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Sharma K, Govar AA, Ghimire B, Nishimori K, Hammock E, Teruyama R. Sexually dimorphic oxytocin receptor-expressing (OXTR) neurons in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) in the postpartum female mouse are involved in maternal behavior. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13337. [PMID: 37784240 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Maternal care is crucial for the survival and development of offspring. Oxytocin modulates maternal behavior by binding to oxytocin receptors (OXTRs) in various parts of the brain. Previously, we showed that OXTRs are expressed in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) of female, but not male mice. Because the AVPV is involved in the regulation of maternal behavior and oxytocin enhances its induction, this finding leads to the hypothesis that the female specific population of OXTR neurons in the AVPV regulates maternal behavior. To address this hypothesis, OXTR-Venus reporter mice were used to assess if expression levels of OXTR in the AVPV are changed during the postpartum period. The total number of OXTR-Venus neurons was significantly greater in postpartum dams compared to virgin females. To assess efferent projections of the AVPV-OXTR neurons, a Cre-dependent fluorescent protein (tdTomato) expressing a viral vector was injected into one side of the AVPV of female OXTR-Cre mice. Fibers expressing tdTomato were found in hypothalamic areas containing oxytocin neurons (the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei) and the midbrain areas (the ventral tegmental area and periaqueductal gray) that are involved in the regulation of maternal motivation. To assess if activity of the AVPV-OXTR neurons is involved in the regulation of maternal behaviors, a chemogenetic approach was employed. Specific inhibition of activity of AVPV-OXTR neurons completely abolished pup retrieval and nest building behaviors. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that AVPV-OXTR neurons in postpartum female mice constitute an important node in the neural circuitry that regulates maternal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustubh Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Armita A Govar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Bandana Ghimire
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Nishimori
- Laboratory of Obesity and Internal Inflammation, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Elizabeth Hammock
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Ryoichi Teruyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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2
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Haddad-Tóvolli R, Claret M. Metabolic and feeding adjustments during pregnancy. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023; 19:564-580. [PMID: 37525006 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00871-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Eating behaviours are determined by the integration of interoceptive and environmental inputs. During pregnancy, numerous physiological adaptations take place in the maternal organism to provide an adequate environment for embryonic growth. Among them, whole-body physiological remodelling directly influences eating patterns, commonly causing notable taste perception alterations, food aversions and cravings. Recurrent food cravings for and compulsive eating of highly palatable food can contribute to the development and maintenance of gestational overweight and obesity with potential adverse health consequences for the offspring. Although much is known about how maternal eating habits influence offspring health, the mechanisms that underlie changes in taste perception and food preference during pregnancy (which guide and promote feeding) are only just starting to be elucidated. Given the limited and diffuse understanding of the neurobiology of gestational eating patterns, the aim of this Review is to compile, integrate and discuss the research conducted on this topic in both experimental models and humans. This article sheds light on the mechanisms that drive changes in female feeding behaviours during distinct physiological states. Understanding these processes is crucial to improve gestational parent health and decrease the burden of metabolic and food-related diseases in future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Haddad-Tóvolli
- Neuronal Control of Metabolism (NeuCoMe) Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marc Claret
- Neuronal Control of Metabolism (NeuCoMe) Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain.
- School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Ye Q, Nunez J, Zhang X. Oxytocin Receptor-Expressing Neurons in the Paraventricular Thalamus Regulate Feeding Motivation through Excitatory Projections to the Nucleus Accumbens Core. J Neurosci 2022; 42:3949-3964. [PMID: 35387870 PMCID: PMC9097779 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2042-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin receptors (OTR) have been found in the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) for the regulation of feeding and maternal behaviors. However, the functional projections of OTR-expressing PVT neurons remain largely unknown. Here, we used chemogenetic and optogenetic tools to test the role of OTR-expressing PVT neurons and their projections in the regulation of food intake in both male and female OTR-Cre mice. We found chemogenetic activation of OTR-expressing PVT neurons promoted food seeking under trials with a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. Using Feeding Experimentation Devices for real-time meal measurements, we found chemogenetic activation of OTR-expressing PVT neurons increased meal frequency but not cumulative food intake because of a compensatory decrease in meal sizes. In combination with anterograde neural tracing and slice patch-clamp recordings, we found optogenetic stimulation of PVT OTR terminals excited neurons in the posterior basolateral amygdala (pBLA) and nucleus accumbens core (NAcC) as well as local PVT neurons through monosynaptic glutamatergic transmissions. Photostimulation of OTR-expressing PVT-NAcC projections promoted food-seeking, whereas selective activation of PVT-pBLA projections produced little effect on feeding. In contrast to selective activation of OTR terminals, photostimulation of a broader population of glutamatergic PVT terminals exerted direct excitation followed by indirect lateral inhibition on neurons in both NAcC and anterior basolateral amygdala. Together, these results suggest that OTR-expressing PVT neurons are a distinct population of PVT glutamate neurons that regulate feeding motivation through projections to NAcC.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The paraventricular thalamus plays an important role in the regulation of feeding motivation. However, because of the diversity of paraventricular thalamic neurons, the specific neuron types promoting food motivation remain elusive. In this study, we provide evidence that oxytocin receptor-expressing neurons are a specific group of glutamate neurons that primarily project to the nucleus accumbens core and posterior amygdala. We found that activation of these neurons promotes the motivation for food reward and increases meal frequency through projections to the nucleus accumbens core but not the posterior amygdala. As a result, we postulate that oxytocin receptor-expressing neurons in the paraventricular thalamus and their projections to the nucleus accumbens core mainly regulate feeding motivation but not food consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiying Ye
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Jeremiah Nunez
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
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Levine AS, Jewett DC, Kotz CM, Olszewski PK. Behavioral plasticity: Role of neuropeptides in shaping feeding responses. Appetite 2022; 174:106031. [PMID: 35395362 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral plasticity refers to changes occurring due to external influences on an organism, including adaptation, learning, memory and enduring influences from early life experience. There are 2 types of behavioral plasticity: "developmental", which refers to gene/environment interactions affecting a phenotype, and "activational" which refers to innate physiology and can involve structural physiological changes of the body. In this review, we focus on feeding behavior, and studies involving neuropeptides that influence behavioral plasticity - primarily opioids, orexin, neuropeptide Y, and oxytocin. In each section of the review, we include examples of behavioral plasticity as it relates to actions of these neuropeptides. It can be concluded from this review that eating behavior is influenced by a number of external factors, including time of day, type of food available, energy balance state, and stressors. The reviewed work underscores that environmental factors play a critical role in feeding behavior and energy balance, but changes in eating behavior also result from a multitude of non-environmental factors, such that there can be no single mechanism or variable that can explain ingestive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen S Levine
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55113, USA.
