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Zhou C, Fu W, Wei X, Zhang Z, Wang B, Fang X. Association between early-life mosquito repellents exposure and ADHD-like behaviours. J Public Health (Oxf) 2024:fdae076. [PMID: 38841748 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdae076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited research has explored the impact of mosquito repellents exposure during early life on ADHD symptoms. This study aimed to explore the associations of exposure to mosquito repellents from pregnancy to 3 years old and the prevalence of ADHD-like behaviours among children aged 3-9 years, and further identify the sensitive exposure period. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted, including 12 275 children in Hefei City, China. Exposure was self-reported via primary caregivers. ADHD-like behaviours were measured by the Swanson, Nolan and Pelham, version IV scale (SNAP-IV), and Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS). Cross-over analysis, binary logistic regression and linear regression were employed. RESULTS After adjusting for confounding variables, early-life exposure to mosquito repellents was associated with a higher risk of ADHD-like behaviours (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.49-2.19). By comparing the strength of the association for each subgroup, we found exposure during 1-3 years old was a sensitive period (OR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.25-2.87) by the cross-over analysis. Furthermore, we found a dose-response relationship in which the likelihood of ADHD-like behaviours increased with children's early-life mosquito repellents exposure dose. CONCLUSIONS Early-life exposure to mosquito repellents is linked with an elevated risk of ADHD-like behaviours in children, with a sensitive period identified during 1-3 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Weiwen Fu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xinyu Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zixing Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xinyu Fang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
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2
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Du Pasquier D, Salinier B, Coady KK, Jones A, Körner O, LaRocca J, Lemkine G, Robin-Duchesne B, Weltje L, Wheeler JR, Lagadic L. How the Xenopus eleutheroembryonic thyroid assay compares to the amphibian metamorphosis assay for detecting thyroid active chemicals. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 149:105619. [PMID: 38614220 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The Xenopus Eleutheroembryonic Thyroid Assay (XETA) was recently published as an OECD Test Guideline for detecting chemicals acting on the thyroid axis. However, the OECD validation did not cover all mechanisms that can potentially be detected by the XETA. This study was therefore initiated to investigate and consolidate the applicability domain of the XETA regarding the following mechanisms: thyroid hormone receptor (THR) agonism, sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) inhibition, thyroperoxidase (TPO) inhibition, deiodinase (DIO) inhibition, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonism, and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT) induction. In total, 22 chemicals identified as thyroid-active or -inactive in Amphibian Metamorphosis Assays (AMAs) were tested using the XETA OECD Test Guideline. The comparison showed that both assays are highly concordant in identifying chemicals with mechanisms of action related to THR agonism, DIO inhibition, and GR agonism. They also consistently identified the UDPGT inducers as thyroid inactive. NIS inhibition, investigated using sodium perchlorate, was not detected in the XETA. TPO inhibition requires further mechanistic investigations as the reference chemicals tested resulted in opposing response directions in the XETA and AMA. This study contributes refining the applicability domain of the XETA, thereby helping to clarify the conditions where it can be used as an ethical alternative to the AMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Du Pasquier
- Laboratoire WatchFrog, 1 Rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000, Évry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Benoît Salinier
- Laboratoire WatchFrog, 1 Rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000, Évry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Katherine K Coady
- Bayer Crop Science, Environmental Safety, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO, USA
| | - Alan Jones
- ADAMA US, Environmental Safety, 3120 Highwoods Blvd., Raleigh, NC, 27604, USA
| | - Oliver Körner
- ADAMA, Environmental Safety, Edmund-Rumpler-Strasse 6, 51149, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jessica LaRocca
- Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46268, USA
| | - Gregory Lemkine
- Laboratoire WatchFrog, 1 Rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000, Évry-Courcouronnes, France
| | | | - Lennart Weltje
- BASF SE, Agricultural Solutions - Ecotoxicology, Speyerer Strasse 2, 67117, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - James R Wheeler
- Corteva Agriscience, Zuid-Oostsingel 24D, 4611 BB, Bergen op Zoom, the Netherlands
| | - Laurent Lagadic
- Bayer AG R&D Crop Science, Alfred-Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789, Monheim am Rhein, Germany.
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Foley B, Hopperstad K, Gamble J, Lynn SG, Thomas RS, Deisenroth C. Technical evaluation and standardization of the human thyroid microtissue assay. Toxicol Sci 2024; 199:89-107. [PMID: 38310358 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The success and sustainability of U.S. EPA efforts to reduce, refine, and replace in vivo animal testing depends on the ability to translate toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic data from in vitro and in silico new approach methods (NAMs) to human-relevant exposures and health outcomes. Organotypic culture models employing primary human cells enable consideration of human health effects and inter-individual variability but present significant challenges for test method standardization, transferability, and validation. Increasing confidence in the information provided by these in vitro NAMs requires setting appropriate performance standards and benchmarks, defined by the context of use, to consider human biology and mechanistic relevance without animal data. The human thyroid microtissue (hTMT) assay utilizes primary human thyrocytes to reproduce structural and functional features of the thyroid gland that enable testing for potential thyroid-disrupting chemicals. As a variable-donor assay platform, conventional principles for assay performance standardization need to be balanced with the ability to predict a range of human responses. The objectives of this study were to (1) define the technical parameters for optimal donor procurement, primary thyrocyte qualification, and performance in the hTMT assay, and (2) set benchmark ranges for reference chemical responses. Thyrocytes derived from a cohort of 32 demographically diverse euthyroid donors were characterized across a battery of endpoints to evaluate morphological and functional variability. Reference chemical responses were profiled to evaluate the range and chemical-specific variability of donor-dependent effects within the cohort. The data-informed minimum acceptance criteria for donor qualification and set benchmark parameters for method transfer proficiency testing and validation of assay performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Foley
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Kristen Hopperstad
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - John Gamble
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Scott G Lynn
- Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, District of Columbia 20460, USA
| | - Russell S Thomas
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Chad Deisenroth
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
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4
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Gilbert ME, Hassan I, O'Shaughnessy KL, Wood C, Stoker TE, Riutta C, Ford JL. Ammonium perchlorate: serum dosimetry, neurotoxicity, and resilience of the neonatal rat thyroid system. Toxicol Sci 2024; 198:113-127. [PMID: 38145495 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The environmental contaminant perchlorate impairs the synthesis of thyroid hormones by reducing iodine uptake into the thyroid gland. Despite this known action, moderate doses of perchlorate do not significantly alter serum thyroid hormone in rat pups born to exposed dams. We examined perchlorate dosimetry and responsivity of the thyroid gland and brain in offspring following maternal exposure to perchlorate. Pregnant rat dams were delivered perchlorate in drinking water (0, 30, 100, 300, 1000 ppm) from gestational day 6 to postnatal day (PN) 21. Perchlorate was present in the placenta, milk, and serum, the latter declining in pups over the course of lactation. Serum and brain thyroid hormone were reduced in pups at birth but recovered to control levels by PN2. Dramatic upregulation of Nis was observed in the thyroid gland of the exposed pup. Despite the return of serum thyroid hormone to control levels by PN2, expression of several TH-responsive genes was altered in the PN14 pup brain. Contextual fear learning was unimpaired in the adults, supporting previous reports. Declining levels of serum perchlorate and a profound upregulation of Nis gene expression in the thyroid gland are consistent with the rapid return to the euthyroid state in the neonate. However, despite this recovery, thyroid hormone insufficiencies in serum and brain beginning in utero and present at birth appear sufficient to alter TH action in the fetus and subsequent trajectory of brain development. Biomarkers of that altered trajectory remain in the brain of the neonate, demonstrating that perchlorate is not devoid of effects on the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Gilbert
