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McLaurin KA, Ott RK, Mactutus CF, Booze RM. Adolescent oral oxycodone self-administration disrupts neurobehavioral and neurocognitive development. Neuropharmacology 2024; 258:110064. [PMID: 38981578 PMCID: PMC11418068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Nonmedical use of prescription opioids peaks during late adolescence, a developmental period associated with the maturation of higher-order cognitive processes. To date, however, how chronic adolescent oxycodone (OXY) self-administration alters neurobehavioral (i.e., locomotion, startle reactivity) and/or neurocognitive (i.e., preattentive processes, intrasession habituation, stimulus-reinforcement learning, sustained attention) function has not yet been systematically evaluated. Hence, the rationale was built for establishing the dose-dependency of adolescent OXY self-administration on the trajectory of neurobehavioral and neurocognitive development. From postnatal day (PD) 35 to PD 105, an age in rats that corresponds to the adolescent and young adult period in humans, male and female F344/N rats received access to either oral OXY (0, 2, 5, or 10 mg/kg) or water under a two-bottle choice experimental paradigm. Independent of biological sex or dose, rodents voluntarily escalated their OXY intake across ten weeks. A longitudinal experimental design revealed prominent OXY-induced impairments in neurobehavioral development, characterized by dose-dependent increases in locomotion and sex-dependent increases in startle reactivity. Systematic manipulation of the interstimulus interval in prepulse inhibition supports an OXY-induced impairment in preattentive processes. Despite the long-term cessation of OXY intake, rodents with a history of chronic adolescent oral OXY self-administration exhibited deficits in sustained attention; albeit no alterations in stimulus-reinforcement learning were observed. Taken together, adolescent oral OXY self-administration induces selective long-term alterations in neurobehavioral and neurocognitive development enjoining the implementation of safer prescribing guidelines for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A McLaurin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40508, USA.
| | - Rachael K Ott
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Charles F Mactutus
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Rosemarie M Booze
- Cognitive and Neural Science Program, Department of Psychology, Barnwell College, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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Carboni E, Ibba M, Carboni E, Carta AR. Adolescent stress differentially modifies dopamine and norepinephrine release in the medial prefrontal cortex of adult rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 134:111055. [PMID: 38879069 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Adolescent stress (AS) has been associated with higher vulnerability to psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, or drug dependence. Moreover, the alteration of brain catecholamine (CAT) transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been found to play a major role in the etiology of psychiatric disturbances. We investigated the effect of adolescent stress on CAT transmission in the mPFC of freely moving adult rats because of the importance of this area in the etiology of psychiatric disorders, and because CAT transmission is the target of a relevant group of drugs used in the therapy of depression and psychosis. We assessed basal dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) extracellular concentrations (output) by brain microdialysis in in the mPFC of adult rats that were exposed to chronic mild stress in adolescence. To ascertain the role of an altered release or reuptake, we stimulated DA and NE output by administering either different doses of amphetamine (0.5 and 1.0 mg / kg s.c.), which by a complex mechanism determines a dose dependent increase in the CAT output, or reboxetine (10 mg/kg i.p.), a selective NE reuptake inhibitor. The results showed the following: (i) basal DA output in AS rats was lower than in controls, while no difference in basal NE output was observed; (ii) amphetamine, dose dependently, stimulated DA and NE output to a greater extent in AS rats than in controls; (iii) reboxetine stimulated NE output to a greater extent in AS rats than in controls, while no difference in stimulated DA output was observed between the two groups. These results show that AS determines enduring effects on DA and NE transmission in the mPFC and might lead to the occurrence of psychiatric disorders or increase the vulnerability to drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezio Carboni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Marcello Ibba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elena Carboni
- Unit of Paediatrics, ASST Cremona Maggiore Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - Anna R Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
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3
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Martinez MX, Alizo Vera V, Ruiz CM, Floresco SB, Mahler SV. Adolescent THC impacts on mPFC dopamine-mediated cognitive processes in male and female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024:10.1007/s00213-024-06676-9. [PMID: 39190156 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06676-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Adolescent cannabis use is linked to later-life changes in cognition, learning, and memory. Rodent experimental studies suggest Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) influences development of circuits underlying these processes, especially in the prefrontal cortex, which matures during adolescence. OBJECTIVE We determined how 14 daily THC injections (5 mg/kg) during adolescence persistently impacts medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) dopamine-dependent cognition. METHODS In adult Long Evans rats treated as adolescents with THC (AdoTHC), we quantify performance on two mPFC dopamine-dependent reward-based tasks-strategy set shifting and probabilistic discounting. We also determined how acute dopamine augmentation with amphetamine (0, 0.25, 0.5 mg/kg), or specific chemogenetic stimulation of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons and their projections to mPFC impact probabilistic discounting. RESULTS AdoTHC sex-dependently impacts acquisition of cue-guided instrumental reward seeking, but has minimal effects on set-shifting or probabilistic discounting in either sex. When we challenged dopamine circuits acutely with amphetamine during probabilistic discounting, we found reduced discounting of improbable reward options, with AdoTHC rats being more sensitive to these effects than controls. In contrast, neither acute chemogenetic stimulation of VTA dopamine neurons nor pathway-specific chemogenetic stimulation of their projection to mPFC impacted probabilistic discounting in control rats, although stimulation of this cortical dopamine projection slightly disrupted choices in AdoTHC rats. CONCLUSIONS These studies confirm a marked specificity in the cognitive processes impacted by AdoTHC exposure. They also suggest that some persistent AdoTHC effects may alter amphetamine-induced cognitive changes in a manner independent of VTA dopamine neurons or their projections to mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricela X Martinez
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, 1132 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Vanessa Alizo Vera
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, 1132 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Christina M Ruiz
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, 1132 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Stan B Floresco
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Stephen V Mahler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, 1132 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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Martinez MX, Alizo Vera V, Ruiz CM, Floresco SB, Mahler SV. Adolescent THC impacts on mPFC dopamine-mediated cognitive processes in male and female rats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.12.588937. [PMID: 38826339 PMCID: PMC11142049 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.12.588937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Rationale Adolescent cannabis use is linked to later-life changes in cognition, learning, and memory. Rodent experimental studies suggest Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) influences development of circuits underlying these processes, especially in the prefrontal cortex, which matures during adolescence. Objective We determined how 14 daily THC injections (5mg/kg) during adolescence persistently impacts medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) dopamine-dependent cognition. Methods In adult Long Evans rats treated as adolescents with THC (AdoTHC), we quantify performance on two mPFC dopamine-dependent reward-based tasks-strategy set shifting and probabilistic discounting. We also determined how acute dopamine augmentation with amphetamine (0, 0.25, 0.5 mg/kg), or specific chemogenetic stimulation of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons and their projections to mPFC impacts probabilistic discounting. Results AdoTHC sex-dependently impacts acquisition of cue-guided instrumental reward seeking, but has minimal effects on set-shifting or probabilistic discounting in either sex. When we challenged dopamine circuits acutely with amphetamine during probabilistic discounting, we found reduced discounting of improbable reward options, with AdoTHC rats being more sensitive to these effects than controls. In contrast, neither acute chemogenetic stimulation of VTA dopamine neurons nor pathway-specific chemogenetic stimulation of their projection to mPFC impacted probabilistic discounting in control rats, although stimulation of this cortical dopamine projection slightly disrupted choices in AdoTHC rats. Conclusions These studies confirm a marked specificity in the cognitive processes impacted by AdoTHC exposure. They also suggest that some persistent AdoTHC effects may alter amphetamine-induced cognitive changes in a manner independent of VTA dopamine neurons or their projections to mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricela X. Martinez
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine. 2221 McGaugh Hall. Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Vanessa Alizo Vera
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine. 2221 McGaugh Hall. Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Christina M. Ruiz
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine. 2221 McGaugh Hall. Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Stan B. Floresco
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Stephen V. Mahler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine. 2221 McGaugh Hall. Irvine, CA 92697
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Friedman A, Schildroth S, Fruh V, Krengel MH, Tripodis Y, Placidi D, White RF, Lucchini RG, Smith DR, Wright RO, Horton MK, Claus Henn B. Sex-specific associations of a ferroalloy metal mixture with motor function in Italian adolescents. Environ Epidemiol 2024; 8:e321. [PMID: 39022189 PMCID: PMC11254121 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Motor function is critical for children's health, yet remains an understudied neurodevelopmental domain. Exposure to metals has been linked with motor function, but no study has examined the joint effects of metal mixtures. Methods We evaluated cross-sectional associations between a metal mixture and motor function among 569 adolescents (10-14 years old) living near the ferroalloy industry. Concentrations of blood lead, hair manganese, hair copper, and hair chromium were quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Neuropsychologists administered multiple fine motor function assessments: pursuit aiming, finger tapping, visual reaction time (VRT), and subtests from the Luria Nebraska battery. We estimated associations between motor function and the metal mixture using quantile-based g-computation and multivariable linear regression, adjusting for child age, sex, and socioeconomic status. We explored sex-specific associations in stratified models. Results Associations between the metal mixture and motor function were mostly null but were modified by sex. We observed a beneficial association among females: a quartile increase in all metals in the mixture was associated with a 2.6% faster average response time on the VRT (95% confidence interval [CI] = -4.7%, -0.5%), driven by Cu and Cr. In contrast, this association was adverse among males (ß = 1.5% slower response time [95% CI = -0.7%, 3.9%]), driven by Cu and Mn. Conclusions Results suggest that males may be more susceptible to the adverse effects of metal exposure on motor function during adolescence than females. Future studies, particularly prospective study designs, are warranted to further understand the associations of metal mixtures with motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Friedman
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samantha Schildroth
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Victoria Fruh
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maxine H. Krengel
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yorghos Tripodis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Donatella Placidi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta F. White
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Roberto G. Lucchini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Donald R. Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California
| | - Robert O. Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Megan K. Horton
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Birgit Claus Henn
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Petersen D, Raudales R, Silva AK, Kellendonk C, Canetta S. Adolescent Thalamoprefrontal Inhibition Leads to Changes in Intrinsic Prefrontal Network Connectivity. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0284-24.2024. [PMID: 39134414 PMCID: PMC11363513 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0284-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Adolescent inhibition of thalamocortical projections from postnatal days P20 to 50 leads to long-lasting deficits in prefrontal cortex function and cognition in the adult mouse. While this suggests a role of thalamic activity in prefrontal cortex maturation, it is unclear how inhibition of these projections affects prefrontal circuitry during adolescence. Here, we used chemogenetic tools to inhibit thalamoprefrontal projections in male/female mice from P20 to P35 and measured synaptic inputs to prefrontal pyramidal neurons by layer (either II/III or V/VI) and projection target (mediodorsal thalamus (MD), nucleus accumbens (NAc), or callosal prefrontal projections) 24 h later using slice physiology. We found a decrease in the frequency of excitatory and inhibitory currents in layer II/III NAc and layer V/VI MD-projecting neurons while layer V/VI NAc-projecting neurons showed an increase in the amplitude of excitatory and inhibitory currents. Regarding cortical projections, the frequency of inhibitory but not excitatory currents was enhanced in contralateral mPFC-projecting neurons. Notably, despite these complex changes in individual levels of excitation and inhibition, the overall balance between excitation and inhibition in each cell was only altered in the contralateral mPFC projections. This finding suggests homeostatic regulation occurs within subcortically but not intracortical callosal-projecting neurons. Increased inhibition of intraprefrontal connectivity may therefore be particularly important for prefrontal cortex circuit maturation. Finally, we observed cognitive deficits in the adult mouse using this narrowed window of thalamocortical inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Petersen
- Departments of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
- Divisions of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032
| | - Ricardo Raudales
- Departments of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
- Divisions of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032
| | - Ariadna Kim Silva
- Departments of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
- Divisions of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032
| | - Christoph Kellendonk
- Departments of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
- Molecular Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
