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Bali AD, Rosenzveig A, Frishman WH, Aronow WS. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Disease: Causation or Association. Cardiol Rev 2024; 32:453-462. [PMID: 36825899 DOI: 10.1097/crd.0000000000000537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disease process that is gaining increasing recognition. The global prevalence of NAFLD is increasing in parallel with growing rates of risk factors for NAFLD such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. NAFLD has been referred to as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). As CVD is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, there are constant efforts to describe and alleviate its risk factors. Although there is conflicting data supporting NAFLD as a causative or associative factor for CVD, NAFLD has been shown to be associated with structural, electrical, and atherosclerotic disease processes of the heart. Shared risk factors and pathophysiologic mechanisms between NAFLD and CVD warrant further explication. Pathologic mechanisms such as endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, genetic underpinnings, and gut microbiota dysregulation have been described in both CVD and NAFLD. The mainstay of treatment for NAFLD is lifestyle intervention including physical exercise and hypocaloric intake in addition to bariatric surgery. Investigations into various therapeutic targets to alleviate hepatic steatosis and fibrosis by way of maintaining the balance between lipid synthesis and breakdown. A major obstacle preventing the success of many pharmacologic approaches has been the effects of these medications on CVD risk. The future of pharmacologic treatment of NAFLD is promising as effective medications with limited CVD harm are being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul D Bali
- From the Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | | | - William H Frishman
- From the Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Wilbert S Aronow
- From the Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
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Xu Z, Huang J, Wen M, Zhang X, Lyu D, Li S, Xiao H, Li M, Shen C, Huang H. Gentiopicroside ameliorates glucose and lipid metabolism in T2DM via targeting FGFR1. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 132:155780. [PMID: 38885580 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The suppression of the fibroblast growth factor 21/fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGF21/FGFR1) signaling pathway is considered as a vital factor in the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) progression. Our previous study showed that gentiopicroside (GPS), the main active compound present in Gentiana macrophylla Pall., has the capacity to control disorders related to glucose and lipid metabolism in individuals with T2DM. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism remains unclear. PURPOSE In light of the fact that the PharmMapper database suggests FGFR1 as the target of GPS, our investigation aims to determine if GPS can enhance glucose and lipid metabolism issues in T2DM by modulating the FGF21/FGFR1 signaling pathway. METHODS In this study, we used palmitic acid (PA)-induced HepG2 cells and db/db mice to investigate the function and mechanism of GPS in the FGF21/FGFR1 signaling pathway. To examine the interaction between GPS and FGFR1, researchers performed Cellular Thermal Shift Assay (CETSA) and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) analysis. RESULTS The results suggest that GPS activates the traditional metabolic pathways, including PI3K/AKT and AMPK, which are the subsequent stages of the FGF21/FGFR1 pathway. This activation leads to the enhancement of glucose and lipid metabolism issues in PA-treated HepG2 cells and db/db mice. Furthermore, the depletion of FGFR1 has been noticed to oppose the stimulation of PI3K/AKT and AMPK pathways by GPS in HepG2 cells subjected to PA. Notability, our research affirms that GPS binds directly to FGFR1, hindering the ubiquitinated degradation of FGFR1 by neural precursor cells expressing developmentally decreased protein 4 (NEDD4) and ultimately promoting FGF21 signal transduction. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that GPS targeting FGFR1 activates the PI3K/AKT and AMPK pathways, which is an important mechanism for its treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanchi Xu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratoty for Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Guangzhou 510801, China
| | - Jucun Huang
- Hubei NO.3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Min Wen
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratoty for Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xuting Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratoty for Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dongxin Lyu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratoty for Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratoty for Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haiming Xiao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratoty for Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Min Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratoty for Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Cuangpeng Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Heqing Huang
- Guangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Guangzhou 510801, China.
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Luo XY, Ying SQ, Cao Y, Jin Y, Jin F, Zheng CX, Sui BD. Liver-based inter-organ communication: A disease perspective. Life Sci 2024; 351:122824. [PMID: 38862061 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Inter-organ communication through hormones, cytokines and extracellular vesicles (EVs) has emerged to contribute to the physiological states and pathological processes of the human body. Notably, the liver coordinates multiple tissues and organs to maintain homeostasis and maximize energy utilization, with the underlying mechanisms being unraveled in recent studies. Particularly, liver-derived EVs have been found to play a key role in regulating health and disease. As an endocrine organ, the liver has also been found to perform functions via the secretion of hepatokines. Investigating the multi-organ communication centered on the liver, especially in the manner of EVs and hepatokines, is of great importance to the diagnosis and treatment of liver-related diseases. This review summarizes the crosstalk between the liver and distant organs, including the brain, the bone, the adipose tissue and the intestine in noticeable situations. The discussion of these contents will add to a new dimension of organismal homeostasis and shed light on novel theranostics of pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Si-Qi Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Fang Jin
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Chen-Xi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Bing-Dong Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Zhou W, Du Z. Oleuropein mitigates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and modulates liver metabolites in high-fat diet-induced obese mice via activating PPARα. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38952322 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of oleuropein (OLE) ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its underlying mechanisms. RESULTS Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a low-fat diet (LFD), a high-fat diet (HFD), or a HFD supplemented with 0.03% (w/w) OLE for 16 weeks. OLE supplementation decreased body weight and liver weight, improved serum lipid profiles, and ameliorated HFD-induced hepatic dysfunction. Liver metabolomics analysis revealed that OLE increased the levels of nicotinamide, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, taurine, and docosahexaenoic acid, which were beneficial for lipid homeostasis and inflammation regulation. OLE exerted its protective effects by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), a key transcription factor that regulates fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) expression and modulates lipid oxidation, lipogenesis and inflammation pathways. Importantly, OLE supplementation did not significantly affect body weight or liver weight in PPARα knockout (PPARα KO) mice, indicating that PPARα is essential for OLE-mediated NAFLD prevention. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that OLE alleviates NAFLD in mice by activating PPARα and modulating liver metabolites. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zheng Du
- The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang Public Health Department, Lianyungang, China
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Jeong C, Han N, Jeon N, Rhee SJ, Staatz CE, Kim MS, Baek IH. Efficacy and Safety of Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 Analogs for the Treatment of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 116:72-81. [PMID: 38666606 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21 analogs are potential therapeutic candidates for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of the FGF-21 analogs, efruxifermin, pegbelfermin, and pegozafermin for MASH treatment. A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials from five major databases was conducted. Primary efficacy outcomes focused on liver histological improvement, while secondary efficacy outcomes encompassed reductions in liver fat content and improvements in biochemical parameters. Safety outcomes examined included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), treatment-related TEAEs, TEAEs leading to discontinuation, and serious TEAEs. Eight eligible studies involving 963 patients were included in this review. Compared with the placebo group, the FGF-21 analog-treated group exhibited significantly improved primary efficacy outcomes, specifically ≥1 stage improvement in fibrosis with no worsening of MASH (risk ratio [RR] = 1.83; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.27-2.62) and at least two-point improvement in the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score with no worsening of fibrosis (RR = 2.85; 95% CI = 2.06-3.95). Despite an increased risk of TEAEs (RR = 1.17; 95% CI = 1.08-1.27) and treatment-related adverse events (RR = 1.75; 95% CI = 1.40-2.19), FGF-21 analogs exhibited an acceptable safety profile. FGF-21 analogs were significantly better in achieving liver histological improvements and beneficial biochemical outcomes compared with placebo, with a tolerable safety pattern. These findings shed light on the efficacy and safety of FGF-21 analogs and provide valuable evidence for their application as MASH therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nayoung Han
- College of Pharmacy, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Nakyung Jeon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Rhee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Christine E Staatz
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - In-Hwan Baek
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan, Korea
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Functional Food & Drug Convergence Research Center, Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation, Kyungsung University, Busan, Korea
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Deng AF, Wang FX, Wang SC, Zhang YZ, Bai L, Su JC. Bone-organ axes: bidirectional crosstalk. Mil Med Res 2024; 11:37. [PMID: 38867330 PMCID: PMC11167910 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In addition to its recognized role in providing structural support, bone plays a crucial role in maintaining the functionality and balance of various organs by secreting specific cytokines (also known as osteokines). This reciprocal influence extends to these organs modulating bone homeostasis and development, although this aspect has yet to be systematically reviewed. This review aims to elucidate this bidirectional crosstalk, with a particular focus on the role of osteokines. Additionally, it presents a unique compilation of evidence highlighting the critical function of extracellular vesicles (EVs) within bone-organ axes for the first time. Moreover, it explores the implications of this crosstalk for designing and implementing bone-on-chips and assembloids, underscoring the importance of comprehending these interactions for advancing physiologically relevant in vitro models. Consequently, this review establishes a robust theoretical foundation for preventing, diagnosing, and treating diseases related to the bone-organ axis from the perspective of cytokines, EVs, hormones, and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Fu Deng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Fu-Xiao Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Si-Cheng Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Zhongye Hospital, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Ying-Ze Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopaedic Equipment, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China.