- Office of Research and Development, Centre for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Iman Hassan
- Office of Air Quality, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Katherine L O'Shaughnessy
- Office of Research and Development, Centre for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Carmen Wood
- Office of Research and Development, Centre for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Tammy E Stoker
- Office of Research and Development, Centre for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Cal Riutta
- Office of Research and Development, Centre for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Jermaine L Ford
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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5
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Stoker T, DeVane G, Buckalew A, Bailey J, Ford J, Murr A. Evaluation of the diphenyl herbicide, oxyfluorfen, for effects on thyroid hormones in the juvenile rat. Curr Res Toxicol 2023; 6:100146. [PMID: 38223505 PMCID: PMC10787258 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2023.100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, oxyfluorfen, a pre- and post-emergent diphenyl ether herbicide, was identified in our laboratory as an inhibitor of iodide uptake by the sodium iodide symporter (NIS), the first key step in the synthesis of thyroid hormones (THs). This inhibition was observed in vitro, using both a human NIS engineered cell line (hNIS-HEK293T-EPA) and a rat thyroid follicular cell line (FRTL-5). Oxyfluorfen was found to be a potent inhibitor of NIS activity with an EC50 of approximately 2 µM in both cell lines with no observed cytotoxicity at any concentration tested up to 100 μM. The current research tested the hypothesis that oxyfluorfen alters circulating concentrations of THs. This hypothesis was first tested in a pilot study with both juvenile male and female rats exposed to oxyfluorfen for 4 days at 0, 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg/day. Once we identified that this short-term 4-day oxyfluorfen exposure suppressed both total serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) at all doses, we tested seven lower concentrations of oxyfluorfen (0.8125 to 62.5 mg/kg day) in an 8-day exposure paradigm to more closely evaluate the dose-response. We found that oxyfluorfen suppressed serum T4 with a LOEL of 3.25 mg/kg/day and T3 with a LOEL 62.5 mg/kg/day. Analytical chemistry of the serum showed an accumulation over time following oral exposure to oxyfluorfen in both the 4- and 8-day groups. Analytical chemistry of the thyroid glands in the 8-day study revealed higher accumulation in the thyroid as compared to the serum (2 to 3- fold at 62.5 mg/kg). No changes in thyroid weight or serum TSH were observed following the 8-day exposure. This study is the first to demonstrate an effect of oxyfluorfen on serum thyroid hormones in the rat. Additional studies are needed to further evaluate the effects on thyroid homeostasis with extended exposures and the potential implications of the observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.E. Stoker
- Neurological and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, CPHEA, ORD, U.S. EPA, RTP, NC, United States
| | - G.D. DeVane
- Neurological and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, CPHEA, ORD, U.S. EPA, RTP, NC, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute, Oakridge, TN, United States
| | - A.R. Buckalew
- Neurological and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, CPHEA, ORD, U.S. EPA, RTP, NC, United States
| | - J.R. Bailey
- Neurological and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, CPHEA, ORD, U.S. EPA, RTP, NC, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute, Oakridge, TN, United States
| | - J.L. Ford
- Advanced Analytical Chemistry Methods Branch, Center for Computational Toxicology & Exposure Chemical Characterization & Exposure Division, CCTE, ORD, U.S. EPA, RTP, NC, United States
| | - A.S. Murr
- Neurological and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, CPHEA, ORD, U.S. EPA, RTP, NC, United States
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6
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Fisher J, Housand C, Mattie D, Nong A, Moreau M, Gilbert M. Towards translating in vitro measures of thyroid hormone system disruption to in vivo responses in the pregnant rat via a biologically based dose response (BBDR) model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 479:116733. [PMID: 37866708 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the number of in vitro assays that have been recently developed to identify chemicals that interfere with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT), the translation of those in vitro results into in vivo responses (in vitro to in vivo extrapolation, IVIVE) has received limited attention from the modeling community. To help advance this field a steady state biologically based dose response (BBDR) model for the HPT axis was constructed for the pregnant rat on gestation day (GD) 20. The BBDR HPT axis model predicts plasma levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and the thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Thyroid hormones are important for normal growth and development of the fetus. Perchlorate, a potent inhibitor of thyroidal uptake of iodide by the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) protein, was used as a case study for the BBDR HPT axis model. The inhibitory blocking of the NIS by perchlorate was associated with dose-dependent steady state decreases in thyroid hormone production in the thyroid gland. The BBDR HPT axis model predictions for TSH, T3, and T4 plasma concentrations in pregnant Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were within 2-fold of observations for drinking water perchlorate exposures ranging from 10 to 30,000 μg/kg/d. In Long Evans (LE) pregnant rats, for both control and perchlorate drinking water exposures, ranging from 85 to 82,000 μg/kg/d, plasma thyroid hormone and TSH concentrations were predicted within 2 to 3.4- fold of observations. This BBDR HPT axis model provides a successful IVIVE template for thyroid hormone disruption in pregnant rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Conrad Housand
- Magnolia Sciences, Winter Springs, FL, United States of America
| | - David Mattie
- AFRL/711 HPW/RHBAF, WPAFB, OH, United States of America
| | - Andy Nong
- ScitoVation LLC, RTP, NC, United States of America
| | | | - Mary Gilbert
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US EPA, RTP, NC, United States of America
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7
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Eytcheson SA, Olker JH, Friedman KP, Hornung MW, Degitz SJ. Assessing utility of thyroid in vitro screening assays through comparisons to observed impacts in vivo. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 144:105491. [PMID: 37666444 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
To better understand endocrine disruption, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) utilizes a two-tiered approach to investigate the potential of a chemical to interact with the estrogen, androgen, or thyroid systems. As in vivo testing lacks the throughput to address data gaps on endocrine bioactivity for thousands of chemicals, in vitro high-throughput screening (HTS) methods are being developed to screen larger chemical libraries. The primary objective of this work was to investigate for how many of the 52 chemicals with weight-of-evidence (WoE) determinations from EDSP Tier 1 screening there are available in vitro HTS data supporting a thyroid impact. HTS data from the USEPA ToxCast program and the EDSP WoE were collected for this analysis. Considering the complexity of endocrine disruption and interpreting HTS data, concordance between in vitro activity and in vivo effects ranges from 58 to 78%. Based on this evaluation, we conclude that the current suite of HTS assays is beneficial for prioritizing chemicals for further inquiry; however, without a more detailed analysis, one cannot conclude whether HTS results are the primary mode-of-action. Furthermore, development of in vitro assays for additional thyroid-relevant molecular initiating events is required to effectively predict in vivo thyroid impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Eytcheson
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, 55804, USA
| | - Jennifer H Olker
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, 55804, USA
| | - Katie Paul Friedman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Michael W Hornung
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, 55804, USA
| | - Sigmund J Degitz
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, 55804, USA.
