors. Here, we review molecular mechanism and cellular function of TRAP1 and subsequently discuss possible links to AD. TRAP1 is an interesting paradigm for the Hsp90 family, as it chaperones proteins with vital cellular function, despite not being regulated by any of the co-chaperones that drive its cytosolic paralogues. TRAP1 encloses late folding intermediates in a non-active state. Thereby, it is involved in the assembly of the electron transport chain, and it favours the switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. Another key function is that it ensures mitochondrial integrity by regulating the mitochondrial pore opening through Cyclophilin D. While it is still unclear whether TRAP1 itself is a driver or a passenger in AD, it might be a guide to identify key factors initiating neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise A Dekker
- Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Cellular Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Science for Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan G D Rüdiger
- Cellular Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Science for Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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17
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Brown WE, Bradford BJ. Invited review: Mechanisms of hypophagia during disease. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9418-9436. [PMID: 34099296 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of appetite, or hypophagia, is among the most recognizable effects of disease in livestock, with the potential to impair growth, reproduction, and lactation. The continued evolution of the field of immunology has led to a greater understanding of the immune and endocrine signaling networks underlying this conserved response to disease. Inflammatory mediators, especially including the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, are likely pivotal to disease-induced hypophagia, based on findings in both rodents and cattle. However, the specific mechanisms linking a cytokine surge to decreased feeding behavior are more difficult to pin down and likely include direct effects on appetite centers in the brain, alteration of gastric motility, and modulation of other endocrine factors that influence appetite and satiety. These insights into the mechanisms for disease-induced hypophagia have great relevance for management of neonatal calves, mature cows transitioning to lactation, and cows experiencing mastitis; however, it is not necessarily the case that increasing feed intake by any means possible will improve health outcomes for diseased cattle. We explore conflicting effects of hypophagia on immune responses, which may be impaired by the lack of specific substrates, versus apparent benefits for controlling the growth of some pathogens. Anti-inflammatory strategies have shown promise for promoting recovery of feed intake following some conditions but not others. Finally, we explore the potential for early disease detection through automated monitoring of feeding behavior and consider which strategies may be implemented to respond to early hypophagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Brown
- Department of Animal Sciences & Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - B J Bradford
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
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18
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Galmiche M, Achamrah N, Déchelotte P, Ribet D, Breton J. Role of microbiota-gut-brain axis dysfunctions induced by infections in the onset of anorexia nervosa. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:381-391. [PMID: 34010427 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder characterized by low food intake, severe body weight loss, intense fear of gaining weight, and dysmorphophobia. This chronic disease is associated with both psychiatric and somatic comorbidities. Over the years, clinical studies have accumulated evidence that viral or bacterial infections may promote the onset of eating disorders such as AN. This review aims to describe how infections and the subsequent immune responses affect food intake regulation in the short term and also how these processes may lead to long-term intestinal disorders, including gut barrier disruption and gut microbiota dysbiosis, even after the clearance of the pathogens. We discuss in particular how infection-mediated intestinal dysbiosis may promote the onset of several AN symptoms and comorbidities, including appetite dysregulation, functional gastrointestinal disorders, and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Galmiche
- M. Galmiche, N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, and J. Breton are with Nutrition Department, CHU Rouen, F-76000 Rouen, France. N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, D. Ribet, and J. Breton are with the UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France. N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, D. Ribet, and J. Breton are with the UNIROUEN, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - Najate Achamrah
- M. Galmiche, N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, and J. Breton are with Nutrition Department, CHU Rouen, F-76000 Rouen, France. N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, D. Ribet, and J. Breton are with the UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France. N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, D. Ribet, and J. Breton are with the UNIROUEN, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- M. Galmiche, N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, and J. Breton are with Nutrition Department, CHU Rouen, F-76000 Rouen, France. N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, D. Ribet, and J. Breton are with the UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France. N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, D. Ribet, and J. Breton are with the UNIROUEN, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - David Ribet
- M. Galmiche, N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, and J. Breton are with Nutrition Department, CHU Rouen, F-76000 Rouen, France. N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, D. Ribet, and J. Breton are with the UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France. N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, D. Ribet, and J. Breton are with the UNIROUEN, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie University, Rouen, France
| | - Jonathan Breton
- M. Galmiche, N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, and J. Breton are with Nutrition Department, CHU Rouen, F-76000 Rouen, France. N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, D. Ribet, and J. Breton are with the UNIROUEN, INSERM UMR 1073, Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Rouen, France. N. Achamrah, P. Déchelotte, D. Ribet, and J. Breton are with the UNIROUEN, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie University, Rouen, France
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19
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Abstract
In recent years, plenty of researches have reported in obese individuals with abnormal brain processes implicated in homeostatic regulation, reward, emotion, memory, attention, and executive function in eating behaviors. Thus, treating obesity cannot remain "brainless." Behavioral and psychological interventions activate the food reward, attention, and motivation system, leading to minimal weight loss and high relapse rates. Pharmacotherapy is an effective weight loss method and regulate brain activity but with concerns about its brain function safety problems. Obesity surgery, the most effective therapy currently available for obesity, shows pronounced effects on brain activity, such as deactivation of reward and attention system, and activation of inhibition control toward food cues. In this review, we present an overview of alterations in the brain after the three common weight loss methods.
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20
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Appetite problem in cancer patients: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2021; 27:100336. [PMID: 33607591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aims to review the current evidence regarding appetite problem in cancer patients, mainly focusing on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. INTRODUCTION Anorexia is the common symptom of malnutrition in cancer patients. Recently, the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanism of the appetite problem in cancer patients has been increasing that give impact to rigorous research to find the therapies for improving appetite in cancer patients. DISCUSSION The development of anorexia in cancer patients is a complex process that involves many cytokines, receptors, chemical mediators/substances, hormones, and peptides. Growth and differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) and toll-like receptor (TLR-4) have recently been found to be implicated in the pathogenesis of anorexia. To help diagnose the appetite problem in cancer patients, several questionnaires can be used, starting from well-known questionnaires such as Functional Assessment of Anorexia Cachexia Therapy (FAACT), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC-QLQ30). Several drugs with different mechanisms of action have been studied to help in improving appetite in cancer patients. New repurposed agents such as anamorelin, mirtazapine, thalidomide, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) have shown a beneficial effect in improving appetite and quality of life in cancer patients, however more phase 3 clinical trial studies is still needed. CONCLUSION The pathophysiology of appetite problems in cancer patients is a complex process that involves many factors. Several drugs that target those factors have been studied, however more phase 3 clinical trial studies are needed to confirm the findings from previous studies.