| | - David C Jewett
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, USA
| | - Catherine M Kotz
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA; Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA
| | - Pawel K Olszewski
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55113, USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA; Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
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Perkinson MR, Kirchner MK, Zhang M, Augustine RA, Stern JE, Brown CH. α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone inhibition of oxytocin neurons switches to excitation in late pregnancy and lactation. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15226. [PMID: 35312181 PMCID: PMC8935534 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin is secreted into the periphery by magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei (SON and PVN) to trigger uterine contraction during birth and milk ejection during suckling. Peripheral oxytocin secretion is triggered by action potential firing, which is regulated by afferent input activity and by feedback from oxytocin secreted into the extracellular space from magnocellular neuron somata and dendrites. A prominent input to oxytocin neurons arises from proopiomelanocortin neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus that secrete an alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), which inhibits oxytocin neuron firing in non-pregnant rats by increasing somato-dendritic oxytocin secretion. However, α-MSH inhibition of oxytocin neuron firing is attenuated in mid-pregnancy and somato-dendritic oxytocin becomes auto-excitatory in late-pregnancy and lactation. Therefore, we hypothesized that attenuated α-MSH inhibition of oxytocin neuron firing marks the beginning of a transition from inhibition to excitation to facilitate peripheral oxytocin secretion for parturition and lactation. Intra-SON microdialysis administration of α-MSH inhibited oxytocin neuron firing rate by 33 ± 9% in non-pregnant rats but increased oxytocin neuron firing rate by 37 ± 12% in late-pregnant rats and by 28 ± 10% in lactating rats. α-MSH-induced somato-dendritic oxytocin secretion measured ex vivo with oxytocin receptor-expressing "sniffer" cells, was of similar amplitude in PVN slices from non-pregnant and lactating rats but longer-lasting in slices from lactating rats. Hence, α-MSH inhibition of oxytocin neuron activity switches to excitation over pregnancy while somato-dendritic oxytocin secretion is maintained, which might enhance oxytocin neuron excitability to facilitate the increased peripheral secretion that is required for normal parturition and milk ejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Perkinson
- Brain Health Research CentreUniversity of OtagoDunedinAotearoa New Zealand
- Centre for NeuroendocrinologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinAotearoa New Zealand
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinAotearoa New Zealand
| | - Matthew K. Kirchner
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Cardiometabolic DiseasesGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Meng Zhang
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Cardiometabolic DiseasesGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Rachael A. Augustine
- Brain Health Research CentreUniversity of OtagoDunedinAotearoa New Zealand
- Centre for NeuroendocrinologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinAotearoa New Zealand
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinAotearoa New Zealand
| | - Javier E. Stern
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Cardiometabolic DiseasesGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Colin H. Brown
- Brain Health Research CentreUniversity of OtagoDunedinAotearoa New Zealand
- Centre for NeuroendocrinologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinAotearoa New Zealand
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinAotearoa New Zealand
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Clarke GS, Gatford KL, Young RL, Grattan DR, Ladyman SR, Page AJ. Maternal adaptations to food intake across pregnancy: Central and peripheral mechanisms. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1813-1824. [PMID: 34623766 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A sufficient and balanced maternal diet is critical to meet the nutritional demands of the developing fetus and to facilitate deposition of fat reserves for lactation. Multiple adaptations occur to meet these energy requirements, including reductions in energy expenditure and increases in maternal food intake. The central nervous system plays a vital role in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis and responds to multiple metabolic and nutrient cues, including those arising from the gastrointestinal tract. This review describes the nutrient requirements of pregnancy and the impact of over- and undernutrition on the risk of pregnancy complications and adult disease in progeny. The central and peripheral regulation of food intake is then discussed, with particular emphasis on the adaptations that occur during pregnancy and the mechanisms that drive these changes, including the possible role of the pregnancy-associated hormones progesterone, estrogen, prolactin, and growth hormone. We identify the need for deeper mechanistic understanding of maternal adaptations, in particular, changes in gut-brain axis satiety signaling. Improved understanding of food intake regulation during pregnancy will provide a basis to inform strategies that prevent maternal under- or overnutrition, improve fetal health, and reduce the long-term health and economic burden for mothers and offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia S Clarke
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Gatford
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Richard L Young
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Intestinal Nutrient Sensing Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence: Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David R Grattan
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sharon R Ladyman
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Amanda J Page
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence: Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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7
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Oxytocin and Food Intake Control: Neural, Behavioral, and Signaling Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910859. [PMID: 34639199 PMCID: PMC8509519 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide oxytocin is produced in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. In addition to its extensively studied influence on social behavior and reproductive function, central oxytocin signaling potently reduces food intake in both humans and animal models and has potential therapeutic use for obesity treatment. In this review, we highlight rodent model research that illuminates various neural, behavioral, and signaling mechanisms through which oxytocin’s anorexigenic effects occur. The research supports a framework through which oxytocin reduces food intake via amplification of within-meal physiological satiation signals rather than by altering between-meal interoceptive hunger and satiety states. We also emphasize the distributed neural sites of action for oxytocin’s effects on food intake and review evidence supporting the notion that central oxytocin is communicated throughout the brain, at least in part, through humoral-like volume transmission. Finally, we highlight mechanisms through which oxytocin interacts with various energy balance-associated neuropeptide and endocrine systems (e.g., agouti-related peptide, melanin-concentrating hormone, leptin), as well as the behavioral mechanisms through which oxytocin inhibits food intake, including effects on nutrient-specific ingestion, meal size control, food reward-motivated responses, and competing motivations.
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8
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Taschetto APD, Zimath PL, Silvério R, Dos Santos C, Boschero AC, Dos Santos GJ, Rafacho A. Reduced insulin sensitivity and increased β/α cell mass is associated with reduced hepatic insulin-degrading enzyme activity in pregnant rats. Life Sci 2021; 277:119509. [PMID: 33865877 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Pregnancy is associated with the development of a transitory insulin resistance that parallels with the upregulation of pancreatic β-cell function and mass. These metabolic adaptations guarantee the higher insulin demand, but there is no evidence of whether insulin clearance contributes to this process. Thus, we investigated some of the hepatic parameters related to insulin clearance during rat pregnancy. We also investigated some molecular parameters in the hypothalamus. MAIN METHODS We evaluated the body mass and food intake, insulin sensitivity, β- and α-cell masses, insulin clearance based on an exogenous insulin load, hepatic insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) activity, and hepatic and hypothalamic protein content of IDE and carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM-1) in three periods of gestation in Wistar rats. KEY FINDINGS In the first week of pregnancy, both insulin sensitivity and clearance increased, a pattern that inverted in the third week of gestation (reduced insulin sensitivity and clearance). Diminished insulin clearance was associated with lower hepatic IDE activity and higher pancreatic β- and α-cell masses. No alteration in the hepatic IDE and CEACAM protein content was observed throughout pregnancy, but hypothalamic IDE protein content was significantly reduced in the late gestation period. SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, elevated insulin demand in the late period of gestation occurs not only as a result of increased β-cell mass and function but also by a potential reduction in hepatic insulin clearance. Knowing this physiological process may be valuable when considering gestational diabetes mellitus results from a failure in insulin supply during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P D Taschetto
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil; Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Priscila L Zimath
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Renata Silvério
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil; Graduate Program in Molecular and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State University - UNICAMP, 13083-862 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Boschero
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State University - UNICAMP, 13083-862 Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gustavo J Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil; Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Alex Rafacho
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil; Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil; Graduate Program in Molecular and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State University - UNICAMP, 13083-862 Campinas, Brazil.
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Barrett LR, Nunez J, Zhang X. Oxytocin activation of paraventricular thalamic neurons promotes feeding motivation to attenuate stress-induced hypophagia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1045-1056. [PMID: 33495546 PMCID: PMC8114915 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-00961-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) regulates important brain functions including feeding through activating OT receptors in multiple brain areas. Both OT fibers and OT receptors have been reported in the paraventricular thalamus (PVT), an area that was revealed to be important for the control of emotion, motivation, and food intake. However, the function and modulation of PVT OT signaling remain unknown. Here, we used a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement to examine the role of PVT OT signaling in regulating the motivation for food and patch-clamp electrophysiology to study the modulation of OT on PVT neurons in brain slices. We demonstrate that PVT OT administration increases active lever presses to earn food rewards in both male and female mice under PR trials and OT receptor antagonist atosiban inhibits OT-induced increase in motivated lever presses. However, intra-PVT OT infusion does not affect food intake in normal conditions but attenuates hypophagia induced by stress and anxiety. Using patch-clamp recordings, we find OT induces long-lasting excitatory effects on neurons in all PVT regions, especially the middle to posterior PVT. OT not only evokes tonic inward currents but also increases the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents on PVT neurons. The excitatory effect of OT on PVT neurons is mimicked by the specific OT receptor agonist [Thr4, Gly7]-oxytocin (TGOT) and blocked by OT receptor antagonist atosiban. Together, our study reveals a critical role of PVT OT signaling in promoting feeding motivation to attenuate stress-induced hypophagia through exciting PVT neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily R. Barrett
- grid.255986.50000 0004 0472 0419Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA
| | - Jeremiah Nunez
- grid.255986.50000 0004 0472 0419Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
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10
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Li H, Clarke GS, Christie S, Ladyman SR, Kentish SJ, Young RL, Gatford KL, Page AJ. Pregnancy-related plasticity of gastric vagal afferent signals in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G183-G192. [PMID: 33206550 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00357.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gastric vagal afferents (GVAs) sense food-related mechanical stimuli and signal to the central nervous system, to integrate control of meal termination. Pregnancy is characterized by increased maternal food intake, which is essential for normal fetal growth and to maximize progeny survival and health. However, it is unknown whether GVA function is altered during pregnancy to promote food intake. This study aimed to determine the mechanosensitivity of GVAs and food intake during early, mid-, and late stages of pregnancy in mice. Pregnant mice consumed more food compared with nonpregnant mice, notably in the light phase during mid- and late pregnancy. The increased food intake was predominantly due to light-phase increases in meal size across all stages of pregnancy. The sensitivity of GVA tension receptors to gastric distension was significantly attenuated in mid- and late pregnancy, whereas the sensitivity of GVA mucosal receptors to mucosal stroking was unchanged during pregnancy. To determine whether pregnancy-associated hormonal changes drive these adaptations, the effects of estradiol, progesterone, prolactin, and growth hormone on GVA tension receptor mechanosensitivity were determined in nonpregnant female mice. The sensitivity of GVA tension receptors to gastric distension was augmented by estradiol, attenuated by growth hormone, and unaffected by progesterone or prolactin. Together, the data indicate that the sensitivity of GVA tension receptors to tension is reduced during pregnancy, which may attenuate the perception of gastric fullness and explain increased food intake. Further, these adaptations may be driven by increases in maternal circulating growth hormone levels during pregnancy.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides first evidence that gastric vagal afferent signaling is attenuated during pregnancy and inversely associated with meal size. Growth hormone attenuated mechanosensitivity of gastric vagal afferents, adding support that increases in maternal growth hormone may mediate adaptations in gastric vagal afferent signaling during pregnancy. These findings have important implications for the peripheral control of food intake during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Nutrition, Diabetes and Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Georgia S Clarke
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Nutrition, Diabetes and Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stewart Christie
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Nutrition, Diabetes and Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sharon R Ladyman
- Department of Anatomy, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen J Kentish
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Nutrition, Diabetes and Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Richard L Young
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Nutrition, Diabetes and Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Gatford
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Nutrition, Diabetes and Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Amanda J Page
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Nutrition, Diabetes and Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
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Butler JM, Herath EM, Rimal A, Whitlow SM, Maruska KP. Galanin neuron activation in feeding, parental care, and infanticide in a mouthbrooding African cichlid fish. Horm Behav 2020; 126:104870. [PMID: 33002455 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Galanin is a conserved neuropeptide involved in parental care and feeding. While galanin is known to mediate parental care and infanticide in rodents, its role in parental care and feeding behaviors in other taxa, particularly fishes, remains poorly understood. Mouthbrooding is an extreme form of parental care common in fishes in which caregivers carry offspring in their buccal cavity for the duration of development, resulting in obligatory starvation. In the cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni, females brood their young for ~2 wks and perform maternal care after release by collecting them into their mouth when threatened. However, females will cannibalize their brood after ~5 days. To examine the role of gal in feeding and maternal care, we collected mouthbrooding, fed, and starved females, as well as those displaying post-release maternal care and infanticide behaviors. Activation of gal neurons in the preoptic area (POA) was associated with parental care, providing the first link between gal and offspring-promoting behaviors in fishes. In contrast, activation of gal neurons in the lateral tuberal nucleus (NLT), the Arcuate homolog, was associated with feeding and infanticide. Overall, these data suggest gal is functionally conserved across vertebrate taxa with POA gal neurons promoting maternal care and Arc/NLT gal neurons promoting feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Butler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, United States of America.