| | - Long Bai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- Wenzhou Institute of Shanghai University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jia-Can Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Zou Y, Wang D, Sun W, Wu Q, Liu S, Ren Z, Li Y, Zhao T, Li Z, Li X, Cao W, Han J, Guo X, Ren G. Fibroblast growth factor 21 mitigates lupus nephritis progression via the FGF21/Irgm 1/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 131:111875. [PMID: 38508095 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
As an endocrine cytokine, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. With the development of lupus nephritis (LN), which is tightly related to pathogenic factors, including inflammation and immune cell dysregulation, we explored the impact of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) as well as its underlying mechanism. We induced an in vivo LN model using pristane in both wild-type C57BL/6 and FGF21 knockout (FGF21-/-) mice. LN serum obtained from 32-week-old wild-type LN mice was used to stimulate RAW264.7 and human renal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells to mimic an in vitro LN model. Moreover, our findings revealed that FGF21-/- mice showed more severe kidney injury compared to wild-type mice, as evidenced by increased levels of renal function markers, inflammatory factors, and fibrosis markers. Notably, exogenous administration of FGF21 to wild-type LN mice markedly mitigated these adverse effects. Additionally, we used tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics to detect differentially expressed proteins following FGF21 treatment. Results indicated that 121 differentially expressed proteins influenced by FGF21 were involved in biological processes such as immune response and complement activation. Significantly upregulated protein Irgm 1, coupled with modulated inflammatory response, appeared to contribute to the beneficial effects of FGF21. Furthermore, Western blot analysis demonstrated that FGF21 upregulated Irgm 1 while inhibiting nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors family pyrin domain including 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome expression. Silencing Irgm 1, in turn, reversed FGF21's inhibitory effect on NLRP3 inflammasome. In summary, FGF21 can potentially alleviate pristane-induced lupus nephritis in mice, possibly through the FGF21/Irgm 1/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Zou
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wenying Sun
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qing Wu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shijie Liu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zeheng Ren
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Tianqi Zhao
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhitong Li
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Weiyue Cao
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jiachi Han
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaochen Guo
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Guiping Ren
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Research Center of Genetic Engineering of Pharmaceuticals of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Gene, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Lin R, Zhou J, Sun Q, Xin X, Hu Y, Zheng M, Feng Q. Meta-analysis: Efficacy and safety of fibroblast growth factor 21 analogues for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-related fibrosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2024; 59:802-811. [PMID: 38297816 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) analogues have emerged as promising therapeutic targets for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the effects and safety of these analogues on NASH and NASH-related fibrosis remain unexplored. AIMS To estimate the efficacy and safety of FGF21 analogues for treating NASH and NASH-related fibrosis. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for relevant studies up to 11 October 2023. Primary outcomes were defined as the fibrosis improvement ≥1 stage without worsening of NASH and NASH resolution without worsening fibrosis. Secondary outcomes included biomarkers of fibrosis, liver injury, and metabolism. Treatment-related adverse events were also analysed. RESULTS Nine studies, including 1054 patients with biopsy-proven NASH and stage F1-F4 fibrosis, were identified. Seven studies reported histological outcomes. The relative risk (RR) for obtaining fibrosis improvement ≥1 stage efficacy was 1.79 (95% CI 1.29-2.48, I2 = 37%, p < 0.001) with FGF21 analogues relative to placebo. Although no statistically significant difference was observed between FGF21 analogues in NASH resolution, sensitivity analyses and fragility index suggest that this result is unstable. The drugs improved hepatic fat fraction (HFF), along with other biomarkers of fibrosis, liver injury, and metabolism (MRE, LSM, Pro-C3, ELF, ALT, AST, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C). Additionally, no significant difference in serious adverse event incidence rate was observed (RR = 1.26, 95% CI 0.82-1.94, I2 = 24%, p = 0.3). CONCLUSIONS FGF21 analogues appear as promising agents for the treatment of NASH and NASH-related fibrosis, and they generally seem to be safe and well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutao Lin
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianghua Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Heart Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qinmei Sun
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Xin
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghua Zheng
- MAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for the Development of Chronic Liver Disease in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qin Feng
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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9
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Negroiu CE, Tudoraşcu RI, Beznă MC, Ungureanu AI, Honţaru SO, Dănoiu S. The role of FGF21 in the interplay between obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a narrative review. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY = REVUE ROUMAINE DE MORPHOLOGIE ET EMBRYOLOGIE 2024; 65:159-172. [PMID: 39020530 PMCID: PMC11384831 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.65.2.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Obesity poses a significant and escalating challenge in contemporary society, increasing the risk of developing various metabolic disorders such as dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer. The current array of therapeutic interventions for obesity remains insufficient, prompting a pressing demand for novel and more effective treatments. In response, scientific attention has turned to the fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) due to its remarkable and diverse impacts on lipid, carbohydrate, and energy metabolism. This comprehensive review aims to delve into the multifaceted aspects of FGF21, encompassing its discovery, synthesis, functional roles, and potential as a biomarker and therapeutic agent, with a specific focus on its implications for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Elena Negroiu
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania; ; Department of Health Care and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Sciences, Physical Education and Informatics, University Center of Piteşti, National University for Science and Technology Politehnica, Bucharest, Romania;
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10
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Anderson JM, Arnold WD, Huang W, Ray A, Owendoff G, Cao L. Long-term effects of a fat-directed FGF21 gene therapy in aged female mice. Gene Ther 2024; 31:95-104. [PMID: 37699965 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-023-00422-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been developed as a potential therapeutic agent for metabolic syndromes. Moreover, FGF21 is considered a pro-longevity hormone because transgenic mice overexpressing FGF21 display extended lifespan, raising the possibility of using FGF21 to promote healthy aging. We recently showed that visceral fat directed FGF21 gene therapy improves metabolic and immune health in insulin resistant BTBR mice. Here, we used a fat directed rAAV-FGF21 vector in 17-month-old female mice to investigate whether long-term FGF21 gene transfer could mitigate aging-related functional decline. Animals with FGF21 treatment displayed a steady, significant lower body weight over 7-month of the study compared to age-matched control mice. FGF21 treatment reduced adiposity and increased relative lean mass and energy expenditure associated with almost 100 folds higher serum level of FGF21. However, those changes were not translated into benefits on muscle function and did not affect metabolic function of liver. Overall, we have demonstrated that a single dose of fat-directed AAV-FGF21 treatment can provide a sustainable, high serum level of FGF21 over long period of time, and mostly influences adipose tissue homeostasis and energy expenditure. High levels of FGF21 alone in aged mice is not sufficient to improve liver or muscle functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Anderson
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - W David Arnold
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alissa Ray
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gregory Owendoff
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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11
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Abbasi K, Zarezadeh R, Valizadeh A, Mehdizadeh A, Hamishehkar H, Nouri M, Darabi M. White-brown adipose tissue interplay in polycystic ovary syndrome: Therapeutic avenues. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:116012. [PMID: 38159686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.116012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
This study highlights the therapeutic potential of activating brown adipose tissue (BAT) for managing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a prevalent endocrine disorder associated with metabolic and reproductive abnormalities. BAT plays a crucial role in regulating energy expenditure and systemic insulin sensitivity, making it an attractive target for the treatment of obesity and metabolic diseases. Recent research suggests that impaired BAT function and mass may contribute to the link between metabolic disturbances and reproductive issues in PCOS. Additionally, abnormal white adipose tissue (WAT) can exacerbate these conditions by releasing adipokines and nonesterified fatty acids. In this review, we explored the impact of WAT changes on BAT function in PCOS and discussed the potential of BAT activation as a therapeutic strategy to improve PCOS symptoms. We propose that BAT activation holds promise for managing PCOS; however, further research is needed to confirm its efficacy and to develop clinically feasible methods for BAT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Abbasi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Zarezadeh
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Valizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Mehdizadeh
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Masoud Darabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Division of Experimental Oncology, Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany.
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12
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Jia X, Chen Q, Wu H, Liu H, Jing C, Gong A, Zhang Y. Exploring a novel therapeutic strategy: the interplay between gut microbiota and high-fat diet in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1291853. [PMID: 38192650 PMCID: PMC10773723 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1291853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, the rapid increase in the incidence of metabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hypertension, and hyperuricemia, has been attributed to high-fat diets (HFD) and decreased physical activity levels. Although the phenotypes and pathologies of these metabolic diseases vary, patients with these diseases exhibit disease-specific alterations in the composition and function of their gut microbiota. Studies in germ-free mice have shown that both HFD and gut microbiota can promote the development of metabolic diseases, and HFD can disrupt the balance of gut microbiota. Therefore, investigating the interaction between gut microbiota and HFD in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases is crucial for identifying novel therapeutic strategies for these diseases. This review takes HFD as the starting point, providing a detailed analysis of the pivotal role of HFD in the development of metabolic disorders. It comprehensively elucidates the impact of HFD on the balance of intestinal microbiota, analyzes the mechanisms underlying gut microbiota dysbiosis leading to metabolic disruptions, and explores the associated genetic factors. Finally, the potential of targeting the gut microbiota as a means to address metabolic disturbances induced by HFD is discussed. In summary, this review offers theoretical support and proposes new research avenues for investigating the role of nutrition-related factors in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders in the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Qiliang Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huiwen Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Chunying Jing
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Aimin Gong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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13
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Domingues I, Leclercq IA, Beloqui A. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Current therapies and future perspectives in drug delivery. J Control Release 2023; 363:415-434. [PMID: 37769817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects approximately 25% of the adult population worldwide. This pathology can progress into end-stage liver disease with life-threatening complications, and yet no pharmacologic therapy has been approved. NAFLD is commonly characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the liver and is in closely associated with insulin resistance and metabolic disorders, which suggests that NAFLD is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Regarding treatment options, the current validated strategy relies on lifestyle modifications (exercise and diet restrictions). Although there are no approved drug-based treatments, several clinical trials are ongoing. Novel targets are being discovered, and the repurposing of drugs that show promising effects in NAFLD is starting to gain more interest. The field of nanotechnology has been growing at an increasing rate, with new and more efficient drug delivery strategies being developed for NAFLD treatment. Nanocarriers can easily encapsulate drugs that need to be better protected from the organism to exert their effect or that need help at reaching their target, thereby helping achieve a better bioavailability. Drug delivery systems can also be designed to target the site of the disease, in this case, the liver. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge of NAFLD pathology, the targets being considered for clinical trials, and the current guidelines and ongoing clinical trials, with a specific focus on potential oral treatments for NAFLD using promising drug delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Domingues
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials Group, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle A Leclercq
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 53, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ana Beloqui
- UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials Group, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; WEL Research Institute, Avenue Pasteur, 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium.