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21
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Schriever SC, Kabra DG, Pfuhlmann K, Baumann P, Baumgart EV, Nagler J, Seebacher F, Harrison L, Irmler M, Kullmann S, Corrêa-da-Silva F, Giesert F, Jain R, Schug H, Castel J, Martinez S, Wu M, Häring HU, de Angelis MH, Beckers J, Müller TD, Stemmer K, Wurst W, Rozman J, Nogueiras R, De Angelis M, Molkentin JD, Krahmer N, Yi CX, Schmidt MV, Luquet S, Heni M, Tschöp MH, Pfluger PT. Type 2 diabetes risk gene Dusp8 regulates hypothalamic Jnk signaling and insulin sensitivity. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:6093-6108. [PMID: 32780722 DOI: 10.1172/jci136363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified DUSP8, encoding a dual-specificity phosphatase targeting mitogen-activated protein kinases, as a type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk gene. Here, we reveal that Dusp8 is a gatekeeper in the hypothalamic control of glucose homeostasis in mice and humans. Male, but not female, Dusp8 loss-of-function mice, either with global or corticotropin-releasing hormone neuron-specific deletion, had impaired systemic glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity when exposed to high-fat diet (HFD). Mechanistically, we found impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis feedback, blunted sympathetic responsiveness, and chronically elevated corticosterone levels driven by hypothalamic hyperactivation of Jnk signaling. Accordingly, global Jnk1 ablation, AAV-mediated Dusp8 overexpression in the mediobasal hypothalamus, or metyrapone-induced chemical adrenalectomy rescued the impaired glucose homeostasis of obese male Dusp8-KO mice, respectively. The sex-specific role of murine Dusp8 in governing hypothalamic Jnk signaling, insulin sensitivity, and systemic glucose tolerance was consistent with functional MRI data in human volunteers that revealed an association of the DUSP8 rs2334499 risk variant with hypothalamic insulin resistance in men. Further, expression of DUSP8 was increased in the infundibular nucleus of T2D humans. In summary, our findings suggest the GWAS-identified gene Dusp8 as a novel hypothalamic factor that plays a functional role in the etiology of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja C Schriever
- Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes and.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dhiraj G Kabra
- Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes and.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Biological Research Pharmacology Department, Sun Pharma Advanced Research Company Ltd., Vadodara, India
| | - Katrin Pfuhlmann
- Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes and.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Metabolic Diseases and
| | - Peter Baumann
- Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes and.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Neurobiology of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Emily V Baumgart
- Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes and.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Fabian Seebacher
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Metabolic Diseases and
| | - Luke Harrison
- Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes and.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Metabolic Diseases and
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kullmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felipe Corrêa-da-Silva
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Florian Giesert
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruchi Jain
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Hannah Schug
- SYNLAB Analytics and Services, Switzerland AG, Dielsdorf, Switzerland
| | - Julien Castel
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Moya Wu
- Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Stemmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Rozman
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Natalie Krahmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Chun-Xia Yi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mathias V Schmidt
- Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Serge Luquet
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Martin Heni
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Metabolic Diseases and
| | - Paul T Pfluger
- Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes and.,Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Neurobiology of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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22
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Ahmed RM, Steyn F, Dupuis L. Hypothalamus and weight loss in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 180:327-338. [PMID: 34225938 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820107-7.00020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating progressive neurodegenerative disorder. While initially pathophysiology was thought to be restricted to motor deficits, it is increasingly recognized that patients develop prominent changes in weight and eating behavior that result from and mediate the underlying neurodegenerative process. These changes include alterations in metabolism, lipid levels, and insulin resistance. Emerging research suggests that these alterations may be mediated through changes in the hypothalamic function, with atrophy of the hypothalamus shown in both ALS patients and also presymptomatic genetic at-risk patients. This chapter reviews the evidence for hypothalamic involvement in ALS, including melanocortin pathways and potential treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah M Ahmed
- Memory and Cognition Clinic, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Central Sydney Medical School and Brain & Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Frederik Steyn
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Luc Dupuis
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, UMR-S 1118, Centre de Recherches en Biomédecine, Strasbourg, France.
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Abstract
Obesity is a health condition that has reached pandemic levels and is implicated in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cancer and heart failure. A key characteristic of obesity is the activation of stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs), such as the p38 and JNK stress kinases, in several organs, including adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, immune organs and the central nervous system. The correct timing, intensity and duration of SAPK activation contributes to cellular metabolic adaptation. By contrast, uncontrolled SAPK activation has been proposed to contribute to the complications of obesity. The stress kinase signalling pathways have therefore been identified as potential targets for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for metabolic syndrome. The past few decades have seen intense research efforts to determine how these kinases are regulated in a cell-specific manner and to define their contribution to the development of obesity and insulin resistance. Several studies have uncovered new and unexpected functions of the non-classical members of both pathways. Here, we provide an overview of the role of SAPKs in metabolic control and highlight important discoveries in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Nikolic
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Magdalena Leiva
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
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Wyart E, Bindels LB, Mina E, Menga A, Stanga S, Porporato PE. Cachexia, a Systemic Disease beyond Muscle Atrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8592. [PMID: 33202621 PMCID: PMC7696729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a complication of dismal prognosis, which often represents the last step of several chronic diseases. For this reason, the comprehension of the molecular drivers of such a condition is crucial for the development of management approaches. Importantly, cachexia is a syndrome affecting various organs, which often results in systemic complications. To date, the majority of the research on cachexia has been focused on skeletal muscle, muscle atrophy being a pivotal cause of weight loss and the major feature associated with the steep reduction in quality of life. Nevertheless, defining the impact of cachexia on other organs is essential to properly comprehend the complexity of such a condition and potentially develop novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Wyart
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.W.); (E.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Laure B. Bindels
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Erica Mina
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.W.); (E.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Alessio Menga
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.W.); (E.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Serena Stanga
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Paolo E. Porporato
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.W.); (E.M.); (A.M.)
