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Cheng X, Gao L, Cao X, Zhang Y, Ai Q, Weng J, Liu Y, Li J, Zhang L, Lyu B, Wu Y, Zheng M. Identification and Prioritization of Organic Pollutants in Human Milk from the Yangtze River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38913859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Pollutants in human milk are critical for evaluating maternal internal exposure and infant external exposure. However, most studies have focused on a limited range of pollutants. Here, 15 pooled samples (prepared from 467 individual samples) of human milk from three areas of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in China were analyzed by gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In total, 171 compounds of nine types were preliminarily identified. Among these, 16 compounds, including 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone and 2-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone, were detected in human milk for the first time. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis identified ten area-specific pollutants, including 2-naphthylamine, 9-fluorenone, 2-isopropylthianthrone, and benzo[a]pyrene, among pooled human milk samples from Shanghai (n = 3), Jiangsu Province (n = 6), and Zhejiang Province (n = 6). Risk index (RI) values were calculated and indicated that legacy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contributed only 20% of the total RIs for the identified PAHs and derivatives, indicating that more attention should be paid to PAHs with various functional groups. Nine priority pollutants in human milk from the YRD were identified. The most important were 4-tert-amylphenol, caffeine, and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone, which are associated with apoptosis, oxidative stress, and other health hazards. The results improve our ability to assess the health risks posed by pollutants in human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xiaoying Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiaofeng Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiyuan Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Bing Lyu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
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Kreutz A, Oyetade OB, Chang X, Hsieh JH, Behl M, Allen DG, Kleinstreuer NC, Hogberg HT. Integrated Approach for Testing and Assessment for Developmental Neurotoxicity (DNT) to Prioritize Aromatic Organophosphorus Flame Retardants. TOXICS 2024; 12:437. [PMID: 38922117 PMCID: PMC11209292 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12060437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are abundant and persistent in the environment but have limited toxicity information. Their similarity in structure to organophosphate pesticides presents great concern for developmental neurotoxicity (DNT). However, current in vivo testing is not suitable to provide DNT information on the amount of OPFRs that lack data. Over the past decade, an in vitro battery was developed to enhance DNT assessment, consisting of assays that evaluate cellular processes in neurodevelopment and function. In this study, behavioral data of small model organisms were also included. To assess if these assays provide sufficient mechanistic coverage to prioritize chemicals for further testing and/or identify hazards, an integrated approach to testing and assessment (IATA) was developed with additional information from the Integrated Chemical Environment (ICE) and the literature. Human biomonitoring and exposure data were identified and physiologically-based toxicokinetic models were applied to relate in vitro toxicity data to human exposure based on maximum plasma concentration. Eight OPFRs were evaluated, including aromatic OPFRs (triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), isopropylated phenyl phosphate (IPP), 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDP), tricresyl phosphate (TMPP), isodecyl diphenyl phosphate (IDDP), tert-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (BPDP)) and halogenated FRs ((Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP)). Two representative brominated flame retardants (BFRs) (2,2'4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)) with known DNT potential were selected for toxicity benchmarking. Data from the DNT battery indicate that the aromatic OPFRs have activity at similar concentrations as the BFRs and should therefore be evaluated further. However, these assays provide limited information on the mechanism of the compounds. By integrating information from ICE and the literature, endocrine disruption was identified as a potential mechanism. This IATA case study indicates that human exposure to some OPFRs could lead to a plasma concentration similar to those exerting in vitro activities, indicating potential concern for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kreutz
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA; (A.K.); (O.B.O.); (X.C.); (D.G.A.)
| | - Oluwakemi B. Oyetade
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA; (A.K.); (O.B.O.); (X.C.); (D.G.A.)
| | - Xiaoqing Chang
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA; (A.K.); (O.B.O.); (X.C.); (D.G.A.)
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- NIH/NIEHS/DTT/PTB, Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA;
| | - Mamta Behl
- Neurocrine Biosciences Inc., San Diego, CA 92130, USA;
| | - David G. Allen
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC 27560, USA; (A.K.); (O.B.O.); (X.C.); (D.G.A.)
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Lang Q, Sun J, Yu X, Wei S, Wei J, Zhang M, Zhao C, Zhang J, Zeng D, Huang B. Environmental exposures to organophosphorus flame retardants in early pregnancy and risks of gestational diabetes mellitus: a nested case-control study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13752. [PMID: 38877153 PMCID: PMC11178875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
OPFRs are emerging environmental pollutants with reproductive and endocrine toxicity. This study aimed to examine the association between environmental exposure to OPFRs during early pregnancy and GDM. This nested case-control study was based on a birth cohort that was constructed at a maternal and child health hospital, including 74 cases of GDM among 512 pregnant women. The OPFRs, including TBP, TBEP, TCEP, TDCPP, TMCP, TOCP, and TPHP during 10-14 weeks of pregnancy were determined using GC-MS. The association between the OPFRs and GDM was assessed using WQS and BKMR models. The levels of OPFRs were significantly elevated in GDM patients (60) compared with the controls (90). The WQS analysis showed that mixtures of the OPFRs were significantly associated with GDM (OR 1.370, 95% CI 1.036-1.810, P = 0.027), and TBP, TPHP, and TMCP were the major contributors to the mixed exposure effect. In the BKMR model, individual exposure to TBP, TPHP, and TMCP, and the interaction of TMCP with TBP and TPHP were significantly associated with GDM. Environmental exposure to OPFRs is positively associated with GDM. These findings provide evidence for the adverse effects of OPFR exposure on the health of pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lang
- Clinical Laboratory Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, 109 Ring City North Second Road, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiali Sun
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire LifeCourse Health, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Entire LifeCourse Health and Care, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, 1 Zhiyuan Road, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiangyuan Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire LifeCourse Health, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Entire LifeCourse Health and Care, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, 1 Zhiyuan Road, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, China
| | - Shudan Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire LifeCourse Health, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Entire LifeCourse Health and Care, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, 1 Zhiyuan Road, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, China
| | - Jinyan Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire LifeCourse Health, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Entire LifeCourse Health and Care, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, 1 Zhiyuan Road, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire LifeCourse Health, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Entire LifeCourse Health and Care, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, 1 Zhiyuan Road, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, China
| | - Chaochao Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire LifeCourse Health, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Entire LifeCourse Health and Care, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, 1 Zhiyuan Road, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Dingyuan Zeng
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Cohort Study in Pregnant Women With Advanced Age, Liuzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, 50 Yingshan Street, Liuzhou, 545001, Guangxi, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire LifeCourse Health, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Entire LifeCourse Health and Care, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, 1 Zhiyuan Road, Guilin, 541199, Guangxi, China.
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Li W, Chen J, Bie Q, Chen X, Huang Y, Zhang K, Qian S. Exploring organophosphate ester contamination and distribution in food: A meta-analysis. Food Chem 2024; 456:140035. [PMID: 38870824 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
This study examines the food safety risk of organophosphate esters (OPEs) by analyzing data from 23 studies with 14,915 data points. We found EDP contamination highest in cereals, dairy, and meats, and TEHP most prevalent in vegetables and fruits, with contamination levels reaching 4.54 ng/g and 1.46 ng/g, respectively. Food processing influences OPE contamination through complex and multifaceted, akin to a "double-edged sword.", as meta-analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed. Estimated Dietary Intakes (EDI) identified vegetables and cereals as primary OPE sources, contributing 33.3% and 23.8% of total intake, with EDI values of 44.74 ng/kg bw/day and 32.25 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. Current exposure levels are within U.S. EPA safety thresholds (HQ < < 1), but the heightened risk to infants and children necessitates revising safety standards and ongoing monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; Food Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610039, China; Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610039, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Junlong Chen
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; Food Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610039, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Qianqian Bie
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; Food Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610039, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Xianggui Chen
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; Food Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610039, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chengdu 610039, China.
| | - Yukun Huang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; Food Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610039, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Kaihui Zhang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; Food Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610039, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Shan Qian
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; Food Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610039, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chengdu 610039, China
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Hoang AQ, Tue NM, Goto A, Karyu R, Tuyen LH, Viet PH, Matsukami H, Suzuki G, Takahashi S, Kunisue T. Bioaccessibility of halogenated flame retardants and organophosphate esters in settled dust: Influences of specific dust matrices from informal e-waste and end-of-life vehicle processing areas in Vietnam. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:172045. [PMID: 38554968 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Bioaccessibility of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and organophosphorus esters (OPEs) is necessarily investigated to provide more accurate risk assessment and information about absorption behavior of these pollutants. In this study, total and bioaccessible concentrations of HFRs (including legacy and alternative substances) and OPEs were determined in settled dust samples collected from Vietnamese e-waste and end-of-life vehicle (ELV) processing areas. Concentrations of both HFRs and OPEs were significantly higher in the e-waste dust than ELV dust. Bioavailability of HFRs and OPEs in dust was determined by using an in vitro assay with human-simulated digestive fluids, dialysis membrane, and Tenax® TA sorptive sink. Bioaccessibility of HFRs was markedly lower than that of OPEs, which could be largely due to higher hydrophobicity of HFRs compared to OPEs. Bioaccessibility of almost hydrophobic compounds were markedly lower in the e-waste dust (containing micronized plastic debris) than in the ELV dust (containing oily materials), suggesting the influence of specific dust matrices on pollutant bioaccessibility. Although the daily uptake doses of selected HFRs and OPEs from dust were markedly higher in the e-waste sites compared to the ELV sites, the direct exposure risk was not significant. Our results suggest that bioaccessibility can partly explain the differences between dust and uptake profiles, which may relate to accumulation profiles of HFRs and OPEs in human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Quoc Hoang
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi 11000, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan; Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 11400, Viet Nam
| | - Akitoshi Goto
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Ryogo Karyu
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 11400, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Hung Viet
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi 11400, Viet Nam
| | - Hidenori Matsukami
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Go Suzuki
- Material Cycles Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
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Liu Q, Jiang M, Lu X, Hong J, Sun Y, Yang C, Chen Y, Chai X, Tang H, Liu X. Prenatal triphenyl phosphate exposure impairs placentation and induces preeclampsia-like symptoms in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 257:119159. [PMID: 38754605 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is an organophosphate flame retardant that is widely used in many commercial products. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has listed TPhP as a priority compound that requires health risk assessment. We previously found that TPhP could accumulate in the placentae of mice and impair birth outcomes by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in the placental trophoblast. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we used a mouse intrauterine exposure model and found that TPhP induced preeclampsia (PE)-like symptoms, including new on-set gestational hypertension and proteinuria. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that during placentation, PPARγ was mainly expressed in the labyrinth layer and decidua of the placenta. TPhP significantly decreased placental implantation depth and impeded uterine spiral artery remodeling by activating PPARγ. The results of the in vitro experiments confirmed that TPhP inhibited extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cell migration and invasion by activating PPARγ and inhibiting the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. Overall, our data demonstrated that TPhP could activate PPARγ in EVT cells, inhibit cell migration and invasion, impede placental implantation and uterine spiral artery remodeling, then induce PE-like symptom and impair birth outcomes. Although the exposure doses used in this study was several orders of magnitude higher than human daily intake, our study highlights the placenta as a potential target organ of TPhP worthy of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China; School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengzhu Jiang
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China; School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxun Lu
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiabin Hong
- The Third People's Hospital of Zhuhai, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanqin Sun
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Xingxing Chai
- Dongguan Key Laboratory for Development and Application of Experimental Animal Resources in Biomedical Industry, Laboratory Animal Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Huanwen Tang
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoshan Liu
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China; School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, China.
