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Lee DH, Song J. Impaired olfactory system in metabolic imbalance-related neuropathology. Life Sci 2024; 355:122967. [PMID: 39142504 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction, influenced by factors such as aging and environmental stress, is linked to various neurological disorders. The olfactory bulb's connections to brain areas like the hypothalamus, piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, and limbic system make olfactory dysfunction a contributor to a range of neuropathological conditions. Recent research has underscored that olfactory deficits are prevalent in individuals with both metabolic syndrome and dementia. These systemic metabolic alterations correlate with olfactory impairments, potentially affecting brain regions associated with the olfactory bulb. In cases of metabolic syndrome, phenomena such as insulin resistance and disrupted glucose metabolism may result in compromised olfactory function, leading to multiple neurological issues. This review synthesizes key findings on the interplay between metabolic-induced olfactory dysfunction and neuropathology. It emphasizes the critical role of olfactory assessment in diagnosing and managing neurological diseases related to metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hoon Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea.
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Stark R. The olfactory bulb: A neuroendocrine spotlight on feeding and metabolism. J Neuroendocrinol 2024; 36:e13382. [PMID: 38468186 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Olfaction is the most ancient sense and is needed for food-seeking, danger protection, mating and survival. It is often the first sensory modality to perceive changes in the external environment, before sight, taste or sound. Odour molecules activate olfactory sensory neurons that reside on the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity, which transmits this odour-specific information to the olfactory bulb (OB), where it is relayed to higher brain regions involved in olfactory perception and behaviour. Besides odour processing, recent studies suggest that the OB extends its function into the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Furthermore, numerous hormone receptors associated with appetite and metabolism are expressed within the OB, suggesting a neuroendocrine role outside the hypothalamus. Olfactory cues are important to promote food preparatory behaviours and consumption, such as enhancing appetite and salivation. In addition, altered metabolism or energy state (fasting, satiety and overnutrition) can change olfactory processing and perception. Similarly, various animal models and human pathologies indicate a strong link between olfactory impairment and metabolic dysfunction. Therefore, understanding the nature of this reciprocal relationship is critical to understand how olfactory or metabolic disorders arise. This present review elaborates on the connection between olfaction, feeding behaviour and metabolism and will shed light on the neuroendocrine role of the OB as an interface between the external and internal environments. Elucidating the specific mechanisms by which olfactory signals are integrated and translated into metabolic responses holds promise for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies and interventions aimed at modulating appetite and promoting metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Stark
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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López M, Fernández-Real JM, Tomarev SI. Obesity wars: may the smell be with you. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 324:E569-E576. [PMID: 37166265 PMCID: PMC10259866 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00040.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Classically, the regulation of energy balance has been based on central and peripheral mechanisms sensing energy, nutrients, metabolites, and hormonal cues. Several cellular mechanisms at central level, such as hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), integrate this information to elicit counterregulatory responses that control feeding, energy expenditure, and glucose homeostasis, among other processes. Recent data have added more complexity to the homeostatic regulation of metabolism by introducing, for example, the key role of "traditional" senses and sensorial information in this complicated network. In this regard, current evidence is showing that olfaction plays a key and bidirectional role in energy homeostasis. Although nutritional status dynamically and profoundly impacts olfactory sensitivity, the sense of smell is involved in food appreciation and selection, as well as in brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and substrate utilization, with some newly described actors, such as olfactomedin 2 (OLFM2), likely playing a major role. Thus, olfactory inputs are contributing to the regulation of both sides of the energy balance equation, namely, feeding and energy expenditure (EE), as well as whole body metabolism. Here, we will review the current knowledge and advances about the role of olfaction in the regulation of energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel López
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain
| | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain
- Service of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition (UDEN), Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Girona (IDIBGI), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Stanislav I Tomarev
- Section of Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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Nie H, Zhao R, Ai Y, Yang Y, Cao B, Han P. Comparison between human olfactory sensitivity in the fasted and fed states: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Appetite 2023; 181:106395. [PMID: 36450324 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Olfaction is tightly regulated by internal status such as hunger level. The influence of fasted and fed states on olfactory sensitivity in humans has reached mixed results. This study aims to systematically review, integrate and meta-analyze evidence of the impact of fasting on olfactory sensitivity in humans and to explore the impact of potential moderators. METHOD Electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, COCHRANE and Ovid) were searched for studies with human participants investigating the effect of fasting on olfactory sensitivity. Studies were included in the review if they measured odor threshold both at fasted and sated status. The data extraction was determined based on the change in odor threshold from the fasted state to the fed state. Meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effect model to estimate the standardized mean difference transformed olfactory sensitivity change between fasted and fed states with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Thirteen studies (12 articles) were included in the meta-analysis with a total of 550 participants. Olfactory sensitivity was higher in the fasted state compared to the fed state (SMD = -0.251, 95% CI = -0.426, -0.075, Z = -2.804, p = 0.005). Separated analyses for food and non-food odors revealed a significant elevated sensitivity to non-food odors during the fasted state compared to the fed state. The meta-regression analysis revealed that fasting time positively moderate the increased olfactory sensitivity from the fasted to fed states (β = -0.013, 95% CI = -0.023, -0.002, p = 0.016). CONCLUSION Fasting improves human olfactory sensitivity to non-food odors, and this effect increases with longer fasting time. Future research design on olfactory sensitivity should take both the fasted state and fasting period of the participants into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Nie
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Ai
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingkai Yang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bing Cao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengfei Han
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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Zhao Y, Bhutani S, Kahnt T. Appetite-regulating hormones modulate odor perception and odor-evoked activity in hypothalamus and olfactory cortices. Chem Senses 2023; 48:bjad039. [PMID: 37796827 PMCID: PMC10590159 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Odors guide food seeking, and food intake modulates olfactory function. This interaction is mediated by appetite-regulating hormones like ghrelin, insulin, and leptin, which alter activity in the rodent olfactory bulb, but their effects on downstream olfactory cortices have not yet been established in humans. The olfactory tract connects the olfactory bulb to the cortex through 3 main striae, terminating in the piriform cortex (PirC), amygdala (AMY), olfactory tubercule (OT), and anterior olfactory nucleus (AON). Here, we test the hypothesis that appetite-regulating hormones modulate olfactory processing in the endpoints of the olfactory tract and the hypothalamus. We collected odor-evoked functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses and plasma levels of ghrelin, insulin, and leptin from human subjects (n = 25) after a standardized meal. We found that a hormonal composite measure, capturing variance relating positively to insulin and negatively to ghrelin, correlated inversely with odor intensity ratings and fMRI responses to odorized vs. clean air in the hypothalamus, OT, and AON. No significant correlations were found with activity in PirC or AMY, the endpoints of the lateral stria. Exploratory whole-brain analyses revealed significant correlations near the diagonal band of Broca and parahippocampal gyrus. These results demonstrate that high (low) blood plasma concentrations of insulin (ghrelin) decrease perceived odor intensity and odor-evoked activity in the cortical targets of the medial and intermediate striae of the olfactory tract, as well as the hypothalamus. These findings expand our understanding of the cortical mechanisms by which metabolic hormones in humans modulate olfactory processing after a meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhao
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Cellular and Neurocomputational Systems Branch, Baltimore, MD,United States
| | - Surabhi Bhutani
- San Diego State University, School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Thorsten Kahnt
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Cellular and Neurocomputational Systems Branch, Baltimore, MD,United States
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Micarelli A, Mrakic-Sposta S, Micarelli B, Malacrida S, Misici I, Carbini V, Iennaco I, Caputo S, Vezzoli A, Alessandrini M. Smell Impairment in Stage I-II Obesity: Correlation with Biochemical Regulators and Clinical Aspects. Laryngoscope 2022; 132:2028-2035. [PMID: 35906890 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the differences in olfactory sensitivity, nutritional habits, levels of modulators of feeding and smell, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) measures and metabolic assays between two groups of participants with stage I and II obesity and reciprocal relationships between these parameters. METHODS Eighteen participants with stage I (11 female; mean age = 54.3 ± 13.1 years) and 20 participants with stage II (10 female; mean age = 54.5 ± 11.9) obesity underwent a food frequency questionnaire and Sniffin' Sticks® test battery, anthropometric parameters, and BIA measurements as well as metabolic assays (including plasma levels of leptin, insulin, ghrelin, glucose, insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1] and usual laboratory parameters). RESULTS The stage II obesity participants demonstrated significant higher levels of insulin and leptin and lower levels of ghrelin and IGF-1, a reduction in odor identification (OI) and in total olfactory score, and an increase in visceral and total fat percentage. Among a mosaic of multiple correlations, ghrelin was found to positively correlate with OI and leptin negatively with odor discrimination. CONCLUSION The present study expands the notions positing the olfactory perception - and its connections with metabolic cues, foods habits and BIA measures - changes across the two most important obesity stages. This could ameliorate clinical and research deepening of obesity-related olfactory behavior with possible consequences on diagnosis, treatment and prevention of onset and development of obesity, thus opening possible future strategies involving multidisciplinary contributions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3 Laryngoscope, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Micarelli
- Unit of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation and Sensory Organs, UNITER ONLUS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Beatrice Micarelli
- Unit of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation and Sensory Organs, UNITER ONLUS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandro Malacrida
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Misici
- Unit of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation and Sensory Organs, UNITER ONLUS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Carbini
- Unit of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation and Sensory Organs, UNITER ONLUS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Iennaco
- Unit of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation and Sensory Organs, UNITER ONLUS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Vezzoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Alessandrini
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine - ENT Unit, Rome, Italy
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Ginieis R, Abeywickrema S, Oey I, Peng M. Testing Links of Food-Related Olfactory Perception to Peripheral Ghrelin and Leptin Concentrations. Front Nutr 2022; 9:888608. [PMID: 35634372 PMCID: PMC9130723 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.888608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormones ghrelin and leptin play major roles in the regulation of appetite and food intake. However, the precise effects of these hormones on sensory processing remain a subject of debate, particularly with food related stimuli and its small body of evidence. Here, we test for relationships between ghrelin and leptin levels against olfactory performance with multiple food-related odours. Specifically, a total of 94 Caucasian males were tested for their supra-threshold sensitivity (i.e., d′), intensity, and valence perception to three odour compounds (i.e., vanilla, potato, and dairy odours). These sensory data were then analysed against peripheral ghrelin and leptin levels, both assessed in plasma samples. Participants’ body adiposity measures were also obtained. Results lent strong support to one of our original hypotheses, with ghrelin levels being positively correlated to the supra-threshold sensitivity of the dairy odour, (r = 0.241, p = 0.020), and intensity ratings to most of the food odours tested [dairy (r = 0.216, p = 0.037) and vanilla (r = 0.241, p = 0.020)]. By contrast, peripheral leptin levels were not significantly linked to any of the olfactory measures (p > 0.05). These relationships remained similar after controlling for variabilities of adiposity measures. The present study brings novel insights by identifying positive links between supra-threshold olfactory perception and ghrelin. This new knowledge is highly relevant for future research linking olfactory shifts to hormonal dysregulation and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ginieis
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sashie Abeywickrema
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Indrawati Oey
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mei Peng
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Mei Peng,
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Faour M, Magnan C, Gurden H, Martin C. Olfaction in the context of obesity and diabetes: Insights from animal models to humans. Neuropharmacology 2021; 206:108923. [PMID: 34919903 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory system is at the crossroad between sensory processing and metabolic sensing. In addition to being the center of detection and identification of food odors, it is a sensor for most of the hormones and nutrients responsible for feeding behavior regulation. The consequences of modifications in body homeostasis, nutrient overload and alteration of this brain network in the pathological condition of food-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes are still not elucidated. The aim of this review was first to use both humans and animal studies to report on the current knowledge of the consequences of obesity and type 2 diabetes on odorant threshold and olfactory perception including identification discrimination and memory. We then discuss how olfactory processing can be modified by an alteration of the metabolic homeostasis of the organism and available elements on pharmacological treatments that regulate olfaction. We focus on data within the olfactory system but also on the interactions between the olfactory system and other brain networks impacted by metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Faour
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | | | - Hirac Gurden
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Claire Martin
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France.