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25
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Fu Y, Kaneko K, Lin HY, Mo Q, Xu Y, Suganami T, Ravn P, Fukuda M. Gut Hormone GIP Induces Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in the Hypothalamus. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5865317. [PMID: 32603429 PMCID: PMC7410368 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus plays a critical role in controlling energy balance. High-fat diet (HFD) feeding increases the gene expression of proinflammatory mediators and decreases insulin actions in the hypothalamus. Here, we show that a gut-derived hormone, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), whose levels are elevated during diet-induced obesity, promotes and mediates hypothalamic inflammation and insulin resistance during HFD-induced obesity. Unbiased ribonucleic acid sequencing of GIP-stimulated hypothalami revealed that hypothalamic pathways most affected by intracerebroventricular (ICV) GIP stimulation were related to inflammatory-related responses. Subsequent analysis demonstrated that GIP administered either peripherally or centrally, increased proinflammatory-related factors such as Il-6 and Socs3 in the hypothalamus, but not in the cortex of C57BL/6J male mice. Consistently, hypothalamic activation of IκB kinase-β inflammatory signaling was induced by ICV GIP. Further, hypothalamic levels of proinflammatory cytokines and Socs3 were significantly reduced by an antagonistic GIP receptor (GIPR) antibody and by GIPR deficiency. Additionally, centrally administered GIP reduced anorectic actions of insulin in the brain and diminished insulin-induced phosphorylation of Protein kinase B and Glycogen synthase kinase 3β in the hypothalamus. Collectively, these findings reveal a previously unrecognized role for brain GIP signaling in diet-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Fu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kaneko
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hsiao-Yun Lin
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Qianxing Mo
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center and Center for Cell Gene & Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Present address: Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612
| | - Yong Xu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Takayoshi Suganami
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Peter Ravn
- AstraZeneca, R&D BioPharmaceuticals Unit, Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, Cambridge, UK
| | - Makoto Fukuda
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Correspondence: Makoto Fukuda, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. E-mail:
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26
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Duan K, Gao X, Zhu D. The clinical relevance and mechanism of skeletal muscle wasting. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:27-37. [PMID: 32788088 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle wasting occurs in both chronic and acute diseases. Increasing evidence has shown this debilitating process is associated with short- and long-term outcomes in critical, cancer and surgical patients. Both muscle quantity and quality, as reflected by the area and density of a given range of attenuation in CT scan, impact the patient prognosis. In addition, ultrasound and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) are also widely used in the assessment of body composition due to their bedside viability and no radioactivity. Mechanism researches have revealed complicated pathways are involved in muscle wasting, which include altered IGF1-Akt-FoxO signaling, elevated levels of myostatin and activin A, activation of NF-κB pathway and glucocorticoid effects. Particularly, central nervous system (CNS) has been proven to participate in regulating muscle wasting in various conditions, such as infection and tumor. Several promising therapeutic agents have been under developing in the treatment of muscle atrophy, such as myostatin antagonist, ghrelin analog, non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). Notably, nutritional therapy is still the fundamental support in combating muscle wasting. However, the optimizing and tailored nutrition regimen relies on accurate metabolism measurement and large clinical trials in the future. Here, we will discuss the current understanding of muscle wasting and potential treatment in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaipeng Duan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, PR China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, PR China
| | - Dongming Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, PR China.
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27
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Patsalos O, Dalton B, Leppanen J, Ibrahim MAA, Himmerich H. Impact of TNF-α Inhibitors on Body Weight and BMI: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:481. [PMID: 32351392 PMCID: PMC7174757 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies was to ascertain to effects of TNF-α inhibitor therapy on body weight and BMI. Methods Three databases (PubMed, OVID, and EMBASE) were systematically searched from inception to August 2018. We identified prospective, retrospective, and randomized controlled studies in adults with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases treated with TNF-α inhibitors based on pre-specified inclusion criteria. A random-effects model was used to estimate standardised mean change (SMCC). Results Twenty-six longitudinal studies with a total of 1,245 participants were included in the meta-analysis. We found evidence for a small increase in body weight (SMCC = 0.24, p = .0006, 95% CI [0.10, 0.37]) and in BMI (SMCC = 0.26, p < .0001, 95% CI [0.13, 0.39]). On average, patients gained 0.90kg (SD = 5.13) under infliximab, 2.34kg (D = 5.65) under etanercept and 2.27kg (SD = 4.69) during treatment with adalimumab within the duration of the respective studies (4–104 weeks). Conclusion Our results yield further support the for the view that TNF-α inhibitors increase body weight and BMI as a potential side effect. Modulating cytokine signaling could be a future therapeutic mechanism to treat disorders associated with weight changes such as anorexia nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Patsalos
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bethan Dalton
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jenni Leppanen
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad A A Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Immunological Medicine and Allergy, King's Health Partners, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hubertus Himmerich
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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28
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Son M, Oh S, Choi J, Jang JT, Choi CH, Park KY, Son KH, Byun K. Attenuation of Inflammation and Leptin Resistance by Pyrogallol-Phloroglucinol-6,6-Bieckol on in the Brain of Obese Animal Models. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2773. [PMID: 31739649 PMCID: PMC6893810 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity induces inflammation both in the adipose tissue and the brain. Activated macrophage infiltration, polarization of macrophages to a more inflammatory type (M1), and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines are related to brain inflammation, which induces leptin resistance in the brain. Pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6-bieckol (PPB), a compound from Ecklonia cava, has anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we evaluated the effects of PPB effect M1 polarization and inflammation and its ability to restore the effects of leptin, such as a decrease in appetite and body weight. We administered PPB to diet-induced obesity (DIO) and leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice, evaluated macrophage activation, polarization, and changes of inflammatory cytokine level in adipose tissue and brain, and determined the effect of PPB on leptin resistance or leptin sensitivity in the brain. The levels of activated macrophage marker, M1/M2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were increased in the adipose tissue and brain of DIO and ob/ob mice than control. TLR4 expression, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and NF-κB expression in the brain of DIO and ob/ob mice were also increased; this increase was related to the upregulation of SOCS3 and decreased phosphorylated STAT3, which decreased leptin sensitivity in the brain. PPB decreased inflammation in the brain, restored leptin sensitivity, and decreased food intake and weight gain in both DIO and ob/ob mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongjoo Son
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Korea; (M.S.); (J.C.)
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea;
| | - Seyeon Oh
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea;
| | - Junwon Choi
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Korea; (M.S.); (J.C.)
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea;
| | - Ji Tae Jang
- Aqua Green Technology Co., Ltd., Smart Bldg., Jeju Science Park, Jeju 63309, Korea;
| | - Chang Hu Choi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea; (C.H.C.); (K.Y.P.)
| | - Kook Yang Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea; (C.H.C.); (K.Y.P.)
| | - Kuk Hui Son
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea; (C.H.C.); (K.Y.P.)
| | - Kyunghee Byun
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Korea; (M.S.); (J.C.)