- Divisions of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032
| | - Sarah Canetta
- Departments of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
- Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032
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Hoops D, Kyne R, Salameh S, MacGowan D, Avramescu RG, Ewing E, He AT, Orsini T, Durand A, Popescu C, Zhao JM, Shatz K, Li L, Carroll Q, Liu G, Paul MJ, Flores C. The scheduling of adolescence with Netrin-1 and UNC5C. eLife 2024; 12:RP88261. [PMID: 39056276 PMCID: PMC11281785 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Dopamine axons are the only axons known to grow during adolescence. Here, using rodent models, we examined how two proteins, Netrin-1 and its receptor, UNC5C, guide dopamine axons toward the prefrontal cortex and shape behaviour. We demonstrate in mice (Mus musculus) that dopamine axons reach the cortex through a transient gradient of Netrin-1-expressing cells - disrupting this gradient reroutes axons away from their target. Using a seasonal model (Siberian hamsters; Phodopus sungorus) we find that mesocortical dopamine development can be regulated by a natural environmental cue (daylength) in a sexually dimorphic manner - delayed in males, but advanced in females. The timings of dopamine axon growth and UNC5C expression are always phase-locked. Adolescence is an ill-defined, transitional period; we pinpoint neurodevelopmental markers underlying this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hoops
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalCanada
| | - Robert Kyne
- Neuroscience Program, University at BuffaloSUNYUnited States
| | - Samer Salameh
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalCanada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Del MacGowan
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalCanada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Radu Gabriel Avramescu
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalCanada
| | - Elise Ewing
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalCanada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Alina Tao He
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalCanada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Taylor Orsini
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalCanada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Anais Durand
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalCanada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Christina Popescu
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalCanada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Janet Mengyi Zhao
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalCanada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Kelcie Shatz
- Department of Psychology, University at BuffaloSUNYUnited States
| | - LiPing Li
- Department of Psychology, University at BuffaloSUNYUnited States
| | - Quinn Carroll
- Department of Psychology, University at BuffaloSUNYUnited States
| | - Guofa Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of ToledoToledoUnited States
| | - Matthew J Paul
- Neuroscience Program, University at BuffaloSUNYUnited States
- Department of Psychology, University at BuffaloSUNYUnited States
| | - Cecilia Flores
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMontréalCanada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental Health, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
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Caldwell M, Mendoza JC, Jiang XYZ, Alarcon C, Ayo-Jibunoh V, Louis S, Maronna D, Darwish R, Tomaio J, Mingote S, Yetnikoff L. Reorganization of dopamine circuitry in the anterior corpus callosum between early adolescence and adulthood in the mouse. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2535-2548. [PMID: 38720367 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The maturation of forebrain dopamine circuitry occurs over multiple developmental periods, extending from early postnatal life until adulthood, with the precise timing of maturation defined by the target region. We recently demonstrated in the adult mouse brain that axon terminals arising from midbrain dopamine neurons innervate the anterior corpus callosum and that oligodendrocyte lineage cells in this white matter tract express dopamine receptor transcripts. Whether corpus callosal dopamine circuitry undergoes maturational changes between early adolescence and adulthood is unknown but may be relevant to understanding the dramatic micro- and macro-anatomical changes that occur in the corpus callosum of multiple species during early adolescence, including in the degree of myelination. Using quantitative neuroanatomy, we show that dopamine innervation in the forceps minor, but not the rostral genu, of the corpus callosum, is greater during early adolescence (P21) compared to adulthood (>P90) in wild-type mice. We further demonstrate with RNAscope that, as in the adult, Drd1 and Drd2 transcripts are expressed at higher levels in oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and decline as these cells differentiate into oligodendrocytes. In addition, the number of OPCs that express Drd1 transcripts during early adolescence is double the number of those expressing the transcript during early adulthood. These data further implicate dopamine in axon myelination and myelin regulation. Moreover, because developmental (activity-independent) myelination peaks during early adolescence, with experience-dependent (activity-dependent) myelination greatest during early adulthood, our data suggest that potential roles of dopamine on callosal myelination shift between early adolescence and adulthood, from a developmental role to an experience-dependent role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Caldwell
- CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Josue Criollo Mendoza
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Xin Yan Zhu Jiang
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Colin Alarcon
- Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Vanessa Ayo-Jibunoh
- Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Shelby Louis
- Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Maronna
- Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Rania Darwish
- Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Jaquelyn Tomaio
- CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susana Mingote
- CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leora Yetnikoff
- CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA
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9
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Hoops D, Yee Y, Hammill C, Wong S, Manitt C, Bedell BJ, Cahill L, Lerch JP, Flores C, Sled JG. Disproportionate neuroanatomical effects of DCC haploinsufficiency in adolescence compared with adulthood: links to dopamine, connectivity, covariance, and gene expression brain maps in mice. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2024; 49:E157-E171. [PMID: 38692693 PMCID: PMC11068426 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.230106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Critical adolescent neural refinement is controlled by the DCC (deleted in colorectal cancer) protein, a receptor for the netrin-1 guidance cue. We sought to describe the effects of reduced DCC on neuroanatomy in the adolescent and adult mouse brain. METHODS We examined neuronal connectivity, structural covariance, and molecular processes in a DCC-haploinsufficient mouse model, compared with wild-type mice, using new, custom analytical tools designed to leverage publicly available databases from the Allen Institute. RESULTS We included 11 DCC-haploinsufficient mice and 16 wild-type littermates. Neuroanatomical effects of DCC haploinsufficiency were more severe in adolescence than adulthood and were largely restricted to the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system. The latter finding was consistent whether we identified the regions of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system a priori or used connectivity data from the Allen Brain Atlas to determine de novo where these dopamine axons terminated. Covariance analyses found that DCC haploinsufficiency disrupted the coordinated development of the brain regions that make up the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system. Gene expression maps pointed to molecular processes involving the expression of DCC, UNC5C (encoding DCC's co-receptor), and NTN1 (encoding its ligand, netrin-1) as underlying our structural findings. LIMITATIONS Our study involved a single sex (males) at only 2 ages. CONCLUSION The neuroanatomical phenotype of DCC haploinsufficiency described in mice parallels that observed in DCC-haploinsufficient humans. It is critical to understand the DCC-haploinsufficient mouse as a clinically relevant model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hoops
- From the Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont. (Hoops, Yee, Hammill, Wong, Lerch, Sled); the Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ont. (Hoops, Yee, Lerch, Sled); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Hoops, Flores); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Que. (Hoops, Manitt, Flores); the Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, N.L. (Hoops, Cahill); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Bedell, Flores); the Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, U.K. (Lerch); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Flores)
| | - Yohan Yee
- From the Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont. (Hoops, Yee, Hammill, Wong, Lerch, Sled); the Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ont. (Hoops, Yee, Lerch, Sled); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Hoops, Flores); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Que. (Hoops, Manitt, Flores); the Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, N.L. (Hoops, Cahill); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Bedell, Flores); the Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, U.K. (Lerch); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Flores)
| | - Christopher Hammill
- From the Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont. (Hoops, Yee, Hammill, Wong, Lerch, Sled); the Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ont. (Hoops, Yee, Lerch, Sled); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Hoops, Flores); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Que. (Hoops, Manitt, Flores); the Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, N.L. (Hoops, Cahill); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Bedell, Flores); the Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, U.K. (Lerch); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Flores)
| | - Sammi Wong
- From the Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont. (Hoops, Yee, Hammill, Wong, Lerch, Sled); the Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ont. (Hoops, Yee, Lerch, Sled); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Hoops, Flores); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Que. (Hoops, Manitt, Flores); the Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, N.L. (Hoops, Cahill); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Bedell, Flores); the Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, U.K. (Lerch); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Flores)
| | - Colleen Manitt
- From the Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont. (Hoops, Yee, Hammill, Wong, Lerch, Sled); the Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ont. (Hoops, Yee, Lerch, Sled); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Hoops, Flores); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Que. (Hoops, Manitt, Flores); the Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, N.L. (Hoops, Cahill); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Bedell, Flores); the Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, U.K. (Lerch); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Flores)
| | - Barry J Bedell
- From the Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont. (Hoops, Yee, Hammill, Wong, Lerch, Sled); the Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ont. (Hoops, Yee, Lerch, Sled); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Hoops, Flores); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Que. (Hoops, Manitt, Flores); the Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, N.L. (Hoops, Cahill); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Bedell, Flores); the Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, U.K. (Lerch); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Flores)
| | - Lindsay Cahill
- From the Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont. (Hoops, Yee, Hammill, Wong, Lerch, Sled); the Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ont. (Hoops, Yee, Lerch, Sled); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Hoops, Flores); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Que. (Hoops, Manitt, Flores); the Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, N.L. (Hoops, Cahill); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Bedell, Flores); the Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, U.K. (Lerch); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Flores)
| | - Jason P Lerch
- From the Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont. (Hoops, Yee, Hammill, Wong, Lerch, Sled); the Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ont. (Hoops, Yee, Lerch, Sled); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Hoops, Flores); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Que. (Hoops, Manitt, Flores); the Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, N.L. (Hoops, Cahill); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Bedell, Flores); the Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, U.K. (Lerch); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Flores)
| | - Cecilia Flores
- From the Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont. (Hoops, Yee, Hammill, Wong, Lerch, Sled); the Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ont. (Hoops, Yee, Lerch, Sled); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Hoops, Flores); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Que. (Hoops, Manitt, Flores); the Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, N.L. (Hoops, Cahill); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Bedell, Flores); the Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, U.K. (Lerch); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Flores)
| | - John G Sled
- From the Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ont. (Hoops, Yee, Hammill, Wong, Lerch, Sled); the Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ont. (Hoops, Yee, Lerch, Sled); the Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Hoops, Flores); the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Que. (Hoops, Manitt, Flores); the Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, N.L. (Hoops, Cahill); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Bedell, Flores); the Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, U.K. (Lerch); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental Health, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Flores)
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10
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Hoops D, Kyne RF, Salameh S, MacGowan D, Avramescu RG, Ewing E, He AT, Orsini T, Durand A, Popescu C, Zhao JM, Schatz KC, Li L, Carroll QE, Liu G, Paul MJ, Flores C. The scheduling of adolescence with Netrin-1 and UNC5C. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.01.19.521267. [PMID: 36711625 PMCID: PMC9882376 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.19.521267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine axons are the only axons known to grow during adolescence. Here, using rodent models, we examined how two proteins, Netrin-1 and its receptor, UNC5C, guide dopamine axons towards the prefrontal cortex and shape behaviour. We demonstrate in mice ( Mus musculus ) that dopamine axons reach the cortex through a transient gradient of Netrin-1 expressing cells - disrupting this gradient reroutes axons away from their target. Using a seasonal model (Siberian hamsters; Phodopus sungorus ) we find that mesocortical dopamine development can be regulated by a natural environmental cue (daylength) in a sexually dimorphic manner - delayed in males, but advanced in females. The timings of dopamine axon growth and UNC5C expression are always phase-locked. Adolescence is an ill-defined, transitional period; we pinpoint neurodevelopmental markers underlying this period.
