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Yadav B, Kaur S, Yadav A, Verma H, Kar S, Sahu BK, Pati KR, Sarkar B, Dhiman M, Mantha AK. Implications of organophosphate pesticides on brain cells and their contribution toward progression of Alzheimer's disease. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23660. [PMID: 38356323 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The most widespread neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is marked by severe behavioral abnormalities, cognitive and functional impairments. It is inextricably linked with the deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and tau protein in the brain. Loss of white matter, neurons, synapses, and reactive microgliosis are also frequently observed in patients of AD. Although the causative mechanisms behind the neuropathological alterations in AD are not fully understood, they are likely influenced by hereditary and environmental factors. The etiology and pathogenesis of AD are significantly influenced by the cells of the central nervous system, namely, glial cells and neurons, which are directly engaged in the transmission of electrical signals and the processing of information. Emerging evidence suggests that exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) can trigger inflammatory responses in glial cells, leading to various cascades of events that contribute to neuroinflammation, neuronal damage, and ultimately, AD pathogenesis. Furthermore, there are striking similarities between the biomarkers associated with AD and OPPs, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, dysregulation of microRNA, and accumulation of toxic protein aggregates, such as amyloid β. These shared markers suggest a potential mechanistic link between OPP exposure and AD pathology. In this review, we attempt to address the role of OPPs on altered cell physiology of the brain cells leading to neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress linked with AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Sharanjot Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anuradha Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Harkomal Verma
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Swastitapa Kar
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Binit Kumar Sahu
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Kumari Riya Pati
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Bibekanada Sarkar
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anil Kumar Mantha
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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Rani M, Yadav J, Shanker U, Wang C. Recent updates on remediation approaches of environmentally occurring pollutants using visible light-active nano-photocatalysts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:22258-22283. [PMID: 38418782 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32455-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalysis emerges as a potential remedy for the issue of an unreliable light source. Recognized as the most dependable and potent energy source sustaining life on Earth, sunlight offers a promising solution. Sunlight is abundant and free, operational costs associated with running photocatalytic system using nanoparticles are often lower compared to system relying on artificial light source. The escalating problem of water pollution, particularly in highly industrialized nations, necessitates effective wastewater treatment methods. These methods aim to combat elevated pollution levels, encompassing pharmaceuticals, dyes, flame retardants, and pesticide components. Advanced oxidation processes within photocatalytic wastewater treatment exhibit substantial promise for removing complex organic pollutants. Doped nanomaterials, with their enhanced properties, enable efficient utilization of light. Coupled nanomaterials present significant potential in addressing both water and energy challenges by proficiently eliminating persistent pollutants from environment. Photocatalysis when exposed to sunlight can absorb photons and generate e- h + pairs. This discussion briefly outlines the wastewater treatment facilitated by interconnected nanomaterials, emphasizing their role in water-energy nexus. In exploring the capabilities of components within a functional photocatalyst, a comprehensive analysis of both simple photocatalysts and integrated photocatalytic systems is undertaken. Review aims to provide detailed explanation of the impact of light source on photon generation and significance of solar light on reaction kinetics, considering various parameters such as catalyst dosage, pH, temperature, and types of oxidants. By shedding light on these aspects, this review seeks to enhance our understanding of intricate processes involved in photocatalysis and its potential applications in addressing contemporary environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manviri Rani
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302017, India
| | - Jyoti Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302017, India
| | - Uma Shanker
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India, 144027.
| | - Chongqing Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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Hamed MA, Akhigbe TM, Adeogun AE, Adesoye OB, Akhigbe RE. Impact of organophosphate pesticides exposure on human semen parameters and testosterone: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1227836. [PMID: 37964951 PMCID: PMC10641273 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1227836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Organophosphate (OP) pesticides have been associated with a decline in semen quality, although there are still considerable arguments about the magnitude of the association. Objective This study provides a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impacts of OP pesticides on semen quality and male reproductive hormones. Methods This study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocols. Strategic search was conducted using combined text words as search terms. The eligibility criteria were developed based on Population, Exposure, Comparator, Outcome, and Study designs (PECOS) framework. Relevant data were extracted, risk of bias was evaluated by The Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) tool, and certainty of evidence was assessed by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Working Group guidelines. Quantitative meta-analysis was performed by using Review Manager. Results A total of 766 male subjects (349 exposed to OP pesticides and 417 unexposed controls) were included in the meta-analysis. There was no significant difference in the ejaculate volume, seminal fluid volume, sperm multiple anomaly index, sperm, and leukocytes levels of the OP-exposed subjects compared to the control. In addition, OP pesticides exposure did not significantly affect serum concentrations of FSH, LH, and testosterone in subjects who were exposed to OP pesticides compared to their unexposed counterparts. However, we found a significant reduction in the sperm count, sperm concentration, progressive sperm motility, total sperm motility, and normal sperm morphology of OP pesticides-exposed subjects compared to the unexposed subjects. However, after subtype and sensitivity analyses, exposure to OP pesticides did not reduce sperm count. Also, after sensitivity analysis, OP pesticides exposure did not alter progressive sperm motility. Conclusion This study demonstrates that OP pesticides exposure reduced sperm count, concentration, total and progressive motility, and normal sperm morphology, possibly via a testosterone-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses A. Hamed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
- The Brainwill Laboratory, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Tunmise M. Akhigbe
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Agronomy, Osun State Univeristy, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Adetomiwa E. Adeogun
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwatosin B. Adesoye
- SickleLive Foundationo, Osogb, Nigeria
- SickleLive Foundation Research Laboratory, Osogbo, Nigeria
- State Specialist Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Roland E. Akhigbe
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Ivanović SR, Borozan N, Miladinović DĆ, Živković I, Borozan S. The relationship between the cholinergic mechanism of toxicity and oxidative stress in rats during subacute diazinon poisoning. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 473:116598. [PMID: 37331382 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Diazinon is an organophosphate pesticide (OP) that has significant potential for accidental and intentional poisoning of wildlife, domestic animals and humans. The aim of the study is to investigate the correlation between cholinesterase activity and oxidative stress parameters in liver and diaphragm by continuous monitoring as a function of time during prolonged use of diazinon. Wistar rats were treated orally with diazinon (55 mg/kg/day): 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. At the end of each period, blood, liver and diaphragm were collected to examine cholinesterase activity and enzymatic/non-enzymatic oxidative stress parameters: superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), catalase (CAT), thiobarbituric acid substances (TBARS), protein carbonyl groups. In all four time periods, there was a significant change in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in erythrocytes and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in blood plasma, CAT in liver and diaphragm and SOD1 in diaphragm. Parameters significantly altered during the cholinergic crisis included: cholinesterases and TBARS in liver and diaphragm and partially SOD1 in liver. Protein carbonyl groups in liver and diaphragm were significantly altered outside the cholinergic crisis. In the liver, there was a very strong negative correlation between BuChE and TBARS in all four time periods and BuChE and CAT on day 7. In the diaphragm, a very strong negative correlation was found between AChE and TBARS at days 7 and 14, and a very strong positive correlation between AChE and SOD1 at days 14, 21 and 28. A better understanding of the relationship between cholinergic overstimulation and oxidative stress may help to better assess health status in prolonged OPs intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša R Ivanović
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
| | | | | | - Irena Živković
- Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Sunčica Borozan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
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Sagiv SK, Mora AM, Rauch S, Kogut KR, Hyland C, Gunier RB, Bradman A, Deardorff J, Eskenazi B. Prenatal and Childhood Exposure to Organophosphate Pesticides and Behavior Problems in Adolescents and Young Adults in the CHAMACOS Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:67008. [PMID: 37307167 PMCID: PMC10259762 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported associations of prenatal exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides with poorer neurodevelopment in early childhood and at school age, including poorer cognitive function and more behavioral problems, in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS), a birth cohort study in an agriculture community. OBJECTIVE We investigated the extent to which early-life exposure to OP pesticides is associated with behavioral problems, including mental health, in youth during adolescence and early adulthood. METHODS We measured urinary dialkylphosphates (DAPs), nonspecific OP metabolites, in urine samples collected from mothers twice during pregnancy (13 and 26 wk) and at five different times in their children (ages 6 months to 5 y). We assessed maternal report and youth report of externalizing and internalizing behavior problems using the Behavior Assessment System for Children, 2nd edition (BASC-2), when the youth were ages 14, 16, and 18 y. Because there was evidence of nonlinearity, we estimated associations across quartiles of DAPs and modeled repeated outcome measures using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS There were 335 youths with prenatal maternal DAP measures and 14-. 16-, or 18-y BASC-2 scores. Prenatal maternal DAP concentrations (specific gravity-adjusted median, Q 1 - Q 3 = 159.4 , 78.7 - 350.4 nmol / L ) were associated with higher T-scores (more behavior problems) from maternal report, including more hyperactivity [fourth vs. first quartile of exposure β = 2.32 ; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.18, 4.45], aggression (β = 1.90 ; 95% CI: 0.15, 3.66), attention problems (β = 2.78 ; 95% CI: 0.26, 5.30), and depression (β = 2.66 ; 95% CI: 0.08, 5.24). Associations with youth report of externalizing problems were null, and associations with depression were suggestive (fourth vs. first quartile of exposure β = 2.15 ; 95% CI: - 0.36 , 4.67). Childhood DAP metabolites were not associated with behavioral problems. DISCUSSION We found associations of prenatal, but not childhood, urinary DAP concentrations with adolescent/young adult externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. These findings are consistent with prior associations we have reported with neurodevelopmental outcomes measured earlier in childhood in CHAMACOS participants and suggests that prenatal exposure to OP pesticides may have lasting effects on the behavioral health of youth as they mature into adulthood, including their mental health. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11380.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon K. Sagiv
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Ana M. Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Stephen Rauch
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Katherine R. Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Carly Hyland
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Public Health and Population Science, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Robert B. Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, California, USA
| | - Julianna Deardorff
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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Neurotoxicity evoked by organophosphates and available countermeasures. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:39-72. [PMID: 36335468 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03397-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OP) are a constant problem, both in the military and in the civilian field, not only in the form of acute poisoning but also for their long-lasting consequences. No antidote has been found that satisfactorily protects against the toxic effects of organophosphates. Likewise, there is no universal cure to avert damage after poisoning. The key mechanism of organophosphate toxicity is the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. The overstimulation of nicotinic or muscarinic receptors by accumulated acetylcholine on a synaptic cleft leads to activation of the glutamatergic system and the development of seizures. Further consequences include generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), neuroinflammation, and the formation of various other neuropathologists. In this review, we present neuroprotection strategies which can slow down the secondary nerve cell damage and alleviate neurological and neuropsychiatric disturbance. In our opinion, there is no unequivocal approach to ensure neuroprotection, however, sooner the neurotoxicity pathway is targeted, the better the results which can be expected. It seems crucial to target the key propagation pathways, i.e., to block cholinergic and, foremostly, glutamatergic cascades. Currently, the privileged approach oriented to stimulating GABAAR by benzodiazepines is of limited efficacy, so that antagonizing the hyperactivity of the glutamatergic system could provide an even more efficacious approach for terminating OP-induced seizures and protecting the brain from permanent damage. Encouraging results have been reported for tezampanel, an antagonist of GluK1 kainate and AMPA receptors, especially in combination with caramiphen, an anticholinergic and anti-glutamatergic agent. On the other hand, targeting ROS by antioxidants cannot or already developed neuroinflammation does not seem to be very productive as other processes are also involved.