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14
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Zhang M, Barroso E, Ruart M, Peña L, Peyman M, Aguilar-Recarte D, Montori-Grau M, Rada P, Cugat C, Montironi C, Zarei M, Jurado-Aguilar J, Camins A, Balsinde J, Valverde ÁM, Wahli W, Palomer X, Vázquez-Carrera M. Elafibranor upregulates the EMT-inducer S100A4 via PPARβ/δ. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115623. [PMID: 37783154 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Elafibranor is a dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α and β/δ agonist that has reached a phase III clinical trial for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Here, we examined the effects of elafibranor in mice fed a choline-deficient high-fat diet (CD-HFD), a model of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) that presents obesity and insulin resistance. Our findings revealed that elafibranor treatment ameliorated steatosis, inflammation, and fibrogenesis in the livers of CD-HFD-fed mice. Unexpectedly, elafibranor also increased the levels of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-promoting protein S100A4 via PPARβ/δ activation. The increase in S100A4 protein levels caused by elafibranor was accompanied by changes in the levels of markers associated with the EMT program. The S100A4 induction caused by elafibranor was confirmed in the BRL-3A rat liver cells and a mouse primary hepatocyte culture. Furthermore, elafibranor reduced the levels of ASB2, a protein that promotes S100A4 degradation, while ASB2 overexpression prevented the stimulating effect of elafibranor on S100A4. Collectively, these findings reveal an unexpected hepatic effect of elafibranor on increasing S100A4 and promoting the EMT program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Emma Barroso
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Maria Ruart
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Lucía Peña
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Mona Peyman
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - David Aguilar-Recarte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Marta Montori-Grau
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Patricia Rada
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Cugat
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Carla Montironi
- Pathology Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Cancer Translational Research Group, Liver Unit, IDIBAPS-Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA; Renal Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Javier Jurado-Aguilar
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Antoni Camins
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Balsinde
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ángela M Valverde
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Walter Wahli
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 308232, Singapore; INRA ToxAlim, UMR1331, Chemin de Tournefeuille, F-31027 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Xavier Palomer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.
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15
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Shi Y, Qi W. Histone Modifications in NAFLD: Mechanisms and Potential Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14653. [PMID: 37834101 PMCID: PMC10572202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a progressive condition that encompasses a spectrum of liver disorders, beginning with the simple steatosis, progressing to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and possibly leading to more severe diseases, including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In recent years, the prevalence of NAFLD has increased due to a shift towards energy-dense dietary patterns and a sedentary lifestyle. NAFLD is also strongly associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity and hyperlipidemia. The progression of NAFLD could be influenced by a variety of factors, such as diet, genetic factors, and even epigenetic factors. In contrast to genetic factors, epigenetic factors, including histone modifications, exhibit dynamic and reversible features. Therefore, the epigenetic regulation of the initiation and progression of NAFLD is one of the directions under intensive investigation in terms of pathogenic mechanisms and possible therapeutic interventions. This review aims to discuss the possible mechanisms and the crucial role of histone modifications in the framework of epigenetic regulation in NAFLD, which may provide potential therapeutic targets and a scientific basis for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Shi
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wei Qi
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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16
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Abstract
In this review, we provide a brief synopsis of the connections between adipose tissue and metabolic health and highlight some recent developments in understanding and exploiting adipocyte biology. Adipose tissue plays critical roles in the regulation of systemic glucose and lipid metabolism and secretes bioactive molecules possessing endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine functions. Dysfunctional adipose tissue has a detrimental impact on metabolic health and is intimately involved in key aspects of metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance, lipid overload, inflammation, and organelle stress. Differences in the distribution of fat depots and adipose characteristics relate to divergent degrees of metabolic dysfunction found in metabolically healthy and unhealthy obese individuals. Thermogenic adipocytes increase energy expenditure via mitochondrial uncoupling or adenosine triphosphate-consuming futile substrate cycles, while functioning as a metabolic sink and participating in crosstalk with other metabolic organs. Manipulation of adipose tissue provides a wealth of opportunities to intervene and combat the progression of associated metabolic diseases. We discuss current treatment modalities for obesity including incretin hormone analogs and touch upon emerging strategies with therapeutic potential including exosome-based therapy, pharmacological activation of brown and beige adipocyte thermogenesis, and administration or inhibition of adipocyte-derived factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min An
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Seung-Hee Cho
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - John C. Yoon
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
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17
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De Luca A, Delaye JB, Fauchier G, Bourbao-Tournois C, Champion H, Bourdon G, Dupont J, Froment P, Dufour D, Ducluzeau PH. 3-Month Post-Operative Increase in FGF21 is Predictive of One-Year Weight Loss After Bariatric Surgery. Obes Surg 2023; 33:2468-2474. [PMID: 37391682 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-023-06702-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The association between bariatric surgery outcome and blood levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) remains controversial. Many patients displayed stable or decreased FGF21 one year after bariatric surgery. Nevertheless, there is often an early increase FGF21 concentration in the post-surgery period. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between 3-month FGF21 response and percentage total weight loss at one year after bariatric surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this prospective monocentric study, a total of 144 patients with obesity grade 2-3 were included; 61% of them underwent a sleeve gastrectomy and 39% a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Data analysis was carried out to determine the relation between 3-month plasma FGF21 response and weight loss one year after bariatric surgery. Multiple adjustments were done including degree of weight loss after 3 months. RESULTS FGF21 significantly increased between baseline and Month 3 (n = 144, p < 10-3), then decreased between Month 3 and Month 6 (n = 142, p = 0.047) and was not different from baseline at Month 12 (n = 142, p = 0.86). The 3-month-FGF21 response adjusted to body weight loss was not different between types of bariatric surgery. The 3-month-FGF21 response was associated to body weight loss at Month 6 (r = -0.19, p = 0.02) and Month 12 (r = -0.34, p < 10-4). After multiple regression analysis, only Month 12 body weight loss remained associated to 3-month FGF21 response (r = -0.3, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION This study showed that the magnitude of changes in FGF21 at 3 months after bariatric surgery emerged as an independent predictor of one-year body weight loss irrespective of the type of surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud De Luca
- Unité d'endocrinologie-Diabétologie-Nutrition, CHRU de Tours, 37044, Tours, France
- INSERM UMR 1069, Nutrition, Croissance Et Cancer, 37000, Tours, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Delaye
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Et de Biologie Moléculaire, CHRU de Tours, 37044, Tours, France
| | - Grégoire Fauchier
- Unité d'endocrinologie-Diabétologie-Nutrition, CHRU de Tours, 37044, Tours, France
- INRAE, UMR 85 Physiologie de La Reproduction Et Des Comportements, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Hélène Champion
- Unité d'endocrinologie-Diabétologie-Nutrition, CHRU de Tours, 37044, Tours, France
| | - Guillaume Bourdon
- INRAE, UMR 85 Physiologie de La Reproduction Et Des Comportements, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Joëlle Dupont
- INRAE, UMR 85 Physiologie de La Reproduction Et Des Comportements, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascal Froment
- INRAE, UMR 85 Physiologie de La Reproduction Et Des Comportements, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Diane Dufour
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Et de Biologie Moléculaire, CHRU de Tours, 37044, Tours, France
| | - Pierre-Henri Ducluzeau
- Unité d'endocrinologie-Diabétologie-Nutrition, CHRU de Tours, 37044, Tours, France
- INRAE, UMR 85 Physiologie de La Reproduction Et Des Comportements, 37380, Nouzilly, France
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18
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Huang X, Chen H, Wen S, Dong M, Zhou L, Yuan X. Therapeutic Approaches for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Established Targets and Drugs. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:1809-1819. [PMID: 37366486 PMCID: PMC10290856 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s411400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), as a multisystemic disease, is the most prevalent chronic liver disease characterized by extremely complex pathogenic mechanisms and multifactorial etiology, which often develops as a consequence of obesity, metabolic syndrome. Pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of NAFLD include diet, obesity, insulin resistance (IR), genetic and epigenetic determinants, intestinal dysbiosis, oxidative/nitrosative stress, autophagy dysregulation, hepatic inflammation, gut-liver axis, gut microbes, impaired mitochondrial metabolism and regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism. Some of the new drugs for the treatment of NAFLD are introduced here. All of them achieve therapeutic objectives by interfering with certain pathophysiological pathways of NAFLD, including fibroblast growth factors (FGF) analogues, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) agonists, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), fatty acid synthase inhibitor (FASNi), antioxidants, etc. This review describes some pathophysiological mechanisms of NAFLD and established targets and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Huang
- Graduate School of Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiling Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meiyuan Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinlu Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Chen Y, Wang W, Morgan MP, Robson T, Annett S. Obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma: current status and therapeutic targets. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1148934. [PMID: 37361533 PMCID: PMC10286797 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1148934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic and overwhelming evidence indicates that it is a risk factor for numerous cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Obesity-associated hepatic tumorigenesis develops from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), progressing to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and ultimately to HCC. The rising incidence of obesity is resulting in an increased prevalence of NAFLD and NASH, and subsequently HCC. Obesity represents an increasingly important underlying etiology of HCC, in particular as the other leading causes of HCC such as hepatitis infection, are declining due to effective treatments and vaccines. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms and cellular signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated HCC. We summarize the preclinical experimental animal models available to study the features of NAFLD/NASH/HCC, and the non-invasive methods to diagnose NAFLD, NASH and early-stage HCC. Finally, since HCC is an aggressive tumor with a 5-year survival of less than 20%, we will also discuss novel therapeutic targets for obesity-associated HCC and ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinshuang Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Weipeng Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Maria P. Morgan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tracy Robson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephanie Annett
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Ye X, Chen Y, Qi J, Zhu S, Wu Y, Xiong J, Hu F, Guo Z, Liang X. Design and pharmaceutical evaluation of bifunctional fusion protein of FGF21 and GLP-1 in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175811. [PMID: 37245859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) may be useful for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Previous studies have shown that GLP-1 may synergize with FGF21 in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Currently, no approved drug therapy is available for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Here, we constructed and screened dual-targeting fusion proteins of GLP-1 and FGF21, connected by elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs), to investigate whether a combination of these two hormones would have therapeutic effects in models of NASH. The temperature phase transition and release of the hormones under physiological conditions were studied to identify a bifunctional fusion protein of FGF21 and GLP-1 (GEF) that was highly stable and showed sustained release. We further evaluated the quality and therapeutic efficacy of GEF in three mouse models of NASH. We successfully synthesized a novel recombinant bifunctional fusion protein with high stability and low immunogenicity. The GEF protein synthesized ameliorated hepatic lipid accumulation, hepatocyte damage, and inflammation; prevented the progression of NASH in the three models; reduced glycemia; and caused weight loss. This novel GEF molecule may be suitable for clinical use for the treatment of NAFLD/NASH and related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlong Ye
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China.
