Role of anti-inflammatory adipokines in obesity-related diseases

Association of traditional and novel obesity indicators with stroke risk: Findings from the Rural Chinese cohort study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Few researchers have compared the effectiveness of traditional and novel obesity indicators in predicting stroke incidence. We aimed to evaluate the associations between six obesity indices and stroke risk, and to further identify the optimal indicator.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A total of 14,539 individuals from the Rural Chinese Cohort Study were included in the analyses. We used the Cox proportional hazards regression models to evaluate the association between six obesity indices (including body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC], conicity index [C-index], lipid accumulation product [LAP], visceral adiposity index [VAI], and Chinese visceral adiposity index [CVAI]) and stroke risk. Receiver operating characteristic curves were employed to compare their predictive ability on stroke risk. During a median follow-up period of 11.13 years, a total of 1257 cases of stroke occurred. In the multiple-adjusted Cox regression model, WC, BMI, C-index, and CVAI were positively associated with ischemic stroke (P < 0.01) rather than hemorrhagic stroke risk. Dose-response analyses showed a linear correlation of WC, BMI, C-index, and LAP (Poverall <0.05, and Pnonlinear >0.05), but a non-linear correlation of CVAI (Poverall <0.05, and Pnonlinear <0.05) with the risk of ischemic stroke. CVAI demonstrates the highest areas under the curves (AUC: 0.661, 95% CI: 0.653-0.668), indicating a superior predictive ability for ischemic stroke occurrence compared to other five indices (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

WC, BMI, C-index, LAP, and CVAI were all positively related to the risk of ischemic stroke, among which CVAI exhibited stronger predictive ability for ischemic stroke.

The mysterious association between adiponectin and endometriosis

Adiponectin is a pleiotropic cytokine predominantly derived from adipose tissue. In addition to its role in regulating energy metabolism, adiponectin may also be related to estrogen-dependent diseases, and many studies have confirmed its involvement in mediating diverse biological processes, including apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation, angiogenesis, and fibrosis, all of which are related to the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Although many researchers have reported low levels of adiponectin in patients with endometriosis and suggested that it may serve as a protective factor against the development of the disease. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to provide an up-to-date summary of the roles of adiponectin and its downstream cytokines and signaling pathways in the aforementioned biological processes. Further systematic studies on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of adiponectin may provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of endometriosis as well as potential therapeutic targets.

Characterization of metabolic alterations in the lean metabolically unhealthy alpha defensin transgenic mice

Inflammation is consistently linked to dysmetabolism. In transgenic mice (Def+/+) model the neutrophilic peptide, alpha defensin, proved atherogenic. This phenotype occurred despite favorable cholesterol and glucose levels, and lower body weight and blood pressure. In this study, integration of metabolic&behavioral phenotyping system, endocrine, biochemical and mitochondrial assessment, pathological and immunohistochemical tests, and multiple challenge tests was established to explore the metabolic impact of alpha defensin. Compared to the control group, Def+/+ mice exhibited lower total energy expenditure and carbohydrate utilization, and higher fat oxidation. Their ACTH-cortisol and thyroid profiles were intact. Intriguingly, they had low levels of glucagon, with high ammonia, uric acid, triglyceride, and lactate. Mitochondrial evaluations were normal. Overall, defensin-induced hypoglucagonemia is associated with lipolysis, restricted glucose oxidation, and enhanced wasting. Def+/+ mice may be a useful model for studying the category of lean, apparently metabolically healthy, and atherosclerotic phenotype, with insight into a potential inflammatory-metabolic link.

Role of Adipose Tissue Hormones in Pathogenesis of Cryptoglandular Anal Fistula

The cryptoglandular perianal fistula is a common benign anorectal disorder that is managed mainly with surgery and in some cases may be an extremely challenging condition. Perianal fistulas are often characterized by significantly decreased patient quality of life. Lack of fully recognized pathogenesis of this disease makes it difficult to treat it properly. Recently, adipose tissue hormones have been proposed to play a role in the genesis of cryptoglandular anal fistulas. The expression of adipose tissue hormones and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) factors were characterized based on 30 samples from simple fistulas and 30 samples from complex cryptoglandular perianal fistulas harvested during surgery. Tissue levels of leptin, resistin, MMP2, and MMP9 were significantly elevated in patients who underwent operations due to complex cryptoglandular perianal fistulas compared to patients with simple fistulas. Adiponectin and E-cadherin were significantly lowered in samples from complex perianal fistulas in comparison to simple fistulas. A negative correlation between leptin and E-cadherin levels was observed. Resistin and MMP2 levels, as well as adiponectin and E-cadherin levels, were positively correlated. Complex perianal cryptoglandular fistulas have a reduced level of the anti-inflammatory adipokine adiponectin and have an increase in the levels of proinflammatory resistin and leptin. Abnormal secretion of these adipokines may affect the integrity of the EMT in the fistula tract. E-cadherin, MMP2, and MMP9 expression levels were shifted in patients with more advanced and complex perianal fistulas. Our results supporting the idea of using mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of cryptoglandular perianal fistulas seem reasonable, but further studies are warranted.

Clinical Significance of Serum CTRP3 Level in the Prediction of Cardiac and Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Dysfunction in Patients with Severe Acute Pancreatitis

C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 3 (CTRP3) has been demonstrated to play a protective role in mice with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). However, its clinical significance in SAP remains unknown. This study was conducted to explore the clinical values of serum C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 3 (CTRP3) level in the diagnosis of cardiac dysfunction (CD) and intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction (IMBD) in SAP. Through RT-qPCR, we observed decreased CTRP3 level in the serum of SAP patients. Serum CTRP3 level was correlated with C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, creatine, modified computed tomography severity index score, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score. The receiver-operating characteristic curve revealed that CTRP3 serum level < 1.005 was conducive to SAP diagnosis with 72.55% sensitivity and 60.00% specificity, CTRP3 < 0.8400 was conducive to CD diagnosis with 80.49% sensitivity and specificity 65.57%, CTRP3 < 0.8900 was conducive to IMBD diagnosis with 94.87% sensitivity and 63.49% specificity, and CTRP3 < 0.6250 was conducive to the diagnosis of CD and IMBD co-existence with 65.22% sensitivity and 89.87% specificity. Generally, CTRP3 was downregulated in the serum of SAP patients and served as a candidate biomarker for the diagnosis of SAP and SAP-induced CD and IMBD.

Astaxanthin Supplementation Augments the Benefits of CrossFit Workouts on Semaphorin 3C and Other Adipokines in Males with Obesity

Regular physical activity and the use of nutritional supplements, including antioxidants, are recognized as efficacious approaches for the prevention and mitigation of obesity-related complications. This study investigated the effects of 12 weeks of CrossFit training combined with astaxanthin (ASX) supplementation on some plasma adipokines in males with obesity. Sixty-eight males with obesity (BMI: 33.6 ± 1.4 kg·m-2) were randomly assigned into four groups: the control group (CG; n = 11), ASX supplementation group (SG; n = 11), CrossFit group (TG; n = 11), and training plus supplement group (TSG; n = 11). Participants underwent 12 weeks of supplementation with ASX or placebo (20 mg/day capsule daily), CrossFit training, or a combination of both interventions. Plasma levels of semaphorin 3C (SEMA3C), apelin, chemerin, omentin1, visfatin, resistin, adiponectin, leptin, vaspin, and RBP4 were measured 72 h before the first training session and after the last training session. The plasma levels of all measured adipokines were significantly altered in SG, TG, and TSG groups (p < 0.05). The reduction of resistin was significantly higher in TSG than in SG (p < 0.05). The plasma levels of omentin1 were significantly higher in both training groups of TG and TSG than SG (p < 0.05), although such a meaningful difference was not observed between both training groups (p > 0.05). Significant differences were found in the reductions of plasma levels of vaspin, visfatin, apelin, RBP4, chemerin, and SEMA3C between the SG and TSG groups (p < 0.05). The study found that a 12-week intervention using ASX supplementation and CrossFit exercises resulted in significant improvements in several adipokines among male individuals with obesity. Notably, the combined approach of supplementation and training had the most pronounced results. The findings presented in this study indicate that the supplementation of ASX and participation in CrossFit exercise have the potential to be effective therapies in mitigating complications associated with obesity and enhancing metabolic health.