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Guo W, Wang Y, Wu Y, Liu J, Li Y, Wang J, Ou S, Wu W. Integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics reveals the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of nafamostat mesylate on rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:931670. [PMID: 36532745 PMCID: PMC9748812 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.931670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the role and mechanisms of action of nafamostat mesylate (NM) in rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury (RIAKI). Methods: RIAKI rats were assigned into control group (CN), RIAKI group (RM), and NM intervention group (NM). Inflammatory cytokines and proenkephalin a 119-159 (PENKID) were assessed. Cell apoptosis and glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPX4) were detected using TUNEL assay and immunohistochemical staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was detected by JC-1 dye. The expression of genes and metabolites after NM intervention was profiled using transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were validated using qPCR. The KEGG and conjoint analysis of transcriptome and metabolome were used to analyze the enriched pathways and differential metabolites. The transcription factors were identified based on the animal TFDB 3.0 database. Results: Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and PENKID were remarkably higher in the RM group and lower in the NM group compared to the CN group. Pro-inflammatory cytokines increased in the RM group and notably decreased following NM treatment compared to the CN group. Tubular pathological damages were markedly attenuated and renal cell apoptosis was reduced significantly in the NM group compared to the RM group. The expression of GPX4 was lower in the RM group compared to the CN group, and it increased significantly after NM treatment. A total of 294 DEGs were identified in the RM group compared with the NM group, of which 192 signaling pathways were enriched, and glutathione metabolism, IL-17 signaling, and ferroptosis-related pathways were the top-ranking pathways. The transcriptional levels of Anpep, Gclc, Ggt1, Mgst2, Cxcl13, Rgn, and Akr1c1 were significantly different between the NM and RM group. Gclc was the key gene contributing to NM-mediated renal protection in RIAKI. Five hundred and five DEGs were annotated. Compared with the RM group, most of the upregulated DEGs in the NM group belonged to Glutathione metabolism, whereas most of the downregulated DEGs were related to the transcription factor Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. Conclusion: NM protects the kidneys against RIAKI, which is mainly associated with NM mediated regulation of glutathione metabolism, inflammatory response, ferroptosis-related pathways, and the related key DEGs. Targeting these DEGs might emerge as a potential molecular therapy for RIAKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Guo
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital Qionglai Hospital, Medical Center Hospital Of Qionglai City. Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxuan Wu
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Li
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Santao Ou
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Weihua Wu
- Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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Thosapornvichai T, Huangteerakul C, Jensen AN, Jensen LT. Mitochondrial dysfunction from malathion and chlorpyrifos exposure is associated with degeneration of GABAergic neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 96:104000. [PMID: 36252730 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.104000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity resulting from off-target effects, beyond acetylcholine esterase inhibition, for the commonly used organophosphate (OP) insecticides chlorpyrifos (CPS) and malathion (MA) was investigated using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans model systems. Mitochondrial damage and dysfunction were observed in yeast following exposure to CPS and MA, suggesting this organelle is a major target. In the C. elegans model, the mitochondrial unfolded protein response pathway showed the most robust induction from CPS and MA treatment among stress responses examined. GABAergic neurodegeneration was observed with CPS and MA exposure. Impaired movement observed in C. elegans exposed to CPS and MA may be the result of motor neuron damage. Our analysis suggests that stress from CPS and MA results in mitochondrial dysfunction, with GABAergic neurons sensitized to these effects. These findings may aid in the understanding of toxicity from CPS and MA from high concentration exposure leading to insecticide poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laran T Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok Thailand.
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Wang G, Li X, Zheng J, Li X, Bai L, Yue W, Li J. Isolation of a diazinon-degrading strain Sphingobium sp. DI-6 and its novel biodegradation pathway. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:929147. [PMID: 36081782 PMCID: PMC9445152 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.929147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diazinon is one of the most widely used organophosphate insecticides, one that is frequently detected in the environment. In this study, a diazinon-degrading bacterium, DI-6, previously isolated from diazinon-contaminated soil in China has been subsequently identified as Sphingobium sp. on the basis of its physiological and biochemical characteristics, as well as by virtue of a comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. This strain is capable of using diazinon as its sole carbon source for growth and was able to degrade 91.8% of 100 mg L–1 diazinon over a 60-h interval. During the degradation of diazinon, the following seven metabolites were captured and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis: diazoxon, diazinon aldehyde, isopropenyl derivative of diazinon, hydroxyethyl derivative of diazinon, diazinon methyl ketone, O-[2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl] O-methyl O-hydrogen phosphorothioate, and O-(6-methyl pyrimidin-4-yl) O,O-dihydrogen phosphorothioate. Based on these metabolites, a novel microbial biodegradation pathway of diazinon by Sphingobium sp. DI-6 is proposed. This research provides potentially useful information for the application of the DI-6 strain in bioremediation of diazinon-contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangli Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Xuedong Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Lingling Bai
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pollutant Sensitive Materials and Environmental Remediation, School of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Wenlong Yue
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wenlong Yue,
| | - Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi, China
- Jiang Li,
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Elmorsy E, Al-Ghafari A, Al Doghaither H, Salama M, Carter WG. An Investigation of the Neurotoxic Effects of Malathion, Chlorpyrifos, and Paraquat to Different Brain Regions. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12080975. [PMID: 35892416 PMCID: PMC9394375 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12080975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute or chronic exposures to pesticides have been linked to neurotoxicity and the potential development of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). This study aimed to consider the neurotoxicity of three widely utilized pesticides: malathion, chlorpyrifos, and paraquat within the hippocampus (HC), corpus striatum (CS), cerebellum (CER), and cerebral cortex (CC). Neurotoxicity was evaluated at relatively low, medium, and high pesticide dosages. All pesticides inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and neuropathy target esterase (NTE) in each of the brain regions, but esterase inhibition was greatest in the HC and CS. Each of the pesticides also induced greater disruption to cellular bioenergetics within the HC and CS, and this was monitored via inhibition of mitochondrial complex enzymes I and II, reduced ATP levels, and increased lactate production. Similarly, the HC and CS were more vulnerable to redox stress, with greater inhibition of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase and increased lipid peroxidation. All pesticides induced the production of nuclear Nrf2 in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, these results show that pesticides disrupt cellular bioenergetics and that the HC and CS are more susceptible to pesticide effects than the CER and CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekramy Elmorsy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (E.E.); (M.S.)
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Ayat Al-Ghafari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.-G.); (H.A.D.)
- Scientific Research Center, Dar Al-Hekma University, Jeddah 22246, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda Al Doghaither
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.-G.); (H.A.D.)
- Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (E.E.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, The American University in Cairo (AUC), Cairo 11385, Egypt
| | - Wayne G. Carter
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-132-724-738
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11
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Nandi NK, Vyas A, Akhtar MJ, Kumar B. The growing concern of chlorpyrifos exposures on human and environmental health. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 185:105138. [PMID: 35772841 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CP) and its highly electrophilic intermediates are principal toxic metabolites. The active form of CP i.e. chlorpyrifos oxon (CP-oxon) is responsible for both the insecticidal activity and is also of greater risk when present in the atmosphere. Thus, the combined effects of both CP, CP-oxan, and other metabolites enhance our understanding of the safety and risk of the insecticide CP. They cause major toxicities such as AChE inhibition, oxidative stress, and endocrine disruption. Further, it can have adverse hematological, musculoskeletal, renal, ocular, and dermal effects. Excessive use of this compound results in poisoning and potentially kills a non-target species upon exposure including humans. Several examples of reactive metabolites toxicities on plants, aquatic life, and soil are presented herein. The review covers the general overview on reactive metabolites of CP, chemistry and their mechanism through toxic effects on humans as well as on the environment. Considerable progress has been made in the replacement or alternative to CP. The different strategies including antidote mechanisms for the prevention and treatment of CP poisoning are discussed in this review. The approach analyses also the active metabolites for the pesticide activity and thus it becomes more important to know the pesticide and toxicity dose of CP as much as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Kumar Nandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, G.T Road, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Akshun Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, G.T Road, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Md Jawaid Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology, PO 620, PC 130, Azaiba, Bousher, Muscat, Oman
| | - Bhupinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, G.T Road, Moga, Punjab 142001, India.