| | - Yingli Chen
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Jianying Qi
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Shenglong Zhu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Jingjing Xiong
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Fei Hu
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Zhimou Guo
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian, 116023, China.
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21
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Lu C, Jin L, Bi J, Jin H, You X, Peng L, Fan H, Wang H, Wang L, Fan Z, Wang X, Liu B. Toxicokinetics of recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 21 for injection in cynomolgus monkey for 3 months. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1176136. [PMID: 37288111 PMCID: PMC10242211 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1176136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is a potential therapeutic agent for multiple metabolic diseases. However, little is known about the toxicokinetic characteristics of FGF-21. Methods: In the present study, we investigated the toxicokinetics of FGF-21 delivered via subcutaneous injection in vivo. Twenty cynomolgus monkeys were injected subcutaneously with different doses of FGF-21 for 86 days. Serum samples were collected at eight different time points (0, 0.5, 1.5, 3, 5, 8, 12, and 24 h) on day 1, 37 and 86 for toxicokinetic analysis. The serum concentrations of FGF-21 were measured using a double sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood samples were collected on day 0, 30, 65, and 87 for blood and blood biochemical tests. Necropsy and pathological analysis were performed on d87 and d116 (after recovery for 29 days). Results: The average AUC(0-24h) values of low-dose FGF-21 on d1, d37, and d86 were 5253, 25268, and 60445 μg h/L, and the average AUC(0-24h) values of high-dose FGF-21 on d1, d37, and d86 were 19964, 78999, and 1952821 μg h/L, respectively. Analysis of the blood and blood biochemical indexes showed that prothrombin time and AST content in the high-dose FGF-21 group increased. However, no significant changes in other blood and blood biochemical indexes were observed. The anatomical and pathological results showed that continuous subcutaneous injection of FGF-21 for 86 days did not affect organ weight, the organ coefficient, and histopathology in cynomolgus monkeys. Discussion: Our results have guiding significance for the preclinical research and clinical use of FGF-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lu
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
- Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Development of Growth Factors, Collaborative Biomedical Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lei Jin
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
- Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Development of Growth Factors, Collaborative Biomedical Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianing Bi
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongyi Jin
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinyi You
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lulu Peng
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haibing Fan
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liangshun Wang
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhengkai Fan
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
- Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Development of Growth Factors, Collaborative Biomedical Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, China
- Research Units of Clinical Translation of Cell Growth Factors and Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Baohua Liu
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou, China
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22
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Jin R, Juventus Aweya J, Lin R, Weng W, Shang J, Wang D, Fan Y, Yang S. The bioactive peptide VLATSGPG regulates the abnormal lipid accumulation and inflammation induced by free fatty acids in HepG2 cells via the PERK signaling pathway. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
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23
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Li Z, Wen X, Li N, Zhong C, Chen L, Zhang F, Zhang G, Lyu A, Liu J. The roles of hepatokine and osteokine in liver-bone crosstalk: Advance in basic and clinical aspects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1149233. [PMID: 37091847 PMCID: PMC10117885 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1149233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Both the liver and bone are important secretory organs in the endocrine system. By secreting organ factors (hepatokines), the liver regulates the activity of other organs. Similarly, bone-derived factors, osteokines, are created during bone metabolism and act in an endocrine manner. Generally, the dysregulation of hepatokines is frequently accompanied by changes in bone mass, and osteokines can also disrupt liver metabolism. The crosstalk between the liver and bone, particularly the function and mechanism of hepatokines and osteokines, has increasingly gained notoriety as a topic of interest in recent years. Here, based on preclinical and clinical evidence, we summarize the potential roles of hepatokines and osteokines in liver-bone interaction, discuss the current shortcomings and contradictions, and make recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanghao Li
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaoxin Wen
- Department of Anatomy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Nanxi Li
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chuanxin Zhong
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aiping Lyu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jin Liu, ; Aiping Lyu,
| | - Jin Liu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jin Liu, ; Aiping Lyu,
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Huang S, Wu B, He Y, Qiu R, Yang T, Wang S, Lei Y, Li H, Zheng F. Canagliflozin ameliorates the development of NAFLD by preventing NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis through FGF21-ERK1/2 pathway. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0045. [PMID: 36757426 PMCID: PMC9916118 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that sodium-glucose co-transporter2 inhibitors go beyond their glycemic advantages to ameliorate the development of NAFLD. However, little research has been done on the underlying mechanisms. Here, we took deep insight into the effect of canagliflozin (CANA), one of the sodium-glucose co-transporter2 inhibitor, on the progression of NAFLD, and explored the molecular mechanisms. Our findings showed that CANA-treated ob/ob and diabetic mice developed improved glucose and insulin tolerance, although their body weights were comparable or even increased compared with the controls. The CANA treatment ameliorated hepatic steatosis and lipid accumulation of free fatty acid-treated AML12 cells, accompanied by decreased lipogenic gene expression and increased fatty acid β oxidation-related gene expression. Furthermore, inflammation and fibrosis genes decreased in the livers of CANA-treated ob/ob and diabetic mice mice. FGF21 and its downstream ERK1/2/AMPK signaling decreased, whereas NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis increased in the livers of the ob/ob and diabetic mice mice, which was reversed by the CANA treatment. In addition, blocking FGF21 or ERK1/2 activity antagonized the effects of CANA on NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis in lipopolysaccharide plus nigericin-treated J774A.1 cells. We conclude that CANA treatment alleviated insulin resistance and the progression of NAFLD in ob/ob and diabetic mice mice independent of the body weight change. CANA protected against the progression of NAFLD by inhibiting NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis and enhancing FGF21-ERK1/2 pathway activity in the liver. These findings suggest the therapeutic potential of sodium-glucose co-transporter2 inhibitors in the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohan Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Beibei Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yingzi He
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ruojun Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Fourth Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yongzhen Lei
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fenping Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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25
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Berezin AA, Obradovic Z, Berezina TA, Boxhammer E, Lichtenauer M, Berezin AE. Cardiac Hepatopathy: New Perspectives on Old Problems through a Prism of Endogenous Metabolic Regulations by Hepatokines. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020516. [PMID: 36830074 PMCID: PMC9951884 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hepatopathy refers to acute or chronic liver damage caused by cardiac dysfunction in the absence of any other possible causative reasons of liver injury. There is a large number of evidence of the fact that cardiac hepatopathy is associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with acute or actually decompensated heart failure (HF). However, the currently dominated pathophysiological background does not explain a role of metabolic regulative proteins secreted by hepatocytes in progression of HF, including adverse cardiac remodeling, kidney injury, skeletal muscle dysfunction, osteopenia, sarcopenia and cardiac cachexia. The aim of this narrative review was to accumulate knowledge of hepatokines (adropin; fetuin-A, selenoprotein P, fibroblast growth factor-21, and alpha-1-microglobulin) as adaptive regulators of metabolic homeostasis in patients with HF. It is suggested that hepatokines play a crucial, causative role in inter-organ interactions and mediate tissue protective effects counteracting oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and necrosis. The discriminative potencies of hepatokines for HF and damage of target organs in patients with known HF is under on-going scientific discussion and requires more investigations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Berezin
- Internal Medicine Department, Zaporozhye Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, 69000 Zaporozhye, Ukraine
- Klinik Barmelweid, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, 5017 Barmelweid, Switzerland
| | - Zeljko Obradovic
- Klinik Barmelweid, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, 5017 Barmelweid, Switzerland
| | - Tetiana A. Berezina
- Department of Internal Medicine & Nephrology, VitaCenter, 69000 Zaporozhye, Ukraine
| | - Elke Boxhammer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Lichtenauer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexander E. Berezin
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Internal Medicine Department, Zaporozhye State Medical University, 69035 Zaporozhye, Ukraine
- Correspondence:
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26
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Heating-mediated purification of active FGF21 and structure-based design of its variant with enhanced potency. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1005. [PMID: 36653390 PMCID: PMC9849446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has pharmaceutical potential against obesity-related metabolic disorders, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Since thermal stability is a desirable factor for therapeutic proteins, we investigated the thermal behavior of human FGF21. FGF21 remained soluble after heating; thus, we examined its temperature-induced structural changes using circular dichroism (CD). FGF21 showed inter-convertible temperature-specific CD spectra. The CD spectrum at 100 °C returned to that at 20 °C when the heated FGF21 solution was cooled. Through loop swapping, the connecting loop between β10 and β12 in FGF21 was revealed to be associated with the unique thermal behavior of FGF21. According to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments, in vitro cell-based assays, and model high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity studies, heated FGF21 maintained biological activities that were comparable to those of non-heated and commercial FGF21s. Based on sequence comparison and structural analysis, five point-mutations were introduced into FGF21. Compared with the wild type, the heated FGF21 variant displayed improved therapeutic potential in terms of body weight loss, the levels of hepatic triglycerides and lipids, and the degree of vacuolization of liver in HFD-fed mice.