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea;
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29
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Dalton B, Whitmore V, Patsalos O, Ibrahim MAA, Schmidt U, Himmerich H. A systematic review of in vitro cytokine production in eating disorders. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 497:110308. [PMID: 30296466 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating disorders (EDs) have been associated with alterations in cytokine concentrations and production. This review examines whether in vitro cytokine production (i) is altered in people with EDs compared to healthy participants; and (ii) changes in response to treatment? METHODS Using PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed articles reporting group comparisons or longitudinal assessments of spontaneous and/or stimulated cytokine production in vitro in people with EDs. RESULTS Twelve studies were included. Cross-sectional results were mixed in anorexia nervosa. Only one study measured cytokine production in bulimia nervosa. Two longitudinal studies showed that daily yoghurt consumption increases phytohemagglutinin-stimulated interferon-γ production in anorexia nervosa. CONCLUSION The mixed results could be accounted for by variations in experimental design. Our findings suggest that cytokine production could possibly be modulated through dietary interventions. However, due to the methodological heterogeneity and shortcomings of the included studies, it seems unreasonable to draw further conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan Dalton
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Victoria Whitmore
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Olivia Patsalos
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mohammad A A Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Immunological Medicine and Allergy, King's Health Partners, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hubertus Himmerich
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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30
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Oh S, Son M, Choi J, Choi CH, Park KY, Son KH, Byun K. Phlorotannins from Ecklonia cava Attenuates Palmitate-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Leptin Resistance in Hypothalamic Neurons. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E570. [PMID: 31600939 PMCID: PMC6835517 DOI: 10.3390/md17100570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin resistance in the hypothalamus has an essential role in obesity. Saturated fatty acids such as palmitate bind to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and lead to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and leptin resistance. In this study, we evaluated whether extracts of Ecklonia cava would attenuate the ER stress induced by palmitate and reduce leptin resistance in hypothalamic neurons and microglia. We added palmitate to these cells to mimic the environment induced by high-fat diet in the hypothalamus and evaluated which of the E. cava phlorotannins-dieckol (DK), 2,7-phloroglucinol-6,6-bieckol (PHB), pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6-bieckol (PPB), or phlorofucofuroeckol-A (PFFA)-had the most potent effect on attenuating leptin resistance. TLR4 and NF-κB expression induced by palmitate was attenuated most effectively by PPB in both hypothalamic neurons and microglia. ER stress markers were increased by palmitate and were attenuated by PPB in both hypothalamic neurons and microglia. Leptin resistance, which was evaluated as an increase in SOCS3 and a decrease in STAT3 with leptin receptor expression, was increased by palmitate and was decreased by PPB in hypothalamic neurons. The culture medium from palmitate-treated microglia increased leptin resistance in hypothalamic neurons and this resistance was attenuated by PPB. In conclusion, PPB attenuated leptin resistance by decreasing ER stress in both hypothalamic neurons and microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyeon Oh
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea.
| | - Myeongjoo Son
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea.
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Korea.
| | - Junwon Choi
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea.
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Korea.
| | - Chang Hu Choi
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea.
| | - Kook Yang Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea.
| | - Kuk Hui Son
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea.
| | - Kyunghee Byun
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Graduate School and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea.
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Korea.
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31
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Zinicola M, Batista CP, Bringhenti L, Meira EBS, Lima FS, McDonough SP, Bicalho RC. Effects of recombinant bovine interleukin-8 (rbIL-8) treatment on health, metabolism, and lactation performance in Holstein cattle IV: Insulin resistance, dry matter intake, and blood parameters. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:10340-10359. [PMID: 31495618 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have shown in 2 independent studies that cows who received recombinant bovine interleukin-8 (rbIL-8) administered intrauterinely shortly after parturition have a significant and long-lasting increase in milk yield. In the present study, we hypothesized that the increased milk production associated with rbIL-8 treatment is a consequence of increased postpartum dry matter intake (DMI) and orchestrated homeorhetic changes that prioritize milk production. Cows were enrolled into 1 of 3 treatment groups: those assigned to the control group (CTR; n = 70) received an intrauterine (IU) administration of 500 mL of Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) solution and 1 mL of DPBS solution intravenously (IV; jugular vein), those assigned to the rbIL-8 IV group (rbIL8-IV, n = 70) received an IV injection of 167 μg of rbIL-8 and 500 mL of DPBS solution IU, and cows assigned to the rbIL-8 IU group (rbIL8-IU, n = 70) received an IU administration with 1,195 μg of rbIL-8 diluted in 499.5 mL of DPBS solution and 1 mL of DPBS solution IV. Animals were housed in a tiestall from calving to 30 d in milk (DIM) to measure DMI. Blood samples were collected daily from calving to 7 DIM and weekly until 28 DIM. Insulin resistance was evaluated using an intravenous glucose tolerance test and intravenous insulin challenge test (IVICT) in a subgroup of cows (n = 20/treatment) at 10 and 11 DIM, respectively. Additionally, liver biopsy samples were taken at 14 DIM from the same subgroup of cows to measure triglyceride levels and cell proliferation and apoptosis. Cows treated with rbIL8-IU produced more milk (CTR = 36.9 ± 1.5; rbIL8-IU = 38.5 ± 1.5; rbIL8-IV = 36.6 ± 1.5 kg/d), energy-corrected milk (CTR = 42.9 ± 0.9; rbIL8-IU = 46.1 ± 0.8; rbIL8-IV = 43.7 ± 0.9 kg/d), and fat-corrected milk (CTR = 44.3 ± 0.9; rbIL8-IU = 47.8 ± 0.9; rbIL8-IV = 45.2 ± 0.9 kg/d) yields when compared with CTR cows, and no differences were observed between rbIL8-IV and CTR cows. The administration of rbIL8-IU significantly increased DMI compared with CTR (CTR = 18.8 ± 0.3; rbIL8-IU = 19.9 ± 0.3; rbIL8-IV = 19.3 ± 0.3 kg/d). Recombinant bIL-8 treatment did not affect glucose, insulin, or fatty acids (i.e., IVICT only) concentrations or their area under the curve in response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test and IVICT when compared with CTR. Moreover, rbIL-8 treatment administered IU or IV increased liver triglyceride levels. Additionally, cows treated with rbIL8-IU tended to have lower odds of developing hyperketonemia (odds ratio = 0.46, 95% confidence interval: 0.19 to 1.10), lower odds of clinical ketosis and displaced abomasum combined (odds ratio = 0.17, 95% confidence interval: 0.03 to 0.89), and lower odds of diseases combined (odds ratio = 0.43, 95% confidence interval: 0.21 to 0.86) when compared with CTR. We conclude that the administration of rbIL8-IU increases DMI, milk production, fat-corrected milk, and energy-corrected milk while improving overall health during the postpartum period. This study supports the use of rbIL-8 administered IU shortly after calving to improve health and production responses in lactating cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zinicola
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - C P Batista
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - L Bringhenti
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - E B S Meira
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - F S Lima
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign 61802
| | - S P McDonough
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - R C Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401.