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12
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Imran I, Ansari A, Saleem S, Azhar A, Zehra S. Insights of OPs and PYR cytotoxic potential Invitro and genotoxic impact on PON1 genetic variant among exposed workers in Pakistan. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9498. [PMID: 35680920 PMCID: PMC9184543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Different pesticide chemicals are used to enhance crop yield by protecting from pests. Organophosphate (OPs) and Pyrethroid (PYR) are used in fields of Sanghar, Sindh Pakistan. PON1 an antioxidant enzyme implicated in OPs detoxification may predispose by OPs chronic exposure. This study was conducted to evaluate the toxic potential of active pesticide chemicals at cellular and genetic levels. To examine toxic potential, locally consumed pesticide n = 2 and reference pesticide compounds organophosphate (OPs): Chloropyrifos, Malathion and Pyrethroid (PYR): Cyprmethrin, Cyhalothrin n = 4 were tested against NIH 3T3 cells using MTS assay. Local consumer pesticides demonstrated relevance for half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) 0.00035 mg/mL with selected compound. Malathion IC50 exhibited the highest cytotoxicity among four compounds at 0.0005 mg/mL. On genotoxicity analysis in exposed subjects n = 100 genotypes and alleles n = 200 exhibited significant differences in genotypic and allelic frequencies of pesticide exposed subjects and controls n = 150 (X2 = 22.9, p = 0.001). Screening of genotypes were performed by PCR- RFLP. Statistical assessment carried out using online software and tools. Results suggested that higher heterozygous genotype A/G (74%) may confer low PON1 metabolic activity towards pesticides in exposed subjects. Findings could be helpful to establish health plans by avoiding toxic chemicals that harming exposed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iffat Imran
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Asma Ansari
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Saima Saleem
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Abid Azhar
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Sitwat Zehra
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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13
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Najeb SM, Jaccob AA, Al-Moziel MSG, Abdulhameed HM. Cardioprotective and antioxidant effects of taxifolin and vitamin C against diazinone-induced myocardial injury in rats. Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2022; 37:e2022002-0. [PMID: 35108778 PMCID: PMC9058105 DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2022002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In Iraq, excessive exposure to insecticides is increasingly becoming uncontrollable, the objective of this work was to assess the possible ameliorative role of taxifolin and vitamin c against diazinon-induced myocardial injury in rats. 36 sprague female rats divided into 6 groups of 6 rats each. Group 1 received diazinone 20 mg/kg gavaged for 30 days. Group 2 received taxifolin (25 mg/kg) and vitamin C (100 mg /kg) co-administered together and gavaged daily for 30 days before oral diazinone (20 mg/kg). Group 3 and group 4 were treated with taxifoline (25 mg/kg) and vitamin C (100 mg /kg) respectively, gavaged separately for 30 days before diazinone (20 mg/kg) administration. group 5 was considered as control 1 received taxifolin (25 mg/kg) and vitamin C (100 mg /kg) co-administered together and gavaged daily for 30 days. The last group, group 6 considered as control 2 which received vehicle of diazinon. Rats' weights, water and food intake were measured and the general vital signs of rats were observed and noted. At the end of study, rats are sacrificed, blood withdrawn for biochemical analysis and heart were excised for glutathione peroxidase and pathological evaluation. Significant increase in body weights in all treated and control groups except group 1. Troponin, LDH, AST and ALT levels were significantly increased in group 1 revealing the existence of ischemia and damage in hearts. Treatment with taxifolin and vitamin C combination reduced their levels significantly to concentrations comparable to that in the control groups. Such finding supported by histopathological observation. Moreover, this study showed that diazinon administration significantly deteriorated lipid profile, co-administration of taxifolin and vitamin C was resulted in a significant improvement in lipid profile associated with increased in glutathione peroxidase values showing significant improvement in antioxidant levels. Sub-acute administration of pharmacological doses of taxifolin and vitamin C exerts cardioprotective effects against diazinon-induced myocardial injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ausama Ayob Jaccob
- Ph.D. in pharmacology and toxicology, Professor in college of pharmacy, Basrah university, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Muhsin S G Al-Moziel
- Ph.D. in physiology, Prof. Ass. in college of pharmacy, Basrah university, Department of pharmacology and toxicology, Basrah, Iraq
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14
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Sagiv SK, Rauch S, Kogut KR, Hyland C, Gunier RB, Mora AM, Bradman A, Deardorff J, Eskenazi B. Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides and risk-taking behaviors in early adulthood. Environ Health 2022; 21:8. [PMID: 35012551 PMCID: PMC8751255 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00822-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies show evidence for associations of prenatal exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides with poorer childhood neurodevelopment. As children grow older, poorer cognition, executive function, and school performance can give rise to risk-taking behaviors, including substance abuse, delinquency, and violent acts. We investigated whether prenatal OP exposure was associated with these risk-taking behaviors in adolescence and young adulthood in a Mexican American cohort. METHODS We measured urinary dialkyl phosphates (DAPs), non-specific metabolites of OPs, twice (13 and 26 weeks gestation) in pregnant women recruited in 1999-2000 in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) study, a birth cohort set in a primarily Latino agricultural community in the Salinas Valley, California. We followed up children throughout their childhood and adolescence; at the 18-year visit, adolescent youth (n = 315) completed a computer-based questionnaire which included questions about substance use, risky sexual activity, risky driving, and delinquency and police encounters. We used multivariable models to estimate associations of prenatal total DAPs with these risk-taking behaviors. RESULTS The prevalence of risk-taking behaviors in CHAMACOS youth ranged from 8.9% for smoking or vaping nicotine to 70.2% for committing a delinquent act. Associations of total prenatal DAPs (geometric mean = 132.4 nmol/L) with risk-taking behavior were generally null and imprecise. Isolated findings included a higher risk for smoking or vaping nicotine within the past 30 days (relative risk [RR] per 10-fold increase in prenatal DAPs = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.00, 3.56) and driving without a license (RR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.25, 2.42). There were no consistent differences by sex or childhood adversity. DISCUSSION We did not find clear or consistent evidence for associations of prenatal OP exposure with risk-taking behaviors in adolescence/early adulthood in the CHAMACOS population. Our small sample size may have prevented us from detecting potentially subtle associations of early life OP exposure with these risk-taking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon K Sagiv
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Stephen Rauch
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Katherine R Kogut
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Carly Hyland
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Robert B Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ana M Mora
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Public Health, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Julianna Deardorff
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Community Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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15
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Sagiv SK, Kogut K, Harley K, Bradman A, Morga N, Eskenazi B. Gestational Exposure to Organophosphate Pesticides and Longitudinally Assessed Behaviors Related to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Executive Function. Am J Epidemiol 2021; 190:2420-2431. [PMID: 34100072 PMCID: PMC8757311 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwab173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain’s prefrontal cortex directs higher-order cognitive and behavioral processes that are important for attention, working memory, and inhibitory control. We investigated whether gestational exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides was associated with these abilities in childhood and early adolescence. Between 1999 and 2000, we enrolled pregnant women in a birth cohort drawn from an agricultural region of California. We measured dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites of OP pesticides in maternal pregnancy urine samples (13 and 26 weeks) and estimated associations with behaviors related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and executive function, assessed longitudinally; 351 families provided neurodevelopmental outcome data at any point when the child was aged 7–12 years. We assessed function across multiple dimensions (e.g., working memory, attention), methods (e.g., behavior reports, child assessment), and reporters (e.g., mothers, teachers, child self-reports). Higher gestational DAP concentrations were consistently associated with behaviors related to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and executive function. For example, a 10-fold increase in gestational DAP concentration was associated with poorer longitudinally assessed Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function scores, as reported by mothers (β = 4.0 (95% confidence interval: 2.1, 5.8); a higher score indicates more problems), and Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fourth Edition Working Memory scores (a 3.8-point reduction; β = −3.8 (95% confidence interval: −6.2, −1.3)). Reducing gestational exposure to OP pesticides through public health policy is an important goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon K Sagiv
- Correspondence to Dr. Sharon K. Sagiv, Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720 (e-mail: )
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16
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Chaouhan HS, Jha RR, Patel DK, Kar Chowdhuri D. Cr(VI)-induced DNA damage is lessened by the modulation of hsp70 via increased GSH de novo synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22819. [PMID: 34056787 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a genotoxic chemical, and in the chemical-exposed organism, oxidative stress is one of the leading causative mechanisms of genotoxicity. Heat shock protein-70 (Hsp70) is reported to be modulated in environmental chemical exposed organisms. Inadequate information on the protective role of Hsp70 in chemical-induced DNA lesions prompted us to investigate this possibility in a well-studied genetically tractable in vivo model Drosophila melanogaster. In the midgut cells of Cr(VI)-exposed hsp70-knockout (KO), -knockdown (KD), and -overexpression Drosophila strains, no significant change in double-strand breaks generation was observed in comparison to similarly exposed w 1118 and the respective genetic control strain after 48 h. Therefore, the role of hsp70 was investigated on oxidative DNA damage induction in the exposed organisms after 24 h. Oxidized DNA lesions (particularly oxidized purine-based lesions), 8-oxo-dG level, and oxidative stress endpoints were found to be significantly elevated in hsp70-KO and -KD strains in comparison to similarly exposed w 1118 and respective genetic control strain. On the contrary, in ubiquitous hsp70-overexpression strain exposed to Cr(VI), these endpoints were significantly lowered concurrently with increased GSH level through elevated gclc, and gclm expression, Gclc level, and GCL activity. The study suggests that as a consequence of hsp70 overexpression, the augmented GSH level in cells vis-a-vis GSH de novo synthesis can counteract Cr(VI)-induced oxidized DNA lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh S Chaouhan
- Embryotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh R Jha
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Environmental Monitoring Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra K Patel
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Environmental Monitoring Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Debapratim Kar Chowdhuri
- Embryotoxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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17
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Ibrahim KA, Eleyan M, Khwanes SA, Mohamed RA, Abd El-Rahman HA. Quercetin ameliorates the hepatic apoptosis of foetal rats induced by in utero exposure to fenitrothion via the transcriptional regulation of paraoxonase-1 and apoptosis-related genes. Biomarkers 2021; 26:152-162. [PMID: 33439051 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2021.1875505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & PURPOSE Exposure to organophosphorus during different phases of pregnancy induces many adverse impacts on the developing foetuses due to their immature detoxification system. We have estimated the potential amelioration role of quercetin against hepatic injury-induced apoptosis in rat foetuses following gestational exposure to fenitrothion and probable involvement of paraoxonase-1. METHODS Forty pregnant rats were allocated into four groups; the first one kept as control, the second intubated with quercetin (100 mg/kg), the third orally administrated fenitrothion (4.62 mg/kg) and the last group received quercetin two hours before fenitrothion intoxication. RESULTS Fenitrothion significantly elevated the foetal hepatic levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, protein carbonyl, and nitric oxide, but it reduced the enzymatic activities of glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and acetylcholinesterase. Furthermore, fenitrothion provoked many histopathological changes in the foetal liver and markedly up-regulated the mRNA gene expression of p53, caspase-9 along with elevation in the immunoreactivity of Bax and caspase-3, but it down-regulated the expression level of paraoxonase-1. Remarkably, quercetin co-treatment successfully ameliorated the hepatic oxidative injury and apoptosis prompted by fenitrothion. CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplements with quercetin can be used to reduce the risk from organophosphorus exposure probably through paraoxonase-1 up-regulation and enhancement of the cellular antioxidant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairy A Ibrahim
- Mammalian Toxicology Department, Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Eleyan
- Department of Laboratory Medical Sciences, Alaqsa University, Gaza, Palestine
| | - Soad A Khwanes
- Mammalian Toxicology Department, Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rania A Mohamed
- Mammalian Toxicology Department, Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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18
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Ramirez-Priego P, Estévez MC, Díaz-Luisravelo HJ, Manclús JJ, Montoya Á, Lechuga LM. Real-time monitoring of fenitrothion in water samples using a silicon nanophotonic biosensor. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1152:338276. [PMID: 33648644 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Due to the large quantities of pesticides extensively used and their impact on the environment and human health, a prompt and reliable sensing technique could constitute an excellent tool for in-situ monitoring. With this aim, we have applied a highly sensitive photonic biosensor based on a bimodal waveguide interferometer (BiMW) for the rapid, label-free, and specific quantification of fenitrothion (FN) directly in tap water samples. After an optimization protocol, the biosensor achieved a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.29 ng mL-1 (1.05 nM) and a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.71 ng mL-1 (6.09 nM) using a competitive immunoassay and employing diluted tap water. Moreover, the biosensor was successfully employed to determine FN concentration in blind tap water samples obtaining excellent recovery percentages with a time-to-result of only 20 min without any sample pre-treatment. The features of the biosensor suggest its potential application for real time, fast and sensitive screening of FN in water samples as an analytical tool for the monitoring of the water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ramirez-Priego
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, BIST and CIBER-BBN, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M-Carmen Estévez
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, BIST and CIBER-BBN, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Heriberto J Díaz-Luisravelo
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, BIST and CIBER-BBN, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan J Manclús
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería (Ci2B), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera S/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángel Montoya
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería (Ci2B), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera S/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura M Lechuga
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, BIST and CIBER-BBN, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Márquez-Lázaro JP, Mora L, Méndez-Cuadro D, Rodríguez-Cavallo E, Toldrá F. In vitro oxidation promoted by chlorpyrifos residues on myosin and chicken breast proteins. Food Chem 2020; 326:126922. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Organophosphorus Nerve Agents: Types, Toxicity, and Treatments. J Toxicol 2020; 2020:3007984. [PMID: 33029136 PMCID: PMC7527902 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3007984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds are extensively used worldwide as pesticides which cause great hazards to human health. Nerve agents, a subcategory of the organophosphorus compounds, have been produced and used during wars, and they have also been used in terrorist activities. These compounds possess physiological threats by interacting and inhibiting acetylcholinesterase enzyme which leads to the cholinergic crisis. After a general introduction, this review elucidates the mechanisms underlying cholinergic and noncholinergic effects of organophosphorus compounds. The conceivable treatment strategies for organophosphate poisoning are different types of bioscavengers which include stoichiometric, catalytic, and pseudocatalytic. The current research on the promising treatments specifically the catalytic bioscavengers including several wild-type organophosphate hydrolases such as paraoxonase and phosphotriesterase, phosphotriesterase-like lactonase, methyl parathion hydrolase, organophosphate acid anhydrolase, diisopropyl fluorophosphatase, human triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase, and senescence marker protein has been widely discussed. Organophosphorus compounds are reported to be the nonphysiological substrate for many mammalian organophosphate hydrolysing enzymes; therefore, the efficiency of these enzymes toward these compounds is inadequate. Hence, studies have been conducted to create mutants with an enhanced rate of hydrolysis and high specificity. Several mutants have been created by applying directed molecular evolution and/or targeted mutagenesis, and catalytic efficiency has been characterized. Generally, organophosphorus compounds are chiral in nature. The development of mutant enzymes for providing superior stereoselective degradation of toxic organophosphorus compounds has also been widely accounted for in this review. Existing enzymes have shown limited efficiency; hence, more effective treatment strategies have also been critically analyzed.
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21
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Park EJ, Dusabimana T, Je J, Jeong K, Yun SP, Kim HJ, Kim H, Park SW. Honokiol Protects the Kidney from Renal Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury by Upregulating the Glutathione Biosynthetic Enzymes. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090352. [PMID: 32942603 PMCID: PMC7555803 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is an endogenous antioxidant found in plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms that protects cells by neutralizing hydrogen peroxide. Honokiol, an active ingredient of Magnolia officinalis, is known for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-bacterial properties. We investigated the protective mechanism of honokiol through regulating cellular GSH in renal proximal tubules against acute kidney injury (AKI). First, we measured cellular GSH levels and correlated them with the expression of GSH biosynthetic enzymes after honokiol treatment in human kidney-2 (HK-2) cells. Second, we used pharmacological inhibitors or siRNA-mediated gene silencing approach to determine the signaling pathway induced by honokiol. Third, the protective effect of honokiol via de novo GSH biosynthesis was investigated in renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) mice. Honokiol significantly increased cellular GSH levels by upregulating the subunits of glutamate-cysteine ligase (Gcl)—Gclc and Gclm. These increases were mediated by activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, via PI3K/Akt and protein kinase C signaling. Consistently, honokiol treatment reduced the plasma creatinine, tubular cell death, neutrophil infiltration and lipid peroxidation in IR mice and the effect was correlated with upregulation of Gclc and Gclm. Conclusively, honokiol may benefit to patients with AKI by increasing antioxidant GSH via transcriptional activation of the biosynthetic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (E.J.P.); (T.D.); (J.J.); (K.J.); (S.P.Y.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Theodomir Dusabimana
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (E.J.P.); (T.D.); (J.J.); (K.J.); (S.P.Y.); (H.J.K.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Graduate School, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Jihyun Je
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (E.J.P.); (T.D.); (J.J.); (K.J.); (S.P.Y.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Kyuho Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (E.J.P.); (T.D.); (J.J.); (K.J.); (S.P.Y.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Seung Pil Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (E.J.P.); (T.D.); (J.J.); (K.J.); (S.P.Y.); (H.J.K.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Graduate School, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Hye Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (E.J.P.); (T.D.); (J.J.); (K.J.); (S.P.Y.); (H.J.K.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Graduate School, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Hwajin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (E.J.P.); (T.D.); (J.J.); (K.J.); (S.P.Y.); (H.J.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (S.W.P.); Tel.: +82-55-772-8070 (H.K.); +82-55-772-8073 (S.W.P.)
| | - Sang Won Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (E.J.P.); (T.D.); (J.J.); (K.J.); (S.P.Y.); (H.J.K.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Graduate School, Jinju 52727, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (S.W.P.); Tel.: +82-55-772-8070 (H.K.); +82-55-772-8073 (S.W.P.)