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27
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Liu C, Schönke M, Spoorenberg B, Lambooij JM, van der Zande HJP, Zhou E, Tushuizen ME, Andreasson AC, Park A, Oldham S, Uhrbom M, Ahlstedt I, Ikeda Y, Wallenius K, Peng XR, Guigas B, Boon MR, Wang Y, Rensen PCN. FGF21 protects against hepatic lipotoxicity and macrophage activation to attenuate fibrogenesis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. eLife 2023; 12:83075. [PMID: 36648330 PMCID: PMC9928421 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Analogues of the hepatokine fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) are in clinical development for type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) treatment. Although their glucose-lowering and insulin-sensitizing effects have been largely unraveled, the mechanisms by which they alleviate liver injury have only been scarcely addressed. Here, we aimed to unveil the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of FGF21 on NASH using APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established model for human-like metabolic diseases. Liver-specific FGF21 overexpression was achieved in mice, followed by administration of a high-fat high-cholesterol diet for 23 weeks. FGF21 prevented hepatic lipotoxicity, accompanied by activation of thermogenic tissues and attenuation of adipose tissue inflammation, improvement of hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia, and upregulation of hepatic programs involved in fatty acid oxidation and cholesterol removal. Furthermore, FGF21 inhibited hepatic inflammation, as evidenced by reduced Kupffer cell (KC) activation, diminished monocyte infiltration, and lowered accumulation of monocyte-derived macrophages. Moreover, FGF21 decreased lipid- and scar-associated macrophages, which correlated with less hepatic fibrosis as demonstrated by reduced collagen accumulation. Collectively, hepatic FGF21 overexpression limits hepatic lipotoxicity, inflammation, and fibrogenesis. Mechanistically, FGF21 blocks hepatic lipid influx and accumulation through combined endocrine and autocrine signaling, respectively, which prevents KC activation and lowers the presence of lipid- and scar-associated macrophages to inhibit fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Milena Schönke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Borah Spoorenberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Joost M Lambooij
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | | | - Enchen Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Maarten E Tushuizen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Anne-Christine Andreasson
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Andrew Park
- Biologics Engineering and Targeted Delivery, Oncology R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgUnited States
| | - Stephanie Oldham
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgUnited States
| | - Martin Uhrbom
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Ingela Ahlstedt
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Biologics Engineering and Targeted Delivery, Oncology R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgUnited States
| | - Kristina Wallenius
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Xiao-Rong Peng
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Med-X institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Patrick CN Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Med-X institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
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Zhao J, Lei H, Wang T, Xiong X. Liver-bone crosstalk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Clinical implications and underlying pathophysiology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1161402. [PMID: 36967758 PMCID: PMC10036806 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1161402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common complication of many types of chronic liver diseases (CLDs), such as cholestatic liver disease, viral hepatitis, and alcoholic liver disease. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent metabolic liver disease, affecting almost one third of adults around the world, and is emerging as the dominant cause of CLDs. Liver serves as a hub for nutrient and energy metabolism in the body, and its crosstalk with other tissues, such as adipose tissue, heart, and brain, has been well recognized. However, much less is known about the crosstalk that occurs between the liver and bone. Moreover, the mechanisms by which CLDs increase the risk for osteoporosis remain unclear. This review summarizes the latest research on the liver-bone axis and discusses the relationship between NAFLD and osteoporosis. We cover key signaling molecules secreted by liver, such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP1), fetuin-A, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and osteopontin (OPN), and their relevance to the homeostasis of bone metabolism. Finally, we consider the disordered liver metabolism that occurs in patients with NAFLD and how this disrupts signaling to the bone, thereby perturbing the balance between osteoclasts and osteoblasts and leading to osteoporosis or hepatic osteodystrophy (HOD).
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29
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Wang J, Li T, Li M, Fu Z, Chen L, Shi D, Qiu F, Tan X. Lycopene attenuates oxidative stress-induced hepatic dysfunction of insulin signal transduction: involvement of FGF21 and mitochondria. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 110:109144. [PMID: 36057413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lycopene (LYC) has been regarded as a nutraceutical that has powerful antioxidant and hepatoprotective bioactivities. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of LYC on hepatic insulin signal transduction under oxidative stress conditions and the possible involvement of FGF21 and mitochondria pathways. Two-month-old CD-1 mice were treated by intraperitoneal injection of D-galactose (D-gal) 150 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks and received 0.03% LYC (w/w, mixed into diet). The results showed that LYC increased the expression of FGF21, alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction and improved hepatic insulin signal transduction in D-gal-treated mice. Furthermore, knockdown of FGF21 by small interfering RNA notably suppressed mitochondrial function and blunted LYC-stimulated insulin signal transduction in H2O2-treated HepG2 cells. Moreover, suppressed mitochondrial function via oligomycin also inhibited insulin signal transduction, indicating that LYC supplementation ameliorated oxidative stress-induced hepatic dysfunction of insulin signal transduction by up-regulating FGF21 and enhancing mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Mengling Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhendong Fu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Likai Chen
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Dongxing Shi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Fubin Qiu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xintong Tan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China.