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11
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Cai M, Zheng Q, Chen Y, Liu S, Zhu H, Bai B. Insights from the neural guidance factor Netrin-1 into neurodegeneration and other diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1379726. [PMID: 38638604 PMCID: PMC11024333 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1379726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Netrin-1 was initially discovered as a neuronal growth cue for axonal guidance, and its functions have later been identified in inflammation, tumorigenesis, neurodegeneration, and other disorders. We have recently found its alterations in the brains with Alzheimer's disease, which might provide important clues to the mechanisms of some unique pathologies. To provide better understanding of this promising molecule, we here summarize research progresses in genetics, pathology, biochemistry, cell biology and other studies of Netrin-1 about its mechanistic roles and biomarker potentials with an emphasis on clinical neurodegenerative disorders in order to expand understanding of this promising molecular player in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqi Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Health Management Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiqiang Chen
- Center for Precision Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Center for Precision Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huimin Zhu
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Bai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Petersen D, Raudales R, Silva AK, Kellendonk C, Canetta S. Adolescent Thalamocortical Inhibition Alters Prefrontal Excitation-Inhibition Balance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.22.568048. [PMID: 38562790 PMCID: PMC10983865 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.22.568048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Adolescent inhibition of thalamo-cortical projections from postnatal day P20-50 leads to long lasting deficits in prefrontal cortex function and cognition in the adult mouse. While this suggests a role of thalamic activity in prefrontal cortex maturation, it is unclear how inhibition of these projections affects prefrontal circuit connectivity during adolescence. Here, we used chemogenetic tools to inhibit thalamo-prefrontal projections in the mouse from P20-35 and measured synaptic inputs to prefrontal pyramidal neurons by layer (either II/III or V/VI) and projection target twenty-four hours later using slice physiology. We found a decrease in the frequency of excitatory and inhibitory currents in layer II/III nucleus accumbens (NAc) and layer V/VI medio-dorsal thalamus projecting neurons while layer V/VI NAc-projecting neurons showed an increase in the amplitude of excitatory and inhibitory currents. Regarding cortical projections, the frequency of inhibitory but not excitatory currents was enhanced in contralateral mPFC-projecting neurons. Notably, despite these complex changes in individual levels of excitation and inhibition, the overall balance between excitation and inhibition in each cell was only changed in the contralateral mPFC projections. This finding suggests homeostatic regulation occurs within subcortically but not intracortical callosally-projecting neurons. Increased inhibition of intra-prefrontal connectivity may therefore be particularly important for prefrontal cortex circuit maturation. Finally, we observed cognitive deficits in the adult mouse using this narrowed window of thalamocortical inhibition (P20-P35).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Petersen
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Ricardo Raudales
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Ariadna Kim Silva
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Christoph Kellendonk
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Sarah Canetta
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032
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13
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Stowell R, Wang KH. Dopaminergic signaling regulates microglial surveillance and adolescent plasticity in the frontal cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.08.584167. [PMID: 38559264 PMCID: PMC10979918 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.08.584167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Adolescence is a sensitive period for frontal cortical development and cognitive maturation. The dopaminergic (DA) mesofrontal circuit is particularly malleable in response to changes in adolescent experience and DA activity. However, the cellular mechanisms engaged in this plasticity remain unexplored. Here, we report that microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, are uniquely sensitive to adolescent mesofrontal DA signaling. Longitudinal in vivo two-photon imaging in mice shows that frontal cortical microglia respond dynamically to plasticity-inducing behavioral or optogenetic DA axon stimulation with increased parenchymal and DA bouton surveillance. Microglial-axon contact precedes new bouton formation, and both D1 and D2-type DA receptors regulate microglial-bouton interactions and axonal plasticity. Moreover, D2 antagonism in adults reinstates adolescent plasticity, including increased microglial surveillance and new DA bouton formation. Our results reveal that DA signaling regulates microglial surveillance and axonal plasticity uniquely in the adolescent frontal cortex, presenting potential interventions for restoring plasticity in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne Stowell
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642
| | - Kuan Hong Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642
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14
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Moraes MA, Árabe LB, Resende BL, Codo BC, Reis ALDAL, Souza BR. Effects of L-Dopa, SKF-38393, and quinpirole on exploratory, anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in pubertal female and male mice. Behav Brain Res 2024; 459:114805. [PMID: 38096922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a phase of substantial changes in the brain, characterized by maturational remodeling of many systems. This remodeling allows functional plasticity to adapt to a changing environment. The dopaminergic system is under morphological and physiological changes during this phase. In the present study, we investigated if changes in the dopaminergic tone alter mice behavior in a receptor and sex-specific manner, specifically at the beginning of the puberty period. We administered L-Dopa, SKF-38393 (D1 dopamine receptor agonist), and Quinpirole (D2 dopamine receptor agonist) and tested male and female mice's motor, anxiety- and depressive-like behavior. While females displayed an impaired exploratory drive, males presented an intense depressive-like response. Our results provide insights into the function of dopaminergic development in adolescent behavior and highlight the importance of studies in this time window with male and female subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muiara Aparecida Moraes
- Laboratório de Neurodesenvolvimento e Evolução - Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Laila Blanc Árabe
- Laboratório de Neurodesenvolvimento e Evolução - Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Bruna Lopes Resende
- Laboratório de Neurodesenvolvimento e Evolução - Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Campos Codo
- Laboratório de Neurodesenvolvimento e Evolução - Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza de Araújo Lima Reis
- Laboratório de Neurodesenvolvimento e Evolução - Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Bruno Rezende Souza
- Laboratório de Neurodesenvolvimento e Evolução - Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil.
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15
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Goering M, McMahan K, Mrug S. Concurrent and long-term effects of early pubertal timing on alcohol, cigarette, and cannabis use from adolescence to adulthood. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2024:2024-52155-001. [PMID: 38330352 PMCID: PMC11306414 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early pubertal timing is a risk factor for substance use during adolescence. Fewer studies investigated whether early pubertal timing continues to predict substance use in late adolescence and adulthood, suggesting that long-term effects of pubertal timing vary across substances and by biological sex. Finally, existing studies on pubertal timing and substance use in adulthood involved predominantly White samples. Thus, this longitudinal study examined the concurrent and long-term effects of pubertal timing on alcohol, cigarette, and cannabis use together with sex differences in predominantly Black youth from the United States. METHOD The sample included 603 youth (52% male, 80% Black) who were interviewed in early adolescence (mean age: 13.2), late adolescence (mean age: 17.6), and young adulthood (mean age: 27.7). During early adolescence, youth self-reported their physical maturation based on Tanner scores, which were adjusted for age and used as indicators of pubertal timing. Youth self-reported their substance use at each time point. RESULTS Early pubertal timing was associated with higher odds of alcohol use during early adolescence but did not predict alcohol use during late adolescence or adulthood. While early pubertal timing did not predict cigarette use at any time point, early pubertal timing predicted greater odds for cannabis use during early adolescence and higher rates of cannabis use in adulthood. Moreover, early pubertal timing predicted greater risk for couse of alcohol, cigarettes, and cannabis in adulthood. No effects differed by sex. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that links between pubertal timing and substance use vary across substances and developmental periods. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon Goering
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Birmingham
| | | | - Sylvie Mrug
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Birmingham
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16
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Davidson CJ, Hannigan JH, Perrine SA, Bowen SE. Abuse-like toluene exposure during early adolescence alters subsequent ethanol and cocaine behavioral effects and brain monoamines in male mice. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2024; 101:107317. [PMID: 38199311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2023.107317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Currently, there is a gap in understanding the neurobiological impact early adolescent toluene exposure has on subsequent actions of other drugs. Adolescent (PND 28-32) male Swiss-Webster mice (N = 210) were exposed to 0, 2000, or 4000 ppm of toluene vapor for 30 min/day for 5 days. Immediately following the last toluene exposure (PND 32; n = 15) or after a short delay (PND 35; n = 15), a subset of subjects' brains was collected for monoamine analysis. Remaining mice were assigned to one of two abstinence periods: a short 4-day (PND 36) or long 12-day (PND 44) delay after toluene exposure. Mice were then subjected to a cumulative dose response assessment of either cocaine (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg; n = 60), ethanol (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 g/kg; n = 60), or saline (5 control injections; n = 60). Toluene concentration-dependently increased locomotor activity during exposure. When later challenged, mice exposed previously to toluene were significantly less active after cocaine (10 and 20 mg/kg) compared to air-exposed controls. Animals were also less active at the highest dose of alcohol (4 g/kg) following prior exposure to 4000 ppm when compared to air-exposed controls. Analysis of monoamines and their metabolites using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc), dorsal striatum (dSTR), and ventral tegmental area (VTA) revealed subtle effects on monoamine or metabolite levels following cumulative dosing that varied by drug (cocaine and ethanol) and abstinence duration. Our results suggest that early adolescent toluene exposure produces behavioral desensitization to subsequent cocaine-induced locomotor activity with subtle enhancement of ethanol's depressive effects and less clear impacts on levels of monoamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Davidson
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - John H Hannigan
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute for Child & Family Development, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Center for Urban Responses to Environmental Stressors, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Shane A Perrine
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Scott E Bowen
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Center for Urban Responses to Environmental Stressors, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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17
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Forsyth JK, Bearden CE. Rethinking the First Episode of Schizophrenia: Identifying Convergent Mechanisms During Development and Moving Toward Prediction. Am J Psychiatry 2023; 180:792-804. [PMID: 37908094 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20230736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Forsyth
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle (Forsyth); Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden)
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle (Forsyth); Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (Bearden)
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18
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Friedman A, Schildroth S, Bauer JA, Coull BA, Smith DR, Placidi D, Cagna G, Krengel MH, Tripodis Y, White RF, Lucchini RG, Wright RO, Horton M, Austin C, Arora M, Claus Henn B. Early-life manganese exposure during multiple developmental periods and adolescent verbal learning and memory. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2023; 100:107307. [PMID: 37832858 PMCID: PMC10834060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2023.107307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Manganese (Mn) is both an essential and toxic metal, and associations with neurodevelopment depend on exposure timing. Prospective data examining early life Mn with adolescent cognition are sparse. METHODS We enrolled 140 Italian adolescents (10-14 years old) from the Public Health Impact of Metals Exposure study. Mn in deciduous teeth was measured using laser ablation-mass spectrometry to represent prenatal, postnatal and early childhood exposure. The California Verbal Learning Test for Children (CVLT-C) was administered to assess adolescent verbal learning and memory. Multivariable regression models estimated changes in CVLT-C scores and the odds of making an error per doubling in dentine Mn in each exposure period. Multiple informant models tested for differences in associations across exposure periods. RESULTS A doubling in prenatal dentine Mn levels was associated with lower odds of making an intrusion error (OR = 0.23 [95% CI: 0.09, 0.61]). This beneficial association was not observed in other exposure periods. A doubling in childhood Mn was beneficially associated with short delay free recall: (ß = 0.47 [95% CI: -0.02, 0.97]), which was stronger in males (ß = 0.94 [95% CI: 0.05, 1.82]). Associations were null in the postnatal period. CONCLUSION Exposure timing is critical for understanding Mn-associated changes in cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Friedman
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA.