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Huang Z, Tatti R, Loeven AM, Landi Conde DR, Fadool DA. Modulation of Neural Microcircuits That Control Complex Dynamics in Olfactory Networks. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:662184. [PMID: 34239417 PMCID: PMC8259627 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.662184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulation influences neuronal processing, conferring neuronal circuits the flexibility to integrate sensory inputs with behavioral states and the ability to adapt to a continuously changing environment. In this original research report, we broadly discuss the basis of neuromodulation that is known to regulate intrinsic firing activity, synaptic communication, and voltage-dependent channels in the olfactory bulb. Because the olfactory system is positioned to integrate sensory inputs with information regarding the internal chemical and behavioral state of an animal, how olfactory information is modulated provides flexibility in coding and behavioral output. Herein we discuss how neuronal microcircuits control complex dynamics of the olfactory networks by homing in on a special class of local interneurons as an example. While receptors for neuromodulation and metabolic peptides are widely expressed in the olfactory circuitry, centrifugal serotonergic and cholinergic inputs modulate glomerular activity and are involved in odor investigation and odor-dependent learning. Little is known about how metabolic peptides and neuromodulators control specific neuronal subpopulations. There is a microcircuit between mitral cells and interneurons that is comprised of deep-short-axon cells in the granule cell layer. These local interneurons express pre-pro-glucagon (PPG) and regulate mitral cell activity, but it is unknown what initiates this type of regulation. Our study investigates the means by which PPG neurons could be recruited by classical neuromodulators and hormonal peptides. We found that two gut hormones, leptin and cholecystokinin, differentially modulate PPG neurons. Cholecystokinin reduces or increases spike frequency, suggesting a heterogeneous signaling pathway in different PPG neurons, while leptin does not affect PPG neuronal firing. Acetylcholine modulates PPG neurons by increasing the spike frequency and eliciting bursts of action potentials, while serotonin does not affect PPG neuron excitability. The mechanisms behind this diverse modulation are not known, however, these results clearly indicate a complex interplay of metabolic signaling molecules and neuromodulators that may fine-tune neuronal microcircuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbo Huang
- Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Roberta Tatti
- Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Ashley M Loeven
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Daniel R Landi Conde
- Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Debra Ann Fadool
- Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States.,Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
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Rojic-Becker D, Portero-Tresserra M, Martí-Nicolovius M, Vale-Martínez A, Guillazo-Blanch G. Effects of caloric restriction on monoaminergic neurotransmission, peripheral hormones, and olfactory memory in aged rats. Behav Brain Res 2021; 409:113328. [PMID: 33930470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a reduced ability to identify and discriminate scents, and olfactory dysfunction has been linked to preclinical stages of neurodegenerative diseases in humans. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that smell-driven behaviors are regulated by hormones like insulin or leptin, and by metabolic parameters like glucose, which in turn may influence monoaminergic neurotransmission in brain areas related to cognition. Several studies have suggested that dietary interventions like caloric restriction (CR) can mitigate the age-induced decline in memory by modifying metabolic parameters and brain monoaminergic levels. The present study explored the effects of CR on age-dependent olfactory memory deficits, as well as their relationship with peripheral leptin, insulin and glucose levels, and brain monoamines. To this end, aged rats (24-months-old) fed on a CR diet or with ad libitum access to food, and adult rats (3-4 months), were trained in an odor discrimination task (ODT). The peripheral plasma levels of insulin, leptin, and glucose, and of monoamines and metabolites/precursors in brain areas related to olfactory learning and memory processes, such as the striatum and frontal cortex (FC), were determined. The data obtained indicated that CR attenuated the age-dependent decline in olfactory sensitivity in old animals fed ad libitum, which was correlated with the performance in ODT retention trial, as well as with leptin plasma levels. CR enhanced dopamine levels in the striatum, while it attenuated the age-related decline in serotonin levels in the striatum and FC. Such findings support a positive effect of CR on age-dependent olfactory sensitivity decline and dysfunctions in brain monoamine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divka Rojic-Becker
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Portero-Tresserra
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarita Martí-Nicolovius
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Vale-Martínez
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Guillazo-Blanch
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Guzmán-Ruiz MA, Jiménez A, Cárdenas-Rivera A, Guerrero-Vargas NN, Organista-Juárez D, Guevara-Guzmán R. Regulation of Metabolic Health by an "Olfactory-Hypothalamic Axis" and Its Possible Implications for the Development of Therapeutic Approaches for Obesity and T2D. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1727-1743. [PMID: 33813677 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory system is responsible for the reception, integration and interpretation of odors. However, in the last years, it has been discovered that the olfactory perception of food can rapidly modulate the activity of hypothalamic neurons involved in the regulation of energy balance. Conversely, the hormonal signals derived from changes in the metabolic status of the body can also change the sensitivity of the olfactory system, suggesting that the bidirectional relationship established between the olfactory and the hypothalamic systems is key for the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. In the first part of this review, we describe the possible mechanisms and anatomical pathways involved in the modulation of energy balance regulated by the olfactory system. Hence, we propose a model to explain its implication in the maintenance of the metabolic homeostasis of the organism. In the second part, we discuss how the olfactory system could be involved in the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type two diabetes and, finally, we propose the use of intranasal therapies aimed to regulate and improve the activity of the olfactory system that in turn will be able to control the neuronal activity of hypothalamic centers to prevent or ameliorate metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Alaide Guzmán-Ruiz
- Laboratorio Sensorial, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Edificio A, 4º piso, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Adriana Jiménez
- Laboratorio Sensorial, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Edificio A, 4º piso, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alfredo Cárdenas-Rivera
- Centro de Investigación en Bioingeniería, Universidad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Lima, Perú
| | - Natalí N Guerrero-Vargas
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Diana Organista-Juárez
- Laboratorio Sensorial, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Edificio A, 4º piso, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rosalinda Guevara-Guzmán
- Laboratorio Sensorial, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Edificio A, 4º piso, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
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Cannabinoid CB1 receptor in dorsal telencephalic glutamatergic neurons drives overconsumption of palatable food and obesity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:982-991. [PMID: 33558679 PMCID: PMC8105345 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-00957-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Palatable food can promote overfeeding beyond homeostatic requirements, thereby constituting a major risk to obesity. Here, the lack of cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) in dorsal telencephalic glutamatergic neurons (Glu-CB1-KO) abrogated the overconsumption of palatable food and the development of obesity. On low-fat diet, no genotype differences were observed. However, under palatable food conditions, Glu-CB1-KO mice showed decreased body weight and food intake. Notably, Glu-CB1-KO mice were protected from alterations in the reward system after high-fat diet feeding. Interestingly, obese wild-type mice showed a superior olfactory detection as compared to mutant mice, suggesting a link between overconsumption of palatable food and olfactory function. Reconstitution of CB1 expression in olfactory cortex in high-fat diet-fed Glu-CB1-KO mice using viral gene delivery partially reversed the lean phenotype concomitantly with improved odor perception. These findings indicate that CB1 in cortical glutamatergic neurons regulates hedonic feeding, whereby a critical role of the olfactory cortex was uncovered as an underlying mechanism.