CTRP6 regulates M1 macrophage polarization via the PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway and reprogramming glycolysis in recurrent spontaneous abortion

Aberrant polarization and functions of decidual macrophages are closely related to recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 6 (CTRP6) is a member of the adiponectin paralog family, and plays indispensable roles in inflammation, glucose uptake and tumor metastasis. However, the regulatory effect of CTRP6 on macrophage polarization and glycolysis in RSA and the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we first found that CTRP6 expression was positively correlated with the M1 macrophage marker (CD86) in decidual tissues by dual immunofluorescence analysis. In vitro experiments indicated that CTRP6 could facilitate M1 macrophage activation through the PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway and manipulate the glycolysis of macrophages. Notably, in addition to silencing CTRP6, treatment with a PPAR-γ agonist (GW1929) inhibited M1 macrophage polarization and rescued embryo absorption in vivo. Taken together, these results identify previously unrevealed functions of CTRP6 in macrophage transformation during RSA.

Comprehensive assessment of physiological responses in women during the ESA dry immersion VIVALDI microgravity simulation

Astronauts in microgravity experience multi-system deconditioning, impacting their inflight efficiency and inducing dysfunctions upon return to Earth gravity. To fill the sex gap of knowledge in the health impact of spaceflights, we simulate microgravity with a 5-day dry immersion in 18 healthy women (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05043974). Here we show that dry immersion rapidly induces a sedentarily-like metabolism shift mimicking the beginning of a metabolic syndrome with a drop in glucose tolerance, an increase in the atherogenic index of plasma, and an impaired lipid profile. Bone remodeling markers suggest a decreased bone formation coupled with an increased bone resorption. Fluid shifts and muscular unloading participate to a marked cardiovascular and sensorimotor deconditioning with decreased orthostatic tolerance, aerobic capacity, and postural balance. Collected datasets provide a comprehensive multi-systemic assessment of dry immersion effects in women and pave the way for future sex-based evaluations of countermeasures.

Obesity-induced changes in gene expression in feline adipose and skeletal muscle tissue

Indoor-confined cats are prone to developing obesity due to a sedentary life and an energy intake exceeding energy requirements. As in humans, feline obesity decreases insulin sensitivity and increases the risk of developing feline diabetes mellitus, but the pathophysiological mechanisms are currently poorly understood. Human obesity-related metabolic alterations seem to relate to changes in the expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism, insulin action and inflammation. The objective of the current study was to investigate changes in the expression of genes relating to obesity, glucose metabolism and inflammation in cats with non-experimentally induced obesity. Biopsies from the sartorius muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue were obtained from 73 healthy, neutered, indoor-confined domestic shorthaired cats ranging from lean to obese. Quantification of obesity-related gene expression levels relative to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. A negative association between obesity and adiponectin expression was observed in the adipose tissue (mean ± SD; normal weight, 27.30 × 10-3  ± 77.14 × 10-3 ; overweight, 2.89 × 10-3  ± 0.38 × 10-3 and obese, 2.93 × 10-3  ± 4.20 × 10-3 , p < 0.05). In muscle, the expression of peroxisome proliferative activated receptor-γ2 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 was increased in the obese compared to the normal-weight cats, and resistin was increased in the normal-weight compared to the overweight cats. There were no detectable obesity-related changes in the messenger RNA levels of inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, a possible obesity-related low-grade inflammation caused by increased expression of key proinflammatory regulators was not observed. This could imply that the development of feline obesity and ensuing insulin resistance may not be based on tissue-derived inflammation, but caused by several determining factors, many of which still need further investigation.

The Role of Omentin-1 in Cancers Development and Progression

Adipose tissue serves as an energy store and is also an active endocrine organ, exerting activity that influences obesity-related processes through the production of regulatory proteins called adipokines or adipocytokines. Adipokines play important direct and indirect roles in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, the regulation of local and systemic inflammatory processes, and related metabolic complications. There have been an increasing number of studies showing the relationship between some adipokines and carcinogenesis. This work reviews the current literature concerning the effects of omentin-1 on carcinogenesis.

Probiotics and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Perspective for Management in Adolescents with Obesity

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects a considerable percentage of females of reproductive age. PCOS is an obesity-related condition and its effects are greatly amplified by obesity. Even though the pathogenesis of PCOS remains complex and has not been fully elucidated, a link between obesity, PCOS, and dysbiosis has been described. The potential role of the gut microbiota in the development and progression of PCOS and its associated symptoms has also been reported. The aim of this narrative review is to present a non-systematic analysis of the available literature on the topic of probiotics and PCOS in adolescents with obesity in order to revise the beneficial effects of probiotics/symbiotic supplementation on hormonal and metabolic profiles and inflammatory conditions. The effectiveness of probiotics/synbiotics in PCOS has been supported. The literature suggests that probiotic/symbiotic supplementation may ameliorate hormonal profiles, inflammatory indicators, and lipid metabolism disturbances caused by PCOS. Studies also show improvements in weight, BMI, insulin, and HOMA-IR, including a potential role it plays in protecting fertility. Even though further studies are needed to confirm these findings, particularly in adolescent patients, probiotic supplementation may be considered a solution for managing PCOS in adolescents with obesity.

Global Impacts of Western Diet and Its Effects on Metabolism and Health: A Narrative Review

The Western diet is a modern dietary pattern characterized by high intakes of pre-packaged foods, refined grains, red meat, processed meat, high-sugar drinks, candy, sweets, fried foods, conventionally raised animal products, high-fat dairy products, and high-fructose products. The present review aims to describe the effect of the Western pattern diet on the metabolism, inflammation, and antioxidant status; the impact on gut microbiota and mitochondrial fitness; the effect of on cardiovascular health, mental health, and cancer; and the sanitary cost of the Western diet. To achieve this goal, a consensus critical review was conducted using primary sources, such as scientific articles, and secondary sources, including bibliographic indexes, databases, and web pages. Scopus, Embase, Science Direct, Sports Discuss, ResearchGate, and the Web of Science were used to complete the assignment. MeSH-compliant keywords such "Western diet", "inflammation", "metabolic health", "metabolic fitness", "heart disease", "cancer", "oxidative stress", "mental health", and "metabolism" were used. The following exclusion criteria were applied: (i) studies with inappropriate or irrelevant topics, not germane to the review's primary focus; (ii) Ph.D. dissertations, proceedings of conferences, and unpublished studies. This information will allow for a better comprehension of this nutritional behavior and its effect on an individual's metabolism and health, as well as the impact on national sanitary systems. Finally, practical applications derived from this information are made.

Effects of multi-organ crosstalk on the physiology and pathology of adipose tissue

In previous studies, adipocytes were found to play an important role in regulating whole-body nutrition and energy balance, and are also important in energy metabolism, hormone secretion, and immune regulation. Different adipocytes have different contributions to the body, with white adipocytes primarily storing energy and brown adipocytes producing heat. Recently discovered beige adipocytes, which have characteristics in between white and brown adipocytes, also have the potential to produce heat. Adipocytes interact with other cells in the microenvironment to promote blood vessel growth and immune and neural network interactions. Adipose tissue plays an important role in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Dysfunction in adipose tissue endocrine and immune regulation can cause and promote the occurrence and development of related diseases. Adipose tissue can also secrete multiple cytokines, which can interact with organs; however, previous studies have not comprehensively summarized the interaction between adipose tissue and other organs. This article reviews the effect of multi-organ crosstalk on the physiology and pathology of adipose tissue, including interactions between the central nervous system, heart, liver, skeletal muscle, and intestines, as well as the mechanisms of adipose tissue in the development of various diseases and its role in disease treatment. It emphasizes the importance of a deeper understanding of these mechanisms for the prevention and treatment of related diseases. Determining these mechanisms has enormous potential for identifying new targets for treating diabetes, metabolic disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.