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver secretome. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:938-963. [PMCID: PMC9703441 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01419-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pansa CC, Molica LR, Moraes KCM. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease establishment and progression: genetics and epigenetics as relevant modulators of the pathology. Scand J Gastroenterol 2022; 58:521-533. [PMID: 36426638 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2022.2148835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) results from metabolic dysfunctions that affect more than one-third of the world population. Over the last decades, scientific investigations have clarified many details on the pathology establishment and development; however, effective therapeutics approaches are still evasive. In addition, studies demonstrated that NAFLD establishment and progression are related to several etiologies. Recently, genetics and epigenetics backgrounds have emerged as relevant elements to the pathology onset, and, hence, deserve deep investigation to clarify molecular details on NAFLD signaling, which may be correlated with population behavior. Thus, to minimize the global problem, public health and public policies should take advantage of studies on NAFLD over the next following decades. METHODS In this context, we have performed a selective literature review focusing on biochemistry of lipid metabolism, genetics, epigenetics, and the ethnicity as strong elements that drive NAFLD establishment. RESULTS Considering the etiological agents that acts on NAFLD development and progression, the genetics and the epigenetics emerged as relevant factors. Genetics acts as a powerful element in the establishment and progression of the NAFLD. Over the last decades, details concerning genes and their polymorphisms, as well as epigenetics, have been considered relevant elements in the systems biology of diseases, and their effects on NAFLD should be considered in-depth, as well as the ethnicity, clarifying whether people are susceptible to liver diseases. Moreover, the endemicity and social problems of hepatic disfunction are far to be solved, which require a combined effort of various sectors of society. CONCLUSION Hence, the elements presented and discussed in this short review demonstrated their relevance to the physiological control of NAFLD, opening perspectives for research to develop new strategy to treat fatty liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Cristiane Pansa
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Cellular Signalling and Gene Expression Laboratory, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Instituto de Biociências, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Letícia Ramos Molica
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Cellular Signalling and Gene Expression Laboratory, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Instituto de Biociências, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Karen C M Moraes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, Cellular Signalling and Gene Expression Laboratory, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Instituto de Biociências, Rio Claro, Brazil
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Falamarzi K, Malekpour M, Tafti MF, Azarpira N, Behboodi M, Zarei M. The role of FGF21 and its analogs on liver associated diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:967375. [PMID: 36457562 PMCID: PMC9705724 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.967375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a member of fibroblast growth factor family, is a hormone-like growth factor that is synthesized mainly in the liver and adipose tissue. FGF21 regulates lipid and glucose metabolism and has substantial roles in decreasing lipogenesis and increasing hepatic insulin sensitivity which causing lipid profile improvement. FGF21 genetic variations also affect nutritional and addictive behaviors such as smoking and alcohol consumption and eating sweets. The role of FGF21 in metabolic associated diseases like diabetes mellitus had been confirmed previously. Recently, several studies have demonstrated a correlation between FGF21 and liver diseases. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent type of chronic liver disease worldwide. NAFLD has a wide range from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis with or without fibrosis and cirrhosis. Elevated serum levels of FGF21 associated with NAFLD and its pathogenesis. Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), another condition that cause liver injury, significantly increased FGF21 levels as a protective factor; FGF21 can reverse the progression of AFLD and can be a potential therapeutic agent for it. Also, NAFLD and AFLD are the most important risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which is the fourth deadliest cancer in the world. Several studies showed that lack of FGF21 induced oncogenic condition and worsened HCC. In this review article, we intend to discuss different aspects of FGF21 in NAFLD, AFLD and HCC; including the role of FGF21 in pathophysiology of these conditions, the effects of FGF21 mutations, the possible use of the FGF21 as a biomarker in different stages of these diseases, as well as the usage of FGF21 and its analog molecules in the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Falamarzi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Malekpour
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mobin Fallah Tafti
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Behboodi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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Critical Overview of Hepatic Factors That Link Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Acute Kidney Injury: Physiology and Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012464. [PMID: 36293317 PMCID: PMC9604121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is defined as a combination of a group of progressive diseases, presenting different structural features of the liver at different stages of the disease. According to epidemiological surveys, as living standards improve, the global prevalence of NAFLD increases. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a class of clinical conditions characterized by a rapid decline in kidney function. NAFLD and AKI, as major public health diseases with high prevalence and mortality, respectively, worldwide, place a heavy burden on societal healthcare systems. Clinical observations of patients with NAFLD with AKI suggest a possible association between the two diseases. However, little is known about the pathogenic mechanisms linking NAFLD and AKI, and the combination of the diseases is poorly treated. Previous studies have revealed that liver-derived factors are transported to distal organs via circulation, such as the kidney, where they elicit specific effects. Of note, while NAFLD affects the expression of many hepatic factors, studies on the mechanisms whereby NAFLD mediates the generation of hepatic factors that lead to AKI are lacking. Considering the unique positioning of hepatic factors in coordinating systemic energy metabolism and maintaining energy homeostasis, we hypothesize that the effects of NAFLD are not only limited to the structural and functional changes in the liver but may also involve the entire body via the hepatic factors, e.g., playing an important role in the development of AKI. This raises the question of whether analogs of beneficial hepatic factors or inhibitors of detrimental hepatic factors could be used as a treatment for NAFLD-mediated and hepatic factor-driven AKI or other metabolic disorders. Accordingly, in this review, we describe the systemic effects of several types of hepatic factors, with a particular focus on the possible link between hepatic factors whose expression is altered under NAFLD and AKI. We also summarize the role of some key hepatic factors in metabolic control mechanisms and discuss their possible use as a preventive treatment for the progression of metabolic diseases.
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Huang Z, Lin HW(K, Zhang Q, Zong X. Targeting Alzheimer's Disease: The Critical Crosstalk between the Liver and Brain. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204298. [PMID: 36296980 PMCID: PMC9609624 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age-related neurodegenerative disorder, is currently incurable. Imbalanced amyloid-beta (Aβ) generation and clearance are thought to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD. Historically, strategies targeting Aβ clearance have typically focused on central clearance, but with limited clinical success. Recently, the contribution of peripheral systems, particularly the liver, to Aβ clearance has sparked an increased interest. In addition, AD presents pathological features similar to those of metabolic syndrome, and the critical involvement of brain energy metabolic disturbances in this disease has been recognized. More importantly, the liver may be a key regulator in these abnormalities, far beyond our past understanding. Here, we review recent animal and clinical findings indicating that liver dysfunction represents an early event in AD pathophysiology. We further propose that compromised peripheral Aβ clearance by the liver and aberrant hepatic physiological processes may contribute to AD neurodegeneration. The role of a hepatic synthesis product, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), in the management of AD is also discussed. A deeper understanding of the communication between the liver and brain may lead to new opportunities for the early diagnosis and treatment of AD.
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Korkmaz D, Konya P, Demirtürk N. Investigation of the Characteristics of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Cases Reported in Afyonkarahisar Province. TURKIYE PARAZITOLOJII DERGISI 2022; 46:224-227. [PMID: 36094125 DOI: 10.4274/tpd.galenos.2022.14633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF); fever, widespread pain in the body, deterioration in liver function tests; it is a tick-borne viral infectious disease that can cause bleeding and death in the skin, mucous membranes, and sometimes internal organs. In this study, we retrospectively evaluated the clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological characteristics of CCHF cases diagnosed in Afyonkarahisar. METHODS Demographic and clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, treatments, and prognoses of patients diagnosed with CCHF in Afyonkarahisar were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS In Afyonkarahisar, it was determined that 35 case reports were made between 2002 and November 2019, the date when the CCHF was first seen in Turkey. A history of tick attachment was detected in 31 subjects. Tick arrest cases were most common in June (12 cases; 34.3%) and July (9 cases; 2.9%). There was a history of living in rural areas in twenty-seven (77.1%) patients, close contact with animals in 12 patients, and a history of contact with animal blood in 4 patients. All the 35 cases that followed resulted in healing and no mortality was observed. CONCLUSION CCHF is an endemic disease that still maintains its importance in our country. The most important factor in the control with the disease is to prevent virus contact to prevent transmission. People living in endemic areas should be informed about the precautions to be taken against tick bites, and awareness should be raised by providing education about the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Korkmaz
- Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye
| | - Petek Konya
- Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye
| | - Neşe Demirtürk
- Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye
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36
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Qiu H, Song E, Hu Y, Li T, Ku KC, Wang C, Cheung BMY, Cheong LY, Wang Q, Wu X, Hoo RLC, Wang Y, Xu A. Hepatocyte-Secreted Autotaxin Exacerbates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Through Autocrine Inhibition of the PPARα/FGF21 Axis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:1003-1023. [PMID: 35931383 PMCID: PMC9490100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has reached epidemic proportions globally as a result of the rapid increase in obesity. However, there is no Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmacotherapy available for NAFLD. This study investigated the role of autotaxin, a secreted enzyme that hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine to produce lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and to explore whether genetic or pharmacologic interventions targeting autotaxin ameliorate NAFLD. METHODS The clinical association of autotaxin with the severity of NAFLD was analyzed in 125 liver biopsy-proven NAFLD patients. C57BL/6N mice or fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21)-null mice were fed a high-fat diet or a choline-deficient diet to investigate the role of the autotaxin-FGF21 axis in NAFLD development by hepatic knockdown and antibody neutralization. Huh7 cells were used to investigate the autocrine effects of autotaxin. RESULTS Serum autotaxin levels were associated positively with histologic scores and NAFLD severity. Hepatocytes, but not adipocytes, were the major contributor to increased circulating autotaxin in both patients and mouse models with NAFLD. In mice, knocking-down hepatic autotaxin or treatment with a neutralizing antibody against autotaxin significantly reduced high-fat diet-induced NAFLD and high fat- and choline-deficient diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis, accompanied by a marked increase of serum FGF21. Mechanistically, autotaxin inhibited the transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α through LPA-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinas, thereby leading to suppression of hepatic FGF21 production. The therapeutic benefit of anti-autotaxin neutralizing antibody against NAFLD was abrogated in FGF21-null mice. CONCLUSIONS Liver-secreted autotaxin acts in an autocrine manner to exacerbate NAFLD through LPA-induced suppression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α-FGF21 axis and is a promising therapeutic target for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Erfei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kam Ching Ku
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cunchuan Wang
- Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bernard M Y Cheung