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8
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Haigis AC, Vergauwen L, LaLone CA, Villeneuve DL, O'Brien JM, Knapen D. Cross-species applicability of an adverse outcome pathway network for thyroid hormone system disruption. Toxicol Sci 2023; 195:1-27. [PMID: 37405877 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone system disrupting compounds are considered potential threats for human and environmental health. Multiple adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) for thyroid hormone system disruption (THSD) are being developed in different taxa. Combining these AOPs results in a cross-species AOP network for THSD which may provide an evidence-based foundation for extrapolating THSD data across vertebrate species and bridging the gap between human and environmental health. This review aimed to advance the description of the taxonomic domain of applicability (tDOA) in the network to improve its utility for cross-species extrapolation. We focused on the molecular initiating events (MIEs) and adverse outcomes (AOs) and evaluated both their plausible domain of applicability (taxa they are likely applicable to) and empirical domain of applicability (where evidence for applicability to various taxa exists) in a THSD context. The evaluation showed that all MIEs in the AOP network are applicable to mammals. With some exceptions, there was evidence of structural conservation across vertebrate taxa and especially for fish and amphibians, and to a lesser extent for birds, empirical evidence was found. Current evidence supports the applicability of impaired neurodevelopment, neurosensory development (eg, vision) and reproduction across vertebrate taxa. The results of this tDOA evaluation are summarized in a conceptual AOP network that helps prioritize (parts of) AOPs for a more detailed evaluation. In conclusion, this review advances the tDOA description of an existing THSD AOP network and serves as a catalog summarizing plausible and empirical evidence on which future cross-species AOP development and tDOA assessment could build.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Cathrin Haigis
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Lucia Vergauwen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Carlie A LaLone
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, USA
| | - Daniel L Villeneuve
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, USA
| | - Jason M O'Brien
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Dries Knapen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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9
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Melching-Kollmuss S, Bothe K, Charlton A, Gangadharan B, Ghaffari R, Jacobi S, Marty S, Marxfeld HA, McInnes EF, Sauer UG, Sheets LP, Strupp C, Tinwell H, Wiemann C, Botham PA, van Ravenzwaay B. Towards a science-based testing strategy to identify maternal thyroid hormone imbalance and neurodevelopmental effects in the progeny - Part IV: the ECETOC and CLE Proposal for a Thyroid Function-Related Neurodevelopmental Toxicity Testing and Assessment Scheme (Thyroid-NDT-TAS). Crit Rev Toxicol 2023; 53:339-371. [PMID: 37554099 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2231033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Following the European Commission Endocrine Disruptor Criteria, substances shall be considered as having endocrine disrupting properties if they (a) elicit adverse effects, (b) have endocrine activity, and (c) the two are linked by an endocrine mode-of-action (MoA) unless the MoA is not relevant for humans. A comprehensive, structured approach to assess whether substances meet the Endocrine Disruptor Criteria for the thyroid modality (EDC-T) is currently unavailable. Here, the European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals Thyroxine Task Force and CropLife Europe propose a Thyroid Function-Related Neurodevelopmental Toxicity Testing and Assessment Scheme (Thyroid-NDT-TAS). In Tier 0, before entering the Thyroid-NDT-TAS, all available in vivo, in vitro and in silico data are submitted to weight-of-evidence (WoE) evaluations to determine whether the substance of interest poses a concern for thyroid disruption. If so, Tier 1 of the Thyroid-NDT-TAS includes an initial MoA and human relevance assessment (structured by the key events of possibly relevant adverse outcome pathways) and the generation of supportive in vitro/in silico data, if relevant. Only if Tier 1 is inconclusive, Tier 2 involves higher-tier testing to generate further thyroid- and/or neurodevelopment-related data. Tier 3 includes the final MoA and human relevance assessment and an overarching WoE evaluation to draw a conclusion on whether, or not, the substance meets the EDC-T. The Thyroid-NDT-TAS is based on the state-of-the-science, and it has been developed to minimise animal testing. To make human safety assessments more accurate, it is recommended to apply the Thyroid-NDT-TAS during future regulatory assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy - Animal Welfare, Neubiberg, Germany
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10
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Xiao J, Sha Y, Huang Y, Long K, Wu H, Mo Y, Yang Q, Dong S, Zeng Q, Wei X. Drinking water disinfection byproduct iodoacetic acid affects thyroid hormone synthesis in Nthy-ori 3-1 cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 257:114926. [PMID: 37094483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Iodoacetic acid (IAA) is an emerging and the most genotoxic iodinated disinfection byproduct to date. IAA can disrupt the thyroid endocrine function in vivo and in vitro, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this work, transcriptome sequencing was used to investigate the effect of IAA on the cellular pathways of human thyroid follicular epithelial cell line Nthy-ori 3-1 and determine the mechanism of IAA on the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone (TH) in Nthy-ori 3-1 cells. Results of transcriptome sequencing indicated that IAA affected the TH synthesis pathway in Nthy-ori 3-1 cells. IAA reduced the mRNA expression of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor, sodium iodide symporter, thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin, paired box 8 and thyroid transcription factor-2, inhibited the cAMP/PKA pathway and Na+-K+-ATPase, and decreased the iodine intake. The results were confirmed by our previous findings in vivo. Additionally, IAA downregulated glutathione and the mRNA expression of glutathione peroxidase 1, leading to increased reactive oxygen species production. This study is the first to elucidate the mechanisms of IAA on TH synthesis in vitro. The mechanisms are associated with down-regulating the expression of genes related to TH synthesis, inhibiting iodine uptake, and inducing oxidative stress. These findings may improve future health risk assessment of IAA on thyroid in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Xiao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yujie Sha
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yuwen Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Kunling Long
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Huan Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yan Mo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Qiyuan Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Shengkun Dong
- Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
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11
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Stoker TE, Wang J, Murr AS, Bailey JR, Buckalew AR. High-Throughput Screening of ToxCast PFAS Chemical Library for Potential Inhibitors of the Human Sodium Iodide Symporter. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:380-389. [PMID: 36821091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been increased concern for environmental chemicals that can target various sites within the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis to potentially disrupt thyroid synthesis, transport, metabolism, and/or function. One well-known thyroid target in both humans and wildlife is the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) that regulates iodide uptake into the thyroid gland, the first step of thyroid hormone synthesis. Our laboratory previously developed and validated a radioactive iodide uptake (RAIU) high-throughput assay in a stably transduced human NIS cell line (hNIS-HEK293T-EPA) to identify chemicals with potential for NIS inhibition. So far, we have tested over 2000 chemicals (US EPA's ToxCast chemical libraries PI_v2, PII, and e1K) and discovered a subset of chemicals that significantly inhibit iodide uptake in the hNIS assay. Here, we utilized this screening assay to test a set of 149 unique per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (ToxCast PFAS library) for potential NIS inhibition. For this evaluation, the 149 blinded samples were screened in a tiered approach, first in an initial single-concentration (≤100 μM) RAIU assay and subsequent evaluation of the chemicals that produced ≥20% inhibition using multiconcentration (MC) response (0.001-100 μM) testing in parallel RAIU and cell viability assays. Of this set, 38 of the PFAS chemicals inhibited iodide uptake ≥20% in the MC testing with 25 displaying inhibition ≥50%. To prioritize the most potent PFAS NIS inhibitors in this set, chemicals were ranked based on outcomes of both iodide uptake and cytotoxicity and normalized to perchlorate, a known positive control. Consistent with previous findings, PFOS and PFHxS were again found to be potent NIS inhibitors, yet significant inhibition was also observed for several other screened PFAS chemicals. Although further studies are clearly warranted, this initial screening effort identifies NIS as a molecular target for potential thyroid disruption by this persistent and structurally diverse class of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy E Stoker
- Neurotoxicology and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center of Public Health and Environmental Assessments, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Neurotoxicology and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center of Public Health and Environmental Assessments, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Ashley S Murr
- Neurotoxicology and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center of Public Health and Environmental Assessments, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Jarod R Bailey
- Neurotoxicology and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center of Public Health and Environmental Assessments, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Angela R Buckalew
- Neurotoxicology and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center of Public Health and Environmental Assessments, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
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12