| | - Erandi M Herath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, United States of America
| | - Arohan Rimal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, United States of America
| | - Sarah M Whitlow
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, United States of America
| | - Karen P Maruska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, United States of America
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12
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Golzio Dos Santos S, Fernandes Gomes I, Fernandes de Oliveira Golzio AM, Lopes Souto A, Scotti MT, Fechine Tavares J, Chavez Gutierrez SJ, Nóbrega de Almeida R, Barbosa-Filho JM, Sobral da Silva M. Psychopharmacological effects of riparin III from Aniba riparia (Nees) Mez. (Lauraceae) supported by metabolic approach and multivariate data analysis. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:149. [PMID: 32416725 PMCID: PMC7229579 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02938-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently there is a high prevalence of humor disorders such as anxiety and depression throughout the world, especially concerning advanced age patients. Aniba riparia (Nees) Mez. (Lauraceae), popular known as “louro”, can be found from the Amazon through Guianas until the Andes. Previous studies have already reported the isolation of alkamide-type alkaloids such as riparin III (O-methyl-N-2,6-dyhydroxy-benzoyl tyramine) which has demonstrated anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects in high doses by intraperitoneal administration. Methods Experimental protocol was conducted in order to analyze the anxiolytic-like effect of riparin III at lower doses by intravenous administration to Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) (n = 5). The experimental approach was designed to last 15 days, divided in 3 distinct periods of five days: control, anxiogenic and treatment periods. The anxiolytic-like effect was evaluated by experimental behavior tests such as open field and elevated plus-maze test, combined with urine metabolic footprint analysis. The urine was collected daily and analyzed by 1H NMR. Generated data were statistically treated by Principal Component Analysis in order to detect patterns among the distinct periods evaluated as well as biomarkers responsible for its distinction. Results It was observed on treatment group that cortisol, biomarker related to physiological stress was reduced, indicating anxiolytic-like effect of riparin III, probably through activation of 5-HT2A receptors, which was corroborated by behavioral tests. Conclusion 1H NMR urine metabolic footprint combined with multivariate data analysis have demonstrated to be an important diagnostic tool to prove the anxiolytic-like effect of riparin III in a more efficient and pragmatic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sócrates Golzio Dos Santos
- Instituto de Pesquisa de Fármacos e Medicamentos - IPeFarM, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Isis Fernandes Gomes
- Instituto de Pesquisa de Fármacos e Medicamentos - IPeFarM, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | | | - Augusto Lopes Souto
- Instituto de Pesquisa de Fármacos e Medicamentos - IPeFarM, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Instituto de Pesquisa de Fármacos e Medicamentos - IPeFarM, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Josean Fechine Tavares
- Instituto de Pesquisa de Fármacos e Medicamentos - IPeFarM, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Stanley Juan Chavez Gutierrez
- Instituto de Pesquisa de Fármacos e Medicamentos - IPeFarM, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Nóbrega de Almeida
- Instituto de Pesquisa de Fármacos e Medicamentos - IPeFarM, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - José Maria Barbosa-Filho
- Instituto de Pesquisa de Fármacos e Medicamentos - IPeFarM, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Sobral da Silva
- Instituto de Pesquisa de Fármacos e Medicamentos - IPeFarM, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, 58051-900, Brazil.
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13
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Kelly EM, Adkins-Regan E. Do nonapeptides regulate parental care depending on experience in zebra finches? Horm Behav 2020; 117:104603. [PMID: 31669456 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent research suggests that the nonapeptide neurohormones regulate parental behaviors in a diverse array of vertebrates. However, it remains unclear how these neurohormones regulate parental care among birds, especially those which exhibit biparental care, or whether hormonal effects are contingent on a bird's previous experience as a parent. We measured the effects of nonapeptides on parental behaviors by peripherally injecting, over three treatment days, a short-acting nonapeptide receptor antagonist (OTA) or a saline control into breeding pairs of zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) that either did or did not have previous parental experience. We then compared how the duration of parental behaviors changed over the five days of observation (including one day before and two days after injections were administered). To compare treatment effects on parental outcomes, we also measured chick growth and mortality rates for each pair. There was a nearly significant interaction between treatment and experience for the amount of time birds spent in the nest, with time in the nest declining across the experiment inexperienced and experienced OTA birds. There was also a significant treatment by trial day interaction for nest guarding and a treatment by experience by trial day interaction for nest maintenance. Chicks reared by parents that received the OTA had significantly lower growth rates than chicks reared by control parents and, among experienced birds, higher mortality relative to control birds. Together, these results provide some support for the hypothesis that nonapeptides play a role in regulating parental outcomes and some parental behaviors in both experienced and inexperienced zebra finches.
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Affiliation(s)
- E McKenna Kelly
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Seeley G. Mudd Hall, 215 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States of America.