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22
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Lee Y, Kim YJ, Khan MSI, Na YC. Identification and determination of by-products originating from ozonation of chlorpyrifos and diazinon in water by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:4047-4057. [PMID: 32875636 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The degradation of two organophosphates, chlorpyrifos and diazinon, in water using microplasma equipment to produce ozone and the identification of their products were studied by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The organophosphates gradually decreased with time and were completely removed after 10 min, and diazinon was degraded at a relatively fast rate compared to chlorpyrifos. The products formed during the process were identified and determined with accurate mass measurements and tandem mass spectrometry spectra, providing reliable structural determination. Chlorpyrifos oxon was formed through the oxidation of chlorpyrifos, followed by the formation of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol and diethyl phosphate by hydrolysis. Diazinon formed various products through more complicated degradation processes than those of chlorpyrifos. The major products of diazinon degradation were 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol and diethyl phosphate by hydrolysis after oxidation, exhibiting diazoxon as an intermediate at trace levels. Direct hydrolysis of diazinon also occurred, producing diethyl thiophosphate, which was observed at a low concentration for a transient time and exhibited a less favorable process than sequential oxidation and hydrolysis. The other products, hydroxy diazinons and hydroxy-2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinols, formed by hydroxylation, were also identified, but they were present in low amounts. Degradation mechanisms of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were proposed with the quantitatively evaluated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhee Lee
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Ji Kim
- Consumer Safety Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yun-Cheol Na
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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23
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Fotopoulou E, Lykogianni M, Papadimitriou E, Mavrikou S, Machera K, Kintzios S, Thomaidou D, Aliferis ΚΑ. Mining the effect of the neonicotinoids imidacloprid and clothianidin on the chemical homeostasis and energy equilibrium of primary mouse neural stem/progenitor cells using metabolomics. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 168:104617. [PMID: 32711778 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The projection of plant protection products' (PPPs) toxicity to non-target organisms at early stages of their development is challenging and demanding. Recent developments in bioanalytics, however, have facilitated the study of fluctuations in the metabolism of biological systems in response to treatments with bioactives and the discovery of corresponding toxicity biomarkers. Neonicotinoids are improved insecticides that target nicotinic acetylocholine receptors (nAChR) in insects which are similar to mammals. Nonetheless, they have sparked controversy due to effects on non-target organisms. Within this context, mammalian cell cultures represent ideal systems for the development of robust models for the dissection of PPPs' toxicity. Thus, we have investigated the toxicity of imidacloprid, clothianidin, and their mixture on primary mouse (Mus musculus) neural stem/progenitor (NSPCs) and mouse neuroblastoma-derived Neuro-2a (N2a) cells, and the undergoing metabolic changes applying metabolomics. Results revealed that NSPCs, which in vitro resemble those that reside in the postnatal and adult central nervous system, are five to seven-fold more sensitive than N2a to the applied insecticides. The energy equilibrium of NSPCs was substantially altered, as it is indicated by fluctuations of metabolites involved in energy production (e.g. glucose, lactate), Krebs cycle intermediates, and fatty acids, which are important components of cell membranes. Such evidence plausibly suggests a switch of cells' energy-producing mechanism to the direct metabolism of glucose to lactate in response to insecticides. The developed pipeline could be further exploited in the discovery of unintended effects of PPPs at early steps of development and for regulatory purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fotopoulou
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - M Lykogianni
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Biological Control of Pesticides, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, St. Delta 8, 14561 Kifissia, Greece
| | - E Papadimitriou
- Neural Stem Cells and Neuroimaging Group, Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Vasilissis Sofias 127, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - S Mavrikou
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - K Machera
- Laboratory of Toxicological Control of Pesticides, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, St. Delta 8, 14561 Kifissia, Greece
| | - S Kintzios
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - D Thomaidou
- Neural Stem Cells and Neuroimaging Group, Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Vasilissis Sofias 127, 11521 Athens, Greece.
| | - Κ Α Aliferis
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; Department of Plant Science, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9C, Canada.
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24
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Gestational exposures to organophosphorus insecticides: From acute poisoning to developmental neurotoxicity. Neuropharmacology 2020; 180:108271. [PMID: 32814088 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For over three-quarters of a century, organophosphorus (OP) insecticides have been ubiquitously used in agricultural, residential, and commercial settings and in public health programs to mitigate insect-borne diseases. Their broad-spectrum insecticidal effectiveness is accounted for by the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that catalyzes acetylcholine (ACh) hydrolysis, in the nervous system of insects. However, because AChE is evolutionarily conserved, OP insecticides are also toxic to mammals, including humans, and acute OP intoxication remains a major public health concern in countries where OP insecticide usage is poorly regulated. Environmental exposures to OP levels that are generally too low to cause marked inhibition of AChE and to trigger acute signs of intoxication, on the other hand, represent an insidious public health issue worldwide. Gestational exposures to OP insecticides are particularly concerning because of the exquisite sensitivity of the developing brain to these insecticides. The present article overviews and discusses: (i) the health effects and therapeutic management of acute OP poisoning during pregnancy, (ii) epidemiological studies examining associations between environmental OP exposures during gestation and health outcomes of offspring, (iii) preclinical evidence that OP insecticides are developmental neurotoxicants, and (iv) potential mechanisms underlying the developmental neurotoxicity of OP insecticides. Understanding how gestational exposures to different levels of OP insecticides affect pregnancy and childhood development is critical to guiding implementation of preventive measures and direct research aimed at identifying effective therapeutic interventions that can limit the negative impact of these exposures on public health.
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25
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Almami IS, Aldubayan MA, Felemban SG, Alyamani N, Howden R, Robinson AJ, Pearson TDZ, Boocock D, Algarni AS, Garner AC, Griffin M, Bonner PLR, Hargreaves AJ. Neurite outgrowth inhibitory levels of organophosphates induce tissue transglutaminase activity in differentiating N2a cells: evidence for covalent adduct formation. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3861-3875. [PMID: 32749514 PMCID: PMC7603472 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02852-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate compounds (OPs) induce both acute and delayed neurotoxic effects, the latter of which is believed to involve their interaction with proteins other than acetylcholinesterase. However, few OP-binding proteins have been identified that may have a direct role in OP-induced delayed neurotoxicity. Given their ability to disrupt Ca2+ homeostasis, a key aim of the current work was to investigate the effects of sub-lethal neurite outgrowth inhibitory levels of OPs on the Ca2+-dependent enzyme tissue transglutaminase (TG2). At 1-10 µM, the OPs phenyl saligenin phosphate (PSP) and chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO) had no effect cell viability but induced concentration-dependent decreases in neurite outgrowth in differentiating N2a neuroblastoma cells. The activity of TG2 increased in cell lysates of differentiating cells exposed for 24 h to PSP and chlorpyrifos oxon CPO (10 µM), as determined by biotin-cadaverine incorporation assays. Exposure to both OPs (3 and/or 10 µM) also enhanced in situ incorporation of the membrane permeable substrate biotin-X-cadaverine, as indicated by Western blot analysis of treated cell lysates probed with ExtrAvidin peroxidase and fluorescence microscopy of cell monolayers incubated with FITC-streptavidin. Both OPs (10 µM) stimulated the activity of human and mouse recombinant TG2 and covalent labelling of TG2 with dansylamine-labelled PSP was demonstrated by fluorescence imaging following SDS-PAGE. A number of TG2 substrates were tentatively identified by mass spectrometry, including cytoskeletal proteins, chaperones and proteins involved protein synthesis and gene regulation. We propose that the elevated TG2 activity observed is due to the formation of a novel covalent adduct between TG2 and OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtesam S Almami
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.,Department of Biology, College of Science, Qassim University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A Aldubayan
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shatha G Felemban
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fakeeh College for Medical Science, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najiah Alyamani
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Richard Howden
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Alexander J Robinson
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, City South Campus, Edgbaston, B15 3TN, UK
| | - Tom D Z Pearson
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - David Boocock
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Alanood S Algarni
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Mekkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Christopher Garner
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Martin Griffin
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Philip L R Bonner
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Alan J Hargreaves
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
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26
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Naime AA, Lopes MW, Colle D, Dafré AL, Suñol C, da Rocha JBT, Aschner M, Leal RB, Farina M. Glutathione in Chlorpyrifos-and Chlorpyrifos-Oxon-Induced Toxicity: a Comparative Study Focused on Non-cholinergic Toxicity in HT22 Cells. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:603-610. [PMID: 32651842 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00254-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a neurotoxic organophosphorus (OP) insecticide widely used for agricultural purposes. CPF-mediated neurotoxicity is mainly associated with its anticholinesterase activity, which may lead to a cholinergic syndrome. CPF metabolism generates chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPF-O), which possesses higher anticholinesterase activity and, consequently, plays a major role in the cholinergic syndrome observed after CPF poisoning. Recent lines of evidence have also reported non-cholinergic endpoints of CPF- and CPF-O-induced neurotoxicities, but comparisons on the non-cholinergic toxic properties of CPF and CPF-O are lacking. In this study, we compared the non-cholinergic toxicities displayed by CPF and CPF-O in cultured neuronal cells, with a particular emphasis on their pro-oxidant properties. Using immortalized cells derived from mouse hippocampus (HT22 line, which does present detectable acetylcholinesterase activity), we observed that CPF-O was 5-fold more potent in decreasing cell viability compared with CPF. Atropine, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, protected against acetylcholine (ACh)-induced toxicity but failed to prevent the CPF- and CPF-O-induced cytotoxicities in HT22 cells. CPF or CPF-O exposures significantly decreased the levels of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH); this event preceded the significant decrease in cell viability. Pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC, a GSH precursor) protected against the cytotoxicity induced by both CPF and CPF-O. The present study indicates that GSH depletion is a non-cholinergic event involved in CPF and CPF-O toxicities. The study also shows that in addition of being a more potent AChE inhibitor, CPF-O is also a more potent pro-oxidant molecule when compared with CPF, highlighting the role of CPF metabolism (bioactivation to CPF-O) in the ensuing non-cholinergic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Aita Naime
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040900, Brazil.
| | - Mark William Lopes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040900, Brazil
- Area of Biological Sciences, Medical and Health, Centro Universitário para o Desenvolvimento do Alto Vale do Itajaí - UNIDAVI, Rio do Sul, SC, Brazil
| | - Dirleise Colle
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Alcir Luiz Dafré
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040900, Brazil
| | - Cristina Suñol
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), IDIBAPS, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Rodrigo Bainy Leal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Farina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040900, Brazil.