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Carvalho DJ, Kip AM, Romitti M, Nazzari M, Tegel A, Stich M, Krause C, Caiment F, Costagliola S, Moroni L, Giselbrecht S. Thyroid-on-a-Chip: An Organoid Platform for In Vitro Assessment of Endocrine Disruption. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2201555. [PMID: 36546709 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid is a glandular tissue in the human body in which the function can be severely affected by endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Current in vitro assays to test endocrine disruption by chemical compounds are largely based on 2D thyroid cell cultures, which often fail to precisely evaluate the safety of these compounds. New and more advanced 3D cell culture systems are urgently needed to better recapitulate the thyroid follicular architecture and functions and help to improve the predictive power of such assays. Herein, the development of a thyroid organoid-on-a-chip (OoC) device using polymeric membranous carriers is described. Mouse embryonic stem cell derived thyroid follicles are incorporated in a microfluidic chip for a 4 day experiment at a flow rate of 12 µL min-1 . A reversible seal provides a leak-tight sealing while enabling quick and easy loading/unloading of thyroid follicles. The OoC model shows a high degree of functionality, where organoids retain expression of key thyroid genes and a typical follicular structure. Finally, transcriptional changes following benzo[k]fluoranthene exposure in the OoC device demonstrate activation of the xenobiotic aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway. Altogether, this OoC system is a physiologically relevant thyroid model, which will represent a valuable tool to test potential EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Carvalho
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Anna M Kip
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired, Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Mírian Romitti
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Molecular Human Biology (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 route de Lennik, Brussels, 1070, Belgium
| | - Marta Nazzari
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Tegel
- PreSens Precision Sensing GmbH, Am Biopark 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Stich
- PreSens Precision Sensing GmbH, Am Biopark 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Krause
- PreSens Precision Sensing GmbH, Am Biopark 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Caiment
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Costagliola
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Molecular Human Biology (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 route de Lennik, Brussels, 1070, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired, Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Giselbrecht
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
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13
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Williams AL, DeSesso JM. Revisiting the testicular toxicity of cyanide: Assessment of the new and existing literature. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:687-709. [PMID: 36797649 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on new testing, we re-assess U.S. EPA and California OEHHA conclusions regarding male reproductive toxicity associated with cyanide exposure. METHODS Literature identified by ATSDR, ECETOC and EPA was complemented by studies conducted after 2006. Relevant studies were scored for quality using ToxRTool. RESULTS Eleven pertinent animal investigations were identified; five with quality scores of 1 were evaluated in-depth. The NTP 13-week drinking water study of NaCN in rats reported significantly decreased water intakes and reduced cauda epididymal weights; altered sperm parameters occurred in high-dose rats. When compared to contemporaneous historical control data (HCD), the mean cauda epididymal weights of cyanide-treated rats in the NTP study were within HCD, whereas control weights exceeded HCD. A new 13-week drinking water study used the same design with additional features (individually caged rats, "paired water" controls, thyroid hormone determinations, post-treatment recovery) and found a smaller decrease in water consumption (11% versus 18% at 300 ppm) and no treatment-related changes in male reproductive measures. Although thyroid/parathyroid weights were increased at 300 ppm, histopathology and thyroid hormone levels were unaffected. The remaining high-quality cyanide studies reported no adverse findings in male reproductive organs. Unconfounded sperm measures were not adversely affected in any quality 1 studies. CONCLUSIONS Changes in the male reproductive system reported after cyanide exposure in the NTP study were not reproducible, unlikely to be treatment-related, and should not be used as the sole basis for human health assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John M DeSesso
- Exponent, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia, USA.,Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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14
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Staveley JP, Freeman EL, McArdle ME, Ortego LS, Coady KK, Bone A, Lagadic L, Weltje L, Weyers A, Wheeler JR. Current testing programs for pesticides adequately capture endocrine activity and adversity for protection of vertebrate wildlife. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2023. [PMID: 36597818 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity and ecotoxicity of pesticide active ingredients are evaluated by a number of standardized test methods using vertebrate animals. These standard test methods are required under various regulatory programs for the registration of pesticides. Over the past two decades, additional test methods have been developed with endpoints that are responsive to endocrine activity and subsequent adverse effects. This article examines the available test methods and their endpoints that are relevant to an assessment of endocrine-disrupting properties of pesticides. Furthermore, the article highlights how weight-of-evidence approaches should be applied to determine whether an adverse response in (eco)toxicity tests is caused by an endocrine mechanism of action. The large number of endpoints in the current testing paradigms for pesticides make it unlikely that endocrine activity and adversity is being overlooked. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;00:1-21. © 2023 Bayer CropScience and The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lisa S Ortego
- Bayer Crop Science, Environmental Safety, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Katherine K Coady
- Bayer Crop Science, Environmental Safety, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Audrey Bone
- Bayer Crop Science, Environmental Safety, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Laurent Lagadic
- Bayer AG, Crop Science, Environmental Safety, Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Lennart Weltje
- BASF SE, Agricultural Solutions-Ecotoxicology, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Arnd Weyers
- Bayer AG, Crop Science, Environmental Safety, Monheim am Rhein, Germany
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15
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Finlayson KA, van de Merwe JP, Leusch FDL. Review of ecologically relevant in vitro bioassays to supplement current in vivo tests for whole effluent toxicity testing - Part 2: Non-apical endpoints. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158094. [PMID: 35987232 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Whole effluent toxicity (WET) testing uses whole animal exposures to assess the toxicity of complex mixtures, like wastewater. These assessments typically include four apical endpoints: mortality, growth, development, and reproduction. In the last decade, there has been a shift to alternative methods that align with the 3Rs to replace, reduce, and refine the use of animals in research. In vitro bioassays can provide a cost-effective, high-throughput, ethical alternative to in vivo assays. In addition, they can potentially include additional, more sensitive, environmentally relevant endpoints than traditional toxicity tests. However, the ecological relevance of these endpoints must be established before they are adopted into regulatory frameworks. This is Part 2 of a two-part review that aims to identify in vitro bioassays that are linked to ecologically relevant endpoints that could be included in WET testing. Part 2 of this review focuses on non-apical endpoints that should be incorporated into WET testing. In addition to the four apical endpoints addressed in Part 1, this review identified seven additional toxic outcomes: endocrine disruption, xenobiotic metabolism, carcinogenicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, immunotoxicity and neurotoxicity. For each, the response at the molecular or cellular level measured in vitro was linked to the response at the organism level through a toxicity pathway. Literature from 2015 to 2020 was used to identify suitable bioassays that could be incorporated into WET testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason P van de Merwe
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Australia; School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Australia; School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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16
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Nakiwala D, Noyes PD, Faure P, Chovelon B, Corne C, Gauchez AS, Guergour D, Lyon-Caen S, Sakhi AK, Sabaredzovic A, Thomsen C, Pin I, Slama R, Philippat C. Phenol and Phthalate Effects on Thyroid Hormone Levels during Pregnancy: Relying on In Vitro Assays and Adverse Outcome Pathways to Inform an Epidemiological Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:117004. [PMID: 36350136 PMCID: PMC9645207 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies characterizing associations between phenols, phthalates and thyroid hormones during pregnancy produce inconsistent results. This divergence may be partly attributable to false positives due to multiple comparison testing of large numbers of chemicals, and measurement error as studies rely on small numbers of biospecimens despite high intra-individual variability in urinary chemical metabolite concentrations. OBJECTIVES This study employs a priori chemical filtering and expanded urinary biomonitoring to evaluate associations between phenol/phthalate exposures and serum thyroid hormones assessed during pregnancy. METHODS A two-tiered approach was implemented: a) In vitro high-throughput screening results from the ToxCast/Tox21 database, as informed by a thyroid Adverse Outcome Pathway network, were evaluated to select phenols/phthalates with activity on known and putative molecular initiating events in the thyroid pathway; and b) Adjusted linear regressions were used to study associations between filtered compounds and serum thyroid hormones measured in 437 pregnant women recruited in Grenoble area (France) between 2014 and 2017. Phenol/phthalate metabolites were measured in repeated spot urine sample pools (median: 21 samples/women). RESULTS The ToxCast/Tox21 screening reduced the chemical set from 16 to 13 and the associated number of statistical comparisons by 19%. Parabens were negatively associated with free triiodothyronine (T3) and the T3/T4 (total thyroxine) ratio. Monobenzyl phthalate was positively associated with total T4 and negatively with the T3/T4 ratio. Effect modification by iodine status was detected for several compounds (among them ΣDEHP and mono-n-butyl phthalate) that were associated with some hormones among women with normal iodine levels. CONCLUSION For these chemicals, screening for compounds with an increased likelihood for thyroid-related effects and relying on repeated urine samples to assess exposures improved the overall performance of multichemical analyses of thyroid disruption. This approach may improve future evaluations of human data for the thyroid pathway with implication for fetal health and may serve as a model for evaluating other toxicity outcomes. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10239.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Nakiwala