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Brunert D, Rothermel M. Extrinsic neuromodulation in the rodent olfactory bulb. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:507-524. [PMID: 33355709 PMCID: PMC7873007 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03365-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionarily, olfaction is one of the oldest senses and pivotal for an individual's health and survival. The olfactory bulb (OB), as the first olfactory relay station in the brain, is known to heavily process sensory information. To adapt to an animal's needs, OB activity can be influenced by many factors either from within (intrinsic neuromodulation) or outside (extrinsic neuromodulation) the OB which include neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, hormones, and neuropeptides. Extrinsic sources seem to be of special importance as the OB receives massive efferent input from numerous brain centers even outweighing the sensory input from the nose. Here, we review neuromodulatory processes in the rodent OB from such extrinsic sources. We will discuss extrinsic neuromodulation according to points of origin, receptors involved, affected circuits, and changes in behavior. In the end, we give a brief outlook on potential future directions in research on neuromodulation in the OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Brunert
- Department of Chemosensation, AG Neuromodulation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Rothermel
- Department of Chemosensation, AG Neuromodulation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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14
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Poessel M, Breuer N, Joshi A, Pampel A, Villringer A, Hummel T, Horstmann A. Reduced Olfactory Bulb Volume in Obesity and Its Relation to Metabolic Health Status. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:586998. [PMID: 33328935 PMCID: PMC7729134 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.586998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Smell perception plays an important role in eating behavior and might be involved in body weight gain. Since a body of literature implies that olfactory perception and function is hampered in obesity, we here investigate neuroanatomical correlates of this phenomenon. We assessed olfactory bulb (OB) volume with magnetic resonance imaging in 67 healthy participants with a body mass index (BMI) from 18.9 to 45.4 kg/m2 (mean = 28.58 ± 6.64). Moreover, we obtained psychophysiological data on olfactory ability (Sniffin' Sticks, Food associated odor test) and self-report measurements on eating behavior. Additionally, we collected parameters associated with metabolic health in obesity (waist-hip ratio, waist-height ratio, leptin levels, body fat percentage, fat mass index, insulin resistance) to investigate recently proposed mechanistic explanatory models of why olfaction may be altered in obesity. We showed that OB volume was significantly lower in participants with obesity when compared to those of normal weight. Moreover, we found weak to moderate negative correlations between OB volume and BMI and related measures of metabolic health, especially leptin, body fat percentage, waist-height ratio and insulin resistance. However, neither OB volume nor BMI were related to olfactory function in our young and healthy sample. Nevertheless, our results provide first indications that obesity is associated with brain anatomical changes in the OBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Poessel
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Integriertes Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nora Breuer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Integriertes Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Akshita Joshi
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany
| | - André Pampel
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital at the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Mind Brain Body Institute, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, German
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School on the Life Course, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School on the Neuroscience of Communication, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annette Horstmann
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Integriertes Forschungs- und Behandlungszentrum (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Leipzig University Medical Center, Collaborative Research Council (CRC) 1052A5 ‘Obesity Mechanisms’, Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Body-Mass-Index Associated Differences in Ortho- and Retronasal Olfactory Function and the Individual Significance of Olfaction in Health and Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020366. [PMID: 32013176 PMCID: PMC7074572 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Odor (including flavor) perception plays a major role in dietary behavior. Orthonasal olfactory function (OOF) has been shown to decrease in obese subjects. Changes in retronasal olfactory function (ROF) after weight loss and in the individual significance of olfaction (ISO) in obesity are yet to be investigated. Firstly, 15 obese subjects were recruited in a pilot study and supported to conventionally lose weight. OOF (Sniffin’ Sticks) was measured at the beginning and after 5.6 ± 1.3 months. Eleven subjects re-visited but barely lost weight and no major changes in OOF were observed. Secondly, the body-mass-index (BMI), OOF, and ROF (Candy Smell Test, CST) were recorded in subjectively olfactory-healthy subjects (SOHSs) and additionally the ISO questionnaire was collected in patients with olfactory dysfunction (OD). BMI correlated significantly negatively with odor discrimination (p = 0.00004) in 74 SOHSs and negatively with CST (p < 0.0001) in 66 SOHSs. In 48 SOHSs, there was a gender difference in ISO scores (p = 0.034), but no significant correlation with BMI was found (p > 0.05). ISO scores were significantly higher in 52 OD patients in comparison to SOHSs (p = 0.0382). Not only OOF but also ROF may decline with higher BMI. ISO does not seem to alter with BMI, but olfaction becomes more important once it is consciously impaired.
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16
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Dicker D, Beck A, Markel A, Marcovicu D, Mazzawi S, Sarid M, Greenberg E, Atkinson RL. Weight Loss, Dietary Preferences, and Reduction in the Sense of Smell with the Use of a Novel Nasal Device. Obes Facts 2020; 13:473-486. [PMID: 32950989 PMCID: PMC7670359 DOI: 10.1159/000508976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure to food odors are known to increase food intake. Olfaction declines from age 50 years. OBJECTIVE We examined changes in the sense of smell, body weight, food preferences, and parameters of metabolic status, following the use of a specially designed nasal device. METHODS This is a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Participants wore a nasal device (soft silicone insert) for 5-12 h daily (device group) or inserted 2 drops of normal saline into each nostril daily (control group). Follow-up visits occurred every 2 weeks. All participants were given a 500 kcal/day reduced diet and instructed not to change their regular physical activity. Weight, food preferences, olfactory sensitivity, and blood tests were performed at baseline and after 12 weeks. RESULTS Of 156 participants, 65 (42%) completed the study. Sense of smell decreased in the device group (from 6.4 ± 0.9 to 4.4 ± 1.5, on a scale of 0-7, p < 0.001), and did not change in the control group. Weight loss decreased by 6.6 ± 3.7% (p = 0.001) and by 5.7 ± 3.5% (p = 0.001) in the respective groups (between-group difference, p > 0.05). Among participants aged ≤50 years, weight loss was greater in the device than in the control group (7.7 ± 4.2% vs. 4.1 ± 2.9%, p = 0.02). Insulin level and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly reduced in the device group (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively), but not in the control group. Food preferences for sugar (p < 0.02), sweet beverages (p < 0.001), and artificial sweeteners (p < 0.02) were significantly reduced in the device group compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS The use of a novel self-administrated nasal device led to reduced olfactory sensitivity, improved insulin sensitivity, weight loss, and lesser preference for sweets in adults aged ≤50 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror Dicker
- Internal Medicine D and Obesity Clinic, Hasharon Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel,
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel,
| | | | | | - Dana Marcovicu
- Internal Medicine D and Obesity Clinic, Hasharon Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Salim Mazzawi
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Haemek Medical Center, Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion, Israel
| | | | | | - Richard L Atkinson
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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17
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Uygun B, Kiyici S, Ozmen S, Gul Z, Sigirli D, Cavun S. The Association Between Olfaction and Taste Functions with Serum Ghrelin and Leptin Levels in Obese Women. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2019; 17:452-457. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2019.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Burcin Uygun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sinem Kiyici
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Suay Ozmen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Training Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Zulfiye Gul
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Sigirli
- Department of Bio-Statistics, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sinan Cavun
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
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18
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East BS, Wilson DA. A hunger for odour: Leptin modulation of olfaction. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 227:e13363. [PMID: 31423725 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brett S. East
- Emotional Brain Institute Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Orangeburg NY USA
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry NYU School of Medicine New York NY USA
| | - Donald A. Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Orangeburg NY USA
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry NYU School of Medicine New York NY USA
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19
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Sun C, Tang K, Wu J, Xu H, Zhang W, Cao T, Zhou Y, Yu T, Li A. Leptin modulates olfactory discrimination and neural activity in the olfactory bulb. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 227:e13319. [PMID: 31144469 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Leptin is an important peptide hormone that regulates food intake and plays a crucial role in modulating olfactory function. Although a few previous studies have investigated the effect of leptin on odor perception and discrimination in rodents, research on the neural basis underlying the behavioral changes is lacking. Here we study how leptin affects behavioral performance during a go/no-go task and how it modulates neural activity of mitral/tufted cells in the olfactory bulb, which plays an important role in odor information processing and representation. METHODS A go/no-go odor discrimination task was used in the behavioral test. For in vivo studies, single unit recordings, local field potential recordings and fiber photometry recordings were used. For in vitro studies, we performed patch clamp recordings in the slice of the olfactory bulb. RESULTS Behaviorally, leptin affects performance and reaction time in a difficult odor-discrimination task. Leptin decreases the spontaneous firing of single mitral/tufted cells, decreases the odor-evoked beta and high gamma local field potential response, and has bidirectional effects on the odor-evoked responses of single mitral/tufted cells. Leptin also inhibits the population calcium activity in genetically identified mitral/tufted cells and granule cells. Furthermore, in vitro slice recordings reveal that leptin inhibits mitral cell activity through direct modulation of the voltage-sensitive potassium channel. CONCLUSIONS The behavioral reduction in odor discrimination observed after leptin administration is likely due to decreased neural activity in mitral/tufted cells, caused by modulation of potassium channels in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changcheng Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
| | - Keke Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
| | - Jing Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
| | - Han Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
| | - Tiantian Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
- The Affiliated Changzhou NO.2 People's Hospital with Nanjing Medical University Changzhou China
| | - Tian Yu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado
| | - Anan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
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20
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Fine LG, Riera CE. Sense of Smell as the Central Driver of Pavlovian Appetite Behavior in Mammals. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1151. [PMID: 31620009 PMCID: PMC6759725 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The seminal experiments of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov set the stage for an understanding of the physiological concomitants of appetite and feeding behavior. His findings, from careful and creative experimentation, have been uncontested for over a century. One of Pavlov's most fundamental observations was that activation of salivary, gastric and pancreatic secretions during feeding and sham-feeding, precedes entry of food into the mouth, generating signals to the brain from various sensory pathways. Pavlov referred to this as the "psychic" phase of digestion. However, quite surprisingly, he did not attempt to isolate any single sensory system as the main driver of this phenomenon. Herein we revisit Pavlov's findings and hypothesize that the evolutionarily-important sense of smell is the pathway most-likely determinant of feeding behavior in mammals. Substantial understandings of olfactory receptors and their neural pathways in the central nervous system have emerged over the past decade. Neurogenic signals, working in concert with hormonal inputs are described, illustrating the ways in which sense of smell determines food-seeking and food-preference. Additionally, we describe how sense of smell affects metabolic pathways relevant to energy metabolism, hunger and satiety as well as a broad range of human behaviors, thereby reinforcing its central biological role in mammals. Intriguing possibilities for future research, based upon this hypothesis, are raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon G Fine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Program in the History of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Celine E Riera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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21
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Merle L, Person O, Bonnet P, Grégoire S, Soubeyre V, Grosmaitre X, Jarriault D. Maternal high fat high sugar diet disrupts olfactory behavior but not mucosa sensitivity in the offspring. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 104:249-258. [PMID: 30904822 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The influence of maternal diet on progeny's metabolic health has been thoroughly investigated, but the impact on sensory systems remains unexplored. Neurons of the olfactory system start to develop during the embryonic life and carry on their maturation after birth. Besides, these neurons are under metabolic influences, and it has recently been shown that adult mice exposed to an obesogenic or diabetogenic diet display reduced olfactory abilities. However, whether or not Folfactory function is affected by the perinatal nutritional environment is unknown. Here we investigated the effect of a high fat high sucrose (HFHS) maternal diet (46% of total energy brought by lipids, 26.6% by sucrose) on progeny's olfactory system in mice. In male offspring at weaning stage, maternal HFHS diet induced overweight and increased gonadal fat, associated with hyperleptinemia. The progeny of HFHS diet fed dams showed reduced sniffing behavior in the presence of low doses of phenylethanol (an attractive odorant for mice), compared to the progeny of standard diet fed dams. Furthermore, they exhibited increased time to retrieve a piece of breakfast cereals hidden beneath the bedding in a buried food test. Meanwhile, electroolfactogram recordings revealed no change in the sensitivity of olfactory mucosa. mRNA levels for elements of the olfactory transduction cascade were not affected either. Our results demonstrate that maternal HFHS diet during gestation and lactation strongly modulates olfactory perception in the offspring, without impairing odor detection by the olfactory epithelium. Maternal HFHS diet starting two months before gestation did not induce additional impairments in progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laëtitia Merle
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9E boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Ophélie Person
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9E boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Bonnet
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9E boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Grégoire
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9E boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Vanessa Soubeyre
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9E boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Xavier Grosmaitre
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9E boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - David Jarriault
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9E boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon, France.