| | - Elizabeth Adkins-Regan
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Seeley G. Mudd Hall, 215 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States of America; Department of Psychology, Cornell University, 211 Uris Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States of America
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14
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Strakovsky RS, Schantz SL. Using Experimental Models to Assess Effects of Bisphenol A (BPA) and Phthalates on the Placenta: Challenges and Perspectives. Toxicol Sci 2019; 166:250-268. [PMID: 30203063 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is critical for all aspects of fetal development. Bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates are endocrine disruptors with ubiquitous exposure in pregnant women-their effects on the placenta is an area of growing research interest. Therefore, our objectives were to (1) summarize research related to the effects BPA or phthalates on placental outcomes in animal and cell models, and (2) evaluate the challenges for using such models to study the impacts of these chemicals on placental endpoints. Overall, studies in cells and animal models suggest that BPA and phthalates impact placental hormones, some epigenetic endpoints, increase inflammation and oxidative stress, and decrease cell viability and nutrient transfer. However, few animal or cell studies have assessed these outcomes at concentrations relevant to humans. Furthermore, it is unclear whether effects of BPA/phthalates on the placenta in animal models mediate fetal outcomes, as most studies have dosed after the earliest stages of placental and fetal development. It is also unclear whether effects of these chemicals are sex-specific, as few studies have considered placental sex. Finally, while there is substantial evidence for effects of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (the major metabolite of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate), on placental endpoints in cells, little is currently known about effects of other phthalates to which pregnant women are exposed. Moving forward, these limitations will need to be addressed to help us understand the precise mechanisms of action of these chemicals within the placenta, and how these reported perturbations impact fetal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita S Strakovsky
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823
| | - Susan L Schantz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2347 Beckman Institute, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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15
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Huang X, Gao J, Zhao Y, He M, Ke S, Wu J, Zhou Y, Fu H, Yang H, Chen C, Huang L. Dramatic Remodeling of the Gut Microbiome Around Parturition and Its Relationship With Host Serum Metabolic Changes in Sows. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2123. [PMID: 31572329 PMCID: PMC6751307 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal care is important in mammals due to its contribution to fetal growth, maternal health, and lactation. Substantial changes in host hormones, metabolism, and immunity around the parturition period may be accompanied by alterations in the gut microbiome. However, to our knowledge, changes in the gut microbiome and their contribution to the shifts in host metabolism around parturition have not been investigated in pigs. Furthermore, pigs are an ideal biomedical model for studying the interactions of the gut microbiota with host metabolism, due to the ease of controlling feeding conditions. Here we report dramatic remodeling of the gut microbiota and the potential functional capacity during the late stages of pregnancy (5 days before parturition, LP) to postpartum (within 6 h after delivery, PO) in both experimental and validated populations of sows (n = 107). The richness of bacteria in the gut of both pregnant and delivery sows significantly decreased, whilst the β-diversity dramatically expanded. The ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes, and the relative abundance of Prevotella significantly decreased, whilst the relative abundance of the predominant genus Lactobacillus significantly increased from LP to PO state. The predicted functional capacities of the gut microbiome related to amino acid metabolism, the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and glycan biosynthesis were significantly decreased from LP to PO state. However, the abundance of the functional capacities associated with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were increased. Consistent with these changes, serum metabolites enriched at the LP stage were associated with the metabolism of amino acids and vitamins. In contrast, metabolites enriched at the PO stage were related to lipid metabolism. We further identified that the richness and β-diversity of the gut microbiota and the abundance of Lactobacillus accounted for shifts in the levels of bile acid metabolites associated with lipid metabolism. The results suggest that host-microbiota interactions during the perinatal period impact host metabolism. These benefit the lactation of sows by providing energy from lipid metabolism for milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuanzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Maozhang He
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shanlin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yunyan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Congying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lusheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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16
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Leng G, Russell JA. The osmoresponsiveness of oxytocin and vasopressin neurones: Mechanisms, allostasis and evolution. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12662. [PMID: 30451331 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the rat supraoptic nucleus, every oxytocin cell projects to the posterior pituitary, and is involved both in reflex milk ejection during lactation and in regulating uterine contractions during parturition. All are also osmosensitive, regulating natriuresis. All are also regulated by signals that control appetite, including the neural and hormonal signals that arise from the gut after food intake and from the sites of energy storage. All are also involved in sexual behaviour, anxiety-related behaviours and social behaviours. The challenge is to understand how a single population of neurones can coherently regulate such a diverse set of functions and adapt to changing physiological states. Their multiple functions arise from complex intrinsic properties that confer sensitivity to a wide range of internal and environmental signals. Many of these properties have a distant evolutionary origin in multifunctional, multisensory neurones of Urbilateria, the hypothesised common ancestor of vertebrates, insects and worms. Their properties allow different patterns of oxytocin release into the circulation from their axon terminals in the posterior pituitary into other brain areas from axonal projections, as well as independent release from their dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Leng
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John A Russell
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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17
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Onaka T, Takayanagi Y. Role of oxytocin in the control of stress and food intake. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12700. [PMID: 30786104 PMCID: PMC7217012 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin neurones in the hypothalamus are activated by stressful stimuli and food intake. The oxytocin receptor is located in various brain regions, including the sensory information-processing cerebral cortex; the cognitive information-processing prefrontal cortex; reward-related regions such as the ventral tegmental areas, nucleus accumbens and raphe nucleus; stress-related areas such as the amygdala, hippocampus, ventrolateral part of the ventromedial hypothalamus and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray; homeostasis-controlling hypothalamus; and the dorsal motor complex controlling intestinal functions. Oxytocin affects behavioural and neuroendocrine stress responses and terminates food intake by acting on the metabolic or nutritional homeostasis system, modulating emotional processing, reducing reward values of food intake, and facilitating sensory and cognitive processing via multiple brain regions. Oxytocin also plays a role in interactive actions between stress and food intake and contributes to adaptive active coping behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Onaka
- Division of Brain and NeurophysiologyDepartment of PhysiologyJichi Medical UniversityShimotsuke‐shiJapan
| | - Yuki Takayanagi
- Division of Brain and NeurophysiologyDepartment of PhysiologyJichi Medical UniversityShimotsuke‐shiJapan
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18
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Smiley KO, Ladyman SR, Gustafson P, Grattan DR, Brown RSE. Neuroendocrinology and Adaptive Physiology of Maternal Care. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2019; 43:161-210. [PMID: 31808002 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2019_122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Parental care is critical for offspring survival in many species. In mammals, parental care is primarily provided through maternal care, due to obligate pregnancy and lactation constraints, although some species also show paternal and alloparental care. These behaviors are driven by specialized neural circuits that receive sensory, cortical, and hormonal input to generate a coordinated and timely change in behavior, and sustain that behavior through activation of reward pathways. Importantly, the hormonal changes associated with pregnancy and lactation also act to coordinate a broad range of physiological changes to support the mother and enable her to adapt to the demands of these states. This chapter will review the neural pathways that regulate maternal behavior, the hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy and lactation, and how these two facets merge together to promote both young-directed maternal responses (including nursing and grooming) and young-related responses (including maternal aggression and other physiological adaptions to support the development of and caring for young). We conclude by examining how experimental animal work has translated into knowledge of human parenting, particularly in regards to maternal mental health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina O Smiley
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sharon R Ladyman
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Papillon Gustafson
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David R Grattan
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rosemary S E Brown
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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19
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Napso T, Yong HEJ, Lopez-Tello J, Sferruzzi-Perri AN. The Role of Placental Hormones in Mediating Maternal Adaptations to Support Pregnancy and Lactation. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1091. [PMID: 30174608 PMCID: PMC6108594 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, the mother must adapt her body systems to support nutrient and oxygen supply for growth of the baby in utero and during the subsequent lactation. These include changes in the cardiovascular, pulmonary, immune and metabolic systems of the mother. Failure to appropriately adjust maternal physiology to the pregnant state may result in pregnancy complications, including gestational diabetes and abnormal birth weight, which can further lead to a range of medically significant complications for the mother and baby. The placenta, which forms the functional interface separating the maternal and fetal circulations, is important for mediating adaptations in maternal physiology. It secretes a plethora of hormones into the maternal circulation which modulate her physiology and transfers the oxygen and nutrients available to the fetus for growth. Among these placental hormones, the prolactin-growth hormone family, steroids and neuropeptides play critical roles in driving maternal physiological adaptations during pregnancy. This review examines the changes that occur in maternal physiology in response to pregnancy and the significance of placental hormone production in mediating such changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Napso
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah E J Yong
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Lopez-Tello
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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20
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Liutkevičiūtė Z, Gil-Mansilla E, Eder T, Casillas-Pérez B, Di Giglio MG, Muratspahić E, Grebien F, Rattei T, Muttenthaler M, Cremer S, Gruber CW. Oxytocin-like signaling in ants influences metabolic gene expression and locomotor activity. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201800443. [PMID: 29939785 PMCID: PMC6174076 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ants are emerging model systems to study cellular signaling because distinct castes possess different physiologic phenotypes within the same colony. Here we studied the functionality of inotocin signaling, an insect ortholog of mammalian oxytocin (OT), which was recently discovered in ants. In Lasius ants, we determined that specialization within the colony, seasonal factors, and physiologic conditions down-regulated the expression of the OT-like signaling system. Given this natural variation, we interrogated its function using RNAi knockdowns. Next-generation RNA sequencing of OT-like precursor knock-down ants highlighted its role in the regulation of genes involved in metabolism. Knock-down ants exhibited higher walking activity and increased self-grooming in the brood chamber. We propose that OT-like signaling in ants is important for regulating metabolic processes and locomotion.-Liutkevičiūtė, Z., Gil-Mansilla, E., Eder, T., Casillas-Pérez, B., Di Giglio, M. G., Muratspahić, E., Grebien, F., Rattei, T., Muttenthaler, M., Cremer, S., Gruber, C. W. Oxytocin-like signaling in ants influences metabolic gene expression and locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Liutkevičiūtė
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Esther Gil-Mansilla
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Eder
- Division of Computational Systems Biology (CUBE), Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Edin Muratspahić
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Grebien
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Rattei
- Division of Computational Systems Biology (CUBE), Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Muttenthaler
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sylvia Cremer
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Christian W. Gruber