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) U1209, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Pamela D. Noyes
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Patrice Faure
- Service de Biochimie SB2TE, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie CHU Grenoble Alpes, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Benoît Chovelon
- Service de Biochimie SB2TE, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie CHU Grenoble Alpes, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moleculaire, CNRS, UMR 5063, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Christelle Corne
- Service de Biochimie SB2TE, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie CHU Grenoble Alpes, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne Sophie Gauchez
- Service de Biochimie SB2TE, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie CHU Grenoble Alpes, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Dorra Guergour
- Service de Biochimie SB2TE, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie CHU Grenoble Alpes, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sarah Lyon-Caen
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) U1209, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Amrit K. Sakhi
- Department of Food Safety, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Cathrine Thomsen
- Department of Food Safety, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Isabelle Pin
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) U1209, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Pediatric Department, Grenoble University Hospital, La Tronche, France
| | - Rémy Slama
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) U1209, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Claire Philippat
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) U1209, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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17
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Andersen HR, David A, Freire C, Fernández MF, D'Cruz SC, Reina-Pérez I, Fini JB, Blaha L. Pyrethroids and developmental neurotoxicity - A critical review of epidemiological studies and supporting mechanistic evidence. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113935. [PMID: 35870501 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrethroid metabolites are widely detectable in urine from the general population, including pregnant women and children. Pyrethroids are neurotoxic and suggested endocrine disruptors. Exposure during vulnerable developmental time windows may have long-term impacts on neurodevelopment. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the epidemiological evidence for neurodevelopmental effects related to prenatal and childhood pyrethroid exposure in a systematic review and to assess biological plausibility by evaluating mechanistic evidence. METHODS We searched PubMed and Web of Science up to September 1, 2021 and included original studies published in English in which pyrethroid exposure was measured or estimated during pregnancy or childhood and associations with neurodevelopmental outcomes in the children were investigated. The Navigation Guide Systematic Review Methodology was used to evaluate the epidemiological evidence. For mechanistic evidence, we focused on relevant key events (KEs) suggested in Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) using the OECD-supported AOP-wiki platform. A systematic search combining the KEs with pyrethroids, including 26 individual compounds, was performed in the ToxCast database. RESULTS Twenty-five epidemiological studies met the inclusion criteria, 17 presented findings on prenatal exposure, 10 on childhood exposure and two on both exposure windows. The overall body of evidence was rated as "moderate quality" with "sufficient evidence" for an association between prenatal pyrethroid exposure and adverse neurodevelopment. For childhood exposure, the overall rating was "low quality" with "limited evidence" because of cross-sectional study design. Regarding mechanistic evidence, we found that pyrethroids are able to interfere with neurodevelopmental KEs included in established AOPs for adverse neurodevelopmental. The evidence was strongest for interference with thyroid hormone (TH) function. CONCLUSION Pyrethroids are probably human developmental neurotoxicants and adverse impacts of pyrethroid exposure on neurodevelopment are likely at exposure levels occurring in the general population. Preventive measures to reduce exposure among pregnant women and children are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Raun Andersen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Arthur David
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Carmen Freire
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERSP), Spain
| | - Mariana F Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERSP), Spain; Biomedical Research Center (CIBM); School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Shereen Cynthia D'Cruz
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Iris Reina-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERSP), Spain; Biomedical Research Center (CIBM); School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Jean-Baptiste Fini
- Unité PhyMA laboratory, Adaptation du Vivant Department, UMR 7221 MNHN/CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Ludek Blaha
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
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18
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El-Masri H, Paul Friedman K, Isaacs K, Wetmore BA. Advances in computational methods along the exposure to toxicological response paradigm. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 450:116141. [PMID: 35777528 PMCID: PMC9619339 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Human health risk assessment is a function of chemical toxicity, bioavailability to reach target biological tissues, and potential environmental exposure. These factors are complicated by many physiological, biochemical, physical and lifestyle factors. Furthermore, chemical health risk assessment is challenging in view of the large, and continually increasing, number of chemicals found in the environment. These challenges highlight the need to prioritize resources for the efficient and timely assessment of those environmental chemicals that pose greatest health risks. Computational methods, either predictive or investigative, are designed to assist in this prioritization in view of the lack of cost prohibitive in vivo experimental data. Computational methods provide specific and focused toxicity information using in vitro high throughput screening (HTS) assays. Information from the HTS assays can be converted to in vivo estimates of chemical levels in blood or target tissue, which in turn are converted to in vivo dose estimates that can be compared to exposure levels of the screened chemicals. This manuscript provides a review for the landscape of computational methods developed and used at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) highlighting their potentials and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham El-Masri
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Katie Paul Friedman
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kristin Isaacs
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Barbara A Wetmore
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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19
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Olker JH, Korte JJ, Haselman JT, Hornung MW, Degitz SJ. Cross-species comparison of chemical inhibition of human and Xenopus iodotyrosine deiodinase. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 249:106227. [PMID: 35767922 PMCID: PMC9887787 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The transition to include in vitro-based data in chemical hazard assessment has resulted in the development and implementation of screening assays to cover a diversity of biological pathways, including recently added assays to interrogate chemical disruption of proteins relevant to thyroid signaling pathways. Iodotyrosine deiodinase (IYD), the iodide recycling enzyme, is one such thyroid-relevant endpoint for which a human-based screening assay has recently been developed and used to screen large libraries of chemicals. Presented here is the development of an amphibian IYD inhibition assay and its implementation to conduct a cross-species comparison between chemical inhibition of mammalian and non-mammalian IYD enzyme activity. The successful development of an amphibian IYD inhibition assay was based on demonstration of sufficient IYD enzyme activity in several tissues collected from larval Xenopus laevis. With this new assay, 154 chemicals were tested in concentration-response to provide a basis for comparison of relative chemical potency to results obtained from the human IYD assay. Most chemicals exhibited similar inhibition in both assays, with less than 25% variation in median inhibition for 120 of 154 chemicals and 85% concordance in categorization of "active" (potential IYD inhibitor) versus "inactive". For chemicals that produced 50% or greater inhibition in both assays, rank-order potency was similar, with the majority of the IC50s varying by less than 2-fold (and all within an order of magnitude). Most differences resulted from greater maximum inhibition or higher chemical potency observed with human IYD. This strong cross-species agreement suggests that results from the human-based assay would be conservatively predictive of chemical effects on amphibian IYD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Olker
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, USA.