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22
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Panchenko PE, Lacroix MC, Jouin M, Voisin S, Badonnel K, Lemaire M, Meunier N, Safi-Stibler S, Persuy MA, Jouneau L, Durieux D, Lecoutre S, Jammes H, Rousseau-Ralliard D, Breton C, Junien C, Baly C, Gabory A. Effect of Maternal Obesity and Preconceptional Weight Loss on Male and Female Offspring Metabolism and Olfactory Performance in Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11050948. [PMID: 31035463 PMCID: PMC6566604 DOI: 10.3390/nu11050948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the “developmental origins of health and disease” (DOHaD) concept, maternal obesity predisposes the offspring to non-communicable diseases in adulthood. While a preconceptional weight loss (WL) is recommended for obese women, its benefits on the offspring have been poorly addressed. We evaluated whether preconceptional WL was able to reverse the adverse effects of maternal obesity in a mouse model, exhibiting a modification of foetal growth and of the expression of genes encoding epigenetic modifiers in liver and placenta. We tracked metabolic and olfactory behavioural trajectories of offspring born to control, obese or WL mothers. After weaning, the offspring were either put on a control diet (CD) or a high-fat (HFD). After only few weeks of HFD, the offspring developed obesity, metabolic alterations and olfactory impairments, independently of maternal context. However, male offspring born to obese mother gained even more weight under HFD than their counterparts born to lean mothers. Preconceptional WL normalized the offspring metabolic phenotypes but had unexpected effects on olfactory performance: a reduction in olfactory sensitivity, along with a lack of fasting-induced, olfactory-based motivation. Our results confirm the benefits of maternal preconceptional WL for male offspring metabolic health but highlight some possible adverse outcomes on olfactory-based behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina E Panchenko
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | | | - Mélanie Jouin
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Sarah Voisin
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Karine Badonnel
- NBO, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Marion Lemaire
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Nicolas Meunier
- NBO, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | | | | | - Luc Jouneau
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Didier Durieux
- NBO, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Simon Lecoutre
- Équipe Malnutrition Maternelle et Programmation des Maladies Métaboliques, EA4489, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Hélène Jammes
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | | | - Christophe Breton
- Équipe Malnutrition Maternelle et Programmation des Maladies Métaboliques, EA4489, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Claudine Junien
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Christine Baly
- NBO, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Anne Gabory
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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23
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Peng M, Coutts D, Wang T, Cakmak YO. Systematic review of olfactory shifts related to obesity. Obes Rev 2019; 20:325-338. [PMID: 30450791 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The modern food environment is a key driver of rising levels of obesity. While olfaction is known to play a major role in food choice; however, its relationship to obesity is yet to be understood. This review assesses current knowledge of the interaction between obesity and olfaction. METHODS This review is based on observational studies comparing olfactory abilities across weight groups (N = 10) and clinical studies evaluating olfactory changes following bariatric surgery (N = 9). Meta-analyses were performed on data collected by a standard olfactory assessment tool (Sniffin΄ Sticks), to test whether olfaction has any association with body weight or bariatric surgery. RESULTS This review synthesizes findings derived from 38 datasets, with a total of 1432 individual olfactory assessments. The meta-analyses suggest that olfactory function is negatively correlated with body weight. In addition, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients frequently report olfactory changes, yet more pronounced and immediate shifts have been observed among sleeve gastrectomy recipients. CONCLUSIONS Our review finds strong evidence for the link between olfaction and obesity and indicates that bariatric surgery (particularly the sleeve gastrectomy) is effective in reversing olfactory decline associated with obesity. In conclusion, we present mechanistic models to underpin the observed relationship between olfaction and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Peng
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Duncan Coutts
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yusuf O Cakmak
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Health Research Centre, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Medical Technologies Centre of Research Excellence, Auckland, New Zealand
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24
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Bederman IR, Pora G, O'Reilly M, Poleman J, Spoonhower K, Puchowicz M, Perez A, Erokwu BO, Rodriguez-Palacios A, Flask CA, Drumm ML. Absence of leptin signaling allows fat accretion in cystic fibrosis mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G685-G698. [PMID: 30118352 PMCID: PMC6293256 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00344.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Negative energy balance is a prevalent feature of cystic fibrosis (CF). Pancreatic insufficiency, elevated energy expenditure, lung disease, and malnutrition, all characteristic of CF, contribute to the negative energy balance causing low body-growth phenotype. As low body weight and body mass index strongly correlate with poor lung health and survival of patients with CF, improving energy balance is an important clinical goal (e.g., high-fat diet). CF mouse models also exhibit negative energy balance (growth retardation and high energy expenditure), independent from exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, lung disease, and malnutrition. To improve energy balance through increased caloric intake and reduced energy expenditure, we disrupted leptin signaling by crossing the db/db leptin receptor allele with mice carrying the R117H Cftr mutation. Compared with db/db mice, absence of leptin signaling in CF mice (CF db/db) resulted in delayed and moderate hyperphagia with lower de novo lipogenesis and lipid deposition, producing only moderately obese CF mice. Greater body length was found in db/db mice but not in CF db/db, suggesting CF-dependent effect on bone growth. The db/db genotype resulted in lower energy expenditure regardless of Cftr genotype leading to obesity. Despite the db/db genotype, the CF genotype exhibited high respiratory quotient indicating elevated carbohydrate oxidation, thus limiting carbohydrates for lipogenesis. In summary, db/db-linked hyperphagia, elevated lipogenesis, and morbid obesity were partially suppressed by reduced CFTR activity. CF mice still accrued large amounts of adipose tissue in contrast to mice fed a high-fat diet, thus highlighting the importance of dietary carbohydrates and not simply fat for energy balance in CF. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that cystic fibrosis (CF) mice are able to accrue fat under conditions of carbohydrate overfeeding, increased lipogenesis, and decreased energy expenditure, although length was unaffected. High-fat diet feeding failed to improve growth in CF mice. Morbid db/db-like obesity was reduced in CF double-mutant mice by reduced CFTR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya R Bederman
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Gavriella Pora
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Maureen O'Reilly
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - James Poleman
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Michelle Puchowicz
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Aura Perez
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Alex Rodriguez-Palacios
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Chris A Flask
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mitchell L Drumm
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
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25
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Sun ZF, Gao X, Pinto JM, He Y, Yang Q, Tian J, Lv QW, Wei YX. Morphological evaluation using MRI of the olfactory filaments (fila) in a post-traumatic olfactory rat model. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 4:50-56. [PMID: 30035262 PMCID: PMC6051302 DOI: 10.1016/j.wjorl.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to directly assess olfactory bulb (OB) lesions and quantify the associated morphological changes of olfactory filaments (OF), also known as fila, in an in vivo OB-lesion rat model of the brain. METHODS A surgical group (n = 5) of male Sprague-Dawley rats was subjected to the unilateral damage of the OB by a steel needle. The control group (n = 5) did not receive surgery. To assess olfactory system injury in vivo, T2-weighted MRI images were acquired in an oblique plane at a 30° angle from transverse plane one day after surgery. These brain regions were also assessed in the controls. The olfactory function was evaluated using the buried food pellet test (BFPT) 5 days before and after surgery. RESULTS The OF could be clearly observed on the MRI images from all animals. The left and right OF mean lengths (mm) were similar in the control group (0.81 ± 0.18 vs 0.89 ± 0.17, P > 0.05). In the surgical group, the OB was partially injured in all rats. These rats did not show differences in OF length between left- and right-side (0.83 ± 0.18 vs 0.93 ± 0.24, P > 0.05) at the time of measurement. The time (sec) required to find the food pellets in the BFPT was longer after than before the surgery (83.80 ± 34.37 vs 231.44 ± 53.23, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS MicroMRI may be a feasible tool to evaluate the OF and OBs in rat models. The unilateral partial OB lesion model appears to be an effective post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Fu Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xing Gao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jayant M. Pinto
- Section of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60647, USA
| | - Yin He
- Department of Emergency, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - QingXian Yang
- Department of Radiology, Penn State College of Medicine, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jun Tian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Qian-Wen Lv
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Wei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
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26
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Riera CE, Tsaousidou E, Halloran J, Follett P, Hahn O, Pereira MMA, Ruud LE, Alber J, Tharp K, Anderson CM, Brönneke H, Hampel B, Filho CDDM, Stahl A, Brüning JC, Dillin A. The Sense of Smell Impacts Metabolic Health and Obesity. Cell Metab 2017; 26:198-211.e5. [PMID: 28683287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory inputs help coordinate food appreciation and selection, but their role in systemic physiology and energy balance is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that mice upon conditional ablation of mature olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are resistant to diet-induced obesity accompanied by increased thermogenesis in brown and inguinal fat depots. Acute loss of smell perception after obesity onset not only abrogated further weight gain but also improved fat mass and insulin resistance. Reduced olfactory input stimulates sympathetic nerve activity, resulting in activation of β-adrenergic receptors on white and brown adipocytes to promote lipolysis. Conversely, conditional ablation of the IGF1 receptor in OSNs enhances olfactory performance in mice and leads to increased adiposity and insulin resistance. These findings unravel a new bidirectional function for the olfactory system in controlling energy homeostasis in response to sensory and hormonal signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine E Riera
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; The Paul F. Glenn Center for Aging Research, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eva Tsaousidou
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany and Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) Cologne, Germany; Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Halloran
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; The Paul F. Glenn Center for Aging Research, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Follett
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Hahn
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany and Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) Cologne, Germany
| | - Mafalda M A Pereira
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, Cologne, Germany
| | - Linda Engström Ruud
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Alber
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kevin Tharp
- Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Courtney M Anderson
- Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hella Brönneke
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, Cologne, Germany
| | - Brigitte Hampel
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Stahl
- Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Department of Neuronal Control of Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany and Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD) Cologne, Germany.