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Li XW, Qiu F, Liu Y, Yang JZ, Chen LJ, Li JH, Liu JL, Hsu C, Chen L, Zeng JH, Xie XL, Wang Q. Inulin alleviates perinatal 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP) exposure-induced intestinal toxicity by reshaping the gut microbiota and suppressing the enteric-origin LPS/TLR4/NF-κb pathway in dams and pups. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123659. [PMID: 38417603 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), such as 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP), are ubiquitously used, leading to pervasive environmental contamination and human health risks. While associations between EHDPHP and health issues such as disruption of hormones, neurotoxic effects, and toxicity to reproduction have been recognized, exposure to EHDPHP during perinatal life and its implications for the intestinal health of dams and their pups have largely been unexplored. This study investigated the intestinal toxicity of EHDPHP and the potential for which inulin was effective. Dams were administered either an EHDPHP solution or a corn oil control from gestation day 7 (GD7) to postnatal day 21 (PND21), with inulin provided in their drinking water. Our results indicate that inulin supplementation mitigates damage to the intestinal epithelium caused by EHDPHP, restores mucus-secreting cells, suppresses intestinal hyperpermeability, and abates intestinal inflammation by curtailing lipopolysaccharide leakage through reshaping of the gut microbiota. A reduction in LPS levels concurrently inhibited the inflammation-associated TLR4/NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, inulin administration may ameliorate intestinal toxicity caused by EHDPHP in dams and pups by reshaping the gut microbiota and suppressing the LPS/TLR4/NF-κB pathway. These findings underscore the efficacy of inulin as a therapeutic agent for managing health risks linked to EHDPHP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Wen Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong 528244, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Jian-Zheng Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Li-Jian Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Jia-Hao Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Jia-Li Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Clare Hsu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Long Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Jia-Hao Zeng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Xiao-Li Xie
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.
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Feng Y, Wang Z, Duan H, Shao B. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in mouse spermatocyte GC-2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 185:114506. [PMID: 38331085 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) is a frequently detected organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in various environmental media, and has been evidenced as reproductive toxicity. However, its adverse effects on spermatogenic cells are unknown. In this study, mouse spermatocyte GC-2spd (GC-2) cells were selected as an in vitro model, and the impact of mitochondrial structure and function, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, cell apoptosis and the related molecular mechanisms were investigated. Our study indicated that cell viability was decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner after TDCIPP treatment with the half lethal concentration (LC50) at 82.8 μM, 50.0 μM and 39.6 μM for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, respectively. An apoptosis was observed by Annexin V-FITC/PI stain. In addition, fragmentation of mitochondrial structure, an increase of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reduction of cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, release of cytochrome c and activation of Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 activity implicated that Caspase-3 dependent mitochondrial pathway might play a key role in the process of GC-2 cell apoptosis. Furthermore, ER stress induction was convinced by altered morphology of ER and up-regulation of ER targeting genes, including (Bip, eIF2α, ATF4, XBP1, CHOP, ATF6 and Caspase-12). Taken together, these results demonstrate that both mitochondrial apoptotic pathways and ER stress apoptotic pathways might play important roles in the process of apoptosis in GC-2 cells induced by TDCIPP treatment. Therefore, the potential reproductive toxicity of TDCIPP should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Zisong Wang
- Western Reserve Academy, 115 College Street, Hudson, OH, 44236, USA
| | - Hejun Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Bing Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100013, China.
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9
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Zhang S, Zhao M, Li S, Yang R, Yin N, Faiola F. Developmental toxicity assessment of neonicotinoids and organophosphate esters with a human embryonic stem cell- and metabolism-based fast-screening model. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 137:370-381. [PMID: 37980023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, neonicotinoids (NEOs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been widely used as substitutes for traditional pesticides and brominated flame-retardants, respectively. Previous studies have shown that those compounds can be frequently detected in environmental and human samples, are able to penetrate the placental barrier, and are toxic to animals. Thus, it is reasonable to speculate that NEOs and OPEs may have potential adverse effects in humans, especially during development. We employed a human embryonic stem cell differentiation- and liver S9 fraction metabolism-based fast screening model to assess the potential embryonic toxicity of those two types of chemicals. We show that four NEO and five OPE prototypes targeted mostly ectoderm specification, as neural ectoderm and neural crest genes were down-regulated, and surface ectoderm and placode markers up-regulated. Human liver S9 fraction's treatment could generally reduce the effects of the chemicals, except in a few specific instances, indicating the liver may detoxify NEOs and OPEs. Our findings suggest that NEOs and OPEs interfere with human early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shichang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Renjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Nuoya Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Francesco Faiola
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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10
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Ye C, Chen Z, Lin W, Dong Z, Han J, Zhang J, Ma X, Yu J, Sun X, Li Y, Zheng J. Triphenyl phosphate exposure impairs colorectal health by altering host immunity and colorectal microbiota. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140905. [PMID: 38065263 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have become one of the most common public health concerns worldwide due to the increasing incidence. Environmental factors are one of the important causes of colorectal diseases, as they can affect the intestinal barrier function, immune response and microbiota, causing intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis. Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), a widely used organophosphorus flame retardant that can leach and accumulate in various environmental media and biota, can enter the human intestine through drinking water and food. However, the effects of TPHP on colorectal health have not been well understood. In this study, we investigated the adverse influence of TPHP exposure on colorectal cells (in vitro assay) and C57BL/6 mice (in vivo assay), and further explored the potential mechanism underlying the association between TPHP and colorectal disease. We found that TPHP exposure inhibited cell viability, increased apoptosis and caused G1/S cycle arrest of colorectal cells. Moreover, TPHP exposure damaged colorectal tissue structure, changed immune-related gene expression in the colorectal transcriptome, and disrupted the composition of colorectal microbiota. Importantly, we found that TPHP exposure upregulated chemokine CXCL10, which was involved in colorectal diseases. Our study revealed that exposure to TPHP had significant impacts on colorectal health, which may possibly stem from alterations in host immunity and the structure of the colorectal microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchun Ye
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Zilu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wenhao Lin
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Zepeng Dong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Xueqian Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Junhui Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Xuejun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Jianbao Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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11
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Jin Y, Shi H, Zhao Y, Dai J, Zhang K. Organophosphate ester cresyl diphenyl phosphate disrupts lipid homeostasis in zebrafish embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123149. [PMID: 38097162 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
As a new class of organophosphate ester, cresyl diphenyl phosphate (CDP) has been widely monitored in environmental matrices and human samples, nonetheless, its toxicity is not fully understood. Here we described an in-depth analysis of the disruptions in lipid homeostasis of zebrafish following exposure to CDP concentrations ranging from 2.0 to 313.0 μg/L. Nile red staining revealed significant alterations in lipid contents in 72 hpf zebrafish embryos at CDP concentrations of 5.3 μg/L and above. Lipidomic analysis unveiled substantial disruptions in lipid homeostasis. Notably, disruptive effects were detected in various lipid classes, including phospholipids (i.e. cardiolipin, lysophosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine), glycerolipids (triglycerides), and fatty acids (fatty acids (FA) and wax esters (WE)). These alterations were further supported by transcriptional changes, with remarkable shifts observed in genes associated with lipid synthesis, transport, and metabolism, encompassing phospholipids, glycerolipids, fatty acids, and sphingolipids. Furthermore, CDP exposure elicited a significant elevation in ATP content and swimming activity in embryos, signifying perturbed energy homeostasis. Taken together, the present findings underscore the disruptive effects of CDP on lipid homeostasis, thereby providing novel insights essential for advancing the health risk assessment of organophosphate flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiheng Jin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Haochun Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yanbin Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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12
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Su Y, Luan M, Huang W, Chen H, Chen Y, Miao M. Determinants of organophosphate esters exposure in pregnant women from East China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122767. [PMID: 37863257 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been broadly used in various industrial and consumer products, resulting in global distribution and human exposure. Gestational exposure to OPEs may adversely affect the health of both pregnant women and their offspring. To better understand OPE exposure in pregnant women, our study determined eight urinary metabolites of major OPEs in pregnant women (n = 733) recruited at 12-16 weeks of gestation from Shanghai, China, and explored the determinants of OPE exposure among various sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyles, and dietary factors. Urinary metabolites of OPEs, including bis (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP), bis (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), bis (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP), dicresyl phosphate (DCP), diphenyl phosphate (DPP), dibutyl phosphate (DBP), bis (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (BEHP), and bis (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEP), exhibited a detection rate ranging from 69.30% to 99.32%. Multivariate linear regression models indicated that pregnant women who were multiparous, had a higher family income per capita, worked in white-collar jobs, and took nutritional supplements such as milk powder and fish oil tended to have higher urinary OPE metabolite concentrations. Besides, independent of sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle factors, consumption of more aquatic products, soy products, pork, and puffed food, as well as drinking of purified tap water versus tap water, were associated with increased urinary OPEs metabolite concentrations. Our study demonstrated that OPE exposure was ubiquitous in pregnant women from Shanghai, and provided new insights into the potential factors influencing OPE exposure during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqian Su
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Min Luan
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Hexia Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Maohua Miao
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200237, China
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13
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Tachachartvanich P, Rusit X, Tong J, Mann C, La Merrill MA. Perinatal triphenyl phosphate exposure induces metabolic dysfunctions through the EGFR/ERK/AKT signaling pathway: Mechanistic in vitro and in vivo studies. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115756. [PMID: 38056125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), a widely used organophosphate-flame retardant, is ubiquitously found in household environments and may adversely affect human health. Evidence indicates that TPhP exposure causes metabolic dysfunctions in vivo; however, the underlying mechanism of such adverse effects has not been comprehensively investigated. Herein, we utilized two in vitro models including mouse and human preadipocytes to delineate adipogenic mechanisms of TPhP. The results revealed that both mouse and human preadipocytes exposed to TPhP concentration-dependently accumulated more fat through a significant upregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We demonstrated that TPhP significantly promoted adipogenesis through the activation of EGFR/ERK/AKT signaling pathway as evident by a drastic reduction in adipogenesis of preadipocytes cotreated with inhibitors of EGFR and its major effectors. Furthermore, we confirmed the mechanism of TPhP-induced metabolic dysfunctions in vivo. We observed that male mice perinatally exposed to TPhP had a significant increase in adiposity, hepatic triglycerides, insulin resistance, plasma insulin levels, hypotension, and phosphorylated EGFR in gonadal fat. Interestingly, an administration of a potent and selective EGFR inhibitor significantly ameliorated the adverse metabolic effects caused by TPhP. Our findings uncovered a potential mechanism of TPhP-induced metabolic dysfunctions and provided implications on toxic metabolic effects posed by environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phum Tachachartvanich
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Xylina Rusit
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - Jason Tong
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - Chanapa Mann
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis 95616, CA, USA.