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32
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Boucsein A, Rizwan MZ, Tups A. Hypothalamic leptin sensitivity and health benefits of time-restricted feeding are dependent on the time of day in male mice. FASEB J 2019; 33:12175-12187. [PMID: 31366239 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901004r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synchronization between biologic clocks and metabolism is crucial for most species. Here, we examined the ability of leptin, important in the control of energy metabolism, to induce leptin signaling at the molecular as well as the behavioral level throughout the 24-h day in mice fed either a control or a high-fat diet (HFD). Furthermore, we investigated the effects of time-restricted feeding (TRF; a limitation of HFD access to 6 h each day) on energy metabolism during different periods throughout the 24-h day. In control mice, molecular leptin sensitivity was highest at zeitgeber time (ZT)0 (lights on), declining during the light phase, and increasing during the dark phase. Surprisingly, leptin resistance in HFD-fed mice was only present from the middle of the dark to the middle of the light period. Specifically, when TRF occurred from ZT21 to ZT3 (when leptin resistance in HFD-fed mice was most profound), it resulted in a disruption of the daily rhythms of locomotor activity and energy expenditure and in increased plasma insulin levels compared with other TRF periods. These data provide evidence that leptin sensitivity is controlled by the circadian rhythm and that TRF periods may be most efficient when aligned with the leptin-sensitive period.-Boucsein, A., Rizwan, M. Z., Tups, A. Hypothalamic leptin sensitivity and health benefits of time-restricted feeding are dependent on the time of day in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Boucsein
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Brain Health Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Mohammed Z Rizwan
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Brain Health Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alexander Tups
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Brain Health Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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33
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Abstract
Under conditions leading to aging and metabolic syndrome, the hypothalamus atypically undergoes proinflammatory signaling activation leading to a chronic and stable background inflammation, referred to as "hypothalamic microinflammation." Through the past decade of research, progress has been made to causally link this hypothalamic inflammation to the mechanism of aging as well as metabolic syndrome, promoting the "hypothalamic microinflammation" theory, which helps characterize the consensus of these epidemic health problems. In general, it is consistently appreciated that hypothalamic microinflammation emerges during the early stages of aging and metabolic syndrome and evolves to be multifaceted and advanced alongside disease progression, while inhibition of key inflammatory components in the hypothalamus has a broad range of effects in counteracting these disorders. Herein, focusing on aging and metabolic syndrome, this writing aims to provide an overview of and insights into the mediators, signaling components, cellular impacts, and physiological significance of this hypothalamic microinflammation.
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He M, Huang XF, Gao G, Zhou T, Li W, Hu J, Chen J, Li J, Sun T. Olanzapine-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation in the hypothalamus were inhibited by an ER stress inhibitor 4-phenylbutyrate. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 104:286-299. [PMID: 30927713 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antipsychotics are the most important treatment for schizophrenia. However, antipsychotics, particularly olanzapine and clozapine, are associated with severe weight gain/obesity side-effects. Although numerous studies have been carried out to identify the exact mechanisms of antipsychotic-induced weight gain, it is still important to consider other pathways. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling and its associated inflammation pathway is one of the most important pathways involved in regulation of energy balance. In the present study, we examined the role of hypothalamic protein kinase R like endoplasmic reticulum kinase- eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (PERK-eIF2α) signaling and the inflammatory IkappaB kinase β- nuclear factor kappa B (IKKβ-NFκB) signaling pathway in olanzapine-induced weight gain in female rats. In this study, we found that olanzapine significantly activated PERK-eIF2α and IKKβ-NFκB signaling in SH-SY5Y cells in a dose-dependent manner. Olanzapine treatment for 8 days in rats was associated with activated PERK-eIF2α signaling and IKKβ-NFκB signaling in the hypothalamus, accompanied by increased food intake and weight gain. Co-treatment with an ER stress inhibitor, 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA), decreased olanzapine-induced food intake and weight gain in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, 4-PBA dose-dependently inhibited olanzapine-induced activated PERK-eIF2α and IKKβ-NFκB signaling in the hypothalamus. These results suggested that hypothalamic ER stress may play an important role in antipsychotic-induced weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng He
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and Centre for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Guanbin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenting Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinqi Hu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Wuhan Seventh Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Taolei Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Chowen JA, Frago LM, Fernández-Alfonso MS. Physiological and pathophysiological roles of hypothalamic astrocytes in metabolism. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12671. [PMID: 30561077 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of glial cells, including astrocytes, in metabolic control has received increasing attention in recent years. Although the original interest in these macroglial cells was a result of astrogliosis being observed in the hypothalamus of diet-induced obese subjects, studies have also focused on how they participate in the physiological control of appetite and energy expenditure. Astrocytes express receptors for numerous hormones, growth factors and neuropeptides. Some functions of astrocytes include transport of nutrients and hormones from the circulation to the brain, storage of glycogen, participation in glucose sensing, synaptic plasticity, uptake and metabolism of neurotransmitters, release of substances to modify neurotransmission, and cytokine production, amongst others. In the hypothalamus, these physiological glial functions impact on neuronal circuits that control systemic metabolism to modify their outputs. The initial response of astrocytes to poor dietary habits and obesity involves activation of neuroprotective mechanisms but, with chronic exposure to these situations, hypothalamic astrocytes participate in the development of some of the damaging secondary effects. The present review discusses not only some of the physiological functions of hypothalamic astrocytes in metabolism, but also their role in the secondary complications of obesity, such as insulin resistance and cardiovascular affectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- CIBEROBN (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- CIBEROBN (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Soledad Fernández-Alfonso
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar UCM y Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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The proinflammatory effects of chronic excessive exercise. Cytokine 2019; 119:57-61. [PMID: 30884427 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic moderate-intensity exercise is an efficient non-pharmacological strategy to prevent and treat several diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, cancers, and Parkinson's disease. On the other hand, improving an athlete's performance requires completing high-intensity and volume exercise sessions. When the delicate balance between high-load exercise sessions and adequate recovery periods is disrupted, excessive training (known as overtraining) can lead to performance decline. The cytokine hypothesis considers that an imbalance involving excessive exercise and inadequate recovery induces musculoskeletal trauma, increasing the production and release of proinflammatory cytokines, mainly interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), which interact with different organic systems, initiating most of the signs and symptoms linked to performance decrement. This leading article used recent data to discuss the scientific basis of Smith's cytokine theory and highlighted that the adverse effects of excessive exercise go beyond performance decline, proposing a multi-organ approach for this issue. These recent insights will allow coaches and exercise physiologists to develop strategies to avoid chronic excessive exercise-induced adverse outcomes.