Structure-activity relationship, bioactivities, molecular mechanisms, and clinical application of nuciferine on inflammation-related diseases

Nuciferine aporphine alkaloid mainly exists in Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn and is a beneficial to human health, such as anti-obesity, lowering blood lipid, prevention of diabetes and cancer, closely associated with inflammation. Importantly, nuciferine may contribute to its bioactivities by exerting intense anti-inflammatory activities in multiple models. However, no review has summarized the anti-inflammatory effect of nuciferine. This review critically summarized the information regarding the structure-activity relationships of dietary nuciferine. Moreover, biological activities and clinical application on inflammation-related diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, liver, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, as well as their potential mechanisms, involving oxidative stress, metabolic signaling, and gut microbiota has been reviewed. The current work provides a better understanding of the anti-inflammation properties of nuciferine against multiple diseases, thereby improving the utilization and application of nuciferine-containing plants across functional food and medicine.

The liver-to-spleen ratio is a risk factor predicting oxygen demand in COVID-19 patients

Background

We aimed to investigate risk factors predicting oxygen demand in COVID-19 patients.

Methods

Patients admitted to Shizuoka General Hospital with COVID-19 from August 2020 to August 2021 were included. First, we divided patients into groups with and without oxygen demand. Then, we compared patients' clinical characteristics and laboratory and radiological findings to determine factors predicting oxygen demand.

Results

One hundred seventy patients with COVID-19 (aged 58±15 years, 57 females) were enrolled. Common comorbidities were cardiovascular diseases (47.6%), diabetes mellitus (28.8%), and dyslipidemia (26.5%). Elder age, higher body mass index, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, lower lymphocyte count, albumin, hepatic attenuation value, and the liver-to-spleen ratio (L/S), higher D-dimer, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, troponin-T, C-reactive protein, KL-6, chest and abdominal circumference, and visceral fat were found in patients with oxygen demand. According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis, L/S, lymphocyte count, D-dimer, and abdominal circumference under the diaphragm were independent risk factors predicting oxygen demand in COVID-19 patients.

Conclusions

On admission, L/S, lymphocyte count, D-dimer, and abdominal circumference were predictive factors for oxygen demand. These factors may help in the appropriate triage of COVID-19 patients in the decision to admit them to the hospital.

Herbal medicine for the treatment of obesity-associated asthma: a comprehensive review

Obesity is fast growing as a global pandemic and is associated with numerous comorbidities like cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, gastroesophageal reflux disease, sleep disorders, nephropathy, neuropathy, as well as asthma. Studies stated that obese asthmatic subjects suffer from an increased risk of asthma, and encounter severe symptoms due to a number of pathophysiology. It is very vital to understand the copious relationship between obesity and asthma, however, a clear and pinpoint pathogenesis underlying the association between obesity and asthma is scarce. There is a plethora of obesity-asthma etiologies reported viz., increased circulating pro-inflammatory adipokines like leptin, resistin, and decreased anti-inflammatory adipokines like adiponectin, depletion of ROS controller Nrf2/HO-1 axis, nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) associated macrophage polarization, hypertrophy of WAT, activation of Notch signaling pathway, and dysregulated melanocortin pathway reported, however, there is a very limited number of reports that interrelates these pathophysiologies. Due to the underlying complex pathophysiologies exaggerated by obese conditions, obese asthmatics respond poorly to anti-asthmatic drugs. The poor response towards anti-asthmatic drugs may be due to the anti-asthmatics approach only that ignores the anti-obesity target. So, aiming only at the conventional anti-asthmatic targets in obese-asthmatics may prove to be futile until and unless treatment is directed towards ameliorating obesity pathogenesis for a holistic approach towards amelioration of obesity-associated asthma. Herbal medicines for obesity as well as obesity-associated comorbidities are fast becoming safer and more effective alternatives to conventional drugs due to their multitargeted approach with fewer adverse effects. Although, herbal medicines are widely used for obesity-associated comorbidities, however, a limited number of herbal medicines have been scientifically validated and reported against obesity-associated asthma. Notable among them are quercetin, curcumin, geraniol, resveratrol, β-Caryophyllene, celastrol, tomatidine to name a few. In view of this, there is a dire need for a comprehensive review that may summarize the role of bioactive phytoconstituents from different sources like plants, marine as well as essential oils in terms of their therapeutic mechanisms. So, this review aims to critically discuss the therapeutic role of herbal medicine in the form of bioactive phytoconstituents against obesity-associated asthma available in the scientific literature to date.

The Role of Adipokines in Health and Disease

Adipokines are cell-signaling proteins secreted by adipose tissue that has been related to a low-grade state of inflammation and different pathologies. The present review aims to analyze the role of adipokines in health and disease in order to understand the important functions and effects of these cytokines. For this aim, the present review delves into the type of adipocytes and the cytokines produced, as well as their functions; the relations of adipokines in inflammation and different diseases such as cardiovascular, atherosclerosis, mental diseases, metabolic disorders, cancer, and eating behaviors; and finally, the role of microbiota, nutrition, and physical activity in adipokines is discussed. This information would allow for a better understanding of these important cytokines and their effects on body organisms.

Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Serum Omentin-1 in Sepsis: A Prospective Study in Critically Ill Patients

Background and Objectives: Omentin-1, also known as intelectin-1, is a novel adipokine with anti-inflammatory activities implicated in inflammatory diseases and sepsis. We aimed to explore serum omentin-1 and its kinetics in critically ill patients early in sepsis and its association with severity and prognosis. Materials and Methods: Serum omentin-1 was determined in 102 critically ill patients with sepsis during the first 48 h from sepsis onset and 1 week later, and in 102 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. The outcome of sepsis at 28 days after enrollment was recorded. Results: Serum omentin-1 at enrollment was significantly higher in patients compared to controls (763.3 ± 249.3 vs. 451.7 ± 122.3 μg/L, p < 0.001) and it further increased 1 week after (950.6 ± 215.5 vs. 763.3 ± 249.3 μg/L, p < 0.001). Patients with septic shock (n = 42) had higher omentin-1 compared to those with sepsis (n = 60) at enrollment (877.9 ± 241.2 vs. 683.1 ± 223.7 μg/L, p < 0.001) and 1 week after (1020.4 ± 224.7 vs. 901.7 ± 196.3 μg/L, p = 0.007). Furthermore, nonsurvivors (n = 30) had higher omentin-1 at sepsis onset (952.1 ± 248.2 vs. 684.6 ± 204.7 μg/L, p < 0.001) and 1 week after (1051.8 ± 242 vs. 908.4 ± 189.8 μg/L, p < 0.01). Patients with sepsis and survivors presented higher kinetics than those with septic shock and nonsurvivors (Δ(omentin-1)% 39.8 ± 35.9% vs. 20.2 ± 23.3%, p = 0.01, and 39.4 ± 34.3% vs. 13.3 ± 18.1%, p < 0.001, respectively). Higher omentin-1 at sepsis onset and 1 week after was an independent predictor of 28-day mortality (HR 2.26, 95% C.I. 1.21-4.19, p = 0.01 and HR: 2.15, 95% C.I. 1.43-3.22, p < 0.001, respectively). Finally, omentin-1 was significantly correlated with the severity scores, the white blood cells, coagulation biomarkers, and CRP, but not procalcitonin and other inflammatory biomarkers. Conclusions: Serum omentin-1 is increased in sepsis, while higher levels and lower kinetics during the first week of sepsis are associated with the severity and 28-day mortality of sepsis. Omentin-1 may be a promising biomarker of sepsis. However, more studies are needed to explore its role in sepsis.