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Leslie M, Silva P, Paloyelis Y, Blevins J, Treasure J. A Systematic Review and Quantitative Meta-Analysis of Oxytocin's Effects on Feeding. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:10.1111/jne.12584. [PMID: 29480934 PMCID: PMC6292740 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxytocin's anorexigenic effects have been widely documented and accepted; however, no paper has yet used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to compile previous findings in a single systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis. The current paper aimed to identify published and unpublished studies examining the effects of oxytocin on energy intake in animals and humans, and the factors that moderate this effect. METHODS Web of Science, Pub Med, and Ovid were searched for published and unpublished studies reporting the effects of oxytocin on energy intake in wild-type animals and in humans, when administered in the absence of other active drugs or surgery. RESULTS 2049 articles were identified through the original systematic literature search, from which 54 articles were identified as relevant for inclusion in this review. An additional 3 relevant articles were identified in a later update of the literature search. Overall, a single-dose of oxytocin was found to reduce feeding in animals. Despite several individual studies which found that this effect persists to the end of the third week of chronic administration in rodent models, overall, this anorexigenic effect did not hold in the meta-analyses testing the effects of chronic administration. There was no overall effect of oxytocin on energy intake in humans, although a trend was identified for oxytocin to reduce consumption of solid foods. CONCLUSIONS Oxytocin reduces energy intake when administered as a single dose. Oxytocin can inhibit feeding over two- to three-week periods in rodent models. These effects typically do not persist beyond the third week of treatment. The anorexigenic effect of oxytocin is moderated by pregnant status, dose, method of administration, and diet composition. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Leslie
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London (KCL), London, UK
| | - Paulo Silva
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London (KCL), London, UK
| | - Yannis Paloyelis
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London (KCL), London, UK
| | - James Blevins
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Janet Treasure
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London (KCL), London, UK
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22
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Chavan-Gautam P, Rani A, Freeman DJ. Distribution of Fatty Acids and Lipids During Pregnancy. Adv Clin Chem 2018; 84:209-239. [PMID: 29478515 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Maternal fatty acid and lipid metabolism undergoes changes during pregnancy to facilitate fetal growth and development. Different types of fatty acids have different roles in maintaining a successful pregnancy and they are incorporated into different forms of lipids for the purpose of storage and transport. This chapter aims to provide an understanding of the distribution and metabolism of fatty acids and lipids in the maternal, placental, and fetal compartments. We further describe how this distribution is altered in maternal obesity, preterm birth, and pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chavan-Gautam
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Alka Rani
- Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dilys J Freeman
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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23
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Abstract
Hypothalamic integration of gastrointestinal and adipose tissue-derived hormones serves as a key element of neuroendocrine control of food intake. Leptin, adiponectin, oleoylethanolamide, cholecystokinin, and ghrelin, to name a few, are in a constant "cross talk" with the feeding-related brain circuits that encompass hypothalamic populations synthesizing anorexigens (melanocortins, CART, oxytocin) and orexigens (Agouti-related protein, neuropeptide Y, orexins). While this integrated neuroendocrine circuit successfully ensures that enough energy is acquired, it does not seem to be equally efficient in preventing excessive energy intake, especially in the obesogenic environment in which highly caloric and palatable food is constantly available. The current review presents an overview of intricate mechanisms underlying hypothalamic integration of energy balance-related peripheral endocrine input. We discuss vulnerabilities and maladaptive neuroregulatory processes, including changes in hypothalamic neuronal plasticity that propel overeating despite negative consequences.
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Banerjee P, Joy KP, Chaube R. Structural and functional diversity of nonapeptide hormones from an evolutionary perspective: A review. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 241:4-23. [PMID: 27133544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The article presents an overview of the comparative distribution, structure and functions of the nonapeptide hormones in chordates and non chordates. The review begins with a historical preview of the advent of the concept of neurosecretion and birth of neuroendocrine science, pioneered by the works of E. Scharrer and W. Bargmann. The sections which follow discuss different vertebrate nonapeptides, their distribution, comparison, precursor gene structures and processing, highlighting the major differences in these aspects amidst the conserved features across vertebrates. The vast literature on the anatomical characteristics of the nonapeptide secreting nuclei in the brain and their projections was briefly reviewed in a comparative framework. Recent knowledge on the nonapeptide hormone receptors and their intracellular signaling pathways is discussed and few grey areas which require deeper studies are identified. The sections on the functions and regulation of nonapeptides summarize the huge and ever increasing literature that is available in these areas. The nonapeptides emerge as key homeostatic molecules with complex regulation and several synergistic partners. Lastly, an update of the nonapeptides in non chordates with respect to distribution, site of synthesis, functions and receptors, dealt separately for each phylum, is presented. The non chordate nonapeptides share many similarities with their counterparts in vertebrates, pointing the system to have an ancient origin and to be an important substrate for changes during adaptive evolution. The article concludes projecting the nonapeptides as one of the very first common molecules of the primitive nervous and endocrine systems, which have been retained to maintain homeostatic functions in metazoans; some of which are conserved across the animal kingdom and some are specialized in a group/lineage-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Banerjee
- Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - K P Joy
- Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682022, India.
| | - R Chaube
- Department of Zoology, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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Ladyman SR, Augustine RA, Scherf E, Phillipps HR, Brown CH, Grattan DR. Attenuated hypothalamic responses to α-melanocyte stimulating hormone during pregnancy in the rat. J Physiol 2016; 594:1087-101. [PMID: 26613967 DOI: 10.1113/jp271605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Increased appetite and weight gain occurs during pregnancy, associated with development of leptin resistance, and satiety responses to the anorectic peptide α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) are suppressed. This study investigated hypothalamic responses to α-MSH during pregnancy, using c-fos expression in specific hypothalamic nuclei as a marker of neuronal signalling, and in vivo electrophysiology in supraoptic nucleus (SON) oxytocin neurons, as a representative α-MSH-responsive neuronal population that shows a well-characterised α-MSH-induced inhibition of firing. While icv injection of α-MSH significantly increased the number of c-fos-positive cells in the paraventricular, supraoptic, arcuate and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei in non-pregnant rats, this response was suppressed in pregnant rats. Similarly, SON oxytocin neurons in pregnant rats did not demonstrate characteristic α-MSH-induced inhibition of firing that was observed in non-pregnant animals. Given the known functions of α-MSH in the hypothalamus, the attenuated responses are likely to facilitate adaptive changes in appetite regulation and oxytocin secretion during pregnancy. ABSTRACT During pregnancy, a state of positive energy balance develops to support the growing fetus and to deposit fat in preparation for the subsequent metabolic demands of lactation. As part of this maternal adaptation, the satiety response to the anorectic peptide α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is suppressed. To investigate whether pregnancy is associated with changes in the response of hypothalamic α-MSH target neurons, non-pregnant and pregnant rats were treated with α-MSH or vehicle and c-fos expression in hypothalamic nuclei was then examined. Furthermore, the firing rate of supraoptic nucleus (SON) oxytocin neurons, a known α-MSH responsive neuronal population, was examined in non-pregnant and pregnant rats following α-MSH treatment. Intracerebroventricular injection of α-MSH significantly increased the number of c-fos-positive cells in the paraventricular, arcuate and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei in non-pregnant rats, but no significant increase was observed in any of these regions in pregnant rats. In the SON, α-MSH did induce expression of c-fos during pregnancy, but this was significantly reduced compared to that observed in the non-pregnant group. Furthermore, during pregnancy, SON oxytocin neurons did not demonstrate the characteristic α-MSH-induced inhibition of firing rate that was observed in non-pregnant animals. Melanocortin receptor mRNA levels during pregnancy were similar to non-pregnant animals, suggesting that receptor down-regulation is unlikely to be a mechanism underlying the attenuated responses to α-MSH during pregnancy. Given the known functions of α-MSH in the hypothalamus, the attenuated responses will facilitate adaptive changes in appetite regulation and oxytocin secretion during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Ladyman
- Department of Anatomy and Centre for Neuroendocrinology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - R A Augustine
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Neuroendocrinology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - E Scherf
- Department of Anatomy and Centre for Neuroendocrinology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - H R Phillipps
- Department of Anatomy and Centre for Neuroendocrinology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - C H Brown
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Neuroendocrinology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - D R Grattan
- Department of Anatomy and Centre for Neuroendocrinology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Erdman SE, Poutahidis T. Microbes and Oxytocin: Benefits for Host Physiology and Behavior. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 131:91-126. [PMID: 27793228 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is now understood that gut bacteria exert effects beyond the local boundaries of the gastrointestinal tract to include distant tissues and overall health. Prototype probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri has been found to upregulate hormone oxytocin and systemic immune responses to achieve a wide array of health benefits involving wound healing, mental health, metabolism, and myoskeletal maintenance. Together these display that the gut microbiome and host animal interact via immune-endocrine-brain signaling networks. Such findings provide novel therapeutic strategies to stimulate powerful homeostatic pathways and genetic programs, stemming from the coevolution of mammals and their microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - T Poutahidis
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Abstract
Successfully rearing young places multiple demands on the mammalian female. These are met by a wide array of alterations in maternal physiology and behavior that are coordinated with the needs of the developing young, and include adaptations in neuroendocrine systems not directly involved in maternal behavior or lactation. In this article, attenuations in the behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to stressors, the alterations in metabolic pathways facilitating both increased food intake and conservation of energy, and the changes in fertility that occur postpartum are described. The mechanisms underlying these processes as well as the factors that contribute to them and the relative contributions of these stimuli at different times postpartum are also reviewed. The induction and maintenance of the adaptations observed in the postpartum maternal brain are dependent on mother-young interaction and, in most cases, on suckling stimulation and its consequences for the hormonal profile of the mother. The peptide hormone prolactin acting on receptors within the brain makes a major contribution to changes in metabolic pathways, suppression of fertility and the attenuation of the neuroendocrine response to stress during lactation. Oxytocin is also released, both into the circulation and in some hypothalamic nuclei, in response to suckling stimulation and this hormone has been implicated in the decrease in anxiety behavior seen in the early postpartum period. The relative importance of these hormones changes across lactation and it is becoming increasingly clear that many of the adaptations to motherhood reviewed here reflect the outcome of multiple influences. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1493-1518, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Woodside
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Zampieri TT, da Silva TEO, de Paula Romeu D, da Silva Torrão A, Donato J. SOCS3 expression within leptin receptor-expressing cells regulates food intake and leptin sensitivity but does not affect weight gain in pregnant mice consuming a high-fat diet. Physiol Behav 2016; 157:109-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Olszewski PK, Klockars A, Levine AS. Oxytocin: A Conditional Anorexigen whose Effects on Appetite Depend on the Physiological, Behavioural and Social Contexts. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 26918919 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Central oxytocin suppresses appetite. Neuronal activity and the release of oxytocin coincide with satiation, as well as with adverse events (e.g. hyperosmolality, toxicity or excessive stomach distension) that necessitate an immediate termination of eating behaviour. Oxytocin also decreases consumption driven by reward, especially as derived from ingesting carbohydrates and sweet tastants. This review summarises current knowledge of the role of oxytocin in food intake regulation and highlights a growing body of evidence showing that oxytocin is a conditional anorexigen [i.e. its effects on appetite differ significantly with respect to certain (patho)physiological, behavioural and social contexts].