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lai Yee Cheong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruby L C Hoo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Cheng C, Liu XH, He J, Gao J, Zhou JT, Fan JN, Jin X, Zhang J, Chang L, Xiong Z, Yu J, Li S, Li X. Apolipoprotein A4 Restricts Diet-induced Hepatic Steatosis via SREBF1-mediated Lipogenesis and Enhances IRS-PI3K-Akt Signaling. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2101034. [PMID: 35909347 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202101034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance (IR) are risk factors for many metabolic syndromes such as NAFLD and T2DM. ApoA4 improves glucose hemostasis by increasing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and glucose uptake via PI3K-Akt activation in adipocytes. However, whether ApoA4 has an effect on hepatic steatosis or IR remains unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS ApoA4-knockout (KO) aggravates diet-induced obesity, hepatic steatosis and IR in mice promoted by increased hepatic lipogenesis gene expression based on RNA-seq data. Conversely, liver-specific overexpression of ApoA4 via AAV-ApoA4 transduction reverses the effect in ApoA4-KO mice, accompanied by suppressed hepatic lipogenesis, increased lipolysis, and fatty acid oxidation. Short-term treatment with recombinant ApoA4 protein improves glucose clearance and liver insulin sensitivity, and reduces hepatic lipogenesis gene expression in the absence of insulin. Moreover, in primary hepatocytes and a hepatic cell line, ApoA4 improves hepatic glucose uptake via IRS-PI3K-Akt signaling and decreases fat deposition and hepatic lipogenesis gene expression by inhibiting SREBF1 activity. CONCLUSION ApoA4 restricts hepatic steatosis by inhibiting SREBF1-mediated lipogenesis and improves insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake via IRS-PI3K-Akt signaling in the liver. These findings indicate that ApoA4 may serve as a therapeutic target for obesity-associated NAFLD. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cheng
- Bio-evidence Sciences Academy (BSA), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710100, China.,Key laboratory of Ministry of Public Health for Forensic Sciences, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710100, China
| | - Xiao-Huan Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, Precision Medical Institute, Institute of Digestive Diseases. The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710100, China
| | - Jing He
- Bio-evidence Sciences Academy (BSA), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710100, China.,Key laboratory of Ministry of Public Health for Forensic Sciences, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710100, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710100, China
| | - Jin-Ting Zhou
- Bio-evidence Sciences Academy (BSA), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710100, China.,Key laboratory of Ministry of Public Health for Forensic Sciences, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710100, China
| | - Jing-Na Fan
- Bio-evidence Sciences Academy (BSA), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710100, China.,Key laboratory of Ministry of Public Health for Forensic Sciences, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710100, China
| | - Xi Jin
- Bio-evidence Sciences Academy (BSA), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710100, China.,Key laboratory of Ministry of Public Health for Forensic Sciences, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710100, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Bio-evidence Sciences Academy (BSA), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710100, China.,Key laboratory of Ministry of Public Health for Forensic Sciences, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710100, China
| | - Liao Chang
- Bio-evidence Sciences Academy (BSA), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710100, China.,Key laboratory of Ministry of Public Health for Forensic Sciences, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710100, China
| | - Zijun Xiong
- Bio-evidence Sciences Academy (BSA), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710100, China.,Key laboratory of Ministry of Public Health for Forensic Sciences, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710100, China
| | - Jun Yu
- OneHealth Technology Company, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Shengbin Li
- Bio-evidence Sciences Academy (BSA), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710100, China.,Key laboratory of Ministry of Public Health for Forensic Sciences, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710100, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, Precision Medical Institute, Institute of Digestive Diseases. The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Western China Science & Technology Innovation Harbour, Xi'an, 710100, China
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Impact of NAFLD and its pharmacotherapy on lipid profile and CVD. Atherosclerosis 2022; 355:30-44. [PMID: 35872444 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Increasing evidence suggests that, in addition to traditional metabolic risk factors such as obesity, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and insulin resistance (IR), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging driver of ASCVD via multiple mechanisms, mainly by disrupting lipid metabolism. The lack of pharmaceutical treatment has spurred substantial investment in the research and development of NAFLD drugs. However, many reagents with promising therapeutic potential for NAFLD also have considerable impacts on the circulating lipid profile. In this review, we first summarize the mechanisms linking lipid dysregulation in NAFLD to the progression of ASCVD. Importantly, we highlight the potential risks of/benefits to ASCVD conferred by NAFLD pharmaceutical treatments and discuss potential strategies and next-generation drugs for treating NAFLD without the unwanted side effects.
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Natural PPARs agonists for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113127. [PMID: 35598367 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a general term for a series of liver diseases including simple steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, which is closely related to metabolic syndrome. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is relatively complex, which has gradually changed from the previous 'two-hit' hypothesis to the current "multiple hits" hypothesis. However, there is currently no approved treatment for NAFLD in clinic, highlighting the urgent need for drug development. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, whose different subtypes have been proved to regulate different stages of NAFLD, thus becoming promising drug targets for NAFLD. As important sources of drug development, natural products have been proven to treat NAFLD through multiple pathways and multiple targets. In this paper, we outline the regulatory role of PPARs in NAFLD, and summarize some natural products that target PPARs to ameliorate NAFLD, in order to provide reference for drug development of NAFLD.
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40
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Research Progress of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Fibrotic Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5042762. [PMID: 35677107 PMCID: PMC9168133 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5042762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common pathological outcome of chronic injuries, characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components in organs, as seen in most chronic inflammatory diseases. At present, there is an increasing tendency of the morbidity and mortality of diseases caused by fibrosis, but the treatment measures for fibrosis are still limited. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) belongs to the FGF19 subfamily, which also has the name endocrine FGFs because of their endocrine manner. In recent years, it has been found that plasma FGF21 level is significantly correlated with fibrosis progression. Furthermore, there is evidence that FGF21 has a pronounced antifibrotic effect in a variety of fibrotic diseases. This review summarizes the biological effects of FGF21 and discusses what is currently known about this factor and fibrosis disease, highlighting emerging insights that warrant further research.
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She QY, Bao JF, Wang HZ, Liang H, Huang W, Wu J, Zhong Y, Ling H, Li A, Qin SL. Fibroblast growth factor 21: A "rheostat" for metabolic regulation? Metabolism 2022; 130:155166. [PMID: 35183545 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 is an evolutionarily conserved factor that plays multiple important roles in metabolic homeostasis. During the past two decades, extensive investigations have improved our understanding of its delicate metabolic roles and identified its pharmacological potential to mitigate metabolic disorders. However, most clinical trials have failed to obtain the desired results, which raises issues regarding its clinical value. Fibroblast growth factor 21 is dynamically regulated by nutrients derived from food intake and hepatic/adipose release, which in turn act on the central nervous system, liver, and adipose tissues to influence food preference, hepatic glucose, and adipose fatty acid output. Based on this information, we propose that fibroblast growth factor 21 should not be considered merely an anti-hyperglycemia or anti-obesity factor, but rather a means of balancing of nutrient fluctuations to maintain an appropriate energy supply. Hence, the specific functions of fibroblast growth factor 21 in glycometabolism and lipometabolism depend on specific metabolic states, indicating that its pharmacological effects require further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Ying She
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China; Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China
| | - Jing-Fu Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hui-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Huixin Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China
| | - Wentao Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China
| | - Yiwen Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China
| | - Hanxin Ling
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China
| | - Aiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Shu-Lan Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510999, China.
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Mitochondria homeostasis: Biology and involvement in hepatic steatosis to NASH. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1141-1155. [PMID: 35105958 PMCID: PMC9061859 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00864-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial biology and behavior are central to the physiology of liver. Multiple mitochondrial quality control mechanisms remodel mitochondrial homeostasis under physiological and pathological conditions. Mitochondrial dysfunction and damage induced by overnutrition lead to oxidative stress, inflammation, liver cell death, and collagen production, which advance hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Accumulating evidence suggests that specific interventions that target mitochondrial homeostasis, including energy metabolism, antioxidant effects, and mitochondrial quality control, have emerged as promising strategies for NASH treatment. However, clinical translation of these findings is challenging due to the complex and unclear mechanisms of mitochondrial homeostasis in the pathophysiology of NASH.
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Metwally M, Berg T, Tsochatzis EA, Eslam M. Translation Reprogramming as a Novel Therapeutic Target in MAFLD. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2101298. [PMID: 35240009 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202101298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Approved pharmacotherapies for metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) are lacking. Novel approaches and therapeutic targets that are likely to translate to clinical benefit are required. Targeting components of the translation machinery hold promise as a novel therapeutic approach that can overcome the well-known disease heterogeneity, as dysregulation of mRNA translation is a common feature independent of the MAFLD drivers. In this perspective, recent advances in understanding the role of mRNA translation in MAFLD are discussed, with a particular focus on the potential implications and challenges to "translate" these findings to the clinic, and an overview of similar recent efforts in other diseases is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayada Metwally
- Department of Internal Medicine, Minia University, Minia, 61111, Egypt
| | - Thomas Berg
- Section of Hepatology, Clinic for Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, University Clinic Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emmanuel A Tsochatzis
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital and UCL, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Mohammed Eslam
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
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Yuan Y, Li K, Teng F, Wang W, Zhou B, Zhou X, Lin J, Ye X, Deng Y, Liu W, Luo S, Zhang P, Liu D, Zheng M, Li J, Lu Y, Zhang H. Leukemia inhibitory factor protects against liver steatosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients and obese mice. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101946. [PMID: 35447114 PMCID: PMC9123280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms that promote dysregulation of hepatic triglyceride metabolism and lead to NAFLD are poorly understood, and effective treatments are limited. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a member of the interleukin-6 cytokine family and has been shown to regulate a variety of physiological processes, although its role in hepatic triglyceride metabolism remains unknown. In the present study, we measured circulating LIF levels by ELISA in 214 patients with biopsy-diagnosed NAFLD as well as 314 normal control patients. We further investigated the potential role and mechanism of LIF on hepatic lipid metabolism in obese mice. We found that circulating LIF levels correlated with the severity of liver steatosis. Patients with ballooning, fibrosis, lobular inflammation, and abnormally elevated liver injury markers alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase also had higher levels of serum LIF than control patients. Furthermore, animal studies showed that white adipose tissue–derived LIF could ameliorate liver steatosis through activation of hepatic LIF receptor signaling pathways. Together, our results suggested that targeting LIF-LIF receptor signaling might be a promising strategy for treating NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kangli Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiayang Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueru Ye
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yajuan Deng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenjian Luo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peizhen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deying Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minghua Zheng
- MAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for The Development of Chronic Liver Disease, Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Shanxi Medical University affiliated Second Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Huijie Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China.