Impact of Two Types of Exercise Interventions on Leptin and Omentin Concentrations and Indicators of Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Males with Metabolic Syndrome

Leptin (LEP) and omentin (OMEN) are proteins whose concentrations change with the development of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). There are few intervention studies using various forms of physical activity in people with MetS that aim to determine the impact of physical exercise on the fluctuations of the presented hormones, and their results are contradictory. The present study aimed to examine the effect of two types of exercise intervention on LEP and OMEN concentrations and indicators of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in males with MetS. The study included 62 males with MetS (age 36.6 ± 6.9 years, body mass 110.31 ± 17.37 kg), randomly allocated to EG1, the examined group with aerobic training (n = 21); EG2, the examined group with combined aerobic and resistance training (n = 21), both for 12 weeks, and the control group (CG) without interventions (n = 20). Anthropometric measurements, body composition (body fat [BF], android body fat [ANDR]), as well as a biochemical blood analysis (omentin [OMEN], leptin [LEP], quantitative insulin sensitivity check index [QUICKI], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C] and nonHDL-C) were performed at baseline, and at 6 and 12 weeks of interventions and after 4 weeks after ending intervention (follow-up). Intergroup and intragroup comparisons were performed. In the intervention groups EG1 and EG2, a decrease in BF was observed as well as an improvement in carbohydrate metabolism parameters. In the EG1 group, the level of ANDR was reduced. In EG2 a decrease in LEP concentration between measurements was confirmed. However, no significant changes were found in the concentration of OMEN in any groups. Combined aerobic and resistance exercises led to a higher reduction of LEP concentration than applying only aerobic training in males with MetS.

Could Vaspin Be a Potential Diagnostic Marker in Endometrial Cancer?

Obesity and being overweight are risk factors for many types of cancer, including endometrial cancer. Adipose tissue is thought to be an endocrine organ that produces various hormones, including one known as vaspin. Insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes are all associated with higher vaspin levels. A total of 127 patients divided into study (endometrial cancer) and control groups (non-cancerous) participated in this research. Serum vaspin levels were measured for all patients. The analysis was performed while taking into account grading and staging. In order to assess the usefulness of the tested protein as a new diagnostic marker, we used the plotting of a curve (ROC) and the calculation of the AUC curve to characterize the sensitivity and specificity of the parameters tested. We concluded that there were significantly lower vaspin levels in patients with endometrial cancer compared to patients with benign endometrial lesions. Vaspin may be a useful diagnostic marker in separating benign lesions from endometrial cancer.

The molecular link between obesity and genomic instability in cancer development

Obesity has been known to be a major risk factor for various types of cancers for several decades. More recently, the relationship between dysregulated adipokines and cancer development has been the focus of much research. Adipose tissue is an important endocrine organ that secretes adipokines that affect both autocrine and paracrine signaling. These adipokines modulate inflammation, induce insulin resistance, and regulate their own behavior and production. Adipokine-production dysregulation is due to physiological changes in adipose tissue that prompt molecular modifications, including low-grade inflammation and the stimulatory production of reactive oxygen species. Additionally, studies have linked DNA damage response, genomic instability, and the innate immune response to tumorigenesis. Further investigation of adipokines and their role in the promotion of genomic instability may clarify the link between obesity and cancer, as well as elucidate potential pharmaceutical targets. In this review, we discuss the progress of recent literature, focusing on the impact of adipokines, genomic instability, and the innate immune response on increasing the risk of cancer.

Association of Serum Omentin-1 Concentration with the Content of Adipose Tissue and Glucose Tolerance in Subjects with Central Obesity

Omentin is one of the few adipokines with potentially beneficial metabolic effects. The main aim of this study was to determine the association between serum omentin-1 levels and the occurrence of central obesity and abnormal glucose tolerance, taking into account gender. The study involved 88 participants aged 30-60, including 47 women and 41 men. Two subgroups among the obese subjects were distinguished-those with normal and abnormal glucose tolerance. Anthropometric and biochemical examinations and blood pressure measurements were performed. Omentin-1 concentrations were significantly lower among patients with obesity compared to those without obesity (p = 0.027) and, similarly, comparing men with abnormal glucose tolerance with men with normal glucose tolerance (p = 0.035). In contrast, no such pattern was observed in women. The multivariable regression model showed a significant effect of gender status and important factors of tissue insulin sensitivity, such as OGGT results, WHR and amount of body fat, on the variability of serum omentin-1 concentration in the entire study population (R²adj. = 13.7%; p = 0.003). High omentin-1 levels found in men with obesity and normal glucose tolerance suggest that omentin-1 protects against metabolic disorders associated with obesity in the male population.

Construction of ceRNA and m6A-related lncRNA networks associated with anti-inflammation of AdipoAI

Background

Adiponectin (APN) is an endogenous adipokine secreted from adipocytes that exerts anti-inflammatory properties. AdipoAI is an orally active adiponectin receptor agonist identified by our group that can emulate APN's anti-inflammatory properties through mechanisms that are not fully understood. LncRNAs, a type of noncoding RNA more than 200 bp in length, have been demonstrated to have abundant biological functions, including in anti-inflammatory responses.

Materials and Result

In the current study, we performed a lncRNA microarray in LPS-induced Raw264.7 cells that were prestimulated with AdipoAI and screened 110 DElncRNAs and 190 DEmRNAs. Enrichment analyses were conducted on total mRNAs and DEmRNAs, including GSVA, ssGSEA, GO/KEGG, GSEA, and PPI analysis. Among all these processes, endocytosis was significantly enriched. A coexpression analysis was built based on DElncRNAs and DEmRNAs. Then, using TargetScan and miRwalk to predict related microRNAs of DElncRNAs and DEmRNAs, respectively, we established competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks including 54 mRNAs from 8 GO items. Furthermore, 33 m6A methylation-related marker genes were obtained from a previous study and used for the construction of an m6A-related lncRNA network by coexpression analysis. We identified FTO as the hub gene of the network and 14 lncRNAs that interacted with it. The expression levels of 10 lncRNAs selected from ceRNA and FTO-related lncRNA networks were validated with qRT‒PCR. Finally, macrophage phenotype scores showed that AdipoAI could attenuate the M2b and M2c polarization of macrophages and correlate with the above lncRNAs.

Conclusion

Our work reveals that lncRNAs might be involved in the anti-inflammation process of AdipoAI in LPS-induced macrophages through the ceRNA network and the epigenetic regulation of m6A. Mechanistically, these lncRNAs associated with AdipoAI might be related to endocytosis and polarization in macrophages and provide new candidates for the anti-inflammatory application of APN and its receptor agonist.

AMP-activated protein kinase is a key regulator of obesity-associated factors

An imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure leads to obesity. Obesity is an important risk factor for the development of several metabolic diseases including insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. So, controlling obesity could be effective in the improvement of obesity-related diseases. Various factors are involved in obesity, such as AMP-activated protein kinases (AMPK), silent information regulators, inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress parameters, gastrointestinal hormones, adipokines, angiopoietin-like proteins, and microRNAs. These factors play an important role in obesity by controlling fat metabolism, energy homeostasis, food intake, and insulin sensitivity. AMPK is a heterotrimeric serine/threonine protein kinase known as a fuel-sensing enzyme. The central role of AMPK in obesity makes it an attractive molecule to target obesity and related metabolic diseases. In this review, the critical role of AMPK in obesity and the interplay between AMPK and obesity-associated factors were elaborated.