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Olszewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - A Klockars
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - A S Levine
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
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Huang L, Tang MD, Li XL, Lin L. Effect of vagotomy on central nesfatin-1-induced decrease in gastric acid secretion. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:1002-1008. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i7.1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To observe the effect of gastric acid secretion decrease induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of nesfatin-1.
METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly and equally divided into a control group and a nesfatin-1 group after implantation of an ICV cannula. The nesfatin-1 group was injected intracerebroventricularly with different concentrations of nesfatin-1, and the control group was treated with the same amount of distilled water (5 μL/rat). The volume of gastric secretion was measured and the amount of gastric acid was determined by titration with NaOH. H+/K+-ATPase mRNA expression was detected by real-time quantitative PCR. Activity of H+/K+-ATPase was determined indirectly by measuring K+-stimulated p-nitrophenyl phosphatase (pNPPase) activity. In another group of animals, rats were divided into a vagotomy and a sham group. The treatments and measurements were the same as above.
RESULTS: Intracerebroventricular infusion of nesfatin-1 significantly reduced gastric acid output, and the maximum inhibitory effect on gastric acid output was detected at a dose of 50 pmol/rat. Furthermore, nesfatin-1 decreased H+/K+-ATPase mRNA expression and activity in gastric mucosal tissue compared to the control group. The inhibitory action of nesfatin-1 on the acid output and H+/K+-ATPase expression and activity was abolished by vagotomy.
CONCLUSION: Nesfatin-1 injected intracerebroventricularly induces a dose-dependent decrease in gastric acid secretion in rats and the vagal nerve may be involved in the process of the effect of nesfatin-1.
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Roth CL, D'Ambrosio G, Elfers C. Activation of nuclear factor kappa B pathway and reduction of hypothalamic oxytocin following hypothalamic lesions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:79-84. [PMID: 27512604 PMCID: PMC4976786 DOI: 10.15761/jsin.1000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Hypothalamic obesity (HO) occurs in patients with tumors and lesions in the medial hypothalamic region. In this study, a hyperphagic rat model of combined medial hypothalamic lesions (CMHL) was used to test which specific inflammatory molecules are involved. Methods In order to target specific homeostatic medial hypothalamic nuclei (arcuate, ventromedial, and dorsomedial nuclei), male Sprague-Dawley rats (age of 8 weeks, ~250 g body weight) received four electrolytic lesions or sham surgery. Post-surgery food intake and weight changes were tracked and hypothalamic gene expression for inflammatory molecules as well as anorexigenic peptide oxytocin 7 days and 7 months post-surgery were tested. Results Seven days post-surgery, average food intake increased by 23%, and body weight gain had increased by 68%. Toll-like 4 receptor/nuclear factor–κB (TLR4/NF–κB)—pathway was specifically activated in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), resulting in 3-fold higher tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, 10-fold higher interleukin (IL) 1-β mRNA levels, and higher expression of suppression of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 3, while oxytocin mRNA levels were significantly reduced in CMHL rats versus sham surgery rats 7 days post-surgery. At 7 months, inflammation was less stimulated in MBH of CMHL rats compared to 7 days post-surgery and SOCS 3 as well as oxytocin mRNA levels were comparable between the two groups. Conclusion Medial hypothalamic lesions are associated with strong post-surgery hyperphagia and activation of TLR4/NF–κB—pathway as well as reduced expression of oxytocin in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian L Roth
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, USA
| | - Gabrielle D'Ambrosio
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, USA
| | - Clinton Elfers
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, USA
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Shi Z, Cassaglia PA, Gotthardt LC, Brooks VL. Hypothalamic Paraventricular and Arcuate Nuclei Contribute to Elevated Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Pregnant Rats: Roles of Neuropeptide Y and α-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone. Hypertension 2015; 66:1191-8. [PMID: 26483343 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy increases sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), but the mechanisms are unknown. Here, we investigated the contributions of the hypothalamic paraventricular and arcuate nuclei in α-chloralose-anesthetized pregnant and nonpregnant rats. Baseline arterial pressure (AP) was lower, and heart rate (HR), lumbar sympathetic activity, and splanchnic SNA were higher in pregnant rats compared with nonpregnant rats. Inhibition of the paraventricular nucleus via bilateral muscimol nanoinjections decreased AP and HR more in pregnant rats than in nonpregnant rats and decreased lumbar SNA only in pregnant rats. Similarly, after arcuate muscimol nanoninjections, the decreases in AP, HR, and lumbar, renal, and splanchnic sympathetic nerve activities were greater in pregnant rats than in nonpregnant rats. Major arcuate neuronal groups that project to the paraventricular nucleus express inhibitory neuropeptide Y (NPY) and excitatory α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Inhibition of paraventricular melanocortin 3/4 receptors with SHU9119 also decreased AP, HR, and lumbar SNA in pregnant rats but not in nonpregnant rats. Conversely, paraventricular nucleus NPY expression was reduced in pregnant animals, and although blockade of paraventricular NPY Y1 receptors increased AP, HR, and lumbar sympathetic activity in nonpregnant rats, it had no effects in pregnant rats. Yet, the sympathoinhibitory, depressor, and bradycardic effects of paraventricular NPY nanoinjections were similar between groups. In conclusion, the paraventricular and arcuate nuclei contribute to increased basal SNA during pregnancy, likely due in part to decreased tonic NPY inhibition and increased tonic α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone excitation of presympathetic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Shi
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Priscila A Cassaglia
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Laura C Gotthardt
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Virginia L Brooks
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland.
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Hypothalamic Obesity in Craniopharyngioma Patients: Disturbed Energy Homeostasis Related to Extent of Hypothalamic Damage and Its Implication for Obesity Intervention. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1774-97. [PMID: 26371051 PMCID: PMC4600159 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4091774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic obesity (HO) occurs in patients with tumors and lesions in the medial hypothalamic region. Hypothalamic dysfunction can lead to hyperinsulinemia and leptin resistance. This review is focused on HO caused by craniopharyngiomas (CP), which are the most common childhood brain tumors of nonglial origin. Despite excellent overall survival rates, CP patients have substantially reduced quality of life because of significant long-term sequelae, notably severe obesity in about 50% of patients, leading to a high rate of cardiovascular mortality. Recent studies reported that both hyperphagia and decreased energy expenditure can contribute to severe obesity in HO patients. Recognized risk factors for severe obesity include large hypothalamic tumors or lesions affecting several medial and posterior hypothalamic nuclei that impact satiety signaling pathways. Structural damage in these nuclei often lead to hyperphagia, rapid weight gain, central insulin and leptin resistance, decreased sympathetic activity, low energy expenditure, and increased energy storage in adipose tissue. To date, most efforts to treat HO have shown disappointing long-term success rates. However, treatments based on the distinct pathophysiology of disturbed energy homeostasis related to CP may offer options for successful interventions in the future.