| | - Samantha Schildroth
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Julia A Bauer
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Darmouth, USA
| | - Brent A Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Donald R Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, USA
| | - Donatella Placidi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Cagna
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maxine H Krengel
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Yorghos Tripodis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Roberta F White
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Roberto G Lucchini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, USA
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Megan Horton
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Christine Austin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Manish Arora
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Birgit Claus Henn
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA
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Lonstein JS, Vitale EM, Olekanma D, McLocklin A, Pence N, Bredewold R, Veenema AH, Johnson AW, Burt SA. Anxiety, aggression, reward sensitivity, and forebrain dopamine receptor expression in a laboratory rat model of early-life disadvantage. Dev Psychobiol 2023; 65:e22421. [PMID: 37860907 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite early-life disadvantage (ELD) in humans being a highly heterogenous construct, it consistently predicts negative neurobehavioral outcomes. The numerous environmental contributors and neural mechanisms underlying ELD remain unclear, though. We used a laboratory rat model to evaluate the effects of limited resources and/or heavy metal exposure on mothers and their adult male and female offspring. Dams and litters were chronically exposed to restricted (1-cm deep) or ample (4-cm deep) home cage bedding postpartum, with or without lead acetate (0.1%) in their drinking water from insemination through 1-week postweaning. Restricted-bedding mothers showed more pup-directed behaviors and behavioral fragmentation, while lead-exposed mothers showed more nestbuilding. Restricted bedding-raised male offspring showed higher anxiety and aggression. Either restricted bedding or lead exposure impaired goal-directed performance in a reinforcer devaluation task in females, whereas restricted bedding alone disrupted it in males. Lead exposure, but not limited bedding, also reduced sucrose reward sensitivity in a progressive ratio task in females. D1 and D2 receptor mRNA in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens (NAc) were each affected by the early-life treatments and differently between the sexes. Most notably, adult males (but not females) exposed to both early-life treatments had greatly increased D1 receptor mRNA in the NAc core. These results illuminate neural mechanisms through which ELD threatens neurobehavioral development and highlight forebrain dopamine as a factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Lonstein
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Erika M Vitale
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Doris Olekanma
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew McLocklin
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Nathan Pence
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Remco Bredewold
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Alexa H Veenema
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Alexander W Johnson
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - S Alexandra Burt
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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20
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Carrica LK, Gulley JM. The role of sex and drug use during adolescence in determining the risk for adverse consequences of amphetamines. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2023; 99:125-144. [PMID: 38467479 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Use of amphetamines during adolescence, a critical period of brain development and reorganization, may lead to particularly adverse outcomes that are long-lasting. Similarly, female users may be uniquely vulnerable to certain aspects of drug use. A recognition of the role of use during adolescence and sex on outcomes of amphetamine and methamphetamine exposure are of critical importance in understanding and treating substance use disorders. This chapter highlights what human research, which has been largely epidemiological, suggests about sex and age differences in drug use patterns and outcomes. We also discuss work in laboratory animals that has typically utilized rats or mice exposed to drugs in a non-contingent manner (i.e., involuntarily) or through volitional self-administration. Lastly, we draw attention to the fact that advancing our understanding of the effects of amphetamine and methamphetamine use, the development of problematic drug taking, and the mechanisms that contribute to relapse will require an emphasis on inclusion of age and sex as moderating factors in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Carrica
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Joshua M Gulley
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States.
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21
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Mastwal S, Li X, Stowell R, Manion M, Zhang W, Kim NS, Yoon KJ, Song H, Ming GL, Wang KH. Adolescent neurostimulation of dopamine circuit reverses genetic deficits in frontal cortex function. eLife 2023; 12:RP87414. [PMID: 37830916 PMCID: PMC10575630 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine system dysfunction is implicated in adolescent-onset neuropsychiatric disorders. Although psychosis symptoms can be alleviated by antipsychotics, cognitive symptoms remain unresponsive and novel paradigms investigating the circuit substrates underlying cognitive deficits are critically needed. The frontal cortex and its dopaminergic input from the midbrain are implicated in cognitive functions and undergo maturational changes during adolescence. Here, we used mice carrying mutations in Arc or Disc1 to model mesofrontal dopamine circuit deficiencies and test circuit-based neurostimulation strategies to restore cognitive functions. We found that in a memory-guided spatial navigation task, frontal cortical neurons were activated coordinately at the decision-making point in wild-type but not Arc-/- mice. Chemogenetic stimulation of midbrain dopamine neurons or optogenetic stimulation of frontal cortical dopamine axons in a limited adolescent period consistently reversed genetic defects in mesofrontal innervation, task-coordinated neuronal activity, and memory-guided decision-making at adulthood. Furthermore, adolescent stimulation of dopamine neurons also reversed the same cognitive deficits in Disc1+/- mice. Our findings reveal common mesofrontal circuit alterations underlying the cognitive deficits caused by two different genes and demonstrate the feasibility of adolescent neurostimulation to reverse these circuit and behavioral deficits. These results may suggest developmental windows and circuit targets for treating cognitive deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surjeet Mastwal
- Unit on Neural Circuits and Adaptive Behaviors, National Institute of Mental HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Xinjian Li
- Unit on Neural Circuits and Adaptive Behaviors, National Institute of Mental HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Rianne Stowell
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterUnited States
| | - Matthew Manion
- Unit on Neural Circuits and Adaptive Behaviors, National Institute of Mental HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- Unit on Neural Circuits and Adaptive Behaviors, National Institute of Mental HealthBethesdaUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterUnited States
| | - Nam-Shik Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Ki-Jun Yoon
- Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Kuan Hong Wang
- Unit on Neural Circuits and Adaptive Behaviors, National Institute of Mental HealthBethesdaUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterUnited States
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22
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Mastwal S, Li X, Stowell R, Manion M, Zhang W, Kim NS, Yoon KJ, Song H, Ming GL, Wang KH. Adolescent neurostimulation of dopamine circuit reverses genetic deficits in frontal cortex function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.03.526987. [PMID: 36778456 PMCID: PMC9915739 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.03.526987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine system dysfunction is commonly implicated in adolescent-onset neuropsychiatric disorders. Although psychosis symptoms can be alleviated by antipsychotics, cognitive symptoms remain unresponsive to such pharmacological treatments and novel research paradigms investigating the circuit substrates underlying cognitive deficits are critically needed. The frontal cortex and its dopaminergic input from the midbrain are implicated in cognitive functions and undergo maturational changes during adolescence. Here, we used mice carrying mutations in the Arc or DISC1 genes to model mesofrontal dopamine circuit deficiencies and test circuit-based neurostimulation strategies to restore cognitive functions. We found that in a memory-guided spatial navigation task, frontal cortical neurons were activated coordinately at the decision-making point in wild-type but not Arc mutant mice. Chemogenetic stimulation of midbrain dopamine neurons or optogenetic stimulation of frontal cortical dopamine axons in a limited adolescent period consistently reversed genetic defects in mesofrontal innervation, task-coordinated neuronal activity, and memory-guided decision-making at adulthood. Furthermore, adolescent stimulation of dopamine neurons also reversed the same cognitive deficits in DISC1 mutant mice. Our findings reveal common mesofrontal circuit alterations underlying the cognitive deficits caused by two different genes and demonstrate the feasibility of adolescent neurostimulation to reverse these circuit and behavioral deficits. These results may suggest developmental windows and circuit targets for treating cognitive deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surjeet Mastwal
- Unit on Neural Circuits and Adaptive Behaviors, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Xinjian Li
- Unit on Neural Circuits and Adaptive Behaviors, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Rianne Stowell
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Matthew Manion
- Unit on Neural Circuits and Adaptive Behaviors, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- Unit on Neural Circuits and Adaptive Behaviors, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Nam-Shik Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ki-jun Yoon
- Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Guo-li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience, Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kuan Hong Wang
- Unit on Neural Circuits and Adaptive Behaviors, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
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23
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Reynolds LM, Hernandez G, MacGowan D, Popescu C, Nouel D, Cuesta S, Burke S, Savell KE, Zhao J, Restrepo-Lozano JM, Giroux M, Israel S, Orsini T, He S, Wodzinski M, Avramescu RG, Pokinko M, Epelbaum JG, Niu Z, Pantoja-Urbán AH, Trudeau LÉ, Kolb B, Day JJ, Flores C. Amphetamine disrupts dopamine axon growth in adolescence by a sex-specific mechanism in mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4035. [PMID: 37419977 PMCID: PMC10329029 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39665-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Initiating drug use during adolescence increases the risk of developing addiction or other psychopathologies later in life, with long-term outcomes varying according to sex and exact timing of use. The cellular and molecular underpinnings explaining this differential sensitivity to detrimental drug effects remain unexplained. The Netrin-1/DCC guidance cue system segregates cortical and limbic dopamine pathways in adolescence. Here we show that amphetamine, by dysregulating Netrin-1/DCC signaling, triggers ectopic growth of mesolimbic dopamine axons to the prefrontal cortex, only in early-adolescent male mice, underlying a male-specific vulnerability to enduring cognitive deficits. In adolescent females, compensatory changes in Netrin-1 protect against the deleterious consequences of amphetamine on dopamine connectivity and cognitive outcomes. Netrin-1/DCC signaling functions as a molecular switch which can be differentially regulated by the same drug experience as function of an individual's sex and adolescent age, and lead to divergent long-term outcomes associated with vulnerable or resilient phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Reynolds
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Plasticité du Cerveau CNRS UMR8249, École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Paris, France
| | | | - Del MacGowan
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christina Popescu
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Dominique Nouel
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Santiago Cuesta
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Samuel Burke
- CNS Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Katherine E Savell
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Janet Zhao
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jose Maria Restrepo-Lozano
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Giroux
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sonia Israel
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Taylor Orsini
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Susan He
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Radu G Avramescu
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Matthew Pokinko
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Julia G Epelbaum
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Zhipeng Niu
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrea Harée Pantoja-Urbán
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Louis-Éric Trudeau
- CNS Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bryan Kolb
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Jeremy J Day
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Cecilia Flores
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
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24
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Franco R, Navarro G, Martínez-Pinilla E. The adenosine A 2A receptor in the basal ganglia: Expression, heteromerization, functional selectivity and signalling. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 170:49-71. [PMID: 37741696 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is a neuroregulatory nucleoside that acts through four G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), A1, A2A, A2B and A3, which are widely expressed in cells of the nervous system. The A2A receptor (A2AR), the GPCR with the highest expression in the striatum, has a similar role to that of receptors for dopamine, one of the main neurotransmitters. Neuronal and glial A2ARs participate in the modulation of dopaminergic transmission and act in almost any action in which the basal ganglia is involved. This chapter revisits the expression of the A2AR in the basal ganglia in health and disease, and describes the diversity of signalling depending on whether the receptors are expressed as monomer or as heteromer. The A2AR can interact with other receptors as adenosine A1, dopamine D2, or cannabinoid CB1 to form heteromers with relevant functions in the basal ganglia. Heteromerization, with these and other GPCRs, provides diversity to A2AR-mediated signalling and to the modulation of neurotransmission. Thus, selective A2AR antagonists have neuroprotective potential acting directly on neurons, but also through modulation of glial cell activation, for example, by decreasing neuroinflammatory events that accompany neurodegenerative diseases. In fact, A2AR antagonists are safe and their potential in the therapy of Parkinson's disease has already led to the approval of one of them, istradefylline, in Japan and United States. The receptor also has a key role in reward circuits and, again, heteromers with dopamine receptors, but also with cannabinoid CB1 receptors, participate in the events triggered by drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Molecular Neurobiology laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative diseases, National Spanish Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; School of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gemma Navarro
- CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative diseases, National Spanish Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Science Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Martínez-Pinilla
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Asturias, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Asturias, Spain
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25
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Darcq E, Nouel D, Hernandez G, Pokinko M, Ash P, Moquin L, Gratton A, Kieffer B, Flores C. Reduced dopamine release in Dcc haploinsufficiency male mice abolishes the rewarding effects of cocaine but not those of morphine and ethanol. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:637-646. [PMID: 36471064 PMCID: PMC10296775 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The Netrin-1/DCC guidance cue pathway is critically involved in the adolescent organization of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine circuitry. Adult mice heterozygous for Dcc show reduced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens in response to amphetamine and, in turn, blunted sensitivity to the rewarding effects of this drug. OBJECTIVE Here, we tested whether the protective effects of Dcc haploinsufficiency are specific to stimulant drugs of abuse or instead extrapolate to opioids and ethanol. METHODS We used the place preference paradigm to measure the rewarding effects of cocaine (20 mg/kg), morphine (5 or 10 mg/Kg), or ethanol (20%) in adult (PND 75) male Dcc haploinsufficient mice or their wild-type litter mates. In a second experiment, we compared in these two genotypes, in vivo dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens after a single i.p. injection of morphine (10 mg/kg). RESULTS We found reduced morphine-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of Dcc haploinsufficient male mice, but, contrary to the effects of stimulant drugs, there is no effect of genotype on morphine-induced conditioned preference. CONCLUSION These findings show that reduced drug-induced mesolimbic dopamine in Dcc haploinsufficient male mice protects specifically against the rewarding effects of stimulant drugs, but not against the rewarding properties of morphine and ethanol. These results suggest that these drugs exert their rewarding effect via different brain circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Darcq
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- INSERM U1114, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Nouel
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Matthew Pokinko
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Polina Ash
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Luc Moquin
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alain Gratton
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Brigitte Kieffer
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- INSERM U1114, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cecilia Flores
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Perry Pavilion, Room 2111, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montréal (Verdun), Québec, H4H 1R3, Canada.
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26
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Tetteh-Quarshie S, Risher ML. Adolescent brain maturation and the neuropathological effects of binge drinking: A critical review. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1040049. [PMID: 36733924 PMCID: PMC9887052 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a transitional stage marked by continued brain development. This period is accompanied by physical and neurochemical modifications in the shape and function of the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and other limbic system structures. Brain maturation during adolescence, which is typically governed by intrinsic factors, can be dramatically altered by environmental influences such as drugs and alcohol. Unlike many other addictive substances, binge drinking is very common and normative among teenagers and young adults. This repeated pattern of excessive alcohol consumption in adolescents has been shown to cause behavioral changes and neurocognitive impairments that include increased anxiety, risky decision-making, and learning deficits, which could lead to the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). This manuscript highlights factors that lead to adolescent binge drinking, discusses maturational changes that occur in an adolescent's brain, and then evaluates the effect of adolescent alcohol consumption on brain structure, function, and neurocognitive abilities in both human studies and animal models. The impact of gender/sex and COVID-19 are briefly discussed. Understanding the factors that promote the onset of adolescent binge drinking and its undesirable consequences could serve as a catalyst for developing therapeutic agents that would decrease or eradicate the damaging effects of alcohol on an adolescent brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Tetteh-Quarshie
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Mary-Louise Risher
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States,Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Hershel ‘Woody’ Williams Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Huntington, WV, United States,*Correspondence: Mary-Louise Risher,
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27
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Peters KZ, Naneix F. The role of dopamine and endocannabinoid systems in prefrontal cortex development: Adolescence as a critical period. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:939235. [PMID: 36389180 PMCID: PMC9663658 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.939235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex plays a central role in the control of complex cognitive processes including action control and decision making. It also shows a specific pattern of delayed maturation related to unique behavioral changes during adolescence and allows the development of adult cognitive processes. The adolescent brain is extremely plastic and critically vulnerable to external insults. Related to this vulnerability, adolescence is also associated with the emergence of numerous neuropsychiatric disorders involving alterations of prefrontal functions. Within prefrontal microcircuits, the dopamine and the endocannabinoid systems have widespread effects on adolescent-specific ontogenetic processes. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the maturation of the dopamine system and the endocannabinoid system in the prefrontal cortex during adolescence. We discuss how they interact with GABA and glutamate neurons to modulate prefrontal circuits and how they can be altered by different environmental events leading to long-term neurobiological and behavioral changes at adulthood. Finally, we aim to identify several future research directions to help highlight gaps in our current knowledge on the maturation of these microcircuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Zara Peters
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Fabien Naneix
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Fabien Naneix
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28
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Ding H, Ouyang M, Wang J, Xie M, Huang Y, Yuan F, Jia Y, Zhang X, Liu N, Zhang N. Shared genetics between classes of obesity and psychiatric disorders: A large-scale genome-wide cross-trait analysis. J Psychosom Res 2022; 162:111032. [PMID: 36137488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.111032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Epidemiological studies demonstrate an association between classes of obesity and psychiatric disorders, although little is known about shared genetics and causality of association. Thus, we aimed to investigate shared genetics and causal link between different classes of obesity and psychiatric disorders. METHODS We used genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary data range from 9725 to 500,199 sample sizes of European descent, conducted a large-scale genome-wide cross-trait association study to investigate genetic overlap between the classes of obesity and anorexia nervosa, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders and Tourette syndrome. We conducted transcriptome-wide association study analysis (TWAS) to identified variants regulated gene expression in those related disorders. Finally, pathway enrichment analysis to identified major pathways. RESULTS In the combined analysis, we replicated 211 previously reported loci and discovered 58 novel independent loci that were associated with all three classes of obesity and related psychiatric disorders. Functional analysis revealed that the identified variants regulated gene expression in major tissues belonging to exocrine/endocrine, digestive, circulatory, adipose, digestive, respiratory, and nervous systems, such as DCC, NEGR1, INO80E. Mendelian randomization analyses suggested that there may be a two-way or one-way causal relationship between obesity and psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSION This large-scale genome-wide cross-trait analysis identified shared genetics and potential causal links between classes of obesity and psychiatric disorders (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, anorexia nervosa, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder). Such shared genetics suggests potential new biological functions in common among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ding
- The Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical Univesity, 264 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Mengyuan Ouyang
- The Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical Univesity, 264 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jinyi Wang
- The Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical Univesity, 264 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Minyao Xie
- The Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical Univesity, 264 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yanyuan Huang
- The Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical Univesity, 264 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Fangzheng Yuan
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunhan Jia
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuedi Zhang
- The Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical Univesity, 264 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Na Liu
- The Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical Univesity, 264 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- The Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical Univesity, 264 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
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Stutz B, Waterson MJ, Šestan-Peša M, Dietrich MO, Škarica M, Sestan N, Racz B, Magyar A, Sotonyi P, Liu ZW, Gao XB, Matyas F, Stoiljkovic M, Horvath TL. AgRP neurons control structure and function of the medial prefrontal cortex. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3951-3960. [PMID: 35906488 PMCID: PMC9891653 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01691-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic agouti-related peptide and neuropeptide Y-expressing (AgRP) neurons have a critical role in both feeding and non-feeding behaviors of newborn, adolescent, and adult mice, suggesting their broad modulatory impact on brain functions. Here we show that constitutive impairment of AgRP neurons or their peripubertal chemogenetic inhibition resulted in both a numerical and functional reduction of neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of mice. These changes were accompanied by alteration of oscillatory network activity in mPFC, impaired sensorimotor gating, and altered ambulatory behavior that could be reversed by the administration of clozapine, a non-selective dopamine receptor antagonist. The observed AgRP effects are transduced to mPFC in part via dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area and may also be conveyed by medial thalamic neurons. Our results unmasked a previously unsuspected role for hypothalamic AgRP neurons in control of neuronal pathways that regulate higher-order brain functions during development and in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Stutz
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael J Waterson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Matija Šestan-Peša
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marcelo O Dietrich
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mario Škarica
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bence Racz
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Aletta Magyar
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Sotonyi
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zhong-Wu Liu
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiao-Bing Gao
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ferenc Matyas
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Milan Stoiljkovic
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Yale Center for Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
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30
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A Novel and Selective Dopamine Transporter Inhibitor, (S)-MK-26, Promotes Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity and Restores Effort-Related Motivational Dysfunctions. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070881. [PMID: 35883437 PMCID: PMC9312958 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA), the most abundant human brain catecholaminergic neurotransmitter, modulates key behavioral and neurological processes in young and senescent brains, including motricity, sleep, attention, emotion, learning and memory, and social and reward-seeking behaviors. The DA transporter (DAT) regulates transsynaptic DA levels, influencing all these processes. Compounds targeting DAT (e.g., cocaine and amphetamines) were historically used to shape mood and cognition, but these substances typically lead to severe negative side effects (tolerance, abuse, addiction, and dependence). DA/DAT signaling dysfunctions are associated with neuropsychiatric and progressive brain disorders, including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer diseases, drug addiction and dementia, resulting in devastating personal and familial concerns and high socioeconomic costs worldwide. The development of low-side-effect, new/selective medicaments with reduced abuse-liability and which ameliorate DA/DAT-related dysfunctions is therefore crucial in the fields of medicine and healthcare. Using the rat as experimental animal model, the present work describes the synthesis and pharmacological profile of (S)-MK-26, a new modafinil analogue with markedly improved potency and selectivity for DAT over parent drug. Ex vivo electrophysiology revealed significantly augmented hippocampal long-term synaptic potentiation upon acute, intraperitoneally delivered (S)-MK-26 treatment, whereas in vivo experiments in the hole-board test showed only lesser effects on reference memory performance in aged rats. However, in effort-related FR5/chow and PROG/chow feeding choice experiments, (S)-MK-26 treatment reversed the depression-like behavior induced by the dopamine-depleting drug tetrabenazine (TBZ) and increased the selection of high-effort alternatives. Moreover, in in vivo microdialysis experiments, (S)-MK-26 significantly increased extracellular DA levels in the prefrontal cortex and in nucleus accumbens core and shell. These studies highlight (S)-MK-26 as a potent enhancer of transsynaptic DA and promoter of synaptic plasticity, with predominant beneficial effects on effort-related behaviors, thus proposing therapeutic potentials for (S)-MK-26 in the treatment of low-effort exertion and motivational dysfunctions characteristic of depression and aging-related disorders.