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14
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Peng C, Zhang X, Chen Y, Wang L. Toxicity assessment of organophosphate flame retardant triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) on intestines in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 268:115685. [PMID: 37976930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), one widely used organophosphate flame retardant, has attracted accumulating attention due to its high detection rate in human biological samples. Up to date, the effects of TPHP exposure on intestinal health remain unexplored. In this study, BALB/c mice were used as a model and exposed to TPHP at dose of 2, 10, or 50 mg/kg body weight for 28 days. We observed Crohn's disease-like features in ileum and ulcerative colitis disease-like features in colon, such as shorter colon length, ileum/colon structure impairment, intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis, enrichment of proinflammatory cytokines and immune cells, and disruption of tight junction. Furthermore, we found that TPHP induced production of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells, accompanied by disruption of tight junction between cells. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying TPHP-induced changes in intestines, we build the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework based on Comparative Toxicogenomics and GeneCards database. The AOP framework revealed that PI3K/AKT and FoxO signaling pathway might be associated with cellular apoptosis, an increase in ROS production, and increased inflammation response in mouse ileum and colon tissues challenged with TPHP. These results identified that TPHP induced IBD-like features and provided new perspectives for toxicity evaluation of TPHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoqi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yabing Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China.
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15
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Yan Q, Xiao Z, Zhang X, Wang G, Zhong C, Qiu D, Huang S, Zheng L, Gao Z. Association of organophosphate flame retardants with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among adults aged 40 years and older. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 268:115690. [PMID: 37976933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The longitudinal associations of urinary concentrations of diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP) with all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality in a population of adults aged 40 years and older are still unclear. A total of 3238 participants were included in this cohort study. Urinary BCEP levels were positively associated with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. Specifically, a logarithmic increase in BCEP concentration was related to a 26 % higher risk of all-cause mortality and a 32 % higher risk of cardiovascular mortality. No significant associations were observed for DPHP and BDCPP in relation to mortality. Doseresponse analysis confirmed the linear associations of BCEP with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and the nonlinear inverted U-shaped association between DPHP exposure and all-cause mortality. Notably, the economic burden associated with BCEP exposure was estimated, and it was shown that concentrations in the third tertile of BCEP exposure incurred approximately 507 billion dollars of financial burden for all-cause mortality and approximately 717 billion dollars for cardiovascular mortality. These results highlight the importance of addressing exposure to BCEP and its potential health impacts on the population. More research is warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms and develop strategies for reducing exposure to this harmful chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihao Xiao
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianli Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyu Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezhi Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Songming Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhe Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Li XW, Qiu F, Liu Y, Chen LJ, Li JH, Liu JL, Yang JZ, Hsu C, Chen L, Zeng JH, Xie XL, Wang Q. Inulin alleviates neuroinflammation and oxidative stress induced by perinatal 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP) exposure in female mice and offspring. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 264:115396. [PMID: 37625336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), including 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP), are prevalent in everyday life due to their broad usage in fields such as healthcare, electronics, industry, and sports. These compounds, added to polymers through physical mixing, can leach into the environment, posing a risk to humans through direct contact or the food chain. Despite known associations with health issues like endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity, the implications of perinatal EHDPHP exposure on both mothers and offspring are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the neuroinflammatory effects of EHDPHP and the potential mitigating role of inulin. Pregnant C57 mice were administered either a corn oil control or an EHDPHP solution (300 μg/kg bw/d) from gestation day 7 (GD7) to postnatal day 21 (PND21). Concurrently, mice were provided either regular drinking water or water supplemented with 1% inulin. We found that EHDPHP significantly increased the serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and MDA, but decreased SOD levels in both mothers and pups. These effects were reversed by inulin supplementation. RNA-sequencing revealed that EHDPHP induced inflammation and oxidative stress through the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, which was mitigated by inulin. In conclusion, inulin ameliorated EHDPHP-induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in both mothers and offspring, highlighting its potential therapeutic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Wen Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong 528244, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Li-Jian Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jia-Hao Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jia-Li Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jian-Zheng Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Clare Hsu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Long Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jia-Hao Zeng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xiao-Li Xie
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
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17
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Yang R, Zhang Y, Deng Y, Yang Y, Zhong W, Zhu L. 2-Ethylhexyl Diphenyl Phosphate Causes Obesity in Zebrafish by Stimulating Overeating via Inhibition of Dopamine Receptor D2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14162-14172. [PMID: 37704188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a popular public health problem worldwide and is mainly caused by overeating, but little is known about the impacts of synthetic chemicals on obesity. Herein, we evaluated the obesogenic effect caused by 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP) on zebrafish. Adult zebrafish were exposed to 5, 35, and 245 μg/L of EHDPHP for 21 days. Results showed that EHDPHP exposure significantly promoted the feeding behavior of zebrafish, as evidenced by shorter reaction time, increased average food intake, feeding rate, and intake frequency (p < 0.05). Transcriptomic, real-time quantitative PCR, and neurotransmitter analyses revealed that the dopamine (DA) receptor D2 (DRD2) was inhibited, which interfered with the DA neural reward regulation system, thus stimulating food addiction to zebrafish. This was further verified by the restored DRD2 after 7 days of Halo (a DRD2 agonist) treatment. A strong interaction between EHDPHP and DRD2 was identified via molecular docking. As a consequence of the abnormal feeding behavior, the exposed fish exhibited significant obesity evidenced by increased body weight, body mass index, plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, and body fat content. Additionally, the pathways linked to Parkinson's disease, alcoholism, and cocaine addiction were also disrupted, implying that EHDPHP might cause other neurological disorders via the disrupted DA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenjue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Zhang Y, Zhao B, Chen Q, Zhu F, Wang J, Fu X, Zhou T. Fate of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in the "Cambi® TH + AAD" of sludge in a WWTP in Beijing, China. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 169:363-373. [PMID: 37523947 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are emerging environmental pollutants that cause endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity. Sewage sludge is an important source of tri-OPFRs that are released into the environment. The occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk of OPFRs in the full-scale "Cambi® thermal hydrolysis (TH) + advanced anaerobic digestion (AAD) + plate-frame pressure filtration" sludge treatment process is closely related to the application of sewage sludge. We tested sludge samples from a wastewater treatment plant in Beijing, China. Nine tri-OPFRs were detected in the sludge samples collected at different treatment units during four seasons. The ΣOPFRs decreased from 1,742.65-2,579.68 ng/g to 971.48-1,702.22 ng/g. The mass flow of tri-OPFRs in treated sludge decreased by 61.4%, 48.9%, 42.4%, and 63.9% in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively, effectively reducing the corresponding ecological risk. The ecological risk of tri-OPFRs in sludge in forestland utilization mainly lies in chlorinated tri-OPFRs, especially TCPP and TCEP. No >42.20 t/hm2 of sludge could be used continuously for one year to prevent tri-OPFRs from exceeding the low ecological risk level, indicating that the current commonly applied proportion of sludge (1.6-30 t/hm2) will likely not raise the ecological risk of tri-OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Zhang
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 10872, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 10872, China
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 10872, China
| | - Fenfen Zhu
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 10872, China.
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center for Municipal Sewage Reclamation, R&D Center, Beijing Drainage Group Co. Ltd., Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xingmin Fu
- Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center for Municipal Sewage Reclamation, R&D Center, Beijing Drainage Group Co. Ltd., Beijing 100124, China
| | - Tiantian Zhou
- School of Environment & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 10872, China
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Ma X, Kuang L, Wang X, Zhang Z, Chen C, Ding P, Chi B, Xu J, Tuo X. Investigation on the interaction of aromatic organophosphate flame retardants with human serum albumin via computer simulations, multispectroscopic techniques and cytotoxicity assay. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125741. [PMID: 37423437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are newly emerging estrogenic environmental pollutants, which attracted widespread public interest owing to their potential threats to human. Here, the interaction between two typical aromatic OPFRs, TPHP/EHDPP and HSA was researched by different experiments. Experimental results indicated that TPHP/EHDPP can insert the site I of HSA and be encircled by several amino acid residues, Asp451, Glu292, Lys195, Trp214 and Arg218 played vital roles in this binding process. At 298 K, the Ka value of TPHP-HSA complex was 5.098 × 104 M-1, and the Ka value of EHDPP-HSA was 1.912 × 104 M-1. Except H-bonds and van der Waals forces, the π-electrons on the phenyl ring of aromatic-based OPFRs played a pivotal role in maintaining the stability of the complexes. The content alterations of HSA were observed in the present of TPHP/EHDPP. The IC50 values of TPHP and EHDPP were 157.9 μM and 31.14 μM to GC-2spd cells, respectively. And the existence of HSA has a regulatory effect on the reproductive toxicity of TPHP/EHDPP. In addition, the results of present work implied Ka values of OPFRs and HSA are possible to be a useful parameter for evaluating their relative toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lin Kuang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zihang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chaolan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Pei Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Baozhu Chi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Junying Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xun Tuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China.