| | - Joseph J Korte
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Jonathan T Haselman
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Michael W Hornung
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Sigmund J Degitz
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
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20
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Gilbert ME, Hassan I, Wood C, O'Shaughnessy KL, Spring S, Thomas S, Ford J. Gestational Exposure to Perchlorate in the Rat: Thyroid Hormones in Fetal Thyroid Gland, Serum, and Brain. Toxicol Sci 2022; 188:117-130. [PMID: 35385113 PMCID: PMC10732305 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones. Perchlorate is an environmental contaminant that interferes with iodine uptake into the thyroid gland to reduce thyroid hormone synthesis. As thyroid hormones are critical for brain development, exposure to perchlorate during pregnancy is of concern for the developing fetal brain. In this study, we (1) define profiles of thyroid hormone in the maternal and fetal compartments of pregnant rats in response to inhibition of the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) by perchlorate and (2) expand inquiry previously limited to serum to include fetal thyroid gland and brain. Perchlorate was added to the drinking water (0, 1, 30, 300, and 1000 ppm) of pregnant rat dams from gestational days (GD) 6-20. On GD20, blood, thyroid gland, and brain were collected from the fetus and dam for thyroid hormone and molecular analyses. Thyroid gland and serum thyroid hormones were dose-dependently reduced, with steeper declines evident in the fetus than in the dam. The thyroid gland revealed perturbations of thyroid hormone-action with greater sensitivity in the fetus than the dam. Thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone-responsive gene expression were reduced in the fetal cortex portending effects on brain development. These findings are the first quantitative assessments of perchlorate-induced deficits in the fetal thyroid gland and fetal brain. We provide a conceptual framework to develop a quantitative NIS adverse outcome pathway for serum thyroid hormone deficits and the potential to impact the fetal brain. Such a framework may also serve to facilitate the translation of in vitro bioactivity to the downstream in vivo consequences of NIS inhibition in the developing fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Gilbert
- Centre for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Iman Hassan
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carmen Wood
- Centre for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Katherine L O'Shaughnessy
- Centre for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Stephanie Spring
- Centre for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Student Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Susan Thomas
- Centre for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Student Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jermaine Ford
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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21
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Read ML, Brookes K, Thornton CEM, Fletcher A, Nieto HR, Alshahrani M, Khan R, Borges de Souza P, Zha L, Webster JRM, Alderwick LJ, Campbell MJ, Boelaert K, Smith VE, McCabe CJ. Targeting non-canonical pathways as a strategy to modulate the sodium iodide symporter. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:502-516.e7. [PMID: 34520744 PMCID: PMC8958605 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) functions to transport iodide and is critical for successful radioiodide ablation of cancer cells. Approaches to bolster NIS function and diminish recurrence post-radioiodide therapy are impeded by oncogenic pathways that suppress NIS, as well as the inherent complexity of NIS regulation. Here, we utilize NIS in high-throughput drug screening and undertake rigorous evaluation of lead compounds to identify and target key processes underpinning NIS function. We find that multiple proteostasis pathways, including proteasomal degradation and autophagy, are central to the cellular processing of NIS. Utilizing inhibitors targeting distinct molecular processes, we pinpoint combinatorial drug strategies giving robust >5-fold increases in radioiodide uptake. We also reveal significant dysregulation of core proteostasis genes in human tumors, identifying a 13-gene risk score classifier as an independent predictor of recurrence in radioiodide-treated patients. We thus propose and discuss a model for targetable steps of intracellular processing of NIS function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Read
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Katie Brookes
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Caitlin E M Thornton
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alice Fletcher
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hannah R Nieto
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mohammed Alshahrani
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Rashida Khan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Patricia Borges de Souza
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44124, Italy
| | - Ling Zha
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jamie R M Webster
- Protein Expression Facility, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Luke J Alderwick
- Birmingham Drug Discovery Facility, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Moray J Campbell
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kristien Boelaert
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Vicki E Smith
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Christopher J McCabe
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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22
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Corrales Vargas A, Peñaloza Castañeda J, Rietz Liljedahl E, Mora AM, Menezes-Filho JA, Smith DR, Mergler D, Reich B, Giffin A, Hoppin JA, Lindh CH, van Wendel de Joode B. Exposure to common-use pesticides, manganese, lead, and thyroid function among pregnant women from the Infants' Environmental Health (ISA) study, Costa Rica. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 810:151288. [PMID: 34756903 PMCID: PMC9162492 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticides and metals may disrupt thyroid function, which is key to fetal brain development. OBJECTIVES To evaluate if current-use pesticide exposures, lead and excess manganese alter free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations in pregnant women from the Infants' Environmental Health Study (ISA). METHODS At enrollment, we determined women's (n = 400) specific-gravity corrected urinary pesticide (μg/L) metabolite concentrations of mancozeb (ethylene thiourea (ETU)), pyrimethanil, thiabendazole, chlorpyrifos, synthetic pyrethroids, and 2,4-D. We also measured manganese hair (MnH) (μg/g) and blood (MnB) (μg/L), and blood lead (PbB) (μg/L) concentrations. To detect an immediate and late effect on thyroid homeostasis, we determined TSH, FT4 and FT3 in serum obtained at the same visit (n = 400), and about ten weeks afterwards (n = 245). We assessed associations between exposures and outcomes with linear regression and general additive models, Bayesian multivariate linear regression, and Bayesian kernel machine regression. RESULTS About 80%, 94%, and 100% of the women had TSH, FT4, and FT3 within clinical reference ranges, respectively. Women with higher urinary ETU, and pyrimethanil-metabolites, had lower FT4: β = -0.79 (95%CI = -1.51, -0.08) and β = -0.29 (95%CI = -0.62, -0.03), respectively, for each tenfold increase in exposure. MnB was positively associated with FT4 (β = 0.04 (95%CI = 0.00, 0.07 per 1 μg/L increase), and women with high urinary pyrethroid-metabolite concentrations had decreased TSH (non-linear effects). For the late-effect analysis, metabolites of pyrethroids and chlorpyrifos, as well as MnH, and PbB were associated decreased TSH, or increased FT4 and/or FT3. DISCUSSION Mancozeb (ETU) and pyrimethanil may inhibit FT4 secretion (hypothyroidism-like effect), while chlorpyrifos, pyrethroids, MnB, MnH, PbB and Mn showed hyperthyroidism-like effects. Some effects on thyroid homeostasis seemed to be immediate (mancozeb (ETU), pyrimethanil, MnB), others delayed (chlorpyrifos, MnH, PbB), or both (pyrethroids), possibly reflecting different mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Corrales Vargas
- Infants' Environmental Health Study (ISA), Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Jorge Peñaloza Castañeda
- Infants' Environmental Health Study (ISA), Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Emelie Rietz Liljedahl
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ana María Mora
- Infants' Environmental Health Study (ISA), Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica; Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), University of California at Berkeley, United States
| | - Jose Antonio Menezes-Filho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo s/n Campus Universitário de Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Donald R Smith
- Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, United States
| | - Donna Mergler
- Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire sur le bien-être, la santé, la société et l'environnement (CINBIOSE), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Brian Reich
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, United States; Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, United States
| | - Andrew Giffin
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, United States; Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, United States
| | - Jane A Hoppin
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, United States
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Berna van Wendel de Joode
- Infants' Environmental Health Study (ISA), Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.