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31
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Bjerke IE, Cullity ER, Kjelsberg K, Charan KM, Leergaard TB, Kim JH. DOPAMAP, high-resolution images of dopamine 1 and 2 receptor expression in developing and adult mouse brains. Sci Data 2022; 9:175. [PMID: 35440585 PMCID: PMC9018709 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopaminergic system undergoes major reorganization during development, a period especially vulnerable to mental disorders. Forebrain neurons expressing dopamine 1 and 2 receptors (D1R and D2R, respectively) play a key role in this system. However, neuroanatomical information about the typical development of these neurons is sparse and scattered across publications investigating one or a few brain regions. We here present a public online collection of microscopic images of immunohistochemically stained serial sections from male and female mice at five stages of development (postnatal day 17 (P17), P25, P35, P49, and adult), showing the distribution of D1R and D2R expressing neurons across the forebrain. All images from adult brains are registered to the Allen Mouse brain Common Coordinate Framework, while images from P17-P35 age groups are registered to spatially modified atlas versions matching the morphology of young brains. This online resource provides microscopic visualization of the developing dopaminergic system in mice, which is suitable as a benchmark reference for performing new experiments and building computational models of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Bjerke
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - E R Cullity
- Mental Health Theme, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - K Kjelsberg
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - K M Charan
- ISN Psychology, Institute for Social Neuroscience, Ivanhoe, Australia
| | - T B Leergaard
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - J H Kim
- Mental Health Theme, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.
- IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
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32
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Restrepo-Lozano JM, Pokhvisneva I, Wang Z, Patel S, Meaney MJ, Silveira PP, Flores C. Corticolimbic DCC gene co-expression networks as predictors of impulsivity in children. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2742-2750. [PMID: 35388180 PMCID: PMC9156406 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory control deficits are prevalent in multiple neuropsychiatric conditions. The communication- as well as the connectivity- between corticolimbic regions of the brain are fundamental for eliciting inhibitory control behaviors, but early markers of vulnerability to this behavioral trait are yet to be discovered. The gradual maturation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), in particular of the mesocortical dopamine innervation, mirrors the protracted development of inhibitory control; both are present early in life, but reach full maturation by early adulthood. Evidence suggests the involvement of the Netrin-1/DCC signaling pathway and its associated gene networks in corticolimbic development. Here we investigated whether an expression-based polygenic score (ePRS) based on corticolimbic-specific DCC gene co-expression networks associates with impulsivity-related phenotypes in community samples of children. We found that lower ePRS scores associate with higher measurements of impulsive choice in 6-year-old children tested in the Information Sampling Task and with impulsive action in 6- and 10-year-old children tested in the Stop Signal Task. We also found the ePRS to be a better overall predictor of impulsivity when compared to a conventional PRS score comparable in size to the ePRS (4515 SNPs in our discovery cohort) and derived from the latest GWAS for ADHD. We propose that the corticolimbic DCC-ePRS can serve as a novel type of marker for impulsivity-related phenotypes in children. By adopting a systems biology approach based on gene co-expression networks and genotype-gene expression (rather than genotype-disease) associations, these results further validate our methodology to construct polygenic scores linked to the overall biological function of tissue-specific gene networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. Restrepo-Lozano
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.412078.80000 0001 2353 5268Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Irina Pokhvisneva
- grid.412078.80000 0001 2353 5268Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Zihan Wang
- grid.412078.80000 0001 2353 5268Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Sachin Patel
- grid.412078.80000 0001 2353 5268Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Michael J. Meaney
- grid.412078.80000 0001 2353 5268Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.452264.30000 0004 0530 269XSingapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patricia P. Silveira
- grid.412078.80000 0001 2353 5268Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Cecilia Flores
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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33
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Batra A, Latsko M, Portella AK, Silveira PP. Early adversity and insulin: neuroendocrine programming beyond glucocorticoids. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:1031-1043. [PMID: 34635400 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to direct or contextual adversities during early life programs the functioning of the brain and other biological systems, contributing to the development of physical as well as mental health issues in the long term. While the role of glucocorticoids in mediating the outcomes of early adversity has been explored for many years, less attention has been given to insulin. Beyond its metabolic effects in the periphery, central insulin action affects synaptic plasticity, brain neurotransmission, and executive functions. Knowledge about the interactions between the peripheral metabolism and brain function from a developmental perspective can contribute to prevention and diagnosis programs, as well as early interventions for vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashita Batra
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Maeson Latsko
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Healthy Brains for Healthy Lives, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andre Krumel Portella
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patricia P Silveira
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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34
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de Mendonça Filho EJ, Barth B, Bandeira DR, de Lima RMS, Arcego DM, Dalmaz C, Pokhvisneva I, Sassi RB, Hall GBC, Meaney MJ, Silveira PP. Cognitive Development and Brain Gray Matter Susceptibility to Prenatal Adversities: Moderation by the Prefrontal Cortex Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Gene Co-expression Network. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:744743. [PMID: 34899157 PMCID: PMC8652300 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.744743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies focused on the relationship between prenatal conditions and neurodevelopmental outcomes later in life, but few have explored the interplay between gene co-expression networks and prenatal adversity conditions on cognitive development trajectories and gray matter density. Methods: We analyzed the moderation effects of an expression polygenic score (ePRS) for the Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor gene network (BDNF ePRS) on the association between prenatal adversity and child cognitive development. A score based on genes co-expressed with the prefrontal cortex (PFC) BDNF was created, using the effect size of the association between the individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and the BDNF expression in the PFC. Cognitive development trajectories of 157 young children from the Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment (MAVAN) cohort were assessed longitudinally in 4-time points (6, 12, 18, and 36 months) using the Bayley-II mental scales. Results: Linear mixed-effects modeling indicated that BDNF ePRS moderates the effects of prenatal adversity on cognitive growth. In children with high BDNF ePRS, higher prenatal adversity was associated with slower cognitive development in comparison with those exposed to lower prenatal adversity. Parallel-Independent Component Analysis (pICA) suggested that associations of expression-based SNPs and gray matter density significantly differed between low and high prenatal adversity groups. The brain IC included areas involved in visual association processes (Brodmann area 19 and 18), reallocation of attention, and integration of information across the supramodal cortex (Brodmann area 10). Conclusion: Cognitive development trajectories and brain gray matter seem to be influenced by the interplay of prenatal environmental conditions and the expression of an important BDNF gene network that guides the growth and plasticity of neurons and synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euclides José de Mendonça Filho
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Barbara Barth
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Denise Ruschel Bandeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Randriely Merscher Sobreira de Lima
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Neurociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Danusa Mar Arcego
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carla Dalmaz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Neurociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Irina Pokhvisneva
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Geoffrey B. C. Hall
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J. Meaney
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patricia Pelufo Silveira
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
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35
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Social Instability Stress in Adolescence and Social Interaction in Female Rats. Neuroscience 2021; 477:1-13. [PMID: 34619317 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical time of brain development for regions governing social behaviour and social learning. Social experiences influence the ongoing maturation of the neural structures and ultimately modify the social behaviour of adults in response to social cues. Social instability stress in adolescence (SS; daily 1-hour isolation + change of cage partner in postnatal days [PND] 30-45) leads to a long-lasting reduction in social interaction in SS rats compared with non-stressed (CTL) rats in males; here we investigate females. In a first experiment, we found that female rats exposed to adolescent SS also showed the decrement in social interaction irrespective of age at which tested, and replicated the effects previously found in males. In experiment 2, which involved females only, SS and CTL rats did not differ in anxiety-like behaviour in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and the reduction in social interaction was not significant. Nevertheless, when tested in adolescence at P47 (and not at P71), SS female rats had higher corticosterone release during the social interaction test than did CTL rats, and they exhibited a different pattern of neural activation as measured by immunoreactivity to the protein products of zif268 and c-fos (SS < CTL in medial prefrontal cortex and SS > CTL in hippocampus), and reduced oxytocin immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus than did CTL rats. These results extend our previous findings of effects of SS in adolescent female rats on behavioural responses to psychostimulants to social behaviour, and point to directions for investigations of the neural mechanisms involved.