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27
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Houchat JN, Cartereau A, Le Mauff A, Taillebois E, Thany SH. An Overview on the Effect of Neonicotinoid Insecticides on Mammalian Cholinergic Functions through the Activation of Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17093222. [PMID: 32384754 PMCID: PMC7246883 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides are used worldwide and have been demonstrated as toxic to beneficial insects such as honeybees. Their effectiveness is predominantly attributed to their high affinity for insect neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Mammalian neuronal nAChRs are of major importance because cholinergic synaptic transmission plays a key role in rapid neurotransmission, learning and memory processes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Because of the low agonist effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on mammalian neuronal nAChRs, it has been suggested that they are relatively safe for mammals, including humans. However, several lines of evidence have demonstrated that neonicotinoid insecticides can modulate cholinergic functions through neuronal nAChRs. Major studies on the influence of neonicotinoid insecticides on cholinergic functions have been conducted using nicotine low-affinity homomeric α7 and high-affinity heteromeric α4β2 receptors, as they are the most abundant in the nervous system. It has been found that the neonicotinoids thiamethoxam and clothianidin can activate the release of dopamine in rat striatum. In some contexts, such as neurodegenerative diseases, they can disturb the neuronal distribution or induce oxidative stress, leading to neurotoxicity. This review highlights recent studies on the mode of action of neonicotinoid insecticides on mammalian neuronal nAChRs and cholinergic functions.
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28
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Dhavan PP, Jadhav BL. Eco-friendly approach to control dengue vector Aedes aegypti larvae with their enzyme modulation by Lumnitzera racemosa fabricated zinc oxide nanorods. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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29
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Saberi F, Bahrami F, Saberi M, Mashhadi Akbar Boojar M. The pro-convulsant effects of diazinon low dose in male rats under amygdala kindling. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:625-632. [PMID: 32249606 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1746801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphates can damage the brain in systemic intoxication. In this study, the effects of a minimum toxic dose (MTD) of diazinon (DZ) on amygdala afterdischarge threshold (ADT), kindling acquisition and kindled seizure parameters were evaluated. Intact male rats were stereotactically implanted with a tripolar and two monopolar electrodes in the amygdala and dura respectively. After recovery, animals received daily either, olive oil (control), 15 or 30 mg/kg (MTD) of DZ intraperitoneally, and ADT, afterdischarge duration (ADD) at each stage (S1 to S5) of kindling and number of trials for kindling acquisition were determined daily. Also, the effect of DZ on stage 4 latency (S4L), ADD, stage 5 duration (S5D) and the activity of the red blood cholinesterase (ChE) were evaluated. The ADT was lower and the ADD was longer significantly in DZ treated group in comparison to control (p < 0.01) and the number of trials to reach each stage of kindling acquisition was reduced (p < 0.001). The total amount of ADDs during the kindling procedure increased significantly 5 days after DZ treatment. While the S4L was reduced, the S5D increased significantly after DZ treatment. The ChE activity was inhibited significantly after 20 min of DZ treatment and continued till 24 h (p < 0.01). Data indicate that even half of the MTD of DZ could increase the sensitivity and excitability of the CNS to the epileptic activity at least via reduction of stimulation threshold and AD prolongation. Furthermore, repeated exposure to the low concentrations of organophosphates may be pro-convulsant and should be restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Saberi
- Department of Dermatology, Razi Skin Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Bahrami
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Saberi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mashhadi Akbar Boojar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Hinojosa MG, Prieto AI, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Moreno FJ, Cameán AM, Jos A. In vitro assessment of the combination of cylindrospermopsin and the organophosphate chlorpyrifos on the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 191:110222. [PMID: 31982683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanotoxicant which occurrence is increasing due to climate change. Cylindrospermopsin is able to exert damage in the organism at several levels, among them, in the nervous system. Moreover, it is important to take into account that it is not usually present isolated in nature, but in combination with some other pollutants, being the case of the pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF). Thus, the aim of the present work was to assess the effects of the interaction of CYN in combination with CPF in the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y by evaluating cytotoxicity and mechanistic endpoints. The mixtures 0.25 + 21, 0.5 + 42, 1 + 84 μg/mL of CYN + CPF based on cytotoxicity results, were evaluated, and the isobologram method detected an antagonistic effect after 24 and 48 h of exposure. Moreover, although no alterations of reactive oxygen species were detected, a significant decrease of glutathione levels was observed after exposure to both, CPF alone and the combination, at all the concentrations and times of exposure assayed. In addition, CYN + CPF caused a marked decrease in the acetylcholinesterase activity, providing similar values to CPF alone. However, these effects were less severe than expected. All these findings, together with the morphological study results, point out that it is important to take into account the interaction of CYN with other pollutants. Further research is required to contribute to the risk assessment of CYN and other contaminants considering more realistic exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Hinojosa
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - A I Prieto
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - D Gutiérrez-Praena
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - F J Moreno
- Área de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - A M Cameán
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - A Jos
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
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31
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Merci S, Saljooqi A, Shamspur T, Mostafavi A. Investigation of photocatalytic chlorpyrifos degradation by a new silica mesoporous material immobilized by WS
2
and Fe
3
O
4
nanoparticles: Application of response surface methodology. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Merci
- Department of ChemistryShahid Bahonar University of Kerman Kerman Iran
- Young Research SocietyShahid Bahonar University of Kerman Kerman Iran
| | - Asma Saljooqi
- Department of ChemistryShahid Bahonar University of Kerman Kerman Iran
- Young Research SocietyShahid Bahonar University of Kerman Kerman Iran
| | - Tayebeh Shamspur
- Department of ChemistryShahid Bahonar University of Kerman Kerman Iran
| | - Ali Mostafavi
- Department of ChemistryShahid Bahonar University of Kerman Kerman Iran
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32
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Abdelhamid FM, Elshopakey GE, Aziza AE. Ameliorative effects of dietary Chlorella vulgaris and β-glucan against diazinon-induced toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 96:213-222. [PMID: 31821844 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate the toxic effects of diazinon on growth performance, hepato-renal function, antioxidant system, innate immune response and comparing the protective role of dietary Chlorella vulgaris (CV) algae and β-glucan in intoxicated Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). One hundred and eighty healthy Nile tilapia (20 ± 6.1 g) were distributed equally into four groups; control group, DZN group (0.28 mg/L), DZN-CV group (5% CV) and DZN-β-glucan group (0.1% β-glucan) and treatments conducted for about 60 days. The results revealed that administration of DZN significantly increased serum liver enzymes, uric acid, creatinine, and malondialdehyde (MDA) in different tissues. Meanwhile, glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in different tissues, as well as IgM, C-reactive protein (CRP), respiratory burst, lysozyme and bactericidal activities were significantly decreased in DZN group. In addition, expression of TNF-α gene was up-regulated and IL-10 was down-regulated in spleen of DZN intoxicated fish. The treatment of DZN exposed fish with CV and β-glucan supplemented diets ameliorated hepatic damage and enhanced antioxidant activity and innate immune responses. Furthermore, dietary Chlorella vulgaris and β-glucan have a potent anti-inflammatory effect as they remarkably increased the expression of IL-10 and decreased TNF-α gene expression. The results also revealed that fish in DZN-CV group had the highest survival rate, final body weight (FBW) and body weight gain (BWG). On the other hand, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of control, DZN-CV, and DZN- β-glucan were higher than DZN group. However, the hepatosomatic index (HSI) and spleen-somatic index (SSI) were higher in DZN group than other experimental groups. Overall, CV and β-glucan can be recommended as a feed supplement to improve immunosuppression, oxidative damage, growth performance and hemato-biochemical alterations induced by DZN toxicity in Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma M Abdelhamid
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura, University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Gehad E Elshopakey
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura, University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Abeer E Aziza
- Department of Nutrition and Nutritional Deficiency Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Biocompatible green synthesized silver nanoparticles impact on insecticides resistant developing enzymes of dengue transmitted mosquito vector. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Effect of Chlorpyrifos on human extravillous-like trophoblast cells. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 90:118-125. [PMID: 31509763 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
An increased risk of pregnancy disorders has been reported in women and animal models exposed to organophosphate pesticides. However, less information is available on impacts to human placental function. Here, we addressed the impact of chlorpyrifos (CPF) on extravillous cytotrophoblasts (evCTB) employing HTR8/SVneo cells as an in vitro model. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion were not affected by CPF under conditions where cell viability was not compromised; however, we observed reduced expression of genes for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, and the β-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin. These results are the first effects reported by organophosphate pesticide in evCTB cells and show altered expression of several genes important for placental development that could serve as potential biomarkers for future research.
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Pereska Z, Chaparoska D, Bekarovski N, Jurukov I, Simonovska N, Babulovska A. Pulmonary thrombosis in acute organophosphate poisoning-Case report and literature overview of prothrombotic preconditioning in organophosphate toxicity. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:550-555. [PMID: 31285996 PMCID: PMC6587046 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute OP poisoning complicated with pulmonary thrombosis during the first week of poisoning. Antidote treatment included atropine, whereas diazepam was administered in the first 48 h. There was no administration of oximes due to unavailability. Prolonged hypoxemia in acute OP intoxication indicates exclusion of thrombotic pulmonary event.