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23
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Gandarilla-Esparza DD, Calleros-Rincón EY, Macias HM, González-Delgado MF, Vargas GG, Sustaita JD, González-Zamora A, Ríos-Sánchez E, Pérez-Morales R. FOXE1 polymorphisms and chronic exposure to nitrates in drinking water cause metabolic dysfunction, thyroid abnormalities, and genotoxic damage in women. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 44:e20210020. [PMID: 34617949 PMCID: PMC8495772 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2021-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrates in drinking water has been associated to adverse health effects, including changes in glucose and lipid levels, thyroid hormone imbalance and adverse reproductive effects. We analyzed metabolic and thyroid hormone alterations and genotoxic damage in women with chronic exposure to nitrates in drinking water. The concentration of nitrates in drinking water was quantified and according to this parameter, participants were divided into three exposure scenarios. Blood and urine samples were collected from 420 women living in Durango, Mexico and biomarkers were determined. We found nitrates concentrations in drinking water above the permissible limit (>50 mg/L), and an increase in the percentage of methemoglobin (p=0.0001), nitrite in blood plasma and urine (p=0.0001), glucose (p=0.0001), total cholesterol (p=0.001), LDL (p=0.001) and triglycerides (p=0.0001). We also found alterations in TSH (p=0.01), fT3 (p=0.0003), T4T (p=0.01) and fT4 (p=0.0004) hormones. Frequency of subclinical hypothyroidism was 8.33%; differences in FOXE1 (rs965513, rs1867277) genotypes distribution were found and both polymorphisms were associated with a decrease in TSH. A high percentage of micronucleus in binucleate lymphocyte cells was found (35%, p=0.0001). In conclusion, the chronic exposure to nitrates in water for human consumption caused metabolic and hormonal alterations and genotoxic damage in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Dennys Gandarilla-Esparza
- Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Facultad de Ciencias
Químicas, Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Gómez Palacio, Durango,
México
| | - Esperanza Yasmin Calleros-Rincón
- Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Facultad de Ciencias
Químicas, Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Gómez Palacio, Durango,
México
| | - Hortensia Moreno Macias
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, División CSH de la Unidad
Iztapalapa, Departamento de Economía, Vicentina, Ciudad de México, México
| | - María Fernanda González-Delgado
- Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Facultad de Ciencias
Químicas, Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Gómez Palacio, Durango,
México
| | - Gonzalo García Vargas
- Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Facultad de Ciencias de la
Salud, Departamento de Investigación. Gómez Palacio, Durango, México
| | - Jaime Duarte Sustaita
- Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Facultad de Ciencias de la
Salud, Departamento de Investigación. Gómez Palacio, Durango, México
| | - Alberto González-Zamora
- Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Facultad de Ciencias
Biológicas, Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México
| | - Efraín Ríos-Sánchez
- Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Facultad de Ciencias
Químicas, Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Gómez Palacio, Durango,
México
| | - Rebeca Pérez-Morales
- Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Facultad de Ciencias
Químicas, Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Gómez Palacio, Durango,
México
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24
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Huisinga M, Bertrand L, Chamanza R, Damiani I, Engelhardt J, Francke S, Freyberger A, Harada T, Harleman J, Kaufmann W, Keane K, Köhrle J, Lenz B, Marty MS, Melching-Kollmuss S, Palazzi X, Pohlmeyer-Esch G, Popp A, Rosol TJ, Strauss V, Van den Brink-Knol H, Wood CE, Yoshida M. Adversity Considerations for Thyroid Follicular Cell Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia in Nonclinical Toxicity Studies: Results From the 6th ESTP International Expert Workshop. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 48:920-938. [PMID: 33334259 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320972009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The European Society of Toxicologic Pathology organized an expert workshop in May 2018 to address adversity considerations related to thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia (FCHH), which is a common finding in nonclinical toxicity studies that can have important implications for risk assessment of pharmaceuticals, food additives, and environmental chemicals. The broad goal of the workshop was to facilitate better alignment in toxicologic pathology and regulatory sciences on how to determine adversity of FCHH. Key objectives were to describe common mechanisms leading to thyroid FCHH and potential functional consequences; provide working criteria to assess adversity of FCHH in context of associated findings; and describe additional methods and experimental data that may influence adversity determinations. The workshop panel was comprised of representatives from the European Union, Japan, and the United States. Participants shared case examples illustrating issues related to adversity assessments of thyroid changes. Provided here are summary discussions, key case presentations, and panel recommendations. This information should increase consistency in the interpretation of adverse changes in the thyroid based on pathology findings in nonclinical toxicity studies, help integrate new types of biomarker data into the review process, and facilitate a more systematic approach to communicating adversity determinations in toxicology reports.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lise Bertrand
- 57146Charles River Laboratories, Saint-Germain-Nuelles, France
| | - Ronnie Chamanza
- 50148Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | - Sabine Francke
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), 4137US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Josef Köhrle
- 72217Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Lenz
- Roche Pharma Research and Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Sue Marty
- 540144The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles E Wood
- 6893Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
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25
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Haselman JT, Olker JH, Kosian PA, Korte JJ, Swintek JA, Denny JS, Nichols JW, Tietge JE, Hornung MW, Degitz SJ. Targeted Pathway-based In Vivo Testing Using Thyroperoxidase Inhibition to Evaluate Plasma Thyroxine as a Surrogate Metric of Metamorphic Success in Model Amphibian Xenopus laevis. Toxicol Sci 2021; 175:236-250. [PMID: 32176285 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical safety evaluation is in the midst of a transition from traditional whole-animal toxicity testing to molecular pathway-based in vitro assays and in silico modeling. However, to facilitate the shift in reliance on apical effects for risk assessment to predictive surrogate metrics having characterized linkages to chemical mechanisms of action, targeted in vivo testing is necessary to establish these predictive relationships. In this study, we demonstrate a means to predict thyroid-related metamorphic success in the model amphibian Xenopus laevis using relevant biochemical measurements during early prometamorphosis. The adverse outcome pathway for thyroperoxidase inhibition leading to altered amphibian metamorphosis was used to inform a pathway-based in vivo study design that generated response-response relationships. These causal relationships were used to develop Bayesian probabilistic network models that mathematically determine conditional dependencies between biochemical nodes and support the predictive capability of the biochemical profiles. Plasma thyroxine concentrations were the most predictive of metamorphic success with improved predictivity when thyroid gland sodium-iodide symporter gene expression levels (a compensatory response) were used in conjunction with plasma thyroxine as an additional regressor. Although thyroid-mediated amphibian metamorphosis has been studied for decades, this is the first time a predictive relationship has been characterized between plasma thyroxine and metamorphic success. Linking these types of biochemical surrogate metrics to apical outcomes is vital to facilitate the transition to the new paradigm of chemical safety assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Haselman
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Duluth, Minnesota 55804
| | - Jennifer H Olker
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Duluth, Minnesota 55804
| | - Patricia A Kosian
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Duluth, Minnesota 55804
| | - Joseph J Korte
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Duluth, Minnesota 55804
| | - Joseph A Swintek
- Badger Technical Services, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Duluth, Minnesota 55804
| | - Jeffrey S Denny
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Duluth, Minnesota 55804
| | - John W Nichols
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Duluth, Minnesota 55804
| | - Joseph E Tietge
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Duluth, Minnesota 55804
| | - Michael W Hornung
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Duluth, Minnesota 55804
| | - Sigmund J Degitz
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Duluth, Minnesota 55804
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26
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Marty S, Beekhuijzen M, Charlton A, Hallmark N, Hannas BR, Jacobi S, Melching-Kollmuss S, Sauer UG, Sheets LP, Strauss V, Urbisch D, Botham PA, van Ravenzwaay B. Towards a science-based testing strategy to identify maternal thyroid hormone imbalance and neurodevelopmental effects in the progeny - part II: how can key events of relevant adverse outcome pathways be addressed in toxicological assessments? Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:328-358. [PMID: 34074207 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1910625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The current understanding of thyroid-related adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in mammals has been reviewed. This served to establish if standard rodent toxicity test methods and in vitro assays allow identifying thyroid-related modes-of-action potentially leading to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, and the human relevance of effects - in line with the European Commission's Endocrine Disruptor Criteria. The underlying hypothesis is that an understanding of the key events of relevant AOPs provides insight into differences in incidence, magnitude, or species sensitivity of adverse outcomes. The rodent studies include measurements of serum thyroid hormones, thyroid gland pathology and neurodevelopmental assessments, but do not directly inform on specific modes-of-action. Opportunities to address additional non-routine parameters reflecting critical events of AOPs in toxicological assessments are presented. These parameters appear relevant to support the identification of specific thyroid-related modes-of-action, provided that prevailing technical limitations are overcome. Current understanding of quantitative key event relationships is often weak, but would be needed to determine if the triggering of a molecular initiating event will ultimately result in an adverse outcome. Also, significant species differences in all processes related to thyroid hormone signalling are evident, but the biological implications thereof (including human relevance) are often unknown. In conclusion, careful consideration of the measurement (e.g. timing, method) and interpretation of additional non-routine parameters is warranted. These findings will be used in a subsequent paper to propose a testing strategy to identify if a substance may elicit maternal thyroid hormone imbalance and potentially also neurodevelopmental effects in the progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Marty
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy - Animal Welfare, Neubiberg, Germany
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27
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Reinwald H, König A, Ayobahan SU, Alvincz J, Sipos L, Göckener B, Böhle G, Shomroni O, Hollert H, Salinas G, Schäfers C, Eilebrecht E, Eilebrecht S. Toxicogenomic fin(ger)prints for thyroid disruption AOP refinement and biomarker identification in zebrafish embryos. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143914. [PMID: 33333401 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disruption (ED) can trigger far-reaching effects on environmental populations, justifying a refusal of market approval for chemicals with ED properties. For the hazard assessment of ED effects on the thyroid system, regulatory decisions mostly rely on amphibian studies. Here, we used transcriptomics and proteomics for identifying molecular signatures of interference with thyroid hormone signaling preceding physiological effects in zebrafish embryos. For this, we analyzed the thyroid hormone 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) and the thyroid peroxidase inhibitor 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (6-PTU) as model substances for increased and repressed thyroid hormone signaling in a modified zebrafish embryo toxicity test. We identified consistent gene expression fingerprints for both modes-of-action (MoA) at sublethal test concentrations. T3 and 6-PTU both significantly target the expression of genes involved in muscle contraction and functioning in an opposing fashion, allowing for a mechanistic refinement of key event relationships in thyroid-related adverse outcome pathways in fish. Furthermore, our fingerprints identify biomarker candidates for thyroid disruption hazard screening approaches. Perspectively, our findings will promote the AOP-based development of in vitro assays for thyroidal ED assessment, which in the long term will contribute to a reduction of regulatory animal tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Reinwald
- Fraunhofer Attract Eco'n'OMICs, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany; Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Azora König
- Fraunhofer Attract Eco'n'OMICs, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Steve U Ayobahan
- Fraunhofer Attract Eco'n'OMICs, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Julia Alvincz
- Fraunhofer Attract Eco'n'OMICs, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Levente Sipos
- Fraunhofer Attract Eco'n'OMICs, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Göckener
- Department Environmental and Food Analysis, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Gisela Böhle
- Department Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Orr Shomroni
- NGS-Services for Integrative Genomics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- NGS-Services for Integrative Genomics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Schäfers
- Department Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Elke Eilebrecht
- Department Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eilebrecht
- Fraunhofer Attract Eco'n'OMICs, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany.