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Molecular Mechanisms of Hypothalamic Insulin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061317. [PMID: 30875909 PMCID: PMC6471380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin exists in the central nervous system, where it executes two important functions in the hypothalamus: the suppression of food intake and the improvement of glucose metabolism. Recent studies have shown that both are exerted robustly in rodents and humans. If intact, these functions exert beneficial effects on obesity and diabetes, respectively. Disruption of both occurs due to a condition known as hypothalamic insulin resistance, which is caused by obesity and the overconsumption of saturated fat. An enormous volume of literature addresses the molecular mechanisms of hypothalamic insulin resistance. IKKβ and JNK are major players in the inflammation pathway, which is activated by saturated fatty acids that induce hypothalamic insulin resistance. Two major tyrosine phosphatases, PTP-1B and TCPTP, are upregulated in chronic overeating. They dephosphorylate the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate proteins, resulting in hypothalamic insulin resistance. Prolonged hyperinsulinemia with excessive nutrition activates the mTOR/S6 kinase pathway, thereby enhancing IRS-1 serine phosphorylation to induce hypothalamic insulin resistance. Other mechanisms associated with this condition include hypothalamic gliosis and disturbed insulin transport into the central nervous system. Unveiling the precise molecular mechanisms involved in hypothalamic insulin resistance is important for developing new ways of treating obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Ragu-Varman D, Macedo-Mendoza M, Labrada-Moncada FE, Reyes-Ortega P, Morales T, Martínez-Torres A, Reyes-Haro D. Anorexia increases microglial density and cytokine expression in the hippocampus of young female rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 363:118-125. [PMID: 30690107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia by osmotic dehydration is an adaptive response to hypernatremia and hyperosmolaemia induced by ingestion of a hypertonic solution. Dehydration-induced anorexia (DIA) reproduces weight loss and avoidance of food, despite its availability. By using this model, we previously showed increased reactive astrocyte density in the rat dorsal hippocampus, suggesting a pro-inflammatory environment where microglia may play an important role. However, whether such anorexic condition increases a pro-inflammatory response is unknown. The aim of this study was to test if DIA increases microglial density in the dorsal hippocampus, as well as the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) in the hippocampus of young female rats. Our results showed that DIA significantly increased microglial density in CA2-CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) but not in CA1. However, forced food restriction (FFR) only increased microglial density in the DG. Accordingly, the activated/resting microglia ratio was significantly increased in CA2-CA3 and DG, in DIA and FFR groups. Finally, western blot analysis showed increased expression of IBA1, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in the hippocampus of both experimental groups. We conclude that anorexia triggers increased reactive microglial density and expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β; this environment may result in hippocampal neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durairaj Ragu-Varman
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP76230, Mexico
| | - Mayra Macedo-Mendoza
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP76230, Mexico
| | - Francisco Emmanuel Labrada-Moncada
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP76230, Mexico
| | - Pamela Reyes-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP76230, Mexico
| | - Teresa Morales
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP76230, Mexico
| | - Ataúlfo Martínez-Torres
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP76230, Mexico
| | - Daniel Reyes-Haro
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, CP76230, Mexico.
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Abstract
The hypothalamus is the brain region responsible for the maintenance of energetic homeostasis. The regulation of this process arises from the ability of the hypothalamus to orchestrate complex physiological responses such as food intake and energy expenditure, circadian rhythm, stress response, and fertility. Metabolic alterations such as obesity can compromise these hypothalamic regulatory functions. Alterations in circadian rhythm, stress response, and fertility further contribute to aggravate the metabolic dysfunction of obesity and contribute to the development of chronic disorders such as depression and infertility.At cellular level, obesity caused by overnutrition can damage the hypothalamus promoting inflammation and impairing hypothalamic neurogenesis. Furthermore, hypothalamic neurons suffer apoptosis and impairment in synaptic plasticity that can compromise the proper functioning of the hypothalamus. Several factors contribute to these phenomena such as ER stress, oxidative stress, and impairments in autophagy. All these observations occur at the same time and it is still difficult to discern whether inflammatory processes are the main drivers of these cellular dysfunctions or if the hypothalamic hormone resistance (insulin, leptin, and ghrelin) can be pinpointed as the source of several of these events.Understanding the mechanisms that underlie the pathophysiology of obesity in the hypothalamus is crucial for the development of strategies that can prevent or attenuate the deleterious effects of obesity.
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40
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Hypothalamic Inflammation at a Crossroad of Somatic Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 39:11-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Kjaergaard M, Nilsson C, Nielsen MO, Grove K, Raun K. Hypothalamic oxidative stress and inflammation, and peripheral glucose homeostasis in Sprague-Dawley rat offspring exposed to maternal and postnatal chocolate and soft drink. Nutr Diabetes 2018; 8:44. [PMID: 30026488 PMCID: PMC6053394 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-018-0051-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Predisposition to obesity and type 2 diabetes can arise during foetal development and in early postnatal life caused by imbalances in maternal nutritional overload. We aimed to investigate the effects of maternal and postnatal intake of chocolate and soft drink on hypothalamic anti-oxidative stress markers, inflammation and peripheral glucose homeostasis. Methods Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed ad libitum chow diet only (C) or with chocolate and high sucrose soft drink supplements (S). At birth, litter size was adjusted into 10 male offspring per dam. After weaning at 3 weeks of age, offspring from both dietary groups were assigned to either S or C diet, giving four groups until the end of the experiment at 26 weeks of age. Results Offspring exposed to maternal S had up-regulated hypothalamic anti-oxidative markers such as SOD2 and catalase at 3 weeks of age as an indication of oxidative stress. However, at 12 weeks of age these anti-oxidative markers tended to decrease while pro-inflammatory markers such as TNF and IL-1β became up-regulated of all offspring exposed to S diet during some point of their life. Thus, despite an increase in anti-oxidative stress response, offspring exposed to maternal S had a reduced ability to counteract hypothalamic inflammation. At the same time point, postnatal S resulted in increased adiposity, reduced glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity with no effect on body weight. However, at 25 weeks of age, the impaired glucose tolerance was reversible to the response of the control regardless of increased adiposity and body weight pointing towards a compensatory response of the insulin sensitivity or insulin secretion. Conclusion Indications of hypothalamic oxidative stress was observed prior to the inflammatory response in offspring exposed to maternal S. Both maternal and postnatal S induced hypothalamic inflammation prior to increased weight gain and thus contributing to obese phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kjaergaard
- Diabetes and Obesity Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, 2760, Denmark. .,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, 1870, Denmark.