Objective Acute organophosphate (OP) poisonings are presented with acetylcholine-receptor overstimulation. There have been a few case reports of thrombotic complications in acute OP poisonings, as well as prolonged thrombosis preconditions in patients who survived this type of intoxications. The paper presents a case with pulmonary thrombosis (PT) that develops in the subacute phase of intentional acute OP poisoning, treated only with atropine, as well as a literature overview of OP-induced prothrombotic toxicity. Case report A middle aged woman was brought to the hospital after ingestion of unknown insecticide with suicidal intentions. She had a history of HTA (arterial hypertension), hyperlipidemia and untreated depression. The clinical features of poisoning were miosis, vomiting, dizziness, abdominal cramps and diarrhea. Soon after admission, she developed difficulties in breathing with decrease of serum pseudocholinesterase (2590...1769...1644...800 U/l), bibasal pulmonary crackles, drop of SpO2 to 84%. Antidote treatment included carbo medicinalis, atropine, and diazepam, without use of oximes. The seventh day pseudocholinesterase, the levels started to rise but the patient’s hyposaturation (SpO2 86-88%) persisted. Chest ultrasound detected hypoechoic subpleural lesion to the right. Haemostatic tests showed increased D-Dimmer (2312 ng/ml) with hypercoagulability. The CT pulmonary angiography confirmed PT and after the administration of low molecular heparin, her clinical condition improved. Conclusion Acute organophosphate poisoning treated with atropine showed a potential for inducing prothrombotic coagulation abnormalities, presented with PT. This life-threatening complication may additionally contribute to prolonged morbidity and mortality in OP poisonings, especially in patients with medical history of comorbidites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanina Pereska
- University Clinic of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University "St. Cyril and Methodius", Clinical Campus Mother Theresa, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Daniela Chaparoska
- University Clinic of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University "St. Cyril and Methodius", Clinical Campus Mother Theresa, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Niko Bekarovski
- University Clinic of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University "St. Cyril and Methodius", Clinical Campus Mother Theresa, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Irena Jurukov
- University Clinic of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University "St. Cyril and Methodius", Clinical Campus Mother Theresa, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Natasha Simonovska
- University Clinic of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University "St. Cyril and Methodius", Clinical Campus Mother Theresa, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Aleksandra Babulovska
- University Clinic of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University "St. Cyril and Methodius", Clinical Campus Mother Theresa, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
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Pearson-Smith JN, Patel M. Antioxidant drug therapy as a neuroprotective countermeasure of nerve agent toxicity. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 133:104457. [PMID: 31028872 PMCID: PMC7721294 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of chemical warfare agents is an ongoing, significant threat to both civilians and military personnel worldwide. Nerve agents are by far the most formidable toxicants in terms of their lethality and toxicity. Nerve agents initiate neurotoxicity by the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and resultant accumulation of acetylcholine in excitable tissues. The cholinergic toxidrome presents as miosis, lacrimation, diarrhea, fasciculations, seizures, respiratory arrest and coma. Current medical countermeasures can attenuate acute mortality and confer limited protection against secondary neuronal injury when given rapidly after exposure. However, there is an urgent need for the development of novel, add-on neuroprotective therapies to prevent mortality and long-term toxicity of nerve agents. Increasing evidence suggests that pathways other than direct acetylcholinesterase inhibition contribute to neurotoxicity and secondary neuronal injury. Among these, oxidative stress is emerging as a key therapeutic target for nerve agent toxicity. In this review, we discuss the rationale for targeting oxidative stress in nerve agent toxicity and highlight research investigating antioxidant therapy as a neuroprotective medical countermeasure to attenuate oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Pearson-Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 80045, United States of America
| | - Manisha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 80045, United States of America.
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Covantes-Rosales CE, Trujillo-Lepe AM, Díaz-Reséndiz KJG, Toledo-Ibarra GA, Ventura-Ramón GH, Ortiz-Lazareno PC, Girón-Pérez MI. Phagocytosis and ROS production as biomarkers in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) leukocytes by exposure to organophosphorus pesticides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:189-195. [PMID: 30291982 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are broad-spectrum insecticides. One of the commonly used OPs is diazinon (DZN). The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunotoxic effect of DZN on phagocytic parameters of blood leukocytes using the teleost fish Oreochromis niloticus as a study model. For this purpose, fish were exposed in vivo to 0.97, 1.95 and 3.97 mg/L of DZN for 6 and 24 h. Our results indicated that phagocytic active cells decreased in fish exposed in vivo to 0.97 and 1.95 mg/L of DZN for 6 and 24 h. Regarding ROS production, H2O2 and O2- levels were higher on fish exposed to 1.95 mg/L for 6 and 24 h, while H2O2 production increased at 0.97 mg/L for 24 h. From this we can conclude that phagocytic parameters are sensitive to assess the effect of acute intoxication with organophosphorus pesticides on Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Covantes-Rosales
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd. de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - A M Trujillo-Lepe
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd. de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - K J G Díaz-Reséndiz
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd. de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - G A Toledo-Ibarra
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd. de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n, Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - G H Ventura-Ramón
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd. de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n, Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - P C Ortiz-Lazareno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Guadalajara Jalisco, Mexico
| | - M I Girón-Pérez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd. de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Centro Nayarita de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología A.C., Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n, Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
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Shaffo FC, Grodzki AC, Fryer AD, Lein PJ. Mechanisms of organophosphorus pesticide toxicity in the context of airway hyperreactivity and asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L485-L501. [PMID: 29952220 PMCID: PMC6230874 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00211.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous epidemiologic studies have identified an association between occupational exposures to organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) and asthma or asthmatic symptoms in adults. Emerging epidemiologic data suggest that environmentally relevant levels of OPs may also be linked to respiratory dysfunction in the general population and that in utero and/or early life exposures to environmental OPs may increase risk for childhood asthma. In support of a causal link between OPs and asthma, experimental evidence demonstrates that occupationally and environmentally relevant OP exposures induce bronchospasm and airway hyperreactivity in preclinical models. Mechanistic studies have identified blockade of autoinhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors on parasympathetic nerves that innervate airway smooth muscle as one mechanism by which OPs induce airway hyperreactivity, but significant questions remain regarding the mechanism(s) by which OPs cause neuronal M2 receptor dysfunction and, more generally, how OPs cause persistent asthma, especially after developmental exposures. The goals of this review are to 1) summarize current understanding of OPs in asthma; 2) discuss mechanisms of OP neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity that warrant consideration in the context of OP-induced airway hyperreactivity and asthma, specifically, inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, neural plasticity, and neurogenic inflammation; and 3) identify critical data gaps that need to be addressed in order to better protect adults and children against the harmful respiratory effects of low-level OP exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances C Shaffo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Ana Cristina Grodzki
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Allison D Fryer
- Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California , Davis, California
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Fernandes VC, Freitas M, Pacheco JPG, Oliveira JM, Domingues VF, Delerue-Matos C. Magnetic dispersive micro solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography determination of organophosphorus pesticides in strawberries. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1566:1-12. [PMID: 30017087 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with different sizes and characteristics were synthesized to be used as a QuEChERS sorbents for the determination of seven organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in strawberries by gas chromatography analysis with flame photometric and mass spectrometry detection. To achieve the optimum conditions of modified QuEChERS procedure several parameters affecting the cleanup efficiency including the amount of the sorbents and cleanup time were investigated. The results were compared with classical QuEChERS methodologies and the modified QuEChERS procedure using MNPs showed the better performance. Under the optimum conditions of the new methodology, three spiking levels (25, 50 and 100 μg kg-1) were evaluated in a strawberry sample. The results showed that the average recovery was 93% and the relative standard deviation was less than 12%. The enrichment factor ranged from 111 to 145%. The good linearity with coefficients of determination of 0.9904-0.9991 was obtained over the range of 25-250 μg kg-1 for 7 OPPs. It was determined that the MNPs have an excellent function as sorbent when purified even using less amount of sorbents and the magnetic properties allowed non-use of the centrifugation in cleanup step. The new methodology was applied in strawberry samples from conventional and organic farming. The new sorbents were successfully applied for extraction and determination of OPPs in strawberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgínia Cruz Fernandes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Drº António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Freitas
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Drº António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - João P G Pacheco
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Drº António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Maria Oliveira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Drº António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Valentina Fernandes Domingues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Drº António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Drº António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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Gao B, Bian X, Chi L, Tu P, Ru H, Lu K. Editor's Highlight: OrganophosphateDiazinon Altered Quorum Sensing, Cell Motility, Stress Response, and Carbohydrate Metabolism of Gut Microbiome. Toxicol Sci 2018; 157:354-364. [PMID: 28369659 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays a key role in energy production, immune system development, and host resistance against invading pathogens, etc. Disruption of gut bacterial homeostasis is associated with a number of human diseases. Several environmental chemicals have been reported to induce alterations of the gut microbiome. Diazinon, one of important organophosphate insecticides, has been widely used in agriculture. Diazinon and its metabolites are readily detected in different environmental settings and human urine. The toxicity of organophosphates has been a long-standing public health concern. We recently demonstrated that organophosphate insecticide diazinon perturbed the gut microbiome composition of mice. However, the functional impact of exposure on the gut microbiome has not been adequately assessed yet. In particular, the molecular mechanism responsible for exposure-induced microbial profile and community structure changes has not been identified. Therefore, in this study, we used metatranscriptomics to examine the effects of diazinon exposure on the gut metatranscriptome in C57BL/6 mice. Herein, we demonstrated for the first time that organophosphate diazinon modulated quorum sensing, which may serve as a key mechanism to regulate bacterial population, composition, and more importantly, their functional genes. In addition, we also found that diazinon exposure activated diverse stress response pathways and profoundly impaired energy metabolism of gut bacteria. These findings provide new understandings of the functional interplay between the gut microbiome and environmental chemicals, such as organophosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Gao