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36
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Luciana M, Collins PF. Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for the Development of Incentive-Reward Motivation? Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 53:79-99. [PMID: 34784026 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Human adolescence is broadly construed as a time of heightened risk-taking and a vulnerability period for the emergence of psychopathology. These tendencies have been attributed to the age-related development of neural systems that mediate incentive motivation and other aspects of reward processing as well as individual difference factors that interact with ongoing development. Here, we describe the adolescent development of incentive motivation, which we view as an inherently positive developmental progression, and its associated neural mechanisms. We consider challenges in applying the sensitive period concept to these maturational events and discuss future directions that may help to clarify mechanisms of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Luciana
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Paul F Collins
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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37
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Islam KUS, Meli N, Blaess S. The Development of the Mesoprefrontal Dopaminergic System in Health and Disease. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:746582. [PMID: 34712123 PMCID: PMC8546303 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.746582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Midbrain dopaminergic neurons located in the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area are the main source of dopamine in the brain. They send out projections to a variety of forebrain structures, including dorsal striatum, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex (PFC), establishing the nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, and mesoprefrontal pathways, respectively. The dopaminergic input to the PFC is essential for the performance of higher cognitive functions such as working memory, attention, planning, and decision making. The gradual maturation of these cognitive skills during postnatal development correlates with the maturation of PFC local circuits, which undergo a lengthy functional remodeling process during the neonatal and adolescence stage. During this period, the mesoprefrontal dopaminergic innervation also matures: the fibers are rather sparse at prenatal stages and slowly increase in density during postnatal development to finally reach a stable pattern in early adulthood. Despite the prominent role of dopamine in the regulation of PFC function, relatively little is known about how the dopaminergic innervation is established in the PFC, whether and how it influences the maturation of local circuits and how exactly it facilitates cognitive functions in the PFC. In this review, we provide an overview of the development of the mesoprefrontal dopaminergic system in rodents and primates and discuss the role of altered dopaminergic signaling in neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ushna S Islam
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Norisa Meli
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Blaess
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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38
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Hanson JL, Williams AV, Bangasser DA, Peña CJ. Impact of Early Life Stress on Reward Circuit Function and Regulation. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:744690. [PMID: 34744836 PMCID: PMC8563782 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.744690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stress - including experience of child maltreatment, neglect, separation from or loss of a parent, and other forms of adversity - increases lifetime risk of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders. A major component of this risk may be early life stress-induced alterations in motivation and reward processing, mediated by changes in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Here, we review evidence of the impact of early life stress on reward circuit structure and function from human and animal models, with a focus on the NAc. We then connect these results to emerging theoretical models about the indirect and direct impacts of early life stress on reward circuit development. Through this review and synthesis, we aim to highlight open research questions and suggest avenues of future study in service of basic science, as well as applied insights. Understanding how early life stress alters reward circuit development, function, and motivated behaviors is a critical first step toward developing the ability to predict, prevent, and treat stress-related psychopathology spanning mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. Hanson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Alexia V. Williams
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Debra A. Bangasser
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Catherine J. Peña
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
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39
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Thomas KT, Zakharenko SS. MicroRNAs in the Onset of Schizophrenia. Cells 2021; 10:2679. [PMID: 34685659 PMCID: PMC8534348 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence implicates microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathology of schizophrenia. These small noncoding RNAs bind to mRNAs containing complementary sequences and promote their degradation and/or inhibit protein synthesis. A single miRNA may have hundreds of targets, and miRNA targets are overrepresented among schizophrenia-risk genes. Although schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder, symptoms usually do not appear until adolescence, and most patients do not receive a schizophrenia diagnosis until late adolescence or early adulthood. However, few studies have examined miRNAs during this critical period. First, we examine evidence that the miRNA pathway is dynamic throughout adolescence and adulthood and that miRNAs regulate processes critical to late neurodevelopment that are aberrant in patients with schizophrenia. Next, we examine evidence implicating miRNAs in the conversion to psychosis, including a schizophrenia-associated single nucleotide polymorphism in MIR137HG that is among the strongest known predictors of age of onset in patients with schizophrenia. Finally, we examine how hemizygosity for DGCR8, which encodes an obligate component of the complex that synthesizes miRNA precursors, may contribute to the onset of psychosis in patients with 22q11.2 microdeletions and how animal models of this disorder can help us understand the many roles of miRNAs in the onset of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen T. Thomas
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stanislav S. Zakharenko
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Dalmaz C, Barth B, Pokhvisneva I, Wang Z, Patel S, Quillfeldt JA, Mendonça Filho EJ, de Lima RMS, Arcego DM, Sassi RB, Hall GBC, Kobor MS, Meaney MJ, Silveira PP. Prefrontal cortex VAMP1 gene network moderates the effect of the early environment on cognitive flexibility in children. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 185:107509. [PMID: 34454100 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
During development, genetic and environmental factors interact to modify specific phenotypes. Both in humans and in animal models, early adversities influence cognitive flexibility, an important brain function related to behavioral adaptation to variations in the environment. Abnormalities in cognitive functions are related to changes in synaptic connectivity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and altered levels of synaptic proteins. We investigated if individual variations in the expression of a network of genes co-expressed with the synaptic protein VAMP1 in the prefrontal cortex moderate the effect of early environmental quality on the performance of children in cognitive flexibility tasks. Genes overexpressed in early childhood and co-expressed with the VAMP1 gene in the PFC were selected for study. SNPs from these genes (post-clumping) were compiled in an expression-based polygenic score (PFC-ePRS-VAMP1). We evaluated cognitive performance of the 4 years-old children in two cohorts using similar cognitive flexibility tasks. In the first cohort (MAVAN) we utilized two CANTAB tasks: (a) the Intra-/Extra-dimensional Set Shift (IED) task, and (b) the Spatial Working Memory (SWM) task. In the second cohort, GUSTO, we used the Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) task. The results show that in 4 years-old children, the PFC-ePRS-VAMP1 network moderates responsiveness to the effects of early adversities on the performance in attentional flexibility tests. The same result was observed for a spatial working memory task. Compared to attentional flexibility, reversal learning showed opposite effects of the environment, as moderated by the ePRS. A parallel ICA analysis was performed to identify relationships between whole-brain voxel based gray matter density and SNPs that comprise the PFC-ePRS-VAMP1. The early environment predicts differences in gray matter content in regions such as prefrontal and temporal cortices, significantly associated with a genetic component related to Wnt signaling pathways. Our data suggest that a network of genes co-expressed with VAMP1 in the PFC moderates the influence of early environment on cognitive function in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Dalmaz
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Depto Bioquimica e PPG CB Bioquimica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; PPG Neurociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Barbara Barth
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Irina Pokhvisneva
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zihan Wang
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sachin Patel
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jorge A Quillfeldt
- PPG Neurociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Depto Biofisica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Euclides J Mendonça Filho
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Randriely Merscher Sobreira de Lima
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; PPG Neurociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Danusa M Arcego
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Roberto Britto Sassi
- Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Geoffrey B C Hall
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michael S Kobor
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, 938 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Patrícia P Silveira
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; PPG Neurociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Peters KZ, Zlebnik NE, Cheer JF. Cannabis exposure during adolescence: A uniquely sensitive period for neurobiological effects. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 161:95-120. [PMID: 34801175 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a crucial developmental period where neural circuits are refined and the brain is especially vulnerable to external insults. The endocannabinoid (eCB) system undergoes changes during adolescence which affect the way in which it modulates the development of other systems, in particular dopamine circuits, which show protracted development into adolescence. Given the rise of cannabis use by adolescents and young people, as well as variants containing increasingly higher concentrations of THC, it is now crucial to understand the unique effects of adolescent exposure to cannabis on the developing brain and it might shape future adult vulnerabilities to conditions such as psychosis, schizophrenia, addiction and more. Here we discuss the development of the eCB system across the lifespan, how CB1 receptors modulate dopamine release and potential neurobiological and behavioral effects of adolescent THC exposure on the developing brain such as alterations in excitatory/inhibitory balance during this developmental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Z Peters
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Sussex Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom.
| | - N E Zlebnik
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - J F Cheer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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42
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Parr AC, Calabro F, Larsen B, Tervo-Clemmens B, Elliot S, Foran W, Olafsson V, Luna B. Dopamine-related striatal neurophysiology is associated with specialization of frontostriatal reward circuitry through adolescence. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 201:101997. [PMID: 33667595 PMCID: PMC8096717 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.101997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing developmental changes in frontostriatal circuitry is critical to understanding adolescent development and can clarify neurobiological mechanisms underlying increased reward sensitivity and risk-taking and the emergence of psychopathology during this period. However, the role of striatal neurobiology in the development of frontostriatal circuitry through human adolescence remains largely unknown. We examined background connectivity during a reward-guided decision-making task ("reward-state"), in addition to resting-state, and assessed the association between age-related changes in frontostriatal connectivity and age-related changes in reward learning and risk-taking through adolescence. Further, we examined the contribution of dopaminergic processes to changes in frontostriatal circuitry and decision-making using MR-based assessments of striatal tissue-iron as a correlate of dopamine-related neurobiology. Connectivity between the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and ventral anterior cingulate, subgenual cingulate, and orbitofrontal cortices decreased through adolescence into adulthood, and decreases in reward-state connectivity were associated with improvements reward-guided decision-making as well as with decreases in risk-taking. Finally, NAcc tissue-iron mediated age-related changes and was associated with variability in connectivity, and developmental increases in NAcc R2' corresponded with developmental decreases in connectivity. Our results provide evidence that dopamine-related striatal properties contribute to the specialization of frontostriatal circuitry, potentially underlying changes in risk-taking and reward sensitivity into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C. Parr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 14213, United States
| | - Finnegan Calabro
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 14213, United States
| | - Bart Larsen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 14213, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Brenden Tervo-Clemmens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 14213, United States
| | - Samuel Elliot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 14213, United States
| | - Will Foran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 14213, United States
| | - Valur Olafsson
- NUBIC, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Beatriz Luna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 14213, United States
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Klump KL, Kashy DA, Culbert KM, Sinclair EB, Hildebrandt BA, Van Huysee JL, O'Connor SM, Fowler N, Johnson A, Sisk CL. The effects of puberty and ovarian hormone removal on developmental trajectories of palatable food and chow intake in female rats. Physiol Behav 2021; 235:113394. [PMID: 33757776 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Palatable food (PF) intake is significantly greater in females than males and increases during adolescence. Previous data suggest that puberty and ovarian hormones may contribute to these sex and developmental differences, but few studies have examined this possibility. The aim of the current study was to address these gaps by examining trajectories of PF and chow intake during pre-puberty, puberty, and adulthood in intact female rats (Study 1) as well as in those receiving pre-pubertal ovariectomies (P-OVX) (Study 2). METHOD We examined our study aims using archival data from 66 intact Sprague-Dawley female rats (Study 1) and 77 P-OVX and 79 intact Sprague-Dawley female rats (Study 2). PF and chow intake were measured using a free-choice, intermittent exposure paradigm in which rats were exposed to both food types starting in pre-puberty and continuing into adulthood. RESULTS Mixed linear models revealed a specific effect of puberty on PF intake in both studies. PF intake increased substantially during puberty in all rats, but increases were particularly pronounced in P-OVX rats in Study 2. By contrast, chow intake increased significantly during pre-puberty (rather than puberty) in both studies, and these increases were relatively unaffected by P-OVX. DISCUSSION Findings confirm a specific effect of puberty and ovarian hormone removal on PF intake in female rats. Differential trajectories of PF versus chow intake highlight potential reward-based processes in pubertal and ovarian hormone effects on PF intake in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116, USA.
| | - Deborah A Kashy
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116, USA
| | - Kristen M Culbert
- Department of Family Medicine & Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Elaine B Sinclair
- Department of Neurology, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Britny A Hildebrandt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | - Shannon M O'Connor
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Natasha Fowler
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116, USA
| | - Alexander Johnson
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116, USA; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116, USA
| | - Cheryl L Sisk
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116, USA
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Torres-Berrío A, Morgunova A, Giroux M, Cuesta S, Nestler EJ, Flores C. miR-218 in Adolescence Predicts and Mediates Vulnerability to Stress. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:911-919. [PMID: 33384174 PMCID: PMC8052258 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is a period of increased vulnerability to psychiatric disorders, including depression. Discovering novel biomarkers to identify individuals who are at high risk is very much needed. Our previous work shows that the microRNA miR-218 mediates susceptibility to stress and depression in adulthood by targeting the netrin-1 guidance cue receptor gene Dcc in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). METHODS Here, we investigated whether miR-218 regulates Dcc expression in adolescence and could serve as an early predictor of lifetime stress vulnerability in male mice. RESULTS miR-218 expression in the mPFC increases from early adolescence to adulthood and correlates negatively with Dcc levels. In blood, postnatal miR-218 expression parallels changes occurring in the mPFC. Notably, circulating miR-218 levels in adolescence associate with vulnerability to social defeat stress in adulthood, with high levels associated with social avoidance severity. Indeed, downregulation of miR-218 in the mPFC in adolescence promotes resilience to stress in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS miR-218 expression in adolescence may serve both as a marker of risk and as a target for early interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Torres-Berrío
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alice Morgunova
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Giroux
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Santiago Cuesta
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Eric J Nestler
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Cecilia Flores
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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45
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MicroRNA regulation of prefrontal cortex development and psychiatric risk in adolescence. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 118:83-91. [PMID: 33933350 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we examine the role of microRNAs in the development of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in adolescence and in individual differences in vulnerability to mental illness. We describe results from clinical and preclinical research indicating that adolescence coincides with drastic changes in local microRNA expression, including microRNAs that control gene networks involved in PFC and cognitive refinement. We highlight that altered levels of microRNAs in the PFC are associated with psychopathologies of adolescent onset, notably depression and schizophrenia. We show that microRNAs can be measured non-invasively in peripheral samples and could serve as longitudinal physiological readouts of brain expression and psychiatric risk in youth.