Angiogenic adipokine C1q-TNF-related protein 9 ameliorates myocardial infarction via histone deacetylase 7-mediated MEF2 activation

C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 9 (CTRP9) is an adipokine and has high potential as a therapeutic target. However, the role of CTRP9 in cardiovascular disease pathogenesis remains unclear. We found CTRP9 to induce HDAC7 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation via tight regulation of AMPK in vascular endothelial cells, leading to angiogenesis through increased MEF2 activity. The expression of CTRP9 and atheroprotective MEF2 was decreased in plaque tissue of atherosclerotic patients and the ventricle of post-infarction mice. CTRP9 treatment inhibited the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE KO and CTRP9 KO mice. In addition, CTRP9 induced significant ischemic injury prevention in the post-MI mice. Clinically, serum CTRP9 levels were reduced in patients with MI compared with healthy controls. In summary, CTRP9 induces a vasoprotective response via the AMPK/HDAC7/p38 MAPK pathway in vascular endothelial cells, whereas its absence can contribute to atherosclerosis and MI. Hence, CTRP9 may represent a valuable therapeutic target and biomarker in cardiovascular diseases.

Serum CTRP9 and high-molecular weight adiponectin are associated with ischemic stroke

Background

C1q/TNF-related protein 9 (CTRP9) and adiponectin (APN) have beneficial metabolic regulatory and vasoprotective effects. This study explored alteration of CTRP9 and APN multimers during onset of ischemic stroke and development, to provide novel clinical and experimental basis for recognition and prevention of ischemic stroke.

Methods

There were 269 patients with ischemic stroke and 182 control subjects included in this study. Serum levels of CTRP9 and APN multimers in different disease stages were measured.

Results

Serum CTRP9, total APN (tAPN), and high-molecular weight (HMW) APN decreased gradually in stage I (acute stage, within 72 h of onset) of ischemic stroke and increased during stage III (11th day to one month) and stage IV (1 month after), compared to control. In the non-hyperlipidemia group, serum CTRP9, tAPN, and HMW were decreased in ischemic stroke patients compared to control (P < 0.05). Serum CTRP9 is closely related to serum tAPN and HMW (r = 0.992, 0.991). Serum CTRP9 are protective against ischemic stroke (OR = 0.400, 95% CI 0.197–0.810, P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Lower serum CTRP9, tAPN, LMW, and HMW are significantly associated with increased ischemic stroke risk in non-hyperlipidemia subjects. CTRP9, tAPN, and HMW isoforms may be valuable clinical indicators for patients with ischemic stroke.

The Effect of Healthy Lifestyle Strategies on the Management of Insulin Resistance in Children and Adolescents with Obesity: A Narrative Review

Childhood obesity is characterized by an increased risk of several metabolic derangements including insulin resistance (IR). The strongest recommendations to prevent obesity and related complications are a balanced and adequate diet and practicing physical activity from early childhood. In this review, we propose to present the effects of healthy lifestyle strategies, including physical exercise and dietary approaches, on the management of IR and related metabolic derangements. All types of exercise (aerobic, resistance and combined training) effectively reduce IR in pediatric patients with obesity; it seems that aerobic and combined training stimulate greater improvements in IR compared to resistance training. Balanced normocaloric or hypocaloric dietary approaches are also valid strategies to address IR; it is not possible to assess the long-term impact of varying macronutrients on cardiometabolic risk. The glycemic index/load evaluation is a useful dietary approach to glucose metabolism control. Similarly, they should adopt the principle of the Mediterranean diet. Randomized studies with longer monitoring are needed to define the benefits of nutritional supplementation on IR. Considering that healthy style acquisition could track to later ages, programs of healthy lifestyle starting with children offer a better preventive strategy to preserve metabolic control and children's health.

Obesity, inflammation, and cancer in dogs: Review and perspectives

Obesity is the most common nutritional disease in dogs, and its prevalence has increased in recent decades. Several countries have demonstrated a prevalence of obesity in dogs similar to that observed in humans. Chronic low-grade inflammation is a prominent basis used to explain how obesity results in numerous negative health consequences. This is well known and understood, and recent studies have pointed to the association between obesity and predisposition to specific types of cancers and their complications. Such elucidations are important because, like obesity, the prevalence of cancer in dogs has increased in recent decades, establishing cancer as a significant cause of death for these animals. In the same way, intensive advances in technology in the field of human and veterinary medicine (which even proposes the use of animal models) have optimized existing therapeutic methods, led to the development of innovative treatments, and shortened the time to diagnosis of cancer. Despite the great challenges, this review aims to highlight the evidence obtained to date on the association between obesity, inflammation, and cancer in dogs, and the possible pathophysiological mechanisms that link obesity and carcinogenesis. The potential to control cancer in animals using existing knowledge is also presented.

Impact of Obesity on the Course of Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease—A Review

It is already well-known that visceral adipose tissue is inseparably related to the pathogenesis, activity, and general outcome of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We are getting closer and closer to the molecular background of this loop, finding certain relationships between activated mesenteric tissue and inflammation within the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, relatively new data have been uncovered, indicating a direct impact of body fat on the pattern of pharmacological treatment in the course of IBD. On the other hand, ileal and colonic types of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis appear to be more diversified than it was thought in the past. However, the question arises whether at this stage we are able to translate this knowledge into the practical management of IBD patients or we are still exploring the scientific background of this pathology, having no specific tools to be used directly in patients. Our review explores IBD in the context of obesity and associated disorders, focusing on adipokines, creeping fat, and possible relationships between these disorders and the treatment of IBD patients.

Isinglass Polysaccharides Regulate Intestinal-Barrier Function and Alleviate Obesity in High-Fat Diet Mice through the HO-1/Nrf2 Pathway and Intestinal Microbiome Environment

Plant polysaccharide intervention has shown significant potential to combat obesity. However, studies on animal polysaccharides are indeed rare. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential functions of CIP (IL) on obesity, intestinal microflora dysbiosis, and the possible protection of intestinal barrier in mice fed with high-fat diet (HFD). Our results revealed that after 13 weeks, the HFD+L (high-fat diet + 25 mg/kg CIP) group showed significantly more weight loss and fat accumulation relative to the HFD+H (high-fat diet + 50 mg/kg CIP) group. Furthermore, CIP intervention modulated lipid metabolism and mRNA levels of inflammatory mediators in liver. Overall, CIP clearly improved the intestinal barrier in HFD-fed mice. Additionally, we observed that CIP intervention improved intestinal microbiota community richness and diversity in HFD-fed mice. The CIP intervention mice group showed a relatively low Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio compared to the HFD group. This study concluded that CIP could be used as a functional food to prevent adipocyte accumulation, reduce systemic inflammation, and protect the intestinal barrier.

The Impact of Obesity on the Fibrostenosis Progression of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in a U.S. Veterans Cohort

Whether obesity is protective against progression of EoE is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess factors that alter the progression of EoE and determine if BMI is correlated with reduced disease severity. In this retrospective analysis of the Department of Veterans Affairs electronic health records, patients with EoE who received at least one dilation were identified using ICD and CPT codes. Kaplan-Meier curves determined the relationship between BMI and time to second esophageal dilation as a measurement of severity of disease. Cox proportional hazards models assessed the risk of second dilation adjusted for potential confounders. Of 2890 patients with EoE and at least one dilation, 40% were obese (n = 1165). There were no clinically significant differences in demographics between obese and non-obese patients. Non-obese patients were more likely to be smokers and had a higher mean average of the number of dilation visits compared to obese patients (p < 0.05). When stratified by obesity, non-obese individuals had a median time to next dilation of 6.53 years (95% CI (5.83, 7.79)) compared to 9.24 years for obese individuals (95% CI (7.40, 15.04)). When stratified by six BMI categories, median time to second dilation increased with increasing BMI. The hazard ratio of second dilation for obese individuals was 0.81 (95% CI (0.72-0.92)). EoE patients with a higher BMI were less likely to undergo a second dilation compared to those with a lower BMI. Obesity may have a protective role in EoE or severe strictures may lead to malnourishment. Further research into these possibilities is needed.