| | - Andrew Dillin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; The Paul F. Glenn Center for Aging Research, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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27
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Fernandez-Garcia JC, Alcaide J, Santiago-Fernandez C, Roca-Rodriguez MM, Aguera Z, Baños R, Botella C, de la Torre R, Fernandez-Real JM, Fruhbeck G, Gomez-Ambrosi J, Jimenez-Murcia S, Menchon JM, Casanueva FF, Fernandez-Aranda F, Tinahones FJ, Garrido-Sanchez L. An increase in visceral fat is associated with a decrease in the taste and olfactory capacity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171204. [PMID: 28158237 PMCID: PMC5291407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sensory factors may play an important role in the determination of appetite and food choices. Also, some adipokines may alter or predict the perception and pleasantness of specific odors. We aimed to analyze differences in smell–taste capacity between females with different weights and relate them with fat and fat-free mass, visceral fat, and several adipokines. Materials and methods 179 females with different weights (from low weight to morbid obesity) were studied. We analyzed the relation between fat, fat-free mass, visceral fat (indirectly estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis with visceral fat rating (VFR)), leptin, adiponectin and visfatin. The smell and taste assessments were performed through the "Sniffin’ Sticks" and "Taste Strips" respectively. Results We found a lower score in the measurement of smell (TDI-score (Threshold, Discrimination and Identification)) in obese subjects. All the olfactory functions measured, such as threshold, discrimination, identification and the TDI-score, correlated negatively with age, body mass index (BMI), leptin, fat mass, fat-free mass and VFR. In a multiple linear regression model, VFR mainly predicted the TDI-score. With regard to the taste function measurements, the normal weight subjects showed a higher score of taste functions. However a tendency to decrease was observed in the groups with greater or lesser BMI. In a multiple linear regression model VFR and age mainly predicted the total taste scores. Discussion We show for the first time that a reverse relationship exists between visceral fat and sensory signals, such as smell and taste, across a population with different body weight conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Fernandez-Garcia
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Alcaide
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Concepcion Santiago-Fernandez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - M M Roca-Rodriguez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Zaida Aguera
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Baños
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychological, Personality, Evaluation and Treatment of the University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Botella
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology of the University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M Fernandez-Real
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institutd'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdlBGi) Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Gema Fruhbeck
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Gomez-Ambrosi
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra-IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Susana Jimenez-Murcia
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M Menchon
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe F Casanueva
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Endocrine Division, Complejo Hospitalario U. de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela University, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernandez-Aranda
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lourdes Garrido-Sanchez
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
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28
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Chelminski Y, Magnan C, Luquet SH, Everard A, Meunier N, Gurden H, Martin C. Odor-Induced Neuronal Rhythms in the Olfactory Bulb Are Profoundly Modified in ob/ob Obese Mice. Front Physiol 2017; 8:2. [PMID: 28154537 PMCID: PMC5244437 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin, the product of the Ob(Lep) gene, is a peptide hormone that plays a major role in maintaining the balance between food intake and energy expenditure. In the brain, leptin receptors are expressed by hypothalamic cells but also in the olfactory bulb, the first central structure coding for odors, suggesting a precise function of this hormone in odor-evoked activities. Although olfaction plays a key role in feeding behavior, the ability of the olfactory bulb to integrate the energy-related signal leptin is still missing. Therefore, we studied the fate of odor-induced activity in the olfactory bulb in the genetic context of leptin deficiency using the obese ob/ob mice. By means of an odor discrimination task with concomitant local field potential recordings, we showed that ob/ob mice perform better than wild-type (WT) mice in the early stage of the task. This behavioral gain of function was associated in parallel with profound changes in neuronal oscillations in the olfactory bulb. The distribution of the peaks in the gamma frequency range was shifted toward higher frequencies in ob/ob mice compared to WT mice before learning. More notably, beta oscillatory activity, which has been shown previously to be correlated with olfactory discrimination learning, was longer and stronger in expert ob/ob mice after learning. Since oscillations in the olfactory bulb emerge from mitral to granule cell interactions, our results suggest that cellular dynamics in the olfactory bulb are deeply modified in ob/ob mice in the context of olfactory learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chelminski
- UMR 8165 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IMNC, Paris Sud University, Paris Diderot University Orsay, France
| | - Christophe Magnan
- UMR 8251 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, BFA, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité University Paris, France
| | - Serge H Luquet
- UMR 8251 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, BFA, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité University Paris, France
| | - Amandine Everard
- UMR 8251 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, BFA, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité University Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Meunier
- INRA, UR1197 NeuroBiologie de l'OlfactionJouy-en-Josas, France; Université de Versailles St-Quentin en YvelinesVersailles, France
| | - Hirac Gurden
- UMR 8165 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IMNC, Paris Sud University, Paris Diderot UniversityOrsay, France; UMR 8251 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, BFA, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité UniversityParis, France
| | - Claire Martin
- UMR 8165 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IMNC, Paris Sud University, Paris Diderot UniversityOrsay, France; UMR 8251 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, BFA, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité UniversityParis, France
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29
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Rivière S, Soubeyre V, Jarriault D, Molinas A, Léger-Charnay E, Desmoulins L, Grebert D, Meunier N, Grosmaitre X. High Fructose Diet inducing diabetes rapidly impacts olfactory epithelium and behavior in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34011. [PMID: 27659313 PMCID: PMC5034277 DOI: 10.1038/srep34011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), a major public health issue reaching worldwide epidemic, has been correlated with lower olfactory abilities in humans. As olfaction represents a major component of feeding behavior, its alteration may have drastic consequences on feeding behaviors that may in turn aggravates T2D. In order to decipher the impact of T2D on the olfactory epithelium, we fed mice with a high fructose diet (HFruD) inducing early diabetic state in 4 to 8 weeks. After only 4 weeks of this diet, mice exhibited a dramatic decrease in olfactory behavioral capacities. Consistently, this decline in olfactory behavior was correlated to decreased electrophysiological responses of olfactory neurons recorded as a population and individually. Our results demonstrate that, in rodents, olfaction is modified by HFruD-induced diabetes. Functional, anatomical and behavioral changes occurred in the olfactory system at a very early stage of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Rivière
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Vanessa Soubeyre
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - David Jarriault
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Adrien Molinas
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Elise Léger-Charnay
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Lucie Desmoulins
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Denise Grebert
- INRA, UR1197 Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction et Modélisation en Imagerie, Domaine de Vilvert, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, IFR 144 Neuro-Sud Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Meunier
- INRA, UR1197 Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction et Modélisation en Imagerie, Domaine de Vilvert, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, IFR 144 Neuro-Sud Paris, France.,Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Xavier Grosmaitre
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.,Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France
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30