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46
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Falk EN, Norman KJ, Garkun Y, Demars MP, Im S, Taccheri G, Short J, Caro K, McCraney SE, Cho C, Smith MR, Lin HM, Koike H, Bateh J, Maccario P, Waltrip L, Janis M, Morishita H. Nicotinic regulation of local and long-range input balance drives top-down attentional circuit maturation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe1527. [PMID: 33674307 PMCID: PMC7935362 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive function depends on frontal cortex development; however, the mechanisms driving this process are poorly understood. Here, we identify that dynamic regulation of the nicotinic cholinergic system is a key driver of attentional circuit maturation associated with top-down frontal neurons projecting to visual cortex. The top-down neurons receive robust cholinergic inputs, but their nicotinic tone decreases following adolescence by increasing expression of a nicotinic brake, Lynx1 Lynx1 shifts a balance between local and long-range inputs onto top-down frontal neurons following adolescence and promotes the establishment of attentional behavior in adulthood. This key maturational process is disrupted in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome but was rescued by a suppression of nicotinic tone through the introduction of Lynx1 in top-down projections. Nicotinic signaling may serve as a target to rebalance local/long-range balance and treat cognitive deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa N Falk
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kevin J Norman
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yury Garkun
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael P Demars
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Susanna Im
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Giulia Taccheri
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jenna Short
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Keaven Caro
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sarah E McCraney
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Christina Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Milo R Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hung-Mo Lin
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Koike
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Julia Bateh
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Priscilla Maccario
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Leah Waltrip
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Meaghan Janis
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hirofumi Morishita
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Vassilev P, Pantoja-Urban AH, Giroux M, Nouel D, Hernandez G, Orsini T, Flores C. Unique effects of social defeat stress in adolescent male mice on the Netrin-1/DCC pathway, prefrontal cortex dopamine and cognition (Social stress in adolescent vs. adult male mice). eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0045-21.2021. [PMID: 33619036 PMCID: PMC8051112 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0045-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For some individuals, social stress is a risk factor for psychiatric disorders characterised by adolescent onset, prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction and cognitive impairments. Social stress may be particularly harmful during adolescence when dopamine (DA) axons are still growing to the PFC, rendering them sensitive to environmental influences. The guidance cue Netrin-1 and its receptor, DCC, coordinate to control mesocorticolimbic DA axon targeting and growth during this age. Here we adapted the accelerated social defeat (AcSD) paradigm to expose male mice to social stress in either adolescence or adulthood and categorised them as "resilient" or "susceptible" based on social avoidance behaviour. We examined whether stress would alter the expression of DCC and Netrin-1 in mesolimbic dopamine regions and would have enduring consequences on PFC dopamine connectivity and cognition. While in adolescence the majority of mice are resilient but exhibit risk-taking behaviour, AcSD in adulthood leads to a majority of susceptible mice without altering anxiety-like traits. In adolescent, but not adult mice, AcSD dysregulates DCC and Netrin-1 expression in mesolimbic DA regions. These molecular changes in adolescent mice are accompanied by changes in PFC DA connectivity. Following AcSD in adulthood, cognitive function remains unaffected, but all mice exposed to AcSD in adolescence show deficits in inhibitory control when they reach adulthood. These findings indicate that exposure to AcSD in adolescence vs. adulthood has substantially different effects on brain and behaviour and that stress-induced social avoidance in adolescence does not predict vulnerability to deficits in cognitive performance.Significance statement During adolescence, dopamine circuitries undergo maturational changes which may render them particularly vulnerable to social stress. While social stress can be detrimental to adolescents and adults, it may engage different mechanisms and impact different domains, depending on age. The accelerated social defeat (AcSD) model implemented here allows exposing adolescent and adult male mice to comparable social stress levels. AcSD in adulthood leads to a majority of socially avoidant mice. However, the predominance of AcSD-exposed adolescent mice does not develop social avoidance, and these resilient mice show risk-taking behaviour. Nonetheless, in adolescence only, AcSD dysregulates Netrin-1/DCC expression in mesolimbic dopamine regions, possibly disrupting mesocortical dopamine and cognition. The unique adolescent responsiveness to stress may explain increased psychopathology risk at this age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Vassilev
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Michel Giroux
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dominique Nouel
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Taylor Orsini
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cecilia Flores
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
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48
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Jones SA, Kliamovich D, Nagel BJ. Sex hormones partially explain the sex-dependent effect of lifetime alcohol use on adolescent white matter microstructure. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2021; 307:111230. [PMID: 33271433 PMCID: PMC7775887 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrate profound sex-specific patterns of white matter microstructural neurodevelopment (i.e. fractional anisotropy; FA, and mean diffusivity; MD) during adolescence. While alcohol use has been associated with alterations in FA and MD, no studies have addressed the potential for sex-specific, alcohol-dose-dependent effects, during development. This prospective longitudinal study (2-4 visits, 310 total scans) used voxel-wise multilevel modeling, in 132 (68 female) adolescents (ages 12-21), to assess the sex-specific effects of lifetime alcohol use on FA and MD, during development. Follow-up analyses tested the role of sex hormones, testosterone and estradiol, in explaining the effects of alcohol use on FA and MD. In the splenium of the corpus callosum and posterior thalamic radiation, male adolescents demonstrated lower FA and greater MD as a function of more lifetime alcohol use, while female adolescents demonstrated the opposite. Further, significant associations between sex hormones and FA/MD partially explained the effect of alcohol use on FA and MD in male adolescents. These results provide evidence for sex-specific and dose-related effects of alcohol use on white matter microstructure, which are partially explained by sex hormones, and highlight the importance of studying sex and hormones when investigating the effects of alcohol use on the adolescent brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Dakota Kliamovich
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Bonnie J Nagel
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
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49
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Jones MC, Koh JM, Cheong KH. Synaptic Pruning in Schizophrenia: Does Minocycline Modulate Psychosocial Brain Development? Bioessays 2021; 42:e2000046. [PMID: 33448432 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the tetracycline antibiotic minocycline, or its cousins, hold therapeutic potential for affective and psychotic disorders. This is proposed on the basis of a direct effect on microglia-mediated frontocortical synaptic pruning (FSP) during adolescence, perhaps in genetically susceptible individuals harboring risk alleles in the complement component cascade that is involved in this normal process of CNS circuit refinement. In reviewing this field, it is argued that minocycline is actually probing and modulating a deeply evolved and intricate system wherein psychosocial stimuli sculpt the circuitry of the "social brain" underlying adult behavior and personality. Furthermore, this system can generate psychiatric morbidity that is not dependent on genetic variation. This view has important ramifications for understanding "pathologies" of human social behavior and cognition as well as providing long-sought potential mechanistic links between social experience and susceptibility to mental and physical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Jones
- Science, Mathematics & Technology Cluster, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), 8 Somapah Road, S487372, Singapore
| | - Jin Ming Koh
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Kang Hao Cheong
- Science, Mathematics & Technology Cluster, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), 8 Somapah Road, S487372, Singapore.,SUTD-Massachusetts Institute of Technology International Design Centre, S487372, Singapore
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50
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Morgunova A, Pokhvisneva I, Nolvi S, Entringer S, Wadhwa P, Gilmore J, Styner M, Buss C, Sassi RB, Hall GBC, O'Donnell KJ, Meaney MJ, Silveira PP, Flores CA. DCC gene network in the prefrontal cortex is associated with total brain volume in childhood. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2021; 46:E154-E163. [PMID: 33206040 PMCID: PMC7955849 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.200081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variation in the guidance cue DCC gene is linked to psychopathologies involving dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex. We created an expression-based polygenic risk score (ePRS) based on the DCC coexpression gene network in the prefrontal cortex, hypothesizing that it would be associated with individual differences in total brain volume. METHODS We filtered single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from genes coexpressed with DCC in the prefrontal cortex obtained from an adult postmortem donors database (BrainEAC) for genes enriched in children 1.5 to 11 years old (BrainSpan). The SNPs were weighted by their effect size in predicting gene expression in the prefrontal cortex, multiplied by their allele number based on an individual's genotype data, and then summarized into an ePRS. We evaluated associations between the DCC ePRS and total brain volume in children in 2 community-based cohorts: the Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment (MAVAN) and University of California, Irvine (UCI) projects. For comparison, we calculated a conventional PRS based on a genome-wide association study of total brain volume. RESULTS Higher ePRS was associated with higher total brain volume in children 8 to 10 years old (β = 0.212, p = 0.043; n = 88). The conventional PRS at several different thresholds did not predict total brain volume in this cohort. A replication analysis in an independent cohort of newborns from the UCI study showed an association between the ePRS and newborn total brain volume (β = 0.101, p = 0.048; n = 80). The genes included in the ePRS demonstrated high levels of coexpression throughout the lifespan and are primarily involved in regulating cellular function. LIMITATIONS The relatively small sample size and age differences between the main and replication cohorts were limitations. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the DCC coexpression network in the prefrontal cortex is critically involved in whole brain development during the first decade of life. Genes comprising the ePRS are involved in gene translation control and cell adhesion, and their expression in the prefrontal cortex at different stages of life provides a snapshot of their dynamic recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Morgunova
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Irina Pokhvisneva
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Saara Nolvi
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Sonja Entringer
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Pathik Wadhwa
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - John Gilmore
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Martin Styner
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Claudia Buss
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Roberto Britto Sassi
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Geoffrey B C Hall
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Kieran J O'Donnell
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Michael J Meaney
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Patricia P Silveira
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
| | - Cecilia A Flores
- From the Integrated Program in Neuroscience (IPN), McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova); the Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira, Flores); the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Flores); the Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Que., Canada (Morgunova, Flores, Silveira); the Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada (Pokhvisneva, O'Donnell, Meaney, Silveira); the Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ont., Canada (O'Donnell, Meaney); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR; Meaney); the Department of Medical Psychology Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (Nolvi, Buss); the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (Nolvi); the Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA (Entringer, Wadhwa); the Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Entringer); the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA (Wadhwa); the Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Gilmore, Styner); the Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA (Styner); the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Sassi); and the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., Canada (Hall)
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