| | - Cecilia Nilsson
- Uppsala University Innovation, Uppsala Science Park, Uppsala, 751 83, Sweden
| | - Mette Olaf Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, 1870, Denmark
| | - Kevin Grove
- Diabetes and Obesity Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, 2760, Denmark.,Division of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Centre, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Kirsten Raun
- Diabetes and Obesity Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, 2760, Denmark
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Hypothalamic inflammation and malfunctioning glia in the pathophysiology of obesity and diabetes: Translational significance. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 153:123-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kim J, Kwon YH, Kim CS, Tu TH, Kim BS, Joe Y, Chung HT, Goto T, Kawada T, Park T, Choi MS, Kim MS, Yu R. The involvement of 4-1BB/4-1BBL signaling in glial cell-mediated hypothalamic inflammation in obesity. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:843-853. [PMID: 29744298 PMCID: PMC5929936 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity‐induced inflammation occurs not only in peripheral tissues but also in areas of the central nervous system. Glial cells such as astrocytes and microglia play crucial roles in obesity‐related hypothalamic inflammation, leading to the derangement of energy metabolism and neurodegenerative pathologies. Here, we show that the interaction of 4‐1BB/4‐1BBL between lipid‐laden astrocytes/microglia promotes hypothalamic inflammation in obesity. Stimulation of 4‐1BB, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, and/or its ligand 4‐1BBL on astrocytes and/or microglia with a specific agonist resulted in activation of the inflammatory signaling pathway and enhanced production of inflammatory mediators. Contact coculture of lipid‐laden astrocytes and microglia increased the production of inflammatory mediators, and blockade of the 4‐1BB/4‐1BBL interaction reduced the inflammatory response. Moreover, deficiency of 4‐1BB reduced hypothalamic inflammation in obese mice fed an high‐fat diet. These findings suggest that 4‐1BBL/4‐1BB signaling enhances the glial cell‐mediated inflammatory cross talk and participates in obesity‐induced hypothalamic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiye Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition University of Ulsan South Korea
| | - Yoon-Hee Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition University of Ulsan South Korea
| | - Chu-Sook Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition University of Ulsan South Korea
| | - Thai H Tu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition University of Ulsan South Korea
| | - Byung-Sam Kim
- Department of Biological Science University of Ulsan South Korea
| | - Yeonsoo Joe
- Department of Biological Science University of Ulsan South Korea
| | - Hun T Chung
- Department of Biological Science University of Ulsan South Korea
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Uji Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Uji Japan
| | - Taesun Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition Yonsei University Seoul South Korea
| | - Myung-Sook Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research Kyungpook National University Daegu South Korea
| | - Min-Seon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul South Korea
| | - Rina Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition University of Ulsan South Korea
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Abstract
Obesity represents the single most important risk factor for early disability and death in developed societies, and the incidence of obesity remains at staggering levels. CNS systems that modulate energy intake and expenditure in response to changes in body energy stores serve to maintain constant body adiposity; the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin and its receptor (LEPR) represent crucial regulators of these systems. As in the case of insulin resistance, a variety of mechanisms (including feedback inhibition, inflammation, gliosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress) have been proposed to interfere with leptin action and impede the systems that control body energy homeostasis to promote or maintain obesity, although the relative importance and contribution of each of these remain unclear. However, LEPR signalling may be increased (rather than impaired) in common obesity, suggesting that any obesity-associated defects in leptin action must result from lesions somewhere other than the initial LEPR signal. It is also possible that increased LEPR signalling could mediate some of the obesity-associated changes in hypothalamic function.
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Lee YS, Wollam J, Olefsky JM. An Integrated View of Immunometabolism. Cell 2018; 172:22-40. [PMID: 29328913 PMCID: PMC8451723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide obesity epidemic has emerged as a major cause of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. Chronic tissue inflammation is a well-recognized feature of obesity, and the field of immunometabolism has witnessed many advances in recent years. Here, we review the major features of our current understanding with respect to chronic obesity-related inflammation in metabolic tissues and focus on how these inflammatory changes affect insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, food intake, and glucose homeostasis. There is a growing appreciation of the varied and sometimes integrated crosstalk between cells within a tissue (intraorgan) and tissues within an organism (interorgan) that supports inflammation in the context of metabolic dysregulation. Understanding these pathways and modes of communication has implications for translational studies. We also briefly summarize the state of this field with respect to potential current and developing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sok Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Joshua Wollam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Abstract
The hypothalamus is an evolutionarily conserved brain structure that regulates an organism's basic functions, such as homeostasis and reproduction. Several hypothalamic nuclei and neuronal circuits have been the focus of many studies seeking to understand their role in regulating these basic functions. Within the hypothalamic neuronal populations, the arcuate melanocortin system plays a major role in controlling homeostatic functions. The arcuate pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in particular have been shown to be critical regulators of metabolism and reproduction because of their projections to several brain areas both in and outside of the hypothalamus, such as autonomic regions of the brain stem and spinal cord. Here, we review and discuss the current understanding of POMC neurons from their development and intracellular regulators to their physiological functions and pathological dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitoku Toda
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; .,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Anna Santoro
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; .,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Jung Dae Kim
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; .,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Sabrina Diano
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; .,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520.,Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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Hu Z, Chen M, Zhou H, Tharakan A, Wang X, Qiu L, Liang S, Qin X, Zhang Y, Wang W, Xu Y, Ying Z. Inactivation of TNF/LT locus alters mouse metabolic response to concentrated ambient PM 2.5. Toxicology 2017; 390:100-108. [PMID: 28917655 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with increased cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality. This is widely believed to be attributable to PM2.5 exposure-induced pulmonary and subsequent systemic inflammation. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), lymphotoxin α (LTα), and lymphotoxin β (LTβ) are three homologous pro-inflammatory cytokines, each with both unique and redundant activities in inflammation. Their role in PM2.5 exposure-induced inflammation and adverse cardiometabolic effects has to be determined. METHODS AND RESULTS LTα/TNFα/LTβ triple-knockout (TNF/LT KO) and wildtype (WT) mice were exposed to concentrated ambient PM2.5 (CAP) for 5 months. Lung pathological analysis revealed that TNF/LT deficiency reduced CAP exposure-induced pulmonary inflammation. However, glucose homeostasis assessments showed that TNF/LT deficiency significantly aggravated CAP exposure-induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Consistent with glucose homeostasis assessments, CAP exposure significantly increased the body weight and adiposity of TNF/LT KO but not WT mice. In contrast to its body weight effects, CAP exposure reduced food intake of WT but not TNF/LT KO mice. On the other hand, CAP exposure induced marked fat droplet accumulation in brown adipose tissues of WT mice and significantly decreased their uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression, and these effects were markedly exacerbated in TNF/LT KO mice. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that TNF/LT deficiency influences PM2.5 exposure-induced response of energy metabolism through alterations in both food intake and energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Provincial People's Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China; Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Minjie Chen
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Huifen Zhou
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Pathology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei 437100, China.