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20
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Yang R, Yang Y, Yang L, Chen H, Zhong W, Zhu L. First insight into the sex-dependent accumulation, tissue distribution and potential toxicities of 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate and its metabolites in adult zebrafish. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131299. [PMID: 37027911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP), a primary organophosphorus flame retardant used in various industrial products, is prone to biotransformation. However, there is a knowledge gap on the sex- and tissue-specific accumulation and potential toxicities of EHDPHP (M1) and its metabolites (M2-M16). In this study, adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to EHDPHP (0, 5, 35 and 245 µg/L) for 21-day, which was followed by 7-day depuration. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of EHDPHP in female zebrafish was 26.2 ± 7.7% lower than in males due to the lower uptake rate (ku) while higher depuration rate (kd) in the females. The regular ovulation and higher metabolic efficiency promoted elimination from female zebrafish, thus leading to much less (28-44%) accumulation of ∑(M1-M16) in female zebrafish. They exhibited the highest accumulation in the liver and intestine in both sexes, which might be regulated by tissue-specific transporters and histones evidenced by molecular docking results. Intestine microbiota analysis further revealed that female zebrafish were more susceptible to EHDPHP exposure, with more significant changes in phenotype number and KEGG pathways in female than male fish. Disease prediction results suggested that EHDPHP exposure might cause cancers, cardiovascular diseases as well as endocrine disorders in both sexes. These results provide a comprehensive understanding of the sex-dependent accumulation and toxicity of EHDPHP and its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenjue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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21
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Chen FS, Chen CC, Tsai CC, Lu JH, You HL, Chen CM, Huang WT, Tsai KF, Cheng FJ, Kung CT, Li SH, Wang CC, Ou YC, Lee WC, Chang YT, Hashim F, Chao HR, Wang LJ. Urinary levels of organophosphate flame retardants metabolites in a young population from Southern Taiwan and potential health effects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1173449. [PMID: 37334296 PMCID: PMC10272846 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1173449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are widely distributed in the environment and their metabolites are observed in urine, but little is known regarding OPFRs in a broad-spectrum young population from newborns to those aged 18 years. Objectives Investigate urinary levels of OPFRs and OPFR metabolites in Taiwanese infants, young children, schoolchildren, and adolescents within the general population. Methods Different age groups of subjects (n=136) were recruited from southern Taiwan to detect 10 OPFR metabolites in urine samples. Associations between urinary OPFRs and their corresponding metabolites and potential health status were also examined. Results The mean level of urinary Σ10 OPFR in this broad-spectrum young population is 2.25 μg/L (standard deviation (SD) of 1.91 μg/L). Σ10 OPFR metabolites in urine are 3.25 ± 2.84, 3.06 ± 2.21, 1.75 ± 1.10, and 2.32 ± 2.29 μg/L in the age groups comprising of newborns, 1-5 year-olds, 6-10 year-olds, and 11-18 year-olds, respectively, and borderline significant differences were found in the different age groups (p=0.125). The OPFR metabolites of TCEP, BCEP, DPHP, TBEP, DBEP, and BDCPP predominate in urine and comprise more than 90% of the total. TBEP was highly correlated with DBEP in this population (r=0.845, p<0.001). The estimated daily intake (EDI) of Σ5OPFRs (TDCPP, TCEP, TBEP, TNBP, and TPHP) was 2,230, 461, 130, and 184 ng/kg bw/day for newborns, 1-5 yr children, 6-10 yr children, and 11-17 yr adolescents, respectively. The EDI of Σ5OPFRs for newborns was 4.83-17.2 times higher than the other age groups. Urinary OPFR metabolites are significantly correlated with birth length and chest circumference in newborns. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first investigation of urinary OPFR metabolite levels in a broad-spectrum young population. There tended to be higher exposure rates in both newborns and pre-schoolers, though little is known about their exposure levels or factors leading to exposure in the young population. Further studies should clarify the exposure levels and factor relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Shun Chen
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Early Childhood Care and Education, Cheng-Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chang Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jian-He Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Ling You
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Mei Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Fan Tsai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Jen Cheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Te Kung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Hsuan Li
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chou Wang
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Che Ou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chin Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fahimah Hashim
- Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - How-Ran Chao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
- Institute of Food Safety Management, College of Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Jen Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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22
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Zhou R, Geng J, Jiang J, Lin L, Zhang J, Yang Y, Wang W, Niu Y, Shao B. Occurrences and migration of organophosphite and organophosphate esters into food simulants from single-use food packaging in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121782. [PMID: 37164220 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used as additives in food packaging. Because these chemicals have been found in various foods, they have caused increasing concern about potential health risks through food intake. Little information is available about the migration behaviors of OPAs and OPEs from single-use food packaging into food. In the present study, four OPAs and 23 OPEs were analyzed in paper and plastic single-use food packaging (n = 312), which are widely used for take-out food in China. The total concentrations of OPAs and OPEs in the packaging samples were 1966 and 189 ng/g, respectively. Tris (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (AO168) was the dominant compound. OPAs and OPEs were present at higher concentrations in the plastic packaging than in the paper packaging. In a migration test, four OPAs and 15 OPEs were found in food simulants (4% acetic acid, 10% ethanol, and hexane). Higher levels of individual and total OPAs were found in hexane than the other food simulants, especially for AO168 migration from plastic packaging. The amounts of OPEs in the food simulants increased from the aqueous simulants (4% acetic acid and 10% ethanol) to the fatty food simulant (hexane). The migration efficiencies of the OPAs were higher than those of the OPEs. Preliminary calculations suggest that dietary exposure to OPAs and OPEs because of migration will be low for the population in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruize Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research(Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jianqiang Geng
- Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research(Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research(Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Li Lin
- Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research(Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Preventive Medical Research, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Yunjia Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Preventive Medical Research, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yumin Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Preventive Medical Research, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Bing Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Preventive Medical Research, Beijing, 100013, China.
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23
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Deng D, Wang J, Xu S, Sun Y, Shi G, Wang H, Wang X. The physiological effect of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed germination and seedling growth under the presence of copper. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27312-7. [PMID: 37147540 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27312-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the physiological and biochemical impacts of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germination and growth performance in the presence and absence of copper. The study evaluated seed germination, growth, OPFRs concentrations, chlorophyll fluorescence index (Fv/Fm and Fv/F0), and antioxidant enzyme activity. It also calculated the root accumulation of OPFRs and their root-stem translocation. At the germination stage, at a concentration of 20 μg·L-1 OPFR exposure, wheat germination vigor, root, and shoot lengths were significantly decreased compared to the control. However, the addition of a high concentration of copper (60 mg·L-1) decreased by 80%, 82%, and 87% in the seed germination vitality index and root and shoot elongation, respectively, compared to 20 μg·L-1 of OPFR treatment. At the seedling stage, a concentration of 50 μg·L-1 of OPFRs significantly decreased by 42% and 5.4% in wheat growth weight and the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) compared to the control. However, the addition of a low concentration of copper (15 mg·L-1) slightly enhanced the growth weight compared to the other two co-exposure treatments, but the results were not significant (p > 0.05). After 7 days of exposure, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (indicates lipid peroxidation) content in wheat roots significantly increased compared to the control and was higher than in leaves. MDA contents in wheat roots and shoots were decreased by 18% and 6.5% when OPFRs were combined with low Cu treatment compared with single OPFRs treatment, but SOD activity was slightly improved. These results suggest that the co-exposure of copper and OPFRs enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress tolerance. Seven OPFRs were detected in wheat roots and stems, with root concentration factors (RCFs) and translocation factors (TFs) ranging from 67 to 337 and 0.05 to 0.33, respectively, for the seven OPFRs in a single OPFR treatment. The addition of copper significantly increased OPFR accumulation in the root and aerial parts. In general, the addition of a low concentration of copper promoted wheat seedling elongation and biomass and did not significantly inhibit the germination process. OPFRs could mitigate the toxicity of low-concentration copper on wheat but had a weak detoxification effect on high-concentration copper. These results indicated that the combined toxicity of OPFRs and Cu had antagonistic effects on the early development and growth of wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengxian Deng
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Junxia Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou, 215009, China.
| | - Sijie Xu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Yueying Sun
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Guangyu Shi
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Huili Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No.99, Xuefu Road, Suzhou, 215009, China
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24
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Feng Y, Shi J, Li M, Duan H, Shao B. Evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of triphenyl phosphate on mouse spermatocytes cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 90:105607. [PMID: 37149271 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is one of the most commonly found organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in the environment and the general population. Continuous daily exposure to TPhP may adversely impact male reproductive health. However, few researches were conducted to investigate the direct effects of TPhP on the progress of sperm growth and development. In this study, mouse spermatocyte GC-2spd (GC-2) cells were selected as an in vitro model, the impact of oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, DNA damage, cell apoptosis and the related molecular mechanisms were investigated using high content screening (HCS) system. Our study indicated that cell viability was decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner after TPhP treatment with the half lethal concentration (LC50) at 105.8, 61.61 and 53.23 μM for 24, 48 and 72 h. A concentration-related apoptosis occurrence was observed in GC-2 cells after TPhP exposure for 48 h. In addition, the elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) also observed after exposing to 6, 30 and 60 μM of TPhP. Furthermore, based on the enhancement of pH2AX protein and alteration of nuclear morphology or DNA content, DNA damage might be induced by higher concentration of TPhP treatment. Simultaneously, alteration of mitochondrial structure, enhancement of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reduction of cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, altered expression of Bcl-2 family proteins, release of cytochrome c and increase of caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity demonstrated that caspase-3 dependent mitochondrial pathway might play a key role in the process of GC-2 cell apoptosis. Taken together, these results showed that TPhP was a mitochondrial toxicant and apoptotic inducer, which might trigger alike responses in human spermatogenic cells. Therefore, the potential reproductive toxicity of TPhP should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Jiachen Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Ming Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Hejun Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Bing Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China.