Adipolin and IL-6 Serum Levels in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Objective(s): One of the adipokines that have insulin-sensitizing properties is adipolin, whose reduced levels have been reported in obesity, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The present study investigated serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and adipolin levels in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Method: A control case study included 60 COPD patients and 30 healthy subjects in the research and measured adipolin and IL-6 serum levels. In addition, serum adipolin levels in COPD patients were assessed according to the GOLD grade. The relationship between serum adipolin levels and study variables were also analyzed. Results: The results showed reduced adipolin levels in COPD patients compared with healthy individuals (p < 0.001). Furthermore, increased levels of IL-6 were evident in the COPD group compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Adipolin serum levels were positively correlated with PFTs and negatively correlated with IL-6 levels. Conclusion: Decreased adipolin levels enhanced disease severity in COPD patients. It seems that the existence of a significant relationship between adipolin and IL-6 may indicate the role of adipolin in the pathophysiology of COPD.

β-cell dynamics in type 2 diabetes and in dietary and exercise interventions

Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are two of the major causes of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recent clinical and experimental studies have suggested that the functional capacity of β-cells, particularly in the first phase of insulin secretion, is a primary contributor to the progression of T2D and its associated complications. Pancreatic β-cells undergo dynamic compensation and decompensation processes during the development of T2D, in which metabolic stresses such as endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and inflammatory signals are key regulators of β-cell dynamics. Dietary and exercise interventions have been shown to be effective approaches for the treatment of obesity and T2D, especially in the early stages. Whilst the targeted tissues and underlying mechanisms of dietary and exercise interventions remain somewhat vague, accumulating evidence has implicated the improvement of β-cell functional capacity. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of the dynamic adaptations of β-cell function in T2D progression and clarify the effects and mechanisms of dietary and exercise interventions on β-cell dysfunction in T2D. This review provides molecular insights into the therapeutic effects of dietary and exercise interventions on T2D, and more importantly, it paves the way for future research on the related underlying mechanisms for developing precision prevention and treatment of T2D.

Maternal and perinatal obesity induce bronchial obstruction and pulmonary hypertension via IL-6-FoxO1-axis in later life

Obesity is a pre-disposing condition for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Accumulating evidence suggests that metabolic influences during development can determine chronic lung diseases (CLD). We demonstrate that maternal obesity causes early metabolic disorder in the offspring. Here, interleukin-6 induced bronchial and microvascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) hyperproliferation and increased airway and pulmonary vascular resistance. The key anti-proliferative transcription factor FoxO1 was inactivated via nuclear exclusion. These findings were confirmed using primary SMC treated with interleukin-6 and pharmacological FoxO1 inhibition as well as genetic FoxO1 ablation and constitutive activation. In vivo, we reproduced the structural and functional alterations in offspring of obese dams via the SMC-specific ablation of FoxO1. The reconstitution of FoxO1 using IL-6-deficient mice and pharmacological treatment did not protect against metabolic disorder but prevented SMC hyperproliferation. In human observational studies, childhood obesity was associated with reduced forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity ratio Z-score (used as proxy for lung function) and asthma. We conclude that the interleukin-6-FoxO1 pathway in SMC is a molecular mechanism by which perinatal obesity programs the bronchial and vascular structure and function, thereby driving CLD development. Thus, FoxO1 reconstitution provides a potential therapeutic option for preventing this metabolic programming of CLD.

Periprostatic Adipose Tissue Displays a Chronic Hypoxic State that Limits Its Expandability

White adipose tissue accumulates at various sites throughout the body, some adipose tissue depots exist near organs whose function they influence in a paracrine manner. Prostate gland is surrounded by a poorly characterized adipose depot called periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT), which plays emerging roles in prostate-related disorders. Unlike all other adipose depots, PPAT secretes proinflammatory cytokines even in lean individuals and does not increase in volume during obesity. These unique features remain unexplained because of the poor structural and functional characterization of this tissue. This study characterized the structural organization of PPAT in patients compared with abdominopelvic adipose tissue (APAT), an extraperitoneal adipose depot, the accumulation of which is correlated to body mass index. Confocal microscopy followed by three-dimensional reconstructions showed a sparse vascular network in PPAT when compared with that in APAT, suggesting that this tissue is hypoxic. Unbiased comparisons of PPAT and APAT transcriptomes found that most differentially expressed genes were related to the hypoxia response. High levels of the hypoxia-inducible factor 2α confirmed the presence of an adaptive response to hypoxia in PPAT. This chronic hypoxic state was associated with inflammation and fibrosis, which were not further up-regulated by obesity. This fibrosis and inflammation explain the failure of PPAT to expand in obesity and open new mechanistic avenues to explain its role in prostate-related disorders, including cancer.

Sex Differences in Airway Remodeling and Inflammation: Clinical and Biological Factors

Asthma is characterized by an increase in the contraction and inflammation of airway muscles, resulting in airflow obstruction. The prevalence of asthma is lower in females than in males until the start of puberty, and higher in adult women than men. This sex disparity and switch at the onset of puberty has been an object of debate among many researchers. Hence, in this review, we have summarized these observations to pinpoint areas needing more research work and to provide better sex-specific diagnosis and management of asthma. While some researchers have attributed it to the anatomical and physiological differences in the male and female respiratory systems, the influences of hormonal interplay after puberty have also been stressed. Other hormones such as leptin have been linked to the sex differences in asthma in both obese and non-obese patients. Recently, many scientists have also demonstrated the influence of the sex-specific genomic framework as a key player, and others have linked it to environmental, social lifestyle, and occupational exposures. The majority of studies concluded that adult men are less susceptible to developing asthma than women and that women display more severe forms of the disease. Therefore, the understanding of the roles played by sex- and gender-specific factors, and the biological mechanisms involved will help develop novel and more accurate diagnostic and therapeutic plans for sex-specific asthma management.

Chronic Inflammation in Obesity and Cancer Cachexia

Chronic inflammation has long been linked to obesity and related conditions such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. According to current research, the increased risk of cancer in people with certain metabolic diseases may be due to chronic inflammation. Adipocytokines, which are pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted in excess, are elevated in many chronic metabolic diseases. Cytokines and inflammatory mediators, which are not directly linked to DNA, are important in tumorigenesis. Cachexia, a type of metabolic syndrome linked to the disease, is associated with a dysregulation of metabolic pathways. Obesity and cachexia have distinct metabolic characteristics, such as insulin resistance, increased lipolysis, elevated free fatty acids (FFA), and ceramide levels, which are discussed in this section. The goal of this research project is to create a framework for bringing together our knowledge of inflammation-mediated insulin resistance.

Association of serum omentin-1, apelin and chemerin concentrations with the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Omentin-1 is a novel adipokine with anti-inflammatory functions. Apelin is associated with hyperinsulinemia and pathological angiogenesis. Chemerin has both pro- and anti-inflammatory actions and implicated in insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to assess serum omentin-1, apelin and chemerin concentrations and to investigate their association with the presence and severity of DR in T2DM patients. Serum omentin-1, apelin and chemerin were measured in 112 patients with DR and 56 patients without DR. Bivariate analysis showed omentin-1 correlated negatively with hsCRP and TyG index; while apelin correlated positively with chemerin. Linear regression data showed that apelin and chemerin were independent predictors of DR severity. ROC curve revealed that omentin-1 was the best discriminant for DR while apelin was the best discriminant for vision threatening retinopathy. Serum omentin-1 concentration correlates negatively, while serum apelin and chemerin concentrations correlate positively with DR presence and severity in T2DM patients.