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Elabd S, Sabry I. Two Birds with One Stone: Possible Dual-Role of Oxytocin in the Treatment of Diabetes and Osteoporosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:121. [PMID: 26322016 PMCID: PMC4530313 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT), a hormone most commonly associated with labor and lactation, may have a wide variety of physiological and pathological functions, which makes OT and its receptor potential targets for drug therapy. In this review, we highlight the newly discovered metabolic role of OT in diabetes and its complication, such as diabetic osteopathy. OT may have positive metabolic effects; this is based on the change in glucose metabolism, lipid profile, and insulin sensitivity. It may modify glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity both through direct and indirect effects. It may also cause regenerative changes in diabetic pancreatic islet cells. Moreover, it has an anabolic effect on the bone biology. So, the activation of the OT receptor pathway by infusion of OT, OT analogs, or OT agonists may represent a promising approach for the treatment of diabetes and some of its complications, including diabetic osteopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seham Elabd
- Human Physiology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Seham Elabd, Department of Human Physiology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165, Horreya Avenue, Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt,
| | - Ismail Sabry
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Maejima Y, Rita RS, Santoso P, Aoyama M, Hiraoka Y, Nishimori K, Gantulga D, Shimomura K, Yada T. Nasal oxytocin administration reduces food intake without affecting locomotor activity and glycemia with c-Fos induction in limited brain areas. Neuroendocrinology 2015; 101:35-44. [PMID: 25573626 DOI: 10.1159/000371636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have considered oxytocin (Oxt) as a possible medicine to treat obesity and hyperphagia. To find the effective and safe route for Oxt treatment, we compared the effects of its nasal and intraperitoneal (IP) administration on food intake, locomotor activity, and glucose tolerance in mice. Nasal Oxt administration decreased food intake without altering locomotor activity and increased the number of c-Fos-immunoreactive (ir) neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, the area postrema (AP), and the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (DMNV) of the medulla. IP Oxt administration decreased food intake and locomotor activity and increased the number of c-Fos-ir neurons not only in the PVN, AP, and DMNV but also in the nucleus of solitary tract of the medulla and in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. In IP glucose tolerance tests, IP Oxt injection attenuated the rise of blood glucose, whereas neither nasal nor intracerebroventricular Oxt affected blood glucose. In isolated islets, Oxt administration potentiated glucose-induced insulin secretion. These results indicate that both nasal and IP Oxt injections reduce food intake to a similar extent and increase the number of c-Fos-ir neurons in common brain regions. IP Oxt administration, in addition, activates broader brain regions, reduces locomotor activity, and affects glucose tolerance possibly by promoting insulin secretion from pancreatic islets. In comparison with IP administration, the nasal route of Oxt administration could exert a similar anorexigenic effect with a lesser effect on peripheral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Maejima
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
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Veening JG, de Jong TR, Waldinger MD, Korte SM, Olivier B. The role of oxytocin in male and female reproductive behavior. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 753:209-28. [PMID: 25088178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) is a nonapeptide with an impressive variety of physiological functions. Among them, the 'prosocial' effects have been discussed in several recent reviews, but the direct effects on male and female sexual behavior did receive much less attention so far. As our contribution to honor the lifelong interest of Berend Olivier in the control mechanisms of sexual behavior, we decided to explore the role of OT in the present review. In the successive sections, some physiological mechanisms and the 'pair-bonding' effects of OT will be discussed, followed by sections about desire, female appetitive and copulatory behavior, including lordosis and orgasm. At the male side, the effects on erection and ejaculation are reviewed, followed by a section about 'premature ejaculation' and a possible role of OT in its treatment. In addition to OT, serotonin receives some attention as one of the main mechanisms controlling the effects of OT. In the succeeding sections, the importance of OT for 'the fruits of labor' is discussed, as it plays an important role in both maternal and paternal behavior. Finally, we pay attention to an intriguing brain area, the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMHvl), apparently functioning in both sexual and aggressive behavior, which are at first view completely opposite behavioral systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Veening
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Division of Pharmacology, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - T R de Jong
- Department of Behavioral and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - M D Waldinger
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Division of Pharmacology, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S M Korte
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Division of Pharmacology, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B Olivier
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Division of Pharmacology, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Brunton PJ, Russell JA, Hirst JJ. Allopregnanolone in the brain: protecting pregnancy and birth outcomes. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 113:106-36. [PMID: 24012715 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A successful pregnancy requires multiple adaptations in the mother's brain that serve to optimise foetal growth and development, protect the foetus from adverse prenatal programming and prevent premature delivery of the young. Pregnancy hormones induce, organise and maintain many of these adaptations. Steroid hormones play a critical role and of particular importance is the progesterone metabolite and neurosteroid, allopregnanolone. Allopregnanolone is produced in increasing amounts during pregnancy both in the periphery and in the maternal and foetal brain. This review critically examines a role for allopregnanolone in both the maternal and foetal brain during pregnancy and development in protecting pregnancy and birth outcomes, with particular emphasis on its role in relation to stress exposure at this time. Late pregnancy is associated with suppressed stress responses. Thus, we begin by considering what is known about the central mechanisms in the maternal brain, induced by allopregnanolone, that protect the foetus(es) from exposure to harmful levels of maternal glucocorticoids as a result of stress during pregnancy. Next we discuss the central mechanisms that prevent premature secretion of oxytocin and consider a role for allopregnanolone in minimising the risk of preterm birth. Allopregnanolone also plays a key role in the foetal brain, where it promotes development and is neuroprotective. Hence we review the evidence about disruption to neurosteroid production in pregnancy, through prenatal stress or other insults, and the immediate and long-term adverse consequences for the offspring. Finally we address whether progesterone or allopregnanolone treatment can rescue some of these deficits in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J Brunton
- Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - John A Russell
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Jonathan J Hirst
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, N.S.W., Australia
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Abstract
Obesity and its associated metabolic disorders are growing health concerns in the US and worldwide. In the US alone, more than two-thirds of the adult population is classified as either overweight or obese [1], highlighting the need to develop new, effective treatments for these conditions. Whereas the hormone oxytocin is well known for its peripheral effects on uterine contraction during parturition and milk ejection during lactation, release of oxytocin from somatodendrites and axonal terminals within the central nervous system (CNS) is implicated in both the formation of prosocial behaviors and in the control of energy balance. Recent findings demonstrate that chronic administration of oxytocin reduces food intake and body weight in diet-induced obese (DIO) and genetically obese rodents with impaired or defective leptin signaling. Importantly, chronic systemic administration of oxytocin out to 6 weeks recapitulates the effects of central administration on body weight loss in DIO rodents at doses that do not result in the development of tolerance. Furthermore, these effects are coupled with induction of Fos (a marker of neuronal activation) in hindbrain areas (e.g. dorsal vagal complex (DVC)) linked to the control of meal size and forebrain areas (e.g. hypothalamus, amygdala) linked to the regulation of food intake and body weight. This review assesses the potential central and peripheral targets by which oxytocin may inhibit body weight gain, its regulation by anorexigenic and orexigenic signals, and its potential use as a therapy that can circumvent leptin resistance and reverse the behavioral and metabolic abnormalities associated with DIO and genetically obese models.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Blevins
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Office of Research and Development Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA,
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40
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Oxytocin activates calcium signaling in rat sensory neurons through a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism. J Physiol Biochem 2013; 70:43-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0278-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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41
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Gamo Y, Bernard A, Mitchell SE, Hambly C, Al Jothery A, Vaanholt LM, Król E, Speakman JR. Limits to sustained energy intake. XVI. Body temperature and physical activity of female mice during pregnancy. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:2328-38. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.078410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Lactation is the most energy-demanding phase of mammalian reproduction, and lactation performance may be affected by events during pregnancy. For example, food intake may be limited in late pregnancy by competition for space in the abdomen between the alimentary tract and fetuses. Hence, females may need to compensate their energy budgets during pregnancy by reducing activity and lowering body temperature. We explored the relationships between energy intake, body mass, body temperature and physical activity throughout pregnancy in the MF1 mouse. Food intake and body mass of 26 females were recorded daily throughout pregnancy. Body temperature and physical activity were monitored every minute for 23 h a day by implanted transmitters. Body temperature and physical activity declined as pregnancy advanced, while energy intake and body mass increased. Compared with a pre-mating baseline period, mice increased energy intake by 56% in late pregnancy. Although body temperature declined as pregnancy progressed, this served mostly to reverse an increase between baseline and early pregnancy. Reduced physical activity may compensate the energy budget of pregnant mice but body temperature changes do not. Over the last 3 days of pregnancy, food intake declined. Individual variation in energy intake in the last phase of pregnancy was positively related to litter size at birth. As there was no association between the increase in body mass and the decline in intake, we suggest the decline was not caused by competition for abdominal space. These data suggest overall reproductive performance is probably not constrained by events during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Gamo
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Amelie Bernard
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Sharon E. Mitchell
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Catherine Hambly
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Aqeel Al Jothery
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Lobke M. Vaanholt
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Elzbieta Król
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
- Mammal Research Institute PAS, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland
| | - John R. Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen Xi Lu, Chaoyang, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
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42
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Abstract
The story of oxytocin (OXT) began long ago in evolutionary terms with its recognition as a classical neurohypophyseal hormone important for lactation and uterine contraction. With the recent discovery of its local actions in the brain, its previously-unappreciated diverse functions in regulating social behaviors and metabolic physiology are emerging. In light of metabolic control, OXT has been shown to induce feeding restriction and body weight lowering through acting on brain regulatory regions, in particular the hypothalamus. Studies from pharmacologic interventions and genetic manipulations demonstrated that OXT can play significant roles in affecting glucose metabolism as well as insulin secretion and lipolysis, many of those functions being regulated both centrally and peripherally. Also excitingly, recent therapeutic success was obtained in clinical endeavor showing that OXT nasal spray effectively induced weight loss and metabolic improvement in human patients with obesity, thus further indicating OXT as a tangible drug target for treating obesity and metabolic complications. In addition to the native form, OXT-derived analogues have been found effective in inducing body weight control and glucose balance. Altogether, all recent advances in studying OXT and metabolic regulation has promoted a promising foundation for the therapeutic strategy of developing innovative OXT peptidyl drugs for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases.