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Riera CE, Dillin A. Emerging Role of Sensory Perception in Aging and Metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:294-303. [PMID: 27067041 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sensory perception comprises gustatory (taste) and olfactory (smell) modalities as well as somatosensory (pain, heat, and tactile mechanosensory) inputs, which are detected by a multitude of sensory receptors. These sensory receptors are contained in specialized ciliated neurons where they detect changes in environmental conditions and participate in behavioral decisions ranging from food choice to avoiding harmful conditions, thus insuring basic survival in metazoans. Recent genetic studies, however, indicate that sensory perception plays additional physiological functions, notably influencing energy homeostatic processes and longevity through neuronal circuits originating from sensory tissues. Here we review how these findings are redefining metabolic signaling and establish a prominent role of sensory neuroendocrine processes in controlling health span and lifespan, with a goal of translating this knowledge towards managing age-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine E Riera
- Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Glenn Center for Research on Aging, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Dillin
- Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Glenn Center for Research on Aging, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Münzberg H, Qualls-Creekmore E, Yu S, Morrison CD, Berthoud HR. Hedonics Act in Unison with the Homeostatic System to Unconsciously Control Body Weight. Front Nutr 2016; 3:6. [PMID: 26913284 PMCID: PMC4753312 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Münzberg
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System , Baton Rouge, LA , USA
| | - Emily Qualls-Creekmore
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System , Baton Rouge, LA , USA
| | - Sangho Yu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System , Baton Rouge, LA , USA
| | - Christopher D Morrison
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System , Baton Rouge, LA , USA
| | - Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System , Baton Rouge, LA , USA
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Patel BP, Aschenbrenner K, Shamah D, Small DM. Greater perceived ability to form vivid mental images in individuals with high compared to low BMI. Appetite 2015; 91:185-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lacroix MC, Caillol M, Durieux D, Monnerie R, Grebert D, Pellerin L, Repond C, Tolle V, Zizzari P, Baly C. Long-Lasting Metabolic Imbalance Related to Obesity Alters Olfactory Tissue Homeostasis and Impairs Olfactory-Driven Behaviors. Chem Senses 2015. [PMID: 26209545 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjv039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with chronic food intake disorders and binge eating. Food intake relies on the interaction between homeostatic regulation and hedonic signals among which, olfaction is a major sensory determinant. However, its potential modulation at the peripheral level by a chronic energy imbalance associated to obese status remains a matter of debate. We further investigated the olfactory function in a rodent model relevant to the situation encountered in obese humans, where genetic susceptibility is juxtaposed on chronic eating disorders. Using several olfactory-driven tests, we compared the behaviors of obesity-prone Sprague-Dawley rats (OP) fed with a high-fat/high-sugar diet with those of obese-resistant ones fed with normal chow. In OP rats, we reported 1) decreased odor threshold, but 2) poor olfactory performances, associated with learning/memory deficits, 3) decreased influence of fasting, and 4) impaired insulin control on food seeking behavior. Associated with these behavioral modifications, we found a modulation of metabolism-related factors implicated in 1) electrical olfactory signal regulation (insulin receptor), 2) cellular dynamics (glucorticoids receptors, pro- and antiapoptotic factors), and 3) homeostasis of the olfactory mucosa and bulb (monocarboxylate and glucose transporters). Such impairments might participate to the perturbed daily food intake pattern that we observed in obese animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monique Caillol
- INRA, UR1197, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Didier Durieux
- INRA, UR1197, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Régine Monnerie
- INRA, UR1197, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Denise Grebert
- INRA, UR1197, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, CH1005 Lausanne, Switzerland and
| | - Cendrine Repond
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, CH1005 Lausanne, Switzerland and
| | - Virginie Tolle
- UMR-S 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Zizzari
- UMR-S 894 INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Christine Baly
- INRA, UR1197, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Stafford LD, Whittle A. Obese Individuals Have Higher Preference and Sensitivity to Odor of Chocolate. Chem Senses 2015; 40:279-84. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjv007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Soria-Gomez E, Bellocchio L, Marsicano G. New insights on food intake control by olfactory processes: the emerging role of the endocannabinoid system. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 397:59-66. [PMID: 25261796 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The internal state of the organism is an important modulator of perception and behavior. The link between hunger, olfaction and feeding behavior is one of the clearest examples of these connections. At the neurobiological level, olfactory circuits are the targets of several signals (i.e. hormones and nutrients) involved in energy balance. This indicates that olfactory areas are potential sensors of the internal state of the organism. Thus, the aim of this manuscript is to review the literature showing the interplay between metabolic signals in olfactory circuits and its impact on food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Soria-Gomez
- INSERM, U862 NeuroCentre Magendie, Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Luigi Bellocchio
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Sch. of Biology, Complutense Univ. and CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- INSERM, U862 NeuroCentre Magendie, Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, Bordeaux, France
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Aimé P, Palouzier-Paulignan B, Salem R, Al Koborssy D, Garcia S, Duchamp C, Romestaing C, Julliard AK. Modulation of olfactory sensitivity and glucose-sensing by the feeding state in obese Zucker rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:326. [PMID: 25278856 PMCID: PMC4166364 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zucker fa/fa rat has been widely used as an animal model to study obesity, since it recapitulates most of its behavioral and metabolic dysfunctions, such as hyperphagia, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Although it is well established that olfaction is under nutritional and hormonal influences, little is known about the impact of metabolic dysfunctions on olfactory performances and glucose-sensing in the olfactory system of the obese Zucker rat. In the present study, using a behavioral paradigm based on a conditioned olfactory aversion, we have shown that both obese and lean Zucker rats have a better olfactory sensitivity when they are fasted than when they are satiated. Interestingly, the obese Zucker rats displayed a higher olfactory sensitivity than their lean controls. By investigating the molecular mechanisms involved in glucose-sensing in the olfactory system, we demonstrated that sodium-coupled glucose transporters 1 (SGLT1) and insulin dependent glucose transporters 4 (GLUT4) are both expressed in the olfactory bulb (OB). By comparing the expression of GLUT4 and SGLT1 in OB of obese and lean Zucker rats, we found that only SGLT1 is regulated in genotype-dependent manner. Next, we used glucose oxidase biosensors to simultaneously measure in vivo the extracellular fluid glucose concentrations ([Gluc]ECF) in the OB and the cortex. Under metabolic steady state, we have determined that the OB contained twice the amount of glucose found in the cortex. In both regions, the [Gluc]ECF was 2 fold higher in obese rats compared to their lean controls. Under induced dynamic glycemia conditions, insulin injection produced a greater decrease of [Gluc]ECF in the OB than in the cortex. Glucose injection did not affect OB [Gluc]ECF in Zucker fa/fa rats. In conclusion, these results emphasize the importance of glucose for the OB network function and provide strong arguments towards establishing the OB glucose-sensing as a key factor for sensory olfactory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascaline Aimé
- Team "Olfaction: From Coding to Memory", Lyon Neuroscience Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS 5292- Université Lyon1 Lyon, France
| | - Brigitte Palouzier-Paulignan
- Team "Olfaction: From Coding to Memory", Lyon Neuroscience Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS 5292- Université Lyon1 Lyon, France
| | - Rita Salem
- Team "Olfaction: From Coding to Memory", Lyon Neuroscience Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS 5292- Université Lyon1 Lyon, France
| | - Dolly Al Koborssy
- Team "Olfaction: From Coding to Memory", Lyon Neuroscience Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS 5292- Université Lyon1 Lyon, France
| | - Samuel Garcia
- Team "Olfaction: From Coding to Memory", Lyon Neuroscience Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS 5292- Université Lyon1 Lyon, France
| | - Claude Duchamp
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés CNRS 5023, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Caroline Romestaing
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés CNRS 5023, Villeurbanne, France
| | - A Karyn Julliard
- Team "Olfaction: From Coding to Memory", Lyon Neuroscience Center, INSERM U1028-CNRS 5292- Université Lyon1 Lyon, France