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Yu Y, Shen Y, Zhang S, Wang N, Luo L, Zhu X, Xu X, Cong W, Jin L, Zhu Z. Suppression of Cutibacterium acnes-Mediated Inflammatory Reactions by Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073589. [PMID: 35408949 PMCID: PMC8998725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) is a common commensal bacterium that is closely associated with the pathogenesis of acne. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), as a favorable regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity, was recently shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects. The role and mechanism of FGF21 in the inflammatory reactions induced by C. acnes, however, have not been determined. The present study shows that FGF21 in the dermis inhibits epidermal C. acnes-induced inflammation in a paracrine manner while it functions on the epidermal layer through a receptor complex consisting of FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) and β-Klotho (KLB). The effects of FGF21 in heat-killed C. acnes-induced HaCaT cells and living C. acnes-injected mouse ears were examined. In the presence of C. acnes, FGF21 largely counteracted the activation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), the downstream nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways induced by C. acnes. FGF21 also significantly reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Taken together, these findings indicate that FGF21 suppresses C. acnes-induced inflammation and might be used clinically in the management and treatment of acne.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights aspects of brown adipose tissue (BAT) communication with other organ systems and how BAT-to-tissue cross-talk could help elucidate future obesity treatments. RECENT FINDINGS Until recently, research on BAT has focused mainly on its thermogenic activity. New research has identified an endocrine/paracrine function of BAT and determined that many BAT-derived molecules, termed "batokines," affect the physiology of a variety of organ systems and cell types. Batokines encompass a variety of signaling molecules including peptides, metabolites, lipids, or microRNAs. Recent studies have noted significant effects of batokines on physiology as it relates whole-body metabolism and cardiac function. This review will discuss batokines and other BAT processes that affect the liver, cardiovascular system, skeletal muscle, immune cells, and brown and white adipose tissue. Brown adipose tissue has a crucial secretory function that plays a key role in systemic physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix T Yang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 460 W. 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Managing of Dyslipidaemia Characterized by Accumulation of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2022; 24:1-12. [PMID: 35107764 PMCID: PMC8924084 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-022-00979-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review The accumulation of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) in plasma in patients with familial chylomicronaemia syndrome (FCS) or severe hypertriglyceridemia is associated with an increased risk of potentially life-threatening pancreatitis. Elevated TRL levels have also been suggested to contribute to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). This review provides the latest progress that has been made in this field of research. Recent Findings Apolipoprotein C-III and angiopoietin-like protein 3 play key roles in the metabolism of TRLs. Targeting their production in the liver or their presence in the circulation effectively reduces triglycerides in patients with FCS or severe hypertriglyceridemia. Attempts to reduce triglyceride synthesis in the small intestine have been halted. Early studies with a fibroblast growth factor 21 agonist have shown to reduce plasma triglycerides and hepatic steatosis and improve glucose homeostasis. Summary New drugs have recently been shown to effectively reduce plasma triglycerides which render hope for treating the risk of pancreatitis. Studies that have just been initiated will learn whether this unmet clinical will be met. It is too early to evaluate the potential of these drugs to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis through the reduction of triglycerides.
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Gavaldà-Navarro A, Villarroya J, Cereijo R, Giralt M, Villarroya F. The endocrine role of brown adipose tissue: An update on actors and actions. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:31-41. [PMID: 33712997 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09640-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been recognized not only as a main site of non-shivering thermogenesis in mammals, but also as an endocrine organ. BAT secretes a myriad of regulatory factors. These so-called batokines exert local autocrine and paracrine effects, as well as endocrine actions targeting tissues and organs at a distance. The endocrine batokines include peptide factors, such as fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21), neuregulin-4 (NRG4), phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), interleukin-6, adiponectin and myostatin, and also lipids (lipokines; e.g., 12,13-dihydroxy-9Z-octadecenoic acid [12,13-diHOME]) and miRNAs (e.g., miR-99b). The liver, heart, and skeletal muscle are the most commonly reported targets of batokines. In response to BAT thermogenic activation, batokines such as NRG4 and PLTP are released and act to reduce hepatic steatosis and improve insulin sensitivity. Stress-induced interleukin-6-mediated signaling from BAT to liver favors hepatic glucose production through enhanced gluconeogenesis. Batokines may act on liver to induce the secretion of regulatory hepatokines (e.g. FGF21 and bile acids in response to miR-99b and PLTP, respectively), thereby resulting in a systemic expansion of BAT-originating signals. Batokines also target extrahepatic tissues: FGF21 and 12,13-diHOME are cardioprotective, whereas BAT-secreted myostatin and 12,13-diHOME influence skeletal muscle development and performance. Further research is needed to ascertain in humans the role of batokines, which have been identified mostly in experimental models. The endocrine role of BAT may explain the association between active BAT and a healthy metabolism in the human system, which is characterized by small amounts of BAT and a likely moderate BAT-mediated energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Departament de Bioquimica I Biomedicina Molecular, and Institut de Biomedicina de La Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquimica I Biomedicina Molecular, and Institut de Biomedicina de La Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Cereijo
- Departament de Bioquimica I Biomedicina Molecular, and Institut de Biomedicina de La Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Departament de Bioquimica I Biomedicina Molecular, and Institut de Biomedicina de La Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, Catalonia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquimica I Biomedicina Molecular, and Institut de Biomedicina de La Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, Catalonia, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición, Madrid, Spain.
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Lan T, Hu Y, Hu F, Li H, Chen Y, Zhang J, Yu Y, Jiang S, Weng Q, Tian S, Ma T, Yang G, Luo D, Wang L, Li K, Piao S, Rong X, Guo J. Hepatocyte glutathione S-transferase mu 2 prevents non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by suppressing ASK1 signaling. J Hepatol 2022; 76:407-419. [PMID: 34656650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. The advanced stage of NAFLD, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), has been recognized as a leading cause of end-stage liver injury for which there are no FDA-approved therapeutic options. Glutathione S-transferase Mu 2 (GSTM2) is a phase II detoxification enzyme. However, the roles of GSTM2 in NASH have not been elucidated. METHODS Multiple RNA-seq analyses were used to identify hepatic GSTM2 expression in NASH. In vitro and in vivo gain- or loss-of-function approaches were used to investigate the role and molecular mechanism of GSTM2 in NASH. RESULTS We identified GSTM2 as a sensitive responder and effective suppressor of NASH progression. GSTM2 was significantly downregulated during NASH progression. Hepatocyte GSTM2 deficiency markedly aggravated insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis induced by a high-fat diet and a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet. Mechanistically, GSTM2 sustained MAPK pathway signaling by directly interacting with apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1). GSTM2 directly bound to the N-terminal region of ASK1 and inhibited ASK1 N-terminal dimerization to subsequently repress ASK1 phosphorylation and the activation of its downstream JNK/p38 signaling pathway under conditions of metabolic dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrated that hepatocyte GSTM2 is an endogenous suppressor that protects against NASH progression by blocking ASK1 N-terminal dimerization and phosphorylation. Activating GSTM2 holds promise as a therapeutic strategy for NASH. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER IIT-2021-277. LAY SUMMARY New therapeutic strategies for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis are urgently needed. We identified that the protein GSTM2 exerts a protective effect in response to metabolic stress. Therapies that aim to increase the activity of GSTM2 could hold promise for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lan
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yufeng Hu
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Fengjiao Hu
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Haonan Li
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yinghua Chen
- Organ Transplant, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuo Jiang
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiqing Weng
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Song Tian
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Tengfei Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Guizhi Yang
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Duosheng Luo
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lexun Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kunping Li
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shenghua Piao
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xianglu Rong
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education, China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Wu CT, Chaffin AT, Ryan KK. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Facilitates the Homeostatic Control of Feeding Behavior. J Clin Med 2022; 11:580. [PMID: 35160033 PMCID: PMC8836936 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a stress hormone that is released from the liver in response to nutritional and metabolic challenges. In addition to its well-described effects on systemic metabolism, a growing body of literature now supports the notion that FGF21 also acts via the central nervous system to control feeding behavior. Here we review the current understanding of FGF21 as a hormone regulating feeding behavior in rodents, non-human primates, and humans. First, we examine the nutritional contexts that induce FGF21 secretion. Initial reports describing FGF21 as a 'starvation hormone' have now been further refined. FGF21 is now better understood as an endocrine mediator of the intracellular stress response to various nutritional manipulations, including excess sugars and alcohol, caloric deficits, a ketogenic diet, and amino acid restriction. We discuss FGF21's effects on energy intake and macronutrient choice, together with our current understanding of the underlying neural mechanisms. We argue that the behavioral effects of FGF21 function primarily to maintain systemic macronutrient homeostasis, and in particular to maintain an adequate supply of protein and amino acids for use by the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karen K. Ryan
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.-T.W.); (A.T.C.)
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