Cannabis sativa as a Treatment for Obesity: From Anti-Inflammatory Indirect Support to a Promising Metabolic Re-Establishment Target

Introduction: Obesity is defined as an excess of accumulation of fat that can be harmful to health. Storage of excess fat in the adipose tissue triggers an inflammatory process, which makes obesity a low-grade chronic inflammatory disease. Obesity is considered a complex and multifactorial disease; hence, no intervention strategy appears to be an ideal treatment for all individuals. Therefore, new therapeutic alternatives are often studied for the treatment of this disease. Currently, herbal medicines are gaining ground in the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities. In this context, much attention is being paid to Cannabis sativa derivatives, and their therapeutic functions are being widely studied, including in treating obesity. Objective: Highlight the pharmacological properties of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabidinol (THC), and cannabidiol (CBD), the predominant isolated components of Cannabis sativa, as well as its therapeutic potential in the treatment of obesity. Methods: This is a narrative review that shows the existing scientific evidence on the clinical application of Cannabis sativa as a possible treatment for obesity. Data collection was performed in the PubMed electronic database. The following word combinations were used: Cannabis and obesity, Cannabis sativa and obesity, THCV and obesity, THC and obesity, CBD and obesity, and Cannabis sativa and inflammation. Results: Evidence shows that Cannabis sativa derivatives have therapeutic potential due to their anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, people who use cannabis have a lower body mass index than those who do not, making the plant an option to reduce and reverse inflammation and comorbidities in obesity. Conclusion: It is concluded that phytocannabinoids derived from Cannabis sativa have therapeutic potential due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties, making the plant a study option to reduce and reverse inflammation and comorbidities associated with obesity.

Intake of ultra-processed foods is associated with inflammatory markers in Brazilian adolescents

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the association of the consumption of foods of the ultra-processed group (UPF) with inflammatory markers in the adolescent population in Northeastern Brazil.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional population-based study. Food consumption was evaluated using two 24-h dietary recalls using the NOVA classification for food processing levels. The following inflammatory markers were evaluated: adiponectin, IL-6, IL-8, C-reactive protein (CRP) and TNF-α. Multivariate linear regression was used to investigate the association between the percentage of UPF energy contribution and inflammatory markers.

SETTING

São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.

PARTICIPANTS

The sample consisted of 391 male and female adolescents, aged from 17 to 18 years.

RESULTS

The average daily energy consumption by adolescents was 8032·9 kJ/d, of which 26·1 % originated from UPF. The upper tertile (T3) of UPF consumption presented higher intake of simple carbohydrates, lipids, saturated fat, and Na and lower protein intake. Individuals in T3 presented higher serum leptin and CRP levels (P < 0·05). Adolescents with UPF energy consumption ≥30·0 % (tertile 3 of UPF) had a 79 % (exp (0·58) = 1·79) increase in IL-8 levels when compared with adolescents in tertile 1 of UPF (P = 0·013).

CONCLUSIONS

The association between the consumption of UPF, poor quality diet and pro-inflammatory markers have important harmful effects that can be observed as early as in adolescence.

Diacerein versus adipoRon as adiponectin modulators in experimentally-induced end-stage type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats

The objective of the present study is to evaluate and compare the possible anti-diabetic effects of adipoRon and diacerein in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. T2DM is marked by impaired oxidative, inflammatory and metabolic signaling. Indeed, T2DM progression is associated with elevated HbA1C%, low adiponectin and insulin concentration. Moreover, in this study epididymal adipose tissue and soleus muscle MDA contents significantly escalated, while serum TAC and epididymal adipose Nrf2 significantly declined. Nevertheless, serum TNF-α, epididymal NLRP3, NF-κB, PPARγ and CD68 expression rose significantly with a parallel significant reduction in serum IL-10 and soleus muscle expression of IRS1. Both adipoRon and diacerein significantly improved adiponectin and insulin secretion with augmentation of anti-oxidant defenses and diminution of oxidative burden, with obvious anti-inflammatory consequences (p < 0.05). Thus, adipoRon and diacerein positively modulated adiponectin expression with down-regulation of NF-κB/NLRP3/PPARγ expression with subsequent improvement in glycemic control, inflammatory and oxidative signaling.

Anti-Obesity Effects of a Mixture of Atractylodes macrocephala and Amomum villosum Extracts on 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice

Since the potential of (3:1) mixtures of Atractylodes macrocephala and Amomum villosum extracts has been proposed in the management of obesity, the purpose of present study was to investigate the effects of AME:AVE (3:1) mixture on weight loss, obesity-related biochemical parameters, adipogenesis and lipogenesis related proteins in 3T3-L1 cells and HFD-induced obesity in a mouse model. Treatment with AME:AVE (3:1) mixture inhibited lipid accumulation. Furthermore, the treatment with 75 and 150 mg/kg of AME:AVE (3:1) significantly decreased the body weight gain, white adipose tissue (WAT) weight, and plasma glucose level in HFD-induced obese mice. Moreover, treatment with 75 and 150 mg/kg AME:AVE (3:1) also significantly lowered the size of adipocytes in adipose tissue and reduced the lipid accumulation in liver. AME:AVE (3:1) treatment significantly decreased the expression of proteins related to adipogenesis and lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and WAT of HFD-induced obese mice. These results suggest that the AME:AVE herbal mixture (3:1) has anti-obesity effects, which may be elicited by regulating the expression of adipogenesis and lipogenesis-related proteins in adipocytes and WAT in HFD-induced obesity in mice.

An immediate post op and follow up assessment of circulating adipo-cytokines after bariatric surgery in morbid obesity

Background

Bariatric surgery has emerged as a promising treatment for improving adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity, but the mechanisms for such amelioration are still not known. This study comprehensively explores a panel of adipo-cytokines in individuals with obesity undergoing bariatric surgery, in conjunction with markers of insulin resistance, at three time points i.e., pre-op, immediate post-op and 6 months post-surgery.

Methods

It is a case-control prospective study among obese individuals undergoing bariatric surgery (BMI ≥35 kg/m2, n=30) and non-obese subjects (BMI <25 kg/m2, n=30), comparing the levels of serum adiponectin, resistin, C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Interleukin (IL)-6 and 8, Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α between them. The same were followed at immediate and 6-month post-op periods in the former group. The serum markers were correlated with the markers of Insulin resistance like HOMA-IR, HOMA-β and QUICKI.

Results

A significant increase in adiponectin was seen after weight loss in obese group (17.54 ± 1.31 μg/mL at baseline vs 68.76 ± 1.84 μg/mL at 6- month post-surgery). CRP being an acute phase protein showed significant higher levels at immediate post-op period but declined even below its baseline at 6 months after surgery (33.34 ± 16.85 μg/mL at baseline vs 59.85 ± 23.12 μg/mL at immediate post-op vs 9.66 ± 1.84 μg/mL at 6 months post-operatively). Few inconsistencies were observed in the trajectories of IL-6 and TNF-α, while other pro-inflammatory markers indicated resolution after surgery.

Conclusion

Bariatric surgery alleviated the systemic inflammation, correlating with improved insulin resistance in individuals with obesity.

What is already known about this subject?•

There is an altered expression of inflammatory cytokines and adipokines in obesity, contributing to a low-grade chronic inflammation, culminating in adipose tissue dysfunction.

•

Bariatric surgery leads to a considerable reduction in the adipose tissue mass which leads in resolution of inflammation, in terms of circulating adipocytokines.

•

The adipokines and cytokine profiles have been investigated pre and post bariatric surgery but inconsistencies have been reported in their serum levels in various studies.

What this study adds?•

This study takes into account the immediate post-operative serum cytokine profile, which has not been reported in the literature yet.

•

This study reports the significant changes in said parameters, right from the beginning of the post-surgical period, and correlates it with clinical profile of subjects.

•

This further enhances the knowledge about translation of bariatric surgery induced biochemical alterations, into a significant clinical benefit with regard to obesity related morbidity and mortality.