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Mayasich SA, Korte JJ, Denny JS, Hartig PC, Olker JH, DeGoey P, O'Flanagan J, Degitz SJ, Hornung MW. Xenopus laevis and human type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase enzyme cross-species sensitivity to inhibition by ToxCast chemicals. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 73:105141. [PMID: 33713820 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Deiodinase enzymes are critical for tissue-specific and temporal control of activation or inactivation of thyroid hormones during vertebrate development, including amphibian metamorphosis. We previously screened ToxCast chemicals for inhibitory activity toward human recombinant Type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase enzyme (hDIO3) and subsequently produced Xenopus laevis recombinant dio3 enzyme (Xldio3) with the goals to identify specific chemical inhibitors of Xldio3, to evaluate cross-species sensitivity and explore whether the human assay results are predictive of the amphibian. We identified a subset of 356 chemicals screened against hDIO3 to test against Xldio3, initially at a single concentration (200 μM), and further tested 79 in concentration-response mode. Most chemicals had IC50 values lower for hDIO3 than for Xldio3 and many had steep Hill slopes (a potential indication of non-specific inhibition). However, eight of the most potent chemicals are likely specific inhibitors, with IC50 values of 14 μM or less, Hill slopes near -1 and curves not significantly different between species likely due to conservation of catalytically active amino acids. Controlling for assay conditions, human in vitro screening results can be predictive of activity in the amphibian assay. This study lays the groundwork for future studies using recombinant non-mammalian proteins to test cross-species sensitivity to chemicals. DISCLAIMER: The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Mayasich
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Ecology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Joseph J Korte
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Ecology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Denny
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Ecology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Phillip C Hartig
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer H Olker
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Ecology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Philip DeGoey
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Ecology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Joseph O'Flanagan
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Ecology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN, USA; Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Sigmund J Degitz
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Ecology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Michael W Hornung
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Ecology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN, USA.
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29
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Expanded high-throughput screening and chemotype-enrichment analysis of the phase II: e1k ToxCast library for human sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) inhibition. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1723-1737. [PMID: 33656581 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) mediates the uptake of iodide into the thyroid. Inhibition of NIS function by xenobiotics has been demonstrated to suppress circulating thyroid hormones and perturb related physiological functions. Until recently, few environmental chemicals had been screened for NIS inhibition activity. We previously screened over 1000 chemicals from the ToxCast Phase II (ph1v2 and ph2) libraries using an in vitro radioactive iodide uptake (RAIU) with the hNIS-HEK293T cell line to identify NIS inhibitors. Here, we broaden the chemical space by expanding screening to include the ToxCast e1k library (804 unique chemicals) with initial screening for RAIU at 1 × 10-4 M. Then 209 chemicals demonstrating > 20% RAIU inhibition were further tested in multiple-concentration, parallel RAIU and cell viability assays. This identified 55 chemicals as active, noncytotoxic RAIU inhibitors. Further cytotoxicity-adjusted potency scoring (with NaClO4 having a reference score of 200) revealed five chemicals with moderate to strong RAIU inhibition (scored > 100). These data were combined with our previous PhII screening data to produce binary hit-calls for ~ 1800 unique chemicals (PhII + e1k) with and without cytotoxicity filtering. Results were analyzed with a ToxPrint chemotype-enrichment workflow to identify substructural features significantly enriched in the NIS inhibition hit-call space. We assessed the applicability of enriched PhII chemotypes to prospectively predict NIS inhibition in the e1k dataset. Chemotype enrichments derived for the combined ~ 1800 dataset also identified additional enriched features, as well as chemotypes affiliated with cytotoxicity. These enriched chemotypes provide important new information that can support future data interpretation, structure-activity relationship, chemical use, and regulation.
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Skalny A, Aschner M, Paoliello M, Santamaria A, Nikitina N, Rejniuk V, Jiang Y, Rocha J, Tinkov A. Endocrine-disrupting activity of mancozeb. ARHIV ZA FARMACIJU 2021; 71:491-507. [PMID: 35990020 PMCID: PMC9390121 DOI: 10.5937/arhfarm71-34359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to review the existing data on the mechanisms involved in the endocrine disrupting activity of mancozeb (MCZ) in its main targets, including thyroid and gonads, as well as other endocrine tissues that may be potentially affected by MCZ. MCZ exposure was shown to interfere with thyroid functioning through impairment of thyroid hormone synthesis due to inhibition of sodium-iodine symporter (NIS) and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) activity, as well as thyroglobulin expression. Direct thyrotoxic effect may also contribute to thyroid pathology upon MCZ exposure. Gonadal effects of MCZ involve inhibition of sex steroid synthesis due to inhibition of P450scc (CYP11A1), as well as 3β-HSD and 17β-HSD. In parallel with altered hormone synthesis, MCZ was shown to down-regulate androgen and estrogen receptor signaling. Taken together, these gonad-specific effects result in development of both male and female reproductive dysfunction. In parallel with clearly estimated targets for MCZ endocrine disturbing activity, namely thyroid and gonads, other endocrine tissues may be also involved. Specifically, the fungicide was shown to affect cortisol synthesis that may be mediated by modulation of CYP11B1 activity. Moreover, MCZ exposure was shown to interfere with PPARγ signaling, being a key regulator of adipogenesis. The existing data also propose that endocrine-disrupting effects of MCZ exposure may be mediated by modulation of hypothalamus-pituitary-target axis. It is proposed that MCZ neurotoxicity may at least partially affect central mechanisms of endocrine system functioning. However, further studies are required to unravel the mechanisms of MCZ endocrine disrupting activity and overall toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly Skalny
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119146, Russia
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia
- Institute of Bioelementology, Orenburg State University, Orenburg 460018, Russia
| | - Michael Aschner
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119146, Russia
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Monica Paoliello
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Abel Santamaria
- Laboratorio de Aminoácidos Excitadores/Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Molecular y Nanotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Natalia Nikitina
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119146, Russia
| | - Vladimir Rejniuk
- Golikov Research Center of Toxicology, Saint Petersburg 192019, Russia
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Department of Toxicology,School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - João Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexey Tinkov
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia
- Institute of Bioelementology, Orenburg State University, Orenburg 460018, Russia
- Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl 150000, Russia
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Olker JH, Korte JJ, Denny JS, Haselman JT, Hartig PC, Cardon MC, Hornung MW, Degitz SJ. In vitro screening for chemical inhibition of the iodide recycling enzyme, iodotyrosine deiodinase. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 71:105073. [PMID: 33352258 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The iodide recycling enzyme, iodotyrosine deiodinase (IYD), is