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Blažetić S, Labak I, Viljetić B, Balog M, Vari SG, Krivošíková Z, Gajdoš M, Kramárová P, Kebis A, Vuković R, Puljak L, Has-Schön E, Heffer M. Effects of high fat diet, ovariectomy, and physical activity on leptin receptor expression in rat brain and white fat tissue. Croat Med J 2014; 55:228-38. [PMID: 24891281 PMCID: PMC4049211 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2014.55.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To evaluate in a rat animal model whether ovariectomy, high fat diet (HFD), and physical activity in the form of running affect leptin receptor (Ob-R) distribution in the brain and white fat tissue compared to sham (Sh) surgery, standard diet (StD), and sedentary conditions. Methods The study included 48 female laboratory Wistar rats (4 weeks old). Following eight weeks of feeding with standard or HFD, rats were subjected to either OVX or Sh surgery. After surgery, all animals continued StD or HFD for the next 10 weeks. During these 10 weeks, ovariectomy and Sh groups were subjected to physical activity or sedentary conditions. Free-floating immunohistochemistry and Western blot methods were carried out to detect Ob-R in the brain and adipose tissue. Results StD-ovariectomy-sedentary group had a greater number of Ob-R positive neurons in lateral hypothalamic nuclei than StD-Sh-sedentary group. There was no difference in Ob-R positive neurons in arcuatus nuclei between all groups. Ob-R distribution in the barrel cortex was higher in HFD group than in StD group. Ob-R presence in perirenal and subcutaneous fat was decreased in StD-ovariectomy group. Conclusion HFD and ovariectomy increased Ob-R distribution in lateral hypothalamic nuclei, but there was no effect on arcuatus nuclei. Our results are first to suggest that HFD, ovariectomy, and physical activity affect Ob-R distribution in the barrel cortex, which might be correlated with the role of Ob-R in election of food in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marija Heffer
- Marija Heffer, Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia,
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Badonnel K, Lacroix MC, Durieux D, Monnerie R, Caillol M, Baly C. Rat strains with different metabolic statuses differ in food olfactory-driven behavior. Behav Brain Res 2014; 270:228-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Thanos PK, Robison LS, Robinson JK, Michaelides M, Wang GJ, Volkow ND. Obese rats with deficient leptin signaling exhibit heightened sensitivity to olfactory food cues. Synapse 2013; 67:171-8. [PMID: 23172699 PMCID: PMC3578169 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The Zucker rat is used as a model of genetic obesity, and while Zucker rats have been well studied for their reduced sensitivity to leptin signaling and subsequent weight gain, little work has examined their responses to environmental signals that are associated with "hedonic" feeding. This study evaluated the effects of a high-fat food olfactory cue (bacon) in stimulating nose-poke food-seeking behavior on first exposure (novel) and after a period of access for consumption (familiar) in lean and obese Zucker rats at either 4 or 12 months of age, and under ad-lib fed (unrestricted; U) or chronically food-restricted (70% of ad-lib; R) conditions. Baseline nose-poke levels were comparable amongst all groups. At 4 months of age, only ObU rats displayed increased behavioral activation to familiar food cues. Twelve-month-old Ob rats, regardless of diet, exhibited substantially greater food-seeking behavior when exposed to both the novel and familiar olfactory cues. A strong positive correlation between body weight and nose-poke entries for the familiar food cue was observed at both ages, while this correlation for the novel food cue was significant in 12-month-old rats only. Similarly, there were strong positive correlations between food intake and poke entries for the familiar food cue was observed at both ages, while this correlation for the novel food cue was significant in 12-month-old rats only. Although it is possible that differences in olfactory sensitivity contribute to these behavioral effects, our findings support the interactions between food intake, obesity, and food-seeking behavior and are consistent with leptin inhibiting the brain's reactivity to food cues and suggest that the enhanced sensitivity to the food cues with leptin deficiency is likely to contribute to overeating and weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayotis K Thanos
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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40
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Palouzier-Paulignan B, Lacroix MC, Aimé P, Baly C, Caillol M, Congar P, Julliard AK, Tucker K, Fadool DA. Olfaction under metabolic influences. Chem Senses 2012; 37:769-97. [PMID: 22832483 PMCID: PMC3529618 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjs059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently published work and emerging research efforts have suggested that the olfactory system is intimately linked with the endocrine systems that regulate or modify energy balance. Although much attention has been focused on the parallels between taste transduction and neuroendocrine controls of digestion due to the novel discovery of taste receptors and molecular components shared by the tongue and gut, the equivalent body of knowledge that has accumulated for the olfactory system, has largely been overlooked. During regular cycles of food intake or disorders of endocrine function, olfaction is modulated in response to changing levels of various molecules, such as ghrelin, orexins, neuropeptide Y, insulin, leptin, and cholecystokinin. In view of the worldwide health concern regarding the rising incidence of diabetes, obesity, and related metabolic disorders, we present a comprehensive review that addresses the current knowledge of hormonal modulation of olfactory perception and how disruption of hormonal signaling in the olfactory system can affect energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Palouzier-Paulignan
- Centre de Recherche des Neurosciences de Lyon, Equipe Olfaction du Codage à la Mémoire, INSERM U 1028/CNRS 5292, Université de Lyon150 Ave. Tony Garnier, 69366, Lyon, Cedex 07,France
- Equal contribution
| | - Marie-Christine Lacroix
- INRA, UR1197 Neurobiologie de l’Olfaction et Modélisation en ImagerieF-78350, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
- IFR 144NeuroSud Paris, 91190 Gif-Sur-YvetteFrance
- Equal contribution
| | - Pascaline Aimé
- Centre de Recherche des Neurosciences de Lyon, Equipe Olfaction du Codage à la Mémoire, INSERM U 1028/CNRS 5292, Université de Lyon150 Ave. Tony Garnier, 69366, Lyon, Cedex 07,France
| | - Christine Baly
- INRA, UR1197 Neurobiologie de l’Olfaction et Modélisation en ImagerieF-78350, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
- IFR 144NeuroSud Paris, 91190 Gif-Sur-YvetteFrance
| | - Monique Caillol
- INRA, UR1197 Neurobiologie de l’Olfaction et Modélisation en ImagerieF-78350, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
- IFR 144NeuroSud Paris, 91190 Gif-Sur-YvetteFrance
| | - Patrice Congar
- INRA, UR1197 Neurobiologie de l’Olfaction et Modélisation en ImagerieF-78350, Jouy-en-JosasFrance
- IFR 144NeuroSud Paris, 91190 Gif-Sur-YvetteFrance
| | - A. Karyn Julliard
- Centre de Recherche des Neurosciences de Lyon, Equipe Olfaction du Codage à la Mémoire, INSERM U 1028/CNRS 5292, Université de Lyon150 Ave. Tony Garnier, 69366, Lyon, Cedex 07,France
| | - Kristal Tucker
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA 15261USAand
| | - Debra Ann Fadool
- Department of Biological Science, Programs in Neuroscience and Molecular Biophysics, The Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL 32306-4295USA
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Tucker KR, Godbey SJ, Thiebaud N, Fadool DA. Olfactory ability and object memory in three mouse models of varying body weight, metabolic hormones, and adiposity. Physiol Behav 2012; 107:424-32. [PMID: 22995978 PMCID: PMC3513555 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Physiological and nutritional state can modify sensory ability and perception through hormone signaling. Obesity and related metabolic disorders present a chronic imbalance in hormonal signaling that could impact sensory systems. In the olfactory system, external chemical cues are transduced into electrical signals to encode information. It is becoming evident that this system can also detect internal chemical cues in the form of molecules of energy homeostasis and endocrine hormones, whereby neurons of the olfactory system are modulated to change animal behavior towards olfactory cues. We hypothesized that chronic imbalance in hormonal signaling and energy homeostasis due to obesity would thereby disrupt olfactory behaviors in mice. To test this idea, we utilized three mouse models of varying body weight, metabolic hormones, and visceral adiposity - 1) C57BL6/J mice maintained on a condensed-milk based, moderately high-fat diet (MHF) of 32% fat for 6 months as the diet-induced obesity model, 2) an obesity-resistant, lean line of mice due to a gene-targeted deletion of a voltage-dependent potassium channel (Kv 1.3-null), and 3) a genetic model of obesity as a result of a gene-targeted deletion of the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R-null). Diet-induced obese (DIO) mice failed to find a fatty-scented hidden peanut butter cracker, based solely on olfactory cues, any faster than an unscented hidden marble, initially suggesting general anosmia. However, when these DIO mice were challenged to find a sweet-scented hidden chocolate candy, they had no difficulty. Furthermore, DIO mice were able to discriminate between fatty acids that differ by a single double bond and are components of the MHF diet (linoleic and oleic acid) in a habituation-dishabituation paradigm. Obesity-resistant, Kv1.3-null mice exhibited no change in scented object retrieval when placed on the MHF-diet, nor did they perform differently than wild-type mice in parallel habituation-dishabituation paradigms of fatty food-related odor components. Genetically obese, MC4R-null mice successfully found hidden scented objects, but did so more slowly than lean, wild-type mice, in an object-dependent fashion. In habituation-dishabituation trials of general odorants, MC4R-null mice failed to discriminate a novel odor, but were able to distinguish two fatty acids. Object memory recognition tests for short- and long-term memory retention demonstrated that maintenance on the MHF diet did not modify the ability to perform these tasks independent of whether mice became obese or were resistant to weight gain (Kv1.3-null), however, the genetically predisposed obese mice (MC4R-null) failed the long-term object memory recognition performed at 24h. These results demonstrate that even though both the DIO mice and genetically predisposed obese mice are obese, they vary in the degree to which they exhibit behavioral deficits in odor detection, odor discrimination, and long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristal R Tucker
- Department of Biological Science, 319 Stadium Drive, Suite 3008, King Life Sciences Building, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, United States; Program in Neuroscience, 319 Stadium Drive, Suite 3008, King Life Sciences Building, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, United States.