In Vivo Effects of Coffee Containing Javamide-I/-II on Body Weight, LDL, HDL, Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Leptin, Adiponectin, C-Reactive Protein, sE-Selectin, TNF-α, and MCP-1

BACKGROUND

Diet plays an unequivocal role in the development of obesity. Interestingly, recent studies have demonstrated that coffee products containing javamide-I/-II may be commonly found in the market. However, there is no information about in vivo effects of coffee containing javamide-I/-II (CCJ12) on obesity-related metabolic factors (body weight, LDL, HDL, total cholesterols, triglycerides, adiponectin, and leptin) in nonobese people.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was to investigate in vivo effects of CCJ12 on these metabolic factors as well as inflammatory/cardiovascular disease risk factors [C-reactive protein (CRP), soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin), TNF-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)] in a nonobese model.

METHODS

Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed a complete diet for 20 wk with either drinking water containing CCJ12 [coffee containing javamide-I/-II group (CG), n = 10] or unsupplemented drinking water [water control group (NCG), n = 10]. The amounts of javamide-I/-II in CCJ12 were quantified by HPLC. Water/food consumption and body weight were monitored weekly, and the concentrations of metabolic/inflammatory/cardiovascular disease risk factors were measured by ELISA.

RESULTS

There was no significant difference in water/food consumption between the NCG and CG during the study. Also, no significant difference was found in average body weights between the groups either. In addition, after 20 wk, both groups did not show any significant difference in plasma LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol concentrations. Likewise, adiponectin and leptin concentrations were not significantly different between the groups. As expected, the 2 groups did not show any significant difference in plasma concentrations of CRP and sE-selectin. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in plasma concentrations of TNF-α and MCP-1 between the groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The data suggest that CCJ12 may not have significant effects on the metabolic/inflammatory/cardiovascular disease risk factors in the CG, compared with the NCG.

The Variation and Correlation of Serum Adiponectin, Nesfatin-1, IL-6, and TNF-α Levels in Prediabetes

BACKGROUND

The variation and correlation among adiponectin, nesfatin-1, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6), which may be involved in the development of the decline of health into prediabetes and diabetes, have not been elucidated. This study aims to investigate the roles of these cytokines in this process.

METHODS

Seventy-two type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, 75 prediabetics, and 72 healthy individuals were enrolled in our case control study. Serum adiponectin, nesfatin-1, TNF-α, and IL-6 were tested with appropriate kits, and primary data were analyzed with correct methods.

RESULTS

Serum levels of each cytokine in patients with prediabetes were between T2DM and the healthy, and significant differences were found among them. TNF-α and nesfatin-1 levels in T2DM were obviously different compared to prediabetes or the healthy; IL-6 and adiponectin levels in the healthy group were significantly changed in contrast to prediabetes or T2DM. Correlation analysis found that in prediabetics, adiponectin was positively correlated with TNF-α (R = 0.2939, P = 0.0105) and IL-6 (R = 0.3918, P = 0.0005), and their relationship was greatly strengthened in prediabetes accompanied by insulin resistance (TNF-α: R = 0.7732, P < 0.0001, IL-6: R = 0.6663, P = 0.0005). We also demonstrated that declined adiponectin (OR = 6.238, P = 0.019) and nesfatin-1 (OR = 2.812, P = 0.01) and elevated TNF-α (OR = 5.541, P = 0.001) were risk factors for prediabetes toward diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS

This research proved significant variations of adiponectin, nesfatin-1, IL-6, and TNF-α levels in the healthy, prediabetics, and T2DM, suggesting a slow and gradual change during the progression from a healthy condition toward diabetes via prediabetes.

Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Adipose Tissue Biology

Bariatric surgery (BS) procedures are actually the most effective intervention to help subjects with severe obesity achieve significant and sustained weight loss. White adipose tissue (WAT) is increasingly recognized as the largest endocrine organ. Unhealthy WAT expansion through adipocyte hypertrophy has pleiotropic effects on adipocyte function and promotes obesity-associated metabolic complications. WAT dysfunction in obesity encompasses an altered adipokine secretome, unresolved inflammation, dysregulated autophagy, inappropriate extracellular matrix remodeling and insufficient angiogenic potential. In the last 10 years, accumulating evidence suggests that BS can improve the WAT function beyond reducing the fat depot sizes. The causal relationships between improved WAT function and the health benefits of BS merits further investigation. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the short-, medium- and long-term outcomes of BS on the WAT composition and function.

Prognostic Role of Subcutaneous and Visceral Adiposity in Hospitalized Octogenarians with COVID-19

BACKGROUND

We investigated the prognostic significance of visceral and subcutaneous adiposity in octogenarians with COVID-19.

METHODS

This paper presents a monocentric retrospective study that was conducted in acute geriatric wards with 64 hospitalized patients aged 80+ who had a diagnosis of COVID-19 and who underwent a chest CT scan. A quantification of the subcutaneous, visceral, and total fat areas was performed after segmentations on the first abdominal slice caudal to the deepest pleural recess on a soft-tissue window setting. Logistic regression models were applied to investigate the association with in-hospital mortality and the extent of COVID-19 pneumonia.

RESULTS

The patients had a mean age of 86.4 ± 6.0 years, and 46.9% were male, with a mean BMI of 24.1 ± 4.4Kg/m² and mortality rate of 32.8%. A higher subcutaneous fat area had a protective effect against mortality (OR 0.416; 0.183-0.944 95% CI; p = 0.036), which remained significant after adjustments for age, sex, and BMI (OR 0.231; 0.071-0.751 95% CI; p = 0.015). Inversely, higher abdominal circumference, total fat area, subcutaneous fat area, and visceral fat were associated with worse COVID-19 pneumonia, with the latter presenting the strongest association after adjustments for age, sex, and BMI (OR 2.862; 1.523-5.379 95% CI; p = 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Subcutaneous and visceral fat areas measured on chest CT scans were associated with prognosis in octogenarians with COVID-19.

Serum and aqueous humor adiponectin levels correlate with diabetic retinopathy development and progression

PURPOSE

To compare adiponectin (APN) levels in the serum and aqueous humor (AH) and evaluate their association with the development/progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR).

METHODS

Diabetic patients with (group 3; n = 59) and without (group 2; n = 39) DR and age- and sex-matched normal subjects (group 1; n = 35) were compared. Duration of diabetes, body mass index, serum HbA1c, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), APN, pentraxin 3 (PTX3), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and APN were measured and analyzed.

RESULTS

One hundred and thirty-three participants were included. Compared to patients without diabetes, diabetic patients with DR had significantly elevated average serum APN levels (5.99±3.89 μg/ml versus 3.51±1.44 μg/ml, P = 0.002) and average AH APN levels (10.94±11.74 ng/ml versus 3.65±3.33 ng/ml, P<0.001). Serum APN was significantly correlated with AH APN (R = 0.512, P<0.001) and AH VEGF (R = 0.202, P = 0.020). The log serum APN was significantly correlated with intraocular cytokines, including log APN, log VEGF, log ICAM, log leptin, log PTX3, log PDGF, angiopoietin, C-reactive protein, and interleukins (IL)-5 and IL-10 (P<0.001, P = 0.020, P<0.001, P<0.001, P = 0.001, P<0.001, P = 0.008, P = 0.009, P<0.001, and P = 0.046, respectively). Log serum VEGF showed a significant correlation only with log AH VEGF (P = 0.001). Multivariate logistic analysis was performed to evaluate the association of DR progression and cytokine concentrations; log Serum APN and log AH APN showed good correlation with the DR progression in each model.

CONCLUSIONS

AH APN levels correlated well with DR development and progression. Serum APN could be a better marker for estimating intraocular cytokines, including both intraocular APN and VEGF concentrations in clinical field, than serum VEGF in DR patients.