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25
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Zhang ZN, Yang DL, Liu H, Bi J, Bao YB, Ma JY, Zheng QX, Cui DL, Chen W, Xiang P. Effects of TCPP and TCEP exposure on human corneal epithelial cells: Oxidate damage, cell cycle arrest, and pyroptosis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138817. [PMID: 37127200 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) are the widely used organophosphorus flame retardants indoors and easily accessible to the eyes as the common adhesive components of dust and particle matter, however, hardly any evidence has demonstrated their corneal toxicity. In this study, the adverse effects of TCPP, TCEP, and TCPP + TCEP exposure on human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were investigated. The cell viability and morphology, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell cycle, and the expressions of cell cycle and pyroptosis-related genes were assessed to explain the underlying mechanisms. Compared to individual exposure, co-exposure to TCPP20+TCEP20 showed higher cytotoxicity with a sharp decrease of >30% in viability and more serious oxidative damage by increasing ROS production to 110.92% compared to the control group. Furthermore, the cell cycle arrested at the S phase (36.20%) was observed after combined treatment, evidenced by the upregulation of cyclin D1, CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, p21, and p27. Interestingly, pyroptosis-related genes GSDMD, Caspase-1, NLRP3, IL-1β, IL-18, NLRP1, and NLRC4 expressions were promoted with cell swelling and glowing morphology. Oxidative stress and cell cycle arrest probably acted as a key role in TCPP20+TCEP20-induced cytotoxicity and pyroptosis in HCECs. Our results suggested that TCPP20+TCEP20 co-exposure induced severer corneal damage, further illustrating its significance in estimating indoor health hazards to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Ning Zhang
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food SafetyAnd Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Dan-Lei Yang
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food SafetyAnd Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Hai Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Eye Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Jue Bi
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Baoshan, 678000, China
| | - Ya-Bo Bao
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food SafetyAnd Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Jiao-Yang Ma
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food SafetyAnd Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Qin-Xiang Zheng
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Dao-Lei Cui
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food SafetyAnd Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Wei Chen
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315040, China.
| | - Ping Xiang
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food SafetyAnd Human Health, Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China.
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Li Y, Wang X, Zhu Q, Xu Y, Fu Q, Wang T, Liao C, Jiang G. Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Pregnant Women: Sources, Occurrence, and Potential Risks to Pregnancy Outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7109-7128. [PMID: 37079500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are found in various environmental matrixes and human samples. Exposure to OPFRs during gestation may interfere with pregnancy, for example, inducing maternal oxidative stress and maternal hypertension during pregnancy, interfering maternal and fetal thyroid hormone secretion and fetal neurodevelopment, and causing fetal metabolic abnormalities. However, the consequences of OPFR exposure on pregnant women, impact on mother-to-child transmission of OPFRs, and harmful effects on fetal and pregnancy outcomes have not been evaluated. This review describes the exposure to OPFRs in pregnant women worldwide, based on metabolites of OPFRs (mOPs) in urine for prenatal exposure and OPFRs in breast milk for postnatal exposure. Predictors of maternal exposure to OPFRs and variability of mOPs in urine have been discussed. Mother-to-child transmission pathways of OPFRs have been scrutinized, considering the levels of OPFRs and their metabolites in amniotic fluid, placenta, deciduae, chorionic villi, and cord blood. The results showed that bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) were the two predominant mOPs in urine, with detection frequencies of >90%. The estimated daily intake (EDIM) indicates low risk when infants are exposed to OPFRs from breast milk. Furthermore, higher exposure levels of OPFRs in pregnant women may increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and influence the developmental behavior of infants. This review summarizes the knowledge gaps of OPFRs in pregnant women and highlights the crucial steps for assessing health risks in susceptible populations, such as pregnant women and fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Qiuguo Fu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thanh Wang
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, Örebro University, Örebro 701 82, Sweden
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Engelsman M, Banks APW, He C, Nilsson S, Blake D, Jayarthne A, Ishaq Z, Toms LML, Wang X. An Exploratory Analysis of Firefighter Reproduction through Survey Data and Biomonitoring. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20085472. [PMID: 37107753 PMCID: PMC10138572 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20085472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Firefighters are occupationally exposed to chemicals that may affect fertility. To investigate this effect, firefighters were recruited to contribute blood, urine, breast milk or semen samples to (1) evaluate chemical concentrations and semen parameters against fertility standards and the general population; (2) assess correlations between chemical concentrations and demographics, fire exposure and reproductive history; and (3) consider how occupational exposures may affect reproduction. A total of 774 firefighters completed the online survey, and 97 firefighters produced 125 urine samples, 113 plasma samples, 46 breast milk samples and 23 semen samples. Blood, urine and breast milk samples were analysed for chemical concentrations (semivolatile organic compounds, volatile organic compounds, metals). Semen samples were analysed for quality (volume, count, motility, morphology). Firefighter semen parameters were below WHO reference values across multiple parameters. Self-reported rates of miscarriage were higher than the general population (22% vs. 12-15%) and in line with prior firefighter studies. Estimated daily intake for infants was above reference values for multiple chemicals in breast milk. More frequent fire incident exposure (more than once per fortnight), longer duration of employment (≥15 years) or not always using a breathing apparatus demonstrated significantly higher concentrations across a range of investigated chemicals. Findings of this study warrant further research surrounding the risk occupational exposure has on reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Engelsman
- Fire and Rescue NSW, Greenacre, NSW 2190, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrew P. W. Banks
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Chang He
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Sandra Nilsson
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | | | - Ayomi Jayarthne
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Zubaria Ishaq
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Leisa-Maree L. Toms
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Xianyu Wang
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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Hu J, Zou X, Ji S, Chen Q, Wang D, Gong Z. Fluorescence turn-off sensing strategy based on Al-based MOF for selective detection of tricresyl phosphate. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1243:340809. [PMID: 36697175 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP), a notable emerging pollutant with a high bioconcentration factor and biotoxicity, is a typical representative of aryl-organophosphorus flame retardants. The electrochemical and chromatographic technologies used in conventional TCP detection have a variety of drawbacks. Hence, it is crucial to suggest an easy, accurate, and selective method for detecting TCP. In this study, we presented a brand-new method based on NH2-MIL-53(Al) nanoprobe for the direct luminescence assay of TCP. NH2-MIL-53(Al) possessed an excellent crystal structure and superior optical qualities. Notably, the introduction of TCP caused a considerable dampening of the photoluminescence signal of the nanoprobe. The fluorescence response based on static quenching was verified by fluorescence lifetime decay curves. The thermodynamic analysis further concluded that TCP and nanoprobe spontaneously produced non-fluorescent complexes due to hydrophobic interaction. The quenching efficiency (F0-F)/F0 of the nanoprobe and the TCP concentration displayed good linearity in the scope of 0.3-3.0 μM (R2 = 0.996), and the LOD was 0.058 μM under the ideal detection conditions. More significantly, the technique was effectively used to identify TCP in lake and tap water (RSD ≤5.79%), which provided a fresh perspective on how to recognize OPFRs in environmental water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China
| | - Xue Zou
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China
| | - Sihan Ji
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China
| | - Qiumeng Chen
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China
| | - Zhengjun Gong
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China; State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Spatial Information Technology of High-Speed Rail Safety, Chengdu, 611756, China.
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Zhao X, Lyu B, Zhang L, Li J, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Shi Z. Legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in animal-derived foods from China Total Diet Study (CTDS): Temporal trends, evidence of substitution, and dietary exposure assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130223. [PMID: 36367471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Based on the 6th China Total Diet Study (CTDS) conducted in 2016-2019, the occurrence of both legacy and novel brominated flame retardants (BFRs) was measured in animal-derived foods collected across China. Most BFRs could be frequently detected in food samples, indicating their ubiquity in the environment. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), a typical novel BFR, presented the highest contamination level, whereas legacy BFRs, including decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), still presented high detection frequencies and relatively abundant proportions in total BFRs. Compared with previous CTDSs conducted from 2007 to 2011, the levels and estimated dietary intakes (EDIs) of most BFRs showed a significant downtrend, which suggested that flame retardant consumption in China has transferred from legacy BFRs to novel BFRs (mainly DBDPE) and from BFRs to other kinds of flame retardants. Based on probabilistic estimation, the median EDIs of mainly used BFRs for the Chinese population ranged from 41.0 to 1.67 × 103 pg/kg bw/day, and meat consumption was the primary source in dietary BFR intake. By conducting the margin of exposure (MOE) approach or comparing with the reference dose (RfD), it can be concluded that daily dietary intakes of BFRs were still unable to cause significant health risks to the general population in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhen Zhao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Bing Lyu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Gestation and lactation triphenyl phosphate exposure disturbs offspring gut microbiota in a sex-dependent pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 172:113579. [PMID: 36563926 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is an Organophosphate flame retardant (OPFR) that has been widely used in many commercial products. Following its widely usage, its health risk has been concerned. In this study, mice were exposed to TPhP (1 mg/kg) during pregnancy and lactation (E0-PND21), the effect of TPhP on gut microbiota and its role in TPhP mediated lipid metabolism disturbance of offspring was investigated. Our results showed that TPhP disturbed the gut microbiota in dam or offspring at different extent, with male offspring experiencing major effects. Both the composition, abundance or network of gut microbiome was affected in male offspring. In male offspring, expression of genes along gut-liver axis including FXR, CYP7A1, SREBP-1c and ChREBP was significantly up-regulated, and expression of SHP, FGF15 and ASBT was significantly down-regulated. Consistent with this, lipid accumulation in the liver, and increased level of triglyceride, total cholestrol and total bile acid in the serum was observed. The changed abundance of Ruminococcaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Bacteroidaceae shows strong correlation with disturbed lipid metabolism in male offspring. Our research showed that indirect TPhP exposure during early life stage could affect the gut microbiota and gene expression along gut-liver axis in offspring at sex-dependent pathways, with males experiencing more effects.
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Yang R, Ye Y, Chen Y, Yang Y, Yang L, Yao Y, Zhong W, Zhu L. First Insight into the Formation of In Vivo Transformation Products of 2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate in Zebrafish and Prediction of Their Potential Toxicities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:451-462. [PMID: 36515636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As a frequently detected organophosphorus flame retardant in the environment, 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP) is vulnerable to biotransformation, while the transformation mechanisms and potential toxicities of its transformation products remain unclear. In the present study, in vivo transformation products of EHDPHP in exposed zebrafish for 21d were analyzed by suspect screening and identified by mass spectrometry. Fifteen metabolites were identified, including 10 phase I and 5 phase II products with monohydroxylated products being primary, among which 5-OH-EHDPHP was the most predominant. Two sulfation products and one terminal desaturation metabolite of EHDPHP were reported for the first time. A density functional calculation coupled with molecular docking disclosed that the specific conformation of EHDPHP docked in the protein pockets favored the primary formation of 5-OH-EHDPHP, which was fortified to be a more suitable biomarker of EHDPHP exposure. The in vitro tests suggested that EHDPHP transformation took place not only in liver but also in intestine, where gut microbes played an important role. Due to lack of standards, in silico toxicity prediction combined with molecular docking indicated that several metabolites potentially cause higher toxicities than EHDPHP. The results provide deep insight into the potential health risks due to specific in vivo transformation of EHDPHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yongxiu Ye
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenjue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Liu D, Qv M, Dai D, Wang X, Zhu L. Toxic responses of freshwater microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana due to exposure of flame retardants. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136808. [PMID: 36223822 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants, such as Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and tributyl phosphate (TBP), are frequently detected in surface water. However, the effects of FRs exposure on aquatic organisms especially freshwater microalgae are still unclear. In this study, the toxicities of TBBPA, TDCPP and TBP to microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana, in terms of growth inhibition, photosynthetic activity inhibition and oxidative damage, were investigated, and according ecological risks were assessed. The results showed that TBBPA, TDCPP and TBP had inhibitory effects on C. sorokiniana, with 96 h EC50 (concentration for 50% of maximal effect) values of 7.606, 41.794 and 49.996 mg/L, respectively. Fv/Fm decreased as the increase of exposure time under 15 mg/L TBBPA. Under 50 mg/L TDCPP and 80 mg/L TBP exposure, Fv/Fm decreased significantly after 24 h. However, Fv/Fm rose after 96 h, indicating that the damaged photosynthetic activity was reversible. The content of chlorophyll a decreased, as the increase of TBBPA concentration from 3 to 15 mg/L. However, chlorophyll a increased first and then decreased, as the increase of TDCPP and TBP concentrations from 0 to 50 mg/L and 0-80 mg/L, respectively. Results indicated that C. sorokiniana could use the phosphorus of TDCPP and TBP to ensure the production of chlorophyll a. The risen content of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde as well as superoxide dismutase activity indicated that exposure to FRs induced oxidative stress. Additionally, the risk quotients showed that tested FRs had ecological risks in natural waters or wastewaters. This study provides insights into the toxicological mechanisms of different FRs toward freshwater microalgae for better understanding of according environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Liu
- School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Mingxiang Qv
- School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Dian Dai
- School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China.
| | - Liandong Zhu
- School of Resources & Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass-Resources Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China.
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Zhou Y, Liao H, Yin S, Wang P, Ye X, Zhang J. Aryl-, halogenated- and alkyl- organophosphate esters induced oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in HepG2 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120559. [PMID: 36328282 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are a group of extensively used man-made chemicals with diverse substituents that are ubiquitously detected in human-related samples including serum, breastmilk, food and house dust. The understanding of their toxicological effects and potential mechanisms on hepatocytes is still limited. In this study, nine most frequently detected OPEs were selected and divided into three subgroups (aryl-, halogenated- and alkyl-OPEs) based on their substituents. The cytotoxicity, apoptosis, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation induced by OPEs were evaluated in human hepatocellular carcinomas HepG2 cells. All OPEs induced apoptosis likely through a caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway. The activities of anti-oxidative enzyme SOD and CAT exhibited sensitive responses after OPEs treatment for 6 h. The OPEs induced ROS overproduction, DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation varied among aryl-, halogenated- and alkyl-OPEs. Halogenated- and alkyl- OPEs induced overproduction of ROS and DNA damage, and elevated ER stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation are observed aryl-OPEs induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Hanyu Liao
- Department of Nutrition and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Interdisciplinary Research Academy (IRA), Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Pengqiao Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Xiaoqing Ye
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jianyun Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China.
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Zhu H, Zhang H, Lu K, Yang S, Tang X, Zhou M, Sun G, Zhang Z, Chu H. Chlorinated Organophosphate Flame Retardants Impair the Lung Function via the IL-6/JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17858-17869. [PMID: 36480654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Toxicological studies have revealed the adverse impacts of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) on the respiratory system, while there is a lack of epidemiological evidence, and information for risk assessment remains insufficient. Herein, we investigated the associations of urinary metabolites of OPFRs with the lung function in 987 adults participating in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2012. The elevation of three primary metabolites of chlorinated OPFRs [bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), and bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP)] was related to pulmonary dysfunction in a sample-weighted regression model. Each one-unit increase in the log-transformed levels of BDCIPP and BCEP was related to 91.52 and 79.34 mL reductions in the forced vital capacity (FVC). Each one-unit elevation in BCIPP was correlated with 130.86, 153.56, 302.26, and 148.24 mL reductions in forced expiratory volume 1st second (FEV1), FVC, peak expiratory flow rate (PEF), and forced expiratory flow at 25-75% of FVC (FEF25-75%), respectively. Then, an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework was constructed using the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database, the Toxicity Forecaster, and the GeneCards database. Based on the weight of the evidence, BDCIPP, BCEP, BCIPP, and their parent compounds (TDCIPP, TCEP, and TCIPP) may affect the IL-6/Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway, induce airway remodeling, and impair the lung function. Additionally, tobacco smoke exposure may modify the effects of BDCIPP on the lung function (Pint < 0.05) and affect the IL-6-mediated AOP. These results suggested that chlorinated OPFRs were associated with pulmonary dysfunction via the IL-6/JAK/STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Zhu
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Institute of Healthy Jiangsu Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center of Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huilin Zhang
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Institute of Healthy Jiangsu Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center of Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Lu
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Institute of Healthy Jiangsu Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center of Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiying Tang
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Institute of Healthy Jiangsu Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center of Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meiyu Zhou
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Institute of Healthy Jiangsu Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center of Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guanting Sun
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Institute of Healthy Jiangsu Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center of Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Institute of Healthy Jiangsu Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center of Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiyan Chu
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Institute of Healthy Jiangsu Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center of Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
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Gbadamosi MR, Abdallah MAE, Harrad S. Organophosphate esters in UK diet; exposure and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:158368. [PMID: 36116644 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Food ingestion has been established as an important human exposure route to many environmental contaminants (brominated flame retardants, dioxins, organochlorine pesticides etc). However, information regarding dietary exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the UK remains limited. This study provides the first comprehensive dataset on OPEs in the UK diet by measuring concentrations of eight OPEs in 393 food samples, divided into 15 food groups, collected from Birmingham, UK. All target OPEs were measured above the limit of quantification in at least one of the food groups analysed. Concentrations were highest (mean ∑8OPEs = 18.4 ng/g wet weight (ww)) in milk and milk products, followed by those in cereal and cereal products (mean ∑8OPEs = 15.9 ng/g ww), with concentrations lowest in chickens' eggs (mean ∑8OPEs = 1.61 ng/g ww). Interestingly, concentrations in animal-derived foods (mean ∑8OPEs = 44.2 ng/g ww) were statistically indistinguishable (p˃0.05) from plant-derived foods (mean ∑8OPEs = 36.8 ng/g ww). Estimated daily dietary intakes (EDIs) of ∑8OPEs under mean and high-end exposure scenarios for the four age groups considered were: toddlers (420 and 1547 ng/kg bw/day) ˃ children (155 and 836) ˃ elderly (74.3 and 377) ˃ adults (62.3 and 278) ng/kg bw/day, respectively. Baby food contributed 39 % of ∑8OPEs exposure for toddlers, with non-alcoholic beverages contributing 27 % of exposure for children, while cereal and cereal products (25 %) and fruits (22 %) were the main contributors for adults and the elderly. The concentrations of OPEs in UK foodstuffs were generally of the same order of magnitude as those reported for other countries and our estimates of dietary exposure were well below the corresponding health-based limit values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muideen Remilekun Gbadamosi
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Chemical Sciences, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | | | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Guo Y, Liang C, Zeng MX, Wei GL, Zeng LX, Liu LY, Zeng EY. An overview of organophosphate esters and their metabolites in humans: Analytical methods, occurrence, and biomonitoring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157669. [PMID: 35926632 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the strict regulation of brominated flame retardants, organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been extensively used as replacements. Increasing concerns on OPEs have aroused due to their extensive distribution in the environment and humans, as well as their potential toxicities. Recent studies have demonstrated that some organophosphate di-esters are even more toxic than their respective tri-esters. This review summarized the current state of knowledge on the analytical methodologies (including sample collection and preparation, instrumental analysis, and the feasibility of each potential human matrix), as well as the occurrences of OPEs and/or their metabolites (m-OPEs) in various human matrices. Organophosphate esters are readily metabolized in human thus only limited studies reported their occurrences in blood and breast milk, whereas abundant studies are available regarding the occurrences of m-OPEs rather than OPEs in urine. Since none of the matrix is suitable all the time, appropriate matrix should be selected depending on the aims of biomonitoring studies, e.g., high throughput screening or body burden estimation. Biomonitoring with non-invasive matrices such as hair and/or nail is useful to screen specific populations that might be under high exposure risks while urine is more suitable to provide valuable information on body burden. In terms of urinary monitoring, specific biomarkers have been identified for some OPE compounds, including tri(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, tri(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and tri(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate. Further studies are required to identify suitable urinary biomarkers for other OPE compounds, especially the emerging ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chan Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Meng-Xiao Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Gao-Ling Wei
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Managements, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Li-Xi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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Petromelidou S, Margaritis D, Nannou C, Keramydas C, Lambropoulou DA. HRMS screening of organophosphate flame retardants and poly-/perfluorinated substances in dust from cars and trucks: Occurrence and human exposure implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157696. [PMID: 35908702 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Time spent within vehicles' cabin has been largely increased during the last years. As a result, the assessment of indoor dust quality is meaningful since dust can be a source of numerous emerging contaminants associated with adverse effects in human health. To this end, fourteen cars and ten trucks from the city of Thessaloniki, Northern Greece were selected to assess the quality of vehicles' microenvironments. An HRMS-based strategy was deployed for the target and non-target analysis of the collected samples. The target approach aimed at the accurate mass screening of nine organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and nine per-/polyfluorinated compounds (PFAS), revealing mean concentrations for the OPFRs varied from <MQL-3409 ng/g for tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCP), while the PFASs were either not detected (<MDL) or detected below the quantification limit (<MQL). To exploit the advanced technology of HRMS, a non-target analysis (NTA) workflow was also designed and employed, allowing the identification of 17 non-targets (plasticizers, PPCPs, pesticides and industrial chemicals) at identification confidence levels from 3 to 1. The statistical analysis between the positive findings and vehicles' conditions evidenced a possible of association just for individual cases. Lastly, a preliminary evaluation of human exposure to the target analytes was applied with the view to assess the potential harmful effects. All values were < 1 indicating no special effects because of exposure to this concentration level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Petromelidou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece
| | - Dimitris Margaritis
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH)/Hellenic Institute of Transport (HIT), 6th km, Charilaou - Thermi Road, GR 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Nannou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece
| | - Christos Keramydas
- Department of Supply Chain Management, School of Economics and Business Administration, International Hellenic University, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra A Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece.
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Organophosphorus Flame Retardant TCPP Induces Cellular Senescence in Normal Human Skin Keratinocytes: Implication for Skin Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214306. [PMID: 36430782 PMCID: PMC9698913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) is one of the most frequently detected organophosphorus flames in the environment. Continuous daily exposure to TCPP may harm human skin. However, little is known about the adverse effects of TCPP on human skin. In this study, we first evaluated the detrimental effects and tried to uncover the underlying mechanisms of TCPP on human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT) after 24 h exposure. We found that TCPP caused a concentration-dependent decrease in HaCaT cell viability after exposure to 1.56-400 μg/mL for 24 h, with an IC50 of 275 μg/mL. TCPP also promoted the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and triggered DNA damage, evidenced by an increase of phosphorylated histone H2A.X (γH2A.X) in the nucleus. Furthermore, the cell cycle was arrested at the G1 phase at 100 μg/mL by upregulation of the mRNA expression of p53 and p21 and downregulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4 expression. Additionally, both the senescence-associated-β-galactosidase activity and related proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β and IL-6 were elevated, indicating that TCPP exposure caused cellular senescence may be through the p53-dependent DNA damage signal pathway in HaCaT cells. Taken together, our data suggest that flame-retardant exposure may be a key precipitating factor for human skin aging.
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Yan M, Zhu H, Shi Y, Xu K, Chen S, Zou Q, Sun H, Kannan K. Profiling of multiple classes of flame retardants in house dust in China: Pattern analysis and human exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:120012. [PMID: 36007786 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Legacy [e.g., brominated- (BFRs)] and alternative [e.g., organophosphate- (OPFRs) and nitrogenous- (NFRs)] flame retardants have a propensity to migrate out of consumer products, and thus are dispersed in indoor microenvironments. In this study, simultaneous presence of 11 BFRs, 18 OPFRs and 11 NFRs were measured in house dust collected from Tianjin, China. OPFRs were found at the highest concentrations, with a median value of 3200 ng/g, followed by NFRs (2600) and BFRs (1600). Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (median: 1800 ng/g), melamine (1100), and BDE-209 (870) were the top three most abundant chemicals in the respective groups. Location-specific patterns of flame retardant concentrations were found with 30%, 20% and 10% of samples were predominated by OPFRs, NFRs and BFRs, respectively, and the remaining samples contained by two or more of the chemical groups occurring concurrently. Network and cluster analysis results indicated the existence of multiple sources of flame retardants in the indoor microenvironment. Estimated human daily intakes via indoor dust ingestion were approximately several tens of ng/kg bw/day and were below their respective reference dose values. Our results indicate widespread occurrence of multiple flame retardant families in indoor dust and suggest need for continued monitoring and efforts to reduce exposures through dust ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Yumeng Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ke Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Shucong Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qiang Zou
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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Zhang R, Li N, Li J, Zhao C, Luo Y, Wang Y, Jiang G. Percutaneous absorption and exposure risk assessment of organophosphate esters in children's toys. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 440:129728. [PMID: 35969952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The percutaneous penetration and exposure risk of organophosphate esters (OPEs) from children's toys remains largely unknown. Percutaneous penetration of OPEs was evaluated by EPISkin™ model. Chlorinated OPEs (Cl-OPEs) and alkyl OPEs, except tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, exhibited a fast absorption rate and good dermal penetration ability with cumulative absorptions of 57.6-127 % of dosed OPEs. Cumulative absorptions of OPEs through skin cells were inversely associated with their molecular weight and log octanol-water partition coefficient. Additionally, a quantitative structure-activity relationship model indicated that topological charge and steric features of OPEs were closely related to the transdermal permeability of these chemicals. With the clarification of the factors affecting the transdermal penetration of OPEs, the level and exposure risk of OPEs in actual toys were studied. The summation of 18 OPE concentrations in 199 toy samples collected from China ranged from 6.82 to 228,254 ng/g, of which Cl-OPEs presented the highest concentration. Concentrations of OPEs in toys exhibited clear type differences. Daily exposure to OPEs via dermal, hand-to-mouth contact, and mouthing was evaluated, and dermal contact was a significant route for children's exposure to OPEs. Hazard quotients for noncarcinogenic risk assessment were below 1, indicating that the health risk of OPEs via toys was relatively low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Zhang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ningqi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Juan Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yadan Luo
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Zhang M, Chen J, Li Y, Li G, Zhang Z. Sub-chronic ecotoxicity of triphenyl phosphate to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) in artificial soil: Oxidative stress and DNA damage. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113796. [PMID: 35751932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As a flame retardant, triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is commonly added to various daily products. Due to its easy diffusion, TPHP pollution has become a global concern. Despite the wide focus on environmental risk, the sub-chronic ecotoxicity of TPHP in soil organisms remains unclear. In this study, the artificial soil exposure method was used to analyze the oxidative stress and DNA damage in earthworms with 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg/kg TPHP treatments through the response of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, malondialdehyde (MDA) and olive tail moment (OTM) at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Throughout the experimental period, the results showed that the ROS content in earthworms treated with 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg/kg TPHP treatments increased by 9.43-18.37 %, 6.07-25.73 %, 7.71-42.61 % and 8.22-46.70 %, respectively, compared to the control treatment. Meanwhile, the activities of antioxidant and detoxification enzymes in earthworms with all TPHP treatments were significantly activated after exposure for 7 and 14 days, and then inhibited at 21 and 28 days. Despite the protection of antioxidant enzymes and detoxification enzymes, MDA content in earthworms with the 20 mg/kg treatment still significantly increased at 7 and 14 days of exposure, as well as in the other three treatments. Compared to the control treatment, the obviously higher OTM values in earthworms with TPHP treatments possibly indicated a genotoxicity of TPHP in earthworms. Furthermore, the integrated biomarker response index (IBRv2) revealed that earthworms showed an obvious biochemical response TPHP-contaminated soil, which was strongly correlated with TPHP concentrations and exposure time. This study provides insights into the TPHP hazard in the soil environment and offers a reference to assess its environmental risk to soil ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer, Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities in Shandong Province Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Jianing Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer, Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities in Shandong Province Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yanqiang Li
- College of Resources and Environment, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer, Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities in Shandong Province Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Guangde Li
- College of Resources and Environment, National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer, Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities in Shandong Province Agricultural Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Zhongwen Zhang
- Weifang Environmental Science Research & Design Institute, Weifang, Shandong 26104, China
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Pan HY, Cheng FJ, Huang KC, Kung CT, Huang WT, You HL, Li SH, Wang CC, Lee WC, Hsu PC. Exposure to tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate induces abnormal sperm morphology and testicular histopathology in male rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113718. [PMID: 35660377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) is one of the most abundant organophosphate flame retardants in the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of TBEP exposure during adolescence on male reproductive function in adult rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 20 and 200 mg/kg body weight of TBEP or corn oil from postnatal day (PND) 42 to PND 105. A significant increase in the proportion of sperm with abnormal morphology (flattened head and bent tail) and superoxide anion (O2-.) production in the sperm of the 200 mg/kg treated group was observed (p < 0.05). Excessive production of sperm hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was found in both the 20 and 200 mg/kg treatment groups (p < 0.05). Disruption of testicular structure was observed in the 20 and 200 mg/kg treated groups and seminiferous tubule degeneration was observed in the 200 mg/kg treated group. Our study demonstrated the adverse effects of TBEP on male reproductive function in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Yung Pan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan; Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Jen Cheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chen Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Te Kung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Ling You
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Hsuan Li
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chou Wang
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chin Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chi Hsu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan.
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Li J, Li Q, Li J, Zhang Y. Simultaneous determination of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances and organophosphorus flame retardants in serum by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9312. [PMID: 35411655 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are two types of emerging organic pollutants with potential human health hazards. Here, a rapid and sensitive method was developed for the determination of sixteen PFASs and seven OPFRs in human serum by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS). METHODS After optimizing the chromatographic and mass spectrometric conditions, respectively, 100 μL of serum sample was liquid-liquid extracted using 8 mL of methyl tert-butyl ether. The 23 targets were quantified within 8 min. All targets were quantified by the isotope-internal standard method in both negative- and positive-ion mode by UPLC/MS/MS. RESULTS The method was validated in terms of sensitivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy. The limit of detection ranged between 0.004 and 0.650 ng/mL. Recoveries ranged from70.0% to 118.9% with a relative standard deviation lower than 20%. The developed method was successfully applied to analyze targeted analytes in human serum samples. A total of 13 of 23 analytes were detected in over 50% of samples. CONCLUSIONS A sensitive and rapid method was developed to quantify sixteen PFASs and seven OPFRs in serum. Sensitivity, linearity, recovery, and precision were validated and found to be satisfactory. This method can be a valuable tool for evaluation of exposure to both PFASs and OPFRs with high separation efficiency and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Li
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Physical and Chemical Detection, Shanghai Putuo District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiufeng Li
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Chen N, Fan S, Zhang N, Zhao Y, Yao S, Chen X, Liu X, Shi Z. Organophosphate esters and their diester metabolites in infant formulas and baby supplementary foods collected in Beijing, China: Occurrence and the implications for infant exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154272. [PMID: 35247416 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been extensively used as flame retardants and/or plasticizers and they found to be ubiquitous in various environmental matrices along with the gradual phase-out of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Moreover, their main metabolites, organophosphate di-esters (di-OPEs), were also frequently detected. However, few studies focused on the occurrence of OPEs and di-OPEs in foods. In this study, fourteen OPEs and five di-OPEs were measured in infant formula and baby supplementary food (BSF) collected in Beijing, China. Most OPEs and di-OPEs presented high detection frequencies, which indicated their ubiquity in baby foods. The concentrations of ∑14OPEs in the 75 infant formula samples ranged from 0.79 to 159 ng/g, with a median of 23.2 ng/g, and in which triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) was the most abundant compound. The concentrations of ∑14OPEs in the 32 BSF samples were 4.42-115 ng/g (median: 19.5 ng/g), and tri(3-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was predominant. Moreover, no significant difference was observed between OPE levels in infant formula and BSF. The median concentrations of Σ5di-OPEs in infant formula and BSF were 3.39 and 5.43 ng/g, respectively. However, no significantly correlation was observed between concentrations of di-OPEs and their parent compounds, which indicated they have different sources. The median estimated dietary intakes (EDIs) of the ∑14OPEs were from 165 to 383 ng/kg bodyweight (bw)/day for infants via infant formula feeding, and were from 429 to 470 ng/kg bw/day via BSF feeding. A comparison to corresponding reference dose (RfD) suggested that dietary intakes of OPEs to Beijing infants via formula/BSF consumption were still unable to cause significant health concerns. However, EDIs of OPEs for infants were found to be significantly higher than that for Chinese adults, and dietary intake might be the predominant OPE intake pathway for infants. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate OPEs and their metabolites in baby foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chen
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Sai Fan
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Shunying Yao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xuelei Chen
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China.
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Zhang W, Giesy JP, Wang P. Organophosphate esters in agro-foods: Occurrence, sources and emerging challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154271. [PMID: 35245542 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Safety and sustainable agro-food production is important for food and nutrition security. Agro-foods safety is challenged by various emerging environmental contaminants. Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been reported to occur in various agro-food items worldwide, which has resulted in increasing concerns for effects on health of humans and wildlife, including through agriculture. However, information on presence, sources and transfer routes of OPEs in agro-foods, and consequent health risks remains scant. This review critically evaluates available information on concentrations of OPEs in various agro-foods, and discusses potential sources of OPEs in agro-foods, which are closely related to the ambient agri-environment, agricultural inputs, and agro-foods processing. Some directions for future research are suggested. First, since food is an important exposure pathway to OPEs, systematic monitoring of concentrations of OPEs in various categories of agro-foods is recommended. Second, surveillance of concentrations and characteristics of OPEs in agro-foods and ambient agri-environments, agricultural inputs or processing in the agro-food chain is needed to obtain a more complete description of exposure and transmission behavior of OPEs in agro-foods. Third, future comprehensive studies of transmission, metabolism and accumulation of OPEs in animals or plants, are required. Finally, measures to control emissions of OPEs as sources to agriculture should be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5B3, Canada; Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7266, United States; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, PR China
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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Computational Insight into Biotransformation Profiles of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants to Their Diester Metabolites by Cytochrome P450. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092799. [PMID: 35566150 PMCID: PMC9102461 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotransformation of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) has a potential correlation with their toxicological effects on humans. In this work, we employed five typical OPFRs including tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), triethyl phosphate (TEP), and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP), and performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations to clarify the CYP-catalyzed biotransformation of five OPFRs to their diester metabolites. The DFT results show that the reaction mechanism consists of Cα-hydroxylation and O-dealkylation steps, and the biotransformation activities of five OPFRs may follow the order of TCEP ≈ TEP ≈ EHDPHP > TCIPP > TDCIPP. We further performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to unravel the binding interactions of five OPFRs in the CYP3A4 isoform. Binding mode analyses demonstrate that CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of TDCIPP, TCIPP, TCEP, and TEP can produce the diester metabolites, while EHDPHP metabolism may generate para-hydroxyEHDPHP as the primary metabolite. Moreover, the EHDPHP and TDCIPP have higher binding potential to CYP3A4 than TCIPP, TCEP, and TEP. This work reports the biotransformation profiles and binding features of five OPFRs in CYP, which can provide meaningful clues for the further studies of the metabolic fates of OPFRs and toxicological effects associated with the relevant metabolites.
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Chen M, Koekkoek J, Lamoree M. Organophosphate ester metabolites in human breast milk determined by online solid phase extraction coupled to high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 159:107049. [PMID: 34952374 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of metabolites of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in human breast milk is essential to evaluate OPE and OPE metabolite exposure of newborns. In the current study, an analytical method which only needs a small amount of breast milk (100 μl) was developed and validated for six diester metabolites and three hydroxylated metabolites applying salt-induced liquid-liquid extraction (SI-LLE) and dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) for sample preparation and online solid phase extraction coupled to high pressure chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (online-SPE-HPLC-MS/MS) for quantitative measurement. The final method consisted of an extraction with formic acid (FA)/acetonitrile (1:200, v/v) and a cleanup with C18 d-SPE. The final extracts were trapped on a C18 cartridge with application of a wash step of 2 ml 0.1% FA milli-Q/methanol (98:2, v/v). Method detection limits (MDLs) ranging from 21.7 ng/l for BBOEHEP to 500 ng/l for BCIPP and average recoveries ranging from 58% for 5-OH-EHDPHP to 120% for BCIPP were achieved. Thirty-three breast milk samples from the LINC (Linking EDCs in maternal Nutrition to Child health) cohort collected in three distinct areas in The Netherlands were analyzed using the validated method. BCEP, BCIPP, BCIPHPP, BDCIPP, and 5-OH-EHDPHP were not detected in any of the samples, while BBOEP was the most frequently detected metabolite with a concentration range of <MDL to l.47 ng/ml, followed by DPhP and BBOEHEP, detected in ranges of <MDL to 0.09 and <MDL to 0.027 ng/ml. The results indicated that OPEs entering the human body are only to a limited extent excreted via breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqin Chen
- Department of Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jacco Koekkoek
- Department of Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marja Lamoree
- Department of Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Han J, Tian J, Feng J, Guo W, Dong S, Yan X, Su X, Sun J. Spatiotemporal distribution and mass loading of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in the Yellow River of China (Henan segment). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118000. [PMID: 34482244 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During three sampling periods in 2014, systematic investigations were conducted into contamination profiles of ten organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in both suspended particulate phase and water phase in the Yellow River (Henan Area). This research shows that OPFRs exist at lower concentrations in the suspended phase than in the water phase. The median concentration of 10 OPFRs (∑10OPFRs) in the suspended particulate phase was 62.5 ng/g (fluctuating from ND to 6.17 × 103 ng/g, dw), while their median concentration in the water phase was 109 ng/L (fluctuating from 35.6 to 469 ng/L). Among the selected 10 OPFRs, triethylphosphate (TEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were the predominant compounds in the water phase (occupying 91.6% of the ∑10OPFRs), while TCPP, TCEP, and tri-o-tolyl phosphate (o-TCP) were the most common in the suspended particulate phase, accounting for 90.1% of the ∑10OPFRs. Across the three sampling periods, there was no significant seasonable variation for OPFRs either in the water phase or in the suspended particulate phase, except for TCEP and TCPP in the water phase. Compared with research findings relating to concentrations of OPFRs around China and abroad, the OPFRs of the Yellow River (Henan Area) in the water phase were at a moderate level. Suspended particles (SS) had a very important impact on the transportation of OPFRs in the studied area, with about 83.9% of ∑10OPFRs inflow attributed to SS inflow and about 81.7% of ∑10OPFRs outflow attributed to SS outflow. The total annual inflow and outflow of OPFRs were 7.72 × 104 kg and 6.62 × 104 kg in the studied area, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, PR China
| | - Jian Tian
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, PR China
| | - Jinglan Feng
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, PR China.
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, 453003, PR China
| | - Shuying Dong
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, PR China
| | - Xu Yan
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, PR China
| | - Xianfa Su
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, PR China
| | - Jianhui Sun
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, PR China
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Zhao X, Shi Z. Legacy brominated flame retardants in human milk from the general population in Beijing, China: Biomonitoring, temporal trends from 2011 to 2018, and nursing infant's exposure assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131533. [PMID: 34273701 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Three kinds of legacy brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including eight polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and three hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) isomers, were analyzed in 105 human milk samples collected in 2018 from Beijing, China. The tested BFRs all showed high detection frequencies, and HBCDD was the most abundant BFR, with a median level of 7.64 × 103 pg/g lipid, followed by BDE-153 (389 pg/g lipid), BDE-209 (283 pg/g lipid), and TBBPA (271 pg/g lipid). By comparing the results of the present study with those of our previous Beijing human milk surveys conducted in 2014 and 2011, the contamination of TBBPA and HBCDD increased steadily from 2011 to 2018, whereas that of PBDEs decreased sharply during this period. Our results suggested that the production and consumption of BFRs in China have shifted from PBDEs to other FRs. Education level and the consumption of animal-derived foods such as eggs and meat were identified as major influencing factors for some BFRs. For nursing infants, the median levels of lower bound BFR daily intake via human milk ingestion ranged from 4.62 × 10-2 ng/kg bw/day for BDE-154 to 30.6 ng/kg bw/day for HBCDD. The daily intake of most BFRs by breastfeeding is unlikely to pose significant health risks for Beijing nursing infants. However, the minimum margin of exposure (MOE) of HBCDD was below its threshold value, which indicated that its daily intake might raise health concerns for some breastfed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhen Zhao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Chen X, Fan S, Lyu B, Zhang L, Yao S, Liu J, Shi Z, Wu Y. Occurrence and Dietary Intake of Organophosphate Esters via Animal-Origin Food Consumption in China: Results of a Chinese Total Diet Study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13964-13973. [PMID: 34751562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although diet is regarded as a major exposure source of organophosphate esters (OPEs), the dietary survey of OPEs in China has been limited. Based on the sixth Chinese Total Diet Study (TDS) conducted during 2016-2019 in 24 of 34 provinces in China, 14 OPEs were detected in 96 food composites from four animal-origin food categories. Twelve OPEs were detected in more than 80% of the samples and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) presented the highest median concentration (1.63 ng/g wet weight (ww)). The most contaminated food composite was meat, with a median ∑14OPEs of 13.6 ng/g ww, followed by aquatic food (11.5 ng/g ww), egg (7.63 ng/g ww), and milk (3.51 ng/g ww). The contribution of the meat group was close to or even greater than 50% in the estimated dietary intake (EDI) of OPEs. The average (range) EDI of the ∑14OPEs via animal food consumption for a Chinese "standard man" was 34.4 (6.18-73.3) ng/kg bodyweight (bw)/day. The geographical distribution showed higher EDI in southern coastal provinces compared to the northern inland provinces. Nevertheless, the highest EDI of ∑14OPEs from animal food was still more than 10 times lower than the reference dose. This is the first national survey of OPEs in foods from China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelei Chen
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Sai Fan
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Bing Lyu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Shunying Yao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
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