| | - Anui Tharakan
- Department of Otolaryngology, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Xiaoke Wang
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China.
| | - Lianglin Qiu
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China.
| | - Shuai Liang
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Xiaobo Qin
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Wanjun Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yanyi Xu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Zhekang Ying
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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48
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Naturil-Alfonso C, Peñaranda DS, Vicente JS, Marco-Jiménez F. Feed restriction regime in a rabbit line selected for growth rate alters oocyte maturation manifested by alteration in MSY2 gene expression. Reprod Domest Anim 2017. [PMID: 28627068 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Young rabbit females selected for growth rate may have nutritional needs, which may not be met with the common practice of feed restriction during rearing in commercial rabbit production. The aim of this study was to analyse whether two different feeding programmes: ad libitum or restricted (130 g/day) feeding, applied in young rabbit females for 1 month at the end of rearing, could modulate the origin of ovulation process and the quality of the oocytes. At 16 weeks of age, 34 females were randomly assigned to restricted or ad libitum feeding, maintaining these conditions for a month. Then, in an initial experiment, transcriptional profiling of hypothalamus-hypophysis tissue was performed to assess failure to ovulate. In the second experiment, the gene expression analysis of some candidate genes related to oocytes quality was performed. Our results demonstrated that neither of the two feeding programmes modified the transcription of hypothalamus-hypophysis tissue, while the only differences in MSYR expression were found in in vivo mature oocytes ready for successful fertilization. Specifically, MSYR was over-expressed in oocytes from females fed ad libitum. MSYR is one of the most abundant proteins in the oocyte and has proven to be a key regulator of maternal RNA transcription and translation. This finding suggests that MSYR gene is a promising gene in our understanding of the relationship between high growth rate and reproductive performance decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Naturil-Alfonso
- Institute of Science and Animal Technology, Laboratorio de Biotecnología de la Reproducción, Universitat Politécnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - D S Peñaranda
- Institute of Science and Animal Technology, Laboratorio de Biotecnología de la Reproducción, Universitat Politécnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - J S Vicente
- Institute of Science and Animal Technology, Laboratorio de Biotecnología de la Reproducción, Universitat Politécnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - F Marco-Jiménez
- Institute of Science and Animal Technology, Laboratorio de Biotecnología de la Reproducción, Universitat Politécnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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49
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Tsunekawa T, Banno R, Mizoguchi A, Sugiyama M, Tominaga T, Onoue T, Hagiwara D, Ito Y, Iwama S, Goto M, Suga H, Sugimura Y, Arima H. Deficiency of PTP1B Attenuates Hypothalamic Inflammation via Activation of the JAK2-STAT3 Pathway in Microglia. EBioMedicine 2017; 16:172-183. [PMID: 28094236 PMCID: PMC5474442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) regulates leptin signaling in hypothalamic neurons via the JAK2-STAT3 pathway. PTP1B has also been implicated in the regulation of inflammation in the periphery. However, the role of PTP1B in hypothalamic inflammation, which is induced by a high-fat diet (HFD), remains to be elucidated. Here, we showed that STAT3 phosphorylation (p-STAT3) was increased in microglia in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of PTP1B knock-out mice (KO) on a HFD, accompanied by decreased Tnf and increased Il10 mRNA expression in the hypothalamus compared to wild-type mice (WT). In hypothalamic organotypic cultures, incubation with TNFα led to increased p-STAT3, accompanied by decreased Tnf and increased Il10 mRNA expression, in KO compared to WT. Incubation with p-STAT3 inhibitors or microglial depletion eliminated the differences in inflammation between genotypes. These data indicate an important role of JAK2-STAT3 signaling negatively regulated by PTP1B in microglia, which attenuates hypothalamic inflammation under HFD conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Tsunekawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Ryoichi Banno
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Mariko Sugiyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Takashi Tominaga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Onoue
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Hagiwara
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Shintaro Iwama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Motomitsu Goto
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Hidetaka Suga
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Yoshihisa Sugimura
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Arima
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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50
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Jais A, Brüning JC. Hypothalamic inflammation in obesity and metabolic disease. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:24-32. [PMID: 28045396 DOI: 10.1172/jci88878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last years, hypothalamic inflammation has been linked to the development and progression of obesity and its sequelae. There is accumulating evidence that this inflammation not only impairs energy balance but also contributes to obesity-associated insulin resistance. Elevated activation of key inflammatory mediators such as JNK and IκB kinase (IKK) occurs rapidly upon consumption of a high-fat diet, even prior to significant weight gain. This activation of hypothalamic inflammatory pathways results in the uncoupling of caloric intake and energy expenditure, fostering overeating and further weight gain. In addition, these inflammatory processes contribute to obesity-associated insulin resistance and deterioration of glucose metabolism via altered neurocircuit functions. An understanding of the contributions of different neuronal and non-neuronal cell types to hypothalamic inflammatory processes, and delineation of the differences and similarities between acute and chronic activation of these inflammatory pathways, will be critical for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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