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43
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Yamashita M, Takayanagi Y, Yoshida M, Nishimori K, Kusama M, Onaka T. Involvement of prolactin-releasing peptide in the activation of oxytocin neurones in response to food intake. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:455-65. [PMID: 23363338 PMCID: PMC3664423 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Food intake activates neurones expressing prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) in the medulla oblongata and oxytocin neurones in the hypothalamus. Both PrRP and oxytocin have been shown to have an anorexic action. In the present study, we investigated whether the activation of oxytocin neurones following food intake is mediated by PrRP. We first examined the expression of PrRP receptors (also known as GPR10) in rats. Immunoreactivity of PrRP receptors was observed in oxytocin neurones and in vasopressin neurones in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus and in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Application of PrRP to isolated supraoptic nuclei facilitated the release of oxytocin and vasopressin. In mice, re-feeding increased the expression of Fos protein in oxytocin neurones of the hypothalamus and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The increased expression of Fos protein in oxytocin neurones following re-feeding or i.p. administration of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK), a peripheral satiety factor, was impaired in PrRP-deficient mice. CCK-induced oxytocin increase in plasma was also impaired in PrRP-deficient mice. Furthermore, oxytocin receptor-deficient mice showed an increased meal size, as reported in PrRP-deficient mice and in CCKA receptor-deficient mice. These findings suggest that PrRP mediates, at least in part, the activation of oxytocin neurones in response to food intake, and that the CCK-PrRP-oxytocin pathway plays an important role in the control of the termination of each meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamashita
- Division of Brain and Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke-shi, Japan
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44
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Ho JM, Blevins JE. Coming full circle: contributions of central and peripheral oxytocin actions to energy balance. Endocrinology 2013; 154:589-96. [PMID: 23270805 PMCID: PMC3548187 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide oxytocin has emerged as an important anorexigen in the regulation of energy balance. Its effects on food intake have largely been attributed to limiting meal size through interactions in key regulatory brain regions such as the hypothalamus and hindbrain. Pharmacologic and pair-feeding studies indicate that its ability to reduce body mass extends beyond that of food intake, affecting multiple factors that determine energy balance such as energy expenditure, lipolysis, and glucose regulation. Systemic administration of oxytocin recapitulates many of its effects when administered centrally, raising the questions of whether and to what extent circulating oxytocin contributes to energy regulation. Its therapeutic potential to treat metabolic conditions remains to be determined, but data from diet-induced and genetically obese rodent models as well as application of oxytocin in humans in other areas of research have revealed promising results thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Ho
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
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45
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Shimizu H, Mori M. Nesfatin-1: its role in the diagnosis and treatment of obesity and some psychiatric disorders. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 963:327-338. [PMID: 23296620 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-230-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We discovered a new anorexigenic protein, nesfatin/nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2), which includes an EF-hand, calcium-binding motif. Nesfatin/NUCB2 is converted to nesfatin-1, which may be a physiologically active form in the body. Centrally and systemically administered nesfatin-1 inhibits appetite and body weight gain in rodents. The mid-segment of nesfatin-1 appears to be important in the inhibition of food intake. Intranasal administration of the mid-segment inhibits appetite. Nesfatin-1 may also be involved in the regulation of gastrointestinal function and insulin secretion. We have summarized the recent progress in the research of nesfatin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan.
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46
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Woodside B, Budin R, Wellman MK, Abizaid A. Many mouths to feed: the control of food intake during lactation. Front Neuroendocrinol 2012; 33:301-14. [PMID: 23000403 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Providing nutrients to their developing young is perhaps the most energetically demanding task facing female mammals. In this paper we focus primarily on studies carried out in rats to describe the changes in the maternal brain that enable the dam to meet the energetic demands of her offspring. In rats, providing milk for their litter is associated with a dramatic increase in caloric intake, a reduction in energy expenditure and changes in the pattern of energy utilization as well as storage. These behavioral and physiological adaptations result, in part, from alterations in the central pathways controlling energy balance. Differences in circulating levels of metabolic hormones such as leptin, ghrelin and insulin as well as in responsiveness to these signals between lactating and nonlactating animals, contribute to the modifications in energy balance pathways seen postpartum. Suckling stimulation from the pups both directly, and through the hormonal state that it induces in the mother, plays a key role in facilitating these adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Woodside
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/Groupe de recherches en neurobiologie comportementale, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada.
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47
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Meddle SL, Ludwig M. Professor Alison J. Douglas (1961-2012). J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:975-6. [PMID: 22712788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone L Meddle
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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48
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Onaka T, Takayanagi Y, Yoshida M. Roles of oxytocin neurones in the control of stress, energy metabolism, and social behaviour. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:587-98. [PMID: 22353547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin neurones are activated by stressful stimuli, food intake and social attachment. Activation of oxytocin neurones in response to stressful stimuli or food intake is mediated, at least in part, by noradrenaline/prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) neurones in the nucleus tractus solitarius, whereas oxytocin neurones are activated after social stimuli via medial amygdala neurones. Activation of oxytocin neurones induces the release of oxytocin not only from their axon terminals, but also from their dendrites. Oxytocin acts locally where released or diffuses and acts on remote oxytocin receptors widely distributed within the brain, resulting in anxiolytic, anorexic and pro-social actions. The action sites of oxytocin appear to be multiple. Oxytocin shows anxiolytic actions, at least in part, via serotoninergic neurones in the median raphe nucleus, has anorexic actions via pro-opiomelanocortin neurones in the nucleus tractus solitarius and facilitates social recognition via the medial amygdala. Stress, obesity and social isolation are major risk factors for mortality in humans. Thus, the oxytocin-oxytocin receptor system is a therapeutic target for the promotion of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Onaka
- Division of Brain and Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Shinotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken, Japan.
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49
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Tanaka Y, Kadokawa H. Providing a diet containing only maintenance levels of energy and protein during the latter stages of pregnancy resulted in a prolonged delivery time during parturition in rats. Reprod Fertil Dev 2012; 24:317-22. [PMID: 22281077 DOI: 10.1071/rd11049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, a prolonged delivery time during parturition is dangerous for both mother and fetus, although the mechanisms that prolong delivery are unclear. To investigate whether nutrition affects delivery time, we administered two feeds containing maintenance (L-feed) or higher (H-feed) levels of energy and protein at different points during the latter half of pregnancy and compared the effects of the various treatments on delivery time in rats. After the rats had been maintained on the L-feed and then copulated on pro-oestrus (Day 0), pregnant females were randomly allocated to one of three groups: (1) the no-improvement group, which was fed L-feed throughout gestation; (2) the early group, which was fed L-feed until Day 11 of gestation and then switched to H-feed; and (3) the late group, which was fed L-feed until Day 16 of gestation and then switched to H-feed. There was no significant difference in the number of pups among the three groups. However, delivery time was significantly longer in the no-improvement group (73.7±5.2 min) than the early (46.9±5.6 min) and late (55.4±5.5 min) groups. Consuming a maintenance diet during the latter half of pregnancy resulted in a prolonged delivery time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tanaka
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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50
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Menzies JRW, Skibicka KP, Egecioglu E, Leng G, Dickson SL. Peripheral signals modifying food reward. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012:131-58. [PMID: 22249813 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-24716-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pleasure derived from eating may feel like a simple emotion, but the decision to eat, and perhaps more importantly what to eat, involves central pathways linking energy homeostasis and reward and their regulation by metabolic and endocrine factors. Evidence is mounting that modulation of the hedonic aspects of energy balance is under the control of peripheral neuropeptides conventionally associated with homeostatic appetite control. Here, we describe the significance of reward in feeding, the neural substrates underlying the reward pathway and their modification by peptides released into the circulation from peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R W Menzies
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
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