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Lucero MT. Peripheral modulation of smell: fact or fiction? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 24:58-70. [PMID: 22986099 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite studies dating back 30 or more years showing modulation of odorant responses at the level of the olfactory epithelium, most descriptions of the olfactory system infer that odorant signals make their way from detection by cilia on olfactory sensory neurons to the olfactory bulb unaltered. Recent identification of multiple subtypes of microvillar cells and identification of neuropeptide and neurotransmitter expression in the olfactory mucosa add to the growing body of literature for peripheral modulation in the sense of smell. Complex mechanisms including perireceptor events, modulation of sniff rates, and changes in the properties of sensory neurons match the sensitivity of olfactory sensory neurons to the external odorant environment, internal nutritional status, reproductive status, and levels of arousal or stress. By furthering our understanding of the players mediating peripheral olfaction, we may open the door to novel approaches for modulating the sense of smell in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary T Lucero
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, 420 Chipeta Way Ste, 1700 Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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Negroni J, Meunier N, Monnerie R, Salesse R, Baly C, Caillol M, Congar P. Neuropeptide Y enhances olfactory mucosa responses to odorant in hungry rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45266. [PMID: 23024812 PMCID: PMC3443224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays an important role in regulating appetite and hunger in vertebrates. In the hypothalamus, NPY stimulates food intake under the control of the nutritional status. Previous studies have shown the presence of NPY and receptors in rodent olfactory system, and suggested a neuroproliferative role. Interestingly, NPY was also shown to directly modulate olfactory responses evoked by a food-related odorant in hungry axolotls. We have recently demonstrated that another nutritional cue, insulin, modulates the odorant responses of the rat olfactory mucosa (OM). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the potential effect of NPY on rat OM responses to odorants, in relation to the animal's nutritional state. We measured the potential NPY modulation of OM responses to odorant, using electro-olfactogram (EOG) recordings, in fed and fasted adult rats. NPY application significantly and transiently increased EOG amplitudes in fasted but not in fed rats. The effects of specific NPY-receptor agonists were similarly quantified, showing that NPY operated mainly through Y1 receptors. These receptors appeared as heterogeneously expressed by olfactory neurons in the OM, and western blot analysis showed that they were overexpressed in fasted rats. These data provide the first evidence that NPY modulates the initial events of odorant detection in the rat OM. Because this modulation depends on the nutritional status of the animal, and is ascribed to NPY, the most potent orexigenic peptide in the central nervous system, it evidences a strong supplementary physiological link between olfaction and nutritional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Negroni
- INRA, UR1197 Neurobiologie de l′Olfaction et Modélisation en Imagerie, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- IFR144, NeuroSud Paris, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Meunier
- INRA, UR1197 Neurobiologie de l′Olfaction et Modélisation en Imagerie, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- IFR144, NeuroSud Paris, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Versailles, France
| | - Régine Monnerie
- INRA, UR1197 Neurobiologie de l′Olfaction et Modélisation en Imagerie, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- IFR144, NeuroSud Paris, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Roland Salesse
- INRA, UR1197 Neurobiologie de l′Olfaction et Modélisation en Imagerie, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- IFR144, NeuroSud Paris, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christine Baly
- INRA, UR1197 Neurobiologie de l′Olfaction et Modélisation en Imagerie, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- IFR144, NeuroSud Paris, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Monique Caillol
- INRA, UR1197 Neurobiologie de l′Olfaction et Modélisation en Imagerie, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- IFR144, NeuroSud Paris, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Patrice Congar
- INRA, UR1197 Neurobiologie de l′Olfaction et Modélisation en Imagerie, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- IFR144, NeuroSud Paris, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- * E-mail:
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Badonnel K, Lacroix MC, Monnerie R, Durieux D, Caillol M, Baly C. Chronic restricted access to food leading to undernutrition affects rat neuroendocrine status and olfactory-driven behaviors. Horm Behav 2012; 62:120-7. [PMID: 22633909 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that olfactory-driven behaviors in rats are influenced by short-term caloric restriction, partly through the modulation of olfactory sensitivity by appetite-modulating hormones or peptides such as insulin and leptin. Here, we addressed the issue of a long-term modulation of their neuroendocrine status by evaluating the effect of chronic food restriction in rats following a limitation of the duration of daily food intake to 2 h (SF) instead of 8 h (LF) on the expression of insulin and leptin system in the olfactory mucosa and bulb and on olfactory behaviors. This restriction resulted in a one-third reduction in the daily food intake and a 25% reduction in the body weight of SF rats when compared to controls, and was accompanied by lower levels of triglycerides, glucose, insulin and leptin in SF rats. Under these conditions, we observed a modulation of olfactory-mediated behaviors regarding food odors. In addition, restriction had a differential effect on the expression of insulin receptors, but not that of leptin receptors, in the olfactory mucosa, whereas no transcriptional change was observed at the upper level of the olfactory bulb. Overall, these data demonstrated that long-term changes in nutritional status modulate olfactory-mediated behaviors. Modulation of insulin system expression in the olfactory mucosa of food restricted rats suggests that this hormone could be part of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Badonnel
- INRA, UR1197, Neurobiologie de l'Olfaction et Modélisation en Imagerie, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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45
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Pénicaud L, Meillon S, Brondel L. Leptin and the central control of feeding behavior. Biochimie 2012; 94:2069-74. [PMID: 22546505 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of leptin by Friedman and coll. in 1995 was a major step forward in our comprehensive view of energy homeostasis. Since the original paper, a tremendous amount of work has been performed in laboratories all over the world. Many recent reviews have described this work in details. In the present review, we focus on the role of leptin on food intake. It is accepted by most authors working in this field that the control of food intake can be divided in two closely-related system: the homeostatic system and the hedonic system. Leptin has been shown to act on both systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Pénicaud
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-2100 Dijon, France.
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Shin AC, Berthoud HR. Food reward functions as affected by obesity and bariatric surgery. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011; 35 Suppl 3:S40-4. [PMID: 21912387 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2011.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) remains to be the most effective long-term treatment for obesity and its associated comorbidities, but the specific mechanisms involved remain elusive. Because RYGB patients appear to no longer be preoccupied with thoughts about food and are satisfied with much smaller meals and calorically dilute foods, brain reward mechanisms could be involved. Just as obesity can produce maladaptive alterations in reward functions, reversal of obesity by RYGB could normalize these changes or even further reset the food reward system through changes in gut hormone secretion, aversive conditioning and/or secondary effects of weight loss. Future studies with longitudinal assessments of reward behaviors and their underlying neural circuits before and after surgery will be necessary to uncover the specific mechanisms involved. Such new insights could be the base for future 'knifeless' pharmacological and behavioral approaches to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Shin
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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Berthoud HR. Metabolic and hedonic drives in the neural control of appetite: who is the boss? Curr Opin Neurobiol 2011; 21:888-96. [PMID: 21981809 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is on the rise in all developed countries, and a large part of this epidemic has been attributed to excess caloric intake, induced by ever present food cues and the easy availability of energy dense foods in an environment of plenty. Clearly, there are strong homeostatic regulatory mechanisms keeping body weight of many individuals exposed to this environment remarkably stable over their adult life. Other individuals, however, seem to eat not only because of metabolic need, but also because of excessive hedonic drive to make them feel better and relieve stress. In the extreme, some individuals exhibit addiction-like behavior toward food, and parallels have been drawn to drug and alcohol addiction. However, there is an important distinction in that, unlike drugs and alcohol, food is a daily necessity. Considerable advances have been made recently in the identification of neural circuits that represent the interface between the metabolic and hedonic drives of eating. We will cover these new findings by focusing first on the capacity of metabolic signals to modulate processing of cognitive and reward functions in cortico-limbic systems (bottom-up) and then on pathways by which the cognitive and emotional brain may override homeostatic regulation (top-down).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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48
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Fadool DA, Tucker K, Pedarzani P. Mitral cells of the olfactory bulb perform metabolic sensing and are disrupted by obesity at the level of the Kv1.3 ion channel. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24921. [PMID: 21966386 PMCID: PMC3178571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixty-five percent of Americans are over-weight. While the neuroendocrine controls of energy homeostasis are well known, how sensory systems respond to and are impacted by obesity is scantily understood. The main accepted function of the olfactory system is to provide an internal depiction of our external chemical environment, starting from the detection of chemosensory cues. We hypothesized that the system additionally functions to encode internal chemistry via the detection of chemicals that are important indicators of metabolic state. We here uncovered that the olfactory bulb (OB) subserves as an internal sensor of metabolism via insulin-induced modulation of the potassium channel Kv1.3. Using an adult slice preparation of the olfactory bulb, we found that evoked neural activity in Kv1.3-expressing mitral cells is enhanced following acute insulin application. Insulin mediated changes in mitral cell excitability are predominantly due to the modulation of Kv1.3 channels as evidenced by the lack of effect in slices from Kv1.3-null mice. Moreover, a selective Kv1.3 peptide blocker (ShK186) inhibits more than 80% of the outward current in parallel voltage-clamp studies, whereby insulin significantly decreases the peak current magnitude without altering the kinetics of inactivation or deactivation. Mice that were chronically administered insulin using intranasal delivery approaches exhibited either an elevation in basal firing frequency or fired a single cluster of action potentials. Following chronic administration of the hormone, mitral cells were inhibited by application of acute insulin rather than excited. Mice made obese through a diet of ∼32% fat exhibited prominent changes in mitral cell action potential shape and clustering behavior, whereby the subsequent response to acute insulin stimulation was either attenuated or completely absent. Our results implicate an inappropriate neural function of olfactory sensors following exposure to chronic levels of the hormone insulin (diabetes) or increased body weight (obesity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Ann Fadool
- Program in Neuroscience, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kristal Tucker
- Program in Neuroscience, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paola Pedarzani
- Research Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Shin AC, Townsend RL, Patterson LM, Berthoud HR. "Liking" and "wanting" of sweet and oily food stimuli as affected by high-fat diet-induced obesity, weight loss, leptin, and genetic predisposition. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R1267-80. [PMID: 21849633 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00314.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cross-sectional studies in both humans and animals have demonstrated associations between obesity and altered reward functions at the behavioral and neural level, but it is unclear whether these alterations are cause or consequence of the obese state. Reward behaviors were quantified in male, outbred Sprague-Dawley (SD) and selected line obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) rats after induction of obesity by high-fat diet feeding and after subsequent loss of excess body weight by chronic calorie restriction. As measured by the brief access lick and taste-reactivity paradigms, both obese SD and OP rats "liked" low concentrations of sucrose and corn oil less, but "liked" the highest concentrations more, compared with lean rats, and this effect was fully reversed by weight loss in SD rats. Acute food deprivation was unable to change decreased responsiveness to low concentrations but eliminated increased responsiveness to high concentrations in obese SD rats, and leptin administration in weight-reduced SD rats shifted concentration-response curves toward that seen in the obese state in the brief access lick test. "Wanting" and reinforcement learning as assessed in the incentive runway and progressive ratio lever-pressing paradigms was paradoxically decreased in both obese (compared with lean SD rats) and OP (compared with OR rats). Thus, reversible, obesity-associated, reduced "liking" and "wanting" of low-calorie foods in SD rats suggest a role for secondary effects of the obese state on reward functions, while similar differences between select lines of OP and OR rats before induction of obesity indicate a genetic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Shin
- Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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50
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Ghrelin enhances olfactory sensitivity and exploratory sniffing in rodents and humans. J Neurosci 2011; 31:5841-6. [PMID: 21490225 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5680-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is an integral part of feeding providing predictive cues that anticipate ingestion. Although olfactory function is modulated by factors such as prolonged fasting, the underlying neural mechanisms remain poorly understood. We recently identified ghrelin receptors in olfactory circuits in the brain. We therefore investigated the role of the appetite-stimulating hormone ghrelin in olfactory processing in rodents and humans, testing the hypothesis that ghrelin lowers olfactory detection thresholds and enhances exploratory sniffing, both being related to food seeking. In rats, intracerebroventricular ghrelin decreased odor detection thresholds and increased sniffing frequency. In humans, systemic ghrelin infusions significantly enhanced sniff magnitudes in response to both food and nonfood odorants and air in comparison to control saline infusions but did not affect the pleasantness ratings of odors. This is consistent with a specific effect on odor detection and not the hedonic value of odors. Collectively, our findings indicate that ghrelin stimulates exploratory sniffing and increases olfactory sensitivity, presumably enhancing the ability to locate, identify, and select foods. This novel role is consistent with ghrelin's overall function as a signal amplifier at the molecular interface between environmental and nutritional cues and neuroendocrine circuits controlling energy homeostasis.
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