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602.,Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Xiaoming Bian
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602.,Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Liang Chi
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Pengcheng Tu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Hongyu Ru
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Vanova N, Pejchal J, Herman D, Dlabkova A, Jun D. Oxidative stress in organophosphate poisoning: role of standard antidotal therapy. J Appl Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nela Vanova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences; University of Defence; Trebesska 1575 500 01 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences; University of Defence; Trebesska 1575 500 01 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - David Herman
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences; University of Defence; Trebesska 1575 500 01 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Alzbeta Dlabkova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences; University of Defence; Trebesska 1575 500 01 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences; University of Defence; Trebesska 1575 500 01 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
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Abstract
One of the major classes of pesticides is that of the organophosphates (OPs). Initial developments date back almost 2 centuries but it was only in the mid-1940s that OPs reached a prominent status as insecticides, a status that, albeit declining, is still ongoing. OPs are highly toxic to nontarget species including humans, the primary effects being an acute cholinergic toxicity (responsible for thousands of poisoning each year) and a delayed polyneuropathy. Several issues of current debate and investigation on the toxicology of OPs are discussed in this brief review. These include (1) possible additional targets of OPs, (2) OPs as developmental neurotoxicants, (3) OPs and neurodegenerative diseases, (4) OPs and the "aerotoxic syndrome," (5) OPs and the microbiome, and (6) OPs and cancer. Some of these issues have been debated and studied for some time, while others are newer, suggesting that the study of the toxicology of OPs will remain an important scientific and public health issue for years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio G Costa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma 43100, Italy
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Ghahremani S, Soodi M, Atashi A. Quercetin ameliorates chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress in the rat brain: Possible involvment of PON2 pathway. J Food Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ghahremani
- Department of Toxicology; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Maliheh Soodi
- Department of Toxicology; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Amir Atashi
- Department of Laboratory Medical Sciences; School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences; Shahroud Iran
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Abdel-Salam O, Sleem A, Youness E, Morsy F. Preventive effects of cannabis on neurotoxic and hepatotoxic activities of malathion in rat. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2018. [DOI: 10.4103/1995-7645.231467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Vahidirad M, Arab-Nozari M, Mohammadi H, Zamani E, Shaki F. Protective effect of captopril against diazinon induced nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity via inhibition of ROS-NO pathway. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 41:287-293. [PMID: 29115169 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1391830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Diazinon (Dz) is a widely used insecticide. It can induce nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity via oxidative stress. Captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, is known for its antioxidant properties. In this study, we used captopril for ameliorating of Dz-induced kidney and brain toxicity in rats. Animals were divided into five groups as follows: negative control (olive oil), Dz (150 mg kg-1), captopril (60 and 100 mg kg-1) and positive control (N-acetylcysteine 200 mg kg-1) were injected intraperitoneally 30 min before Dz. After 24 h, animals were anesthetized and the brain and kidney tissues were separated. Then oxidative stress factors were evaluated. Also, blood was collected for assessment of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr) and nitric oxide (NO) levels. Dz significantly increased oxidative stress markers such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonyl as well as glutathione (GSH) oxidation in both tissues. Increased levels of the BUN, Cr and NO were observed after Dz injection. Interestingly, captopril administration significantly decreased ROS production in both tissues. Captopril significantly protected kidney and brain against lipid peroxidation and GSH oxidation. Administration of captopril could markedly inhibit protein carbonyl production in kidney and brain after Dz injection. Furthermore, captopril ameliorated the increased level of BUN, Cr and NO. These results suggested that captopril can prevent Dz-induced oxidative stress, nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity because of its antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Vahidirad
- a Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Milad Arab-Nozari
- b Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran
| | - Hamidreza Mohammadi
- b Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran
| | - Ehsan Zamani
- b Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shaki
- b Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran
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Zeinali M, Meybodi NT, Rezaee SA, Rafatpanah H, Hosseinzadeh H. Protective effects of chrysin on sub-acute diazinon-induced biochemical, hematological, histopathological alterations, and genotoxicity indices in male BALB/c mice. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 41:270-280. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1384834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Zeinali
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran
- Social Security Organization (SSO), Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Naser Tayebi Meybodi
- Department of Pathology, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Immunology Research center, Division of Inflammatory Diseases, Mashhad University of Medical Science (MUMS), Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Immunology Research center, Division of Inflammatory Diseases, Mashhad University of Medical Science (MUMS), Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Burke RD, Todd SW, Lumsden E, Mullins RJ, Mamczarz J, Fawcett WP, Gullapalli RP, Randall WR, Pereira EFR, Albuquerque EX. Developmental neurotoxicity of the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos: from clinical findings to preclinical models and potential mechanisms. J Neurochem 2017; 142 Suppl 2:162-177. [PMID: 28791702 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) insecticides are pest-control agents heavily used worldwide. Unfortunately, they are also well known for the toxic effects that they can trigger in humans. Clinical manifestations of an acute exposure of humans to OP insecticides include a well-defined cholinergic crisis that develops as a result of the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Prolonged exposures to levels of OP insecticides that are insufficient to trigger signs of acute intoxication, which are hereafter referred to as subacute exposures, have also been associated with neurological deficits. In particular, epidemiological studies have reported statistically significant correlations between prenatal subacute exposures to OP insecticides, including chlorpyrifos, and neurological deficits that range from cognitive impairments to tremors in childhood. The primary objectives of this article are: (i) to address the short- and long-term neurological issues that have been associated with acute and subacute exposures of humans to OP insecticides, especially early in life (ii) to discuss the translational relevance of animal models of developmental exposure to OP insecticides, and (iii) to review mechanisms that are likely to contribute to the developmental neurotoxicity of OP insecticides. Most of the discussion will be focused on chlorpyrifos, the top-selling OP insecticide in the United States and throughout the world. These points are critical for the identification and development of safe and effective interventions to counter and/or prevent the neurotoxic effects of these chemicals in the developing brain. This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Burke
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Spencer W Todd
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric Lumsden
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Roger J Mullins
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacek Mamczarz
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William P Fawcett
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rao P Gullapalli
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William R Randall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edna F R Pereira
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edson X Albuquerque
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Abdel-Salam OME, Youness ER, Mohammed NA, Yassen NN, Khadrawy YA, El-Toukhy SE, Sleem AA. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors protect against brain and liver damage caused by acute malathion intoxication. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:773-786. [PMID: 28942826 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), a non-selective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, and 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), a selective neuronal NOS inhibitor, on oxidative stress and tissue damage in brain and liver and on DNA damage of peripheral blood lymphocytes in malathion intoxicated rats. METHODS Malathion (150 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally (i.p.) along with l-NAME or 7-NI (10 or 20 mg/kg, i.p.) and rats were euthanized 4 h later. The lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (nitrite), reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity were measured in both brain and liver. Moreover, the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glucose concentrations were determined in brain. Liver enzyme determination, Comet assay, histopathological examination of brain and liver sections and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) immunohistochemistry were also performed. RESULTS (i) Rats treated with only malathion exhibited increased nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) accompanied with a decrease in GSH content, and PON-1 activity in brain and liver. Glutathione peroxidase activity, TAC, glucose concentrations, AChE and BChE activities were decreased in brain. There were also raised liver aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities and increased DNA damage of peripheral blood lymphocytes (Comet assay). Malathion caused marked histopathological changes and increased the expression of iNOS in brain and liver tissues. (ii) In brain of malathion-intoxicated rats, l-NAME or 7-NI resulted in decreased nitrite and MDA contents while increasing TAC and PON1 activity. Reduced GSH and GPx activity showed an increase by l-NAME. AChE activity increased by 20 mg/kg l-NAME and 10 mg/kg 7-NI. AChE activity decreased by the higher dose of 7-NI while either dose of 7-NI resulted in decreased BChE activity. (iii) In liver of malathion-intoxicated rats, decreased MDA content was observed after l-NAME or 7-NI. Nitrite level was unchanged by l-NAME but increased after 7-NI which also resulted in decreased GSH concentration and PON1 activity. Either inhibitor resulted in decreased liver ALT activity. (iv) DNA damage of peripheral blood lymphocytes was markedly inhibited by l-NAME or 7-NI treatment. (v) iNOS expression in brain and liver decreased by l-NAME or 7-NI. (vi) More marked improvement of the histopathological alterations induced by malathion in brain and liver was observed after 7-NI compared with l-NAME. CONCLUSIONS In malathion intoxicated rats, the neuronal NOS inhibitor 7-NI and to much less extent l-NAME were able to protect the brain and liver tissue integrity along with improvement in oxidative stress parameters. The decrease in DNA damage of peripheral blood lymphocytes by NOS inhibitors also suggests the involvement of nitric oxide in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eman R Youness
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia A Mohammed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha N Yassen
- Department of Pathology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Amany A Sleem
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Impact of chlorpyrifos on human villous trophoblasts and chorionic villi. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 329:26-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Phan KTK, Phan HT, Brennan CS, Phimolsiripol Y. Nonthermal plasma for pesticide and microbial elimination on fruits and vegetables: an overview. Int J Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khanh Thi Kim Phan
- Faculty of Agro-Industry; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai 50100 Thailand
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology; Nong Lam University; Linh Trung Ward Thu Duc District Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Huan Tai Phan
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology; Nong Lam University; Linh Trung Ward Thu Duc District Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Charles S. Brennan
- Department of Wine; Food and Molecular Biosciences; Lincoln University; Lincoln 7647 New Zealand
| | - Yuthana Phimolsiripol
- Faculty of Agro-Industry; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai 50100 Thailand
- Food Innovation and Packaging Center; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai 50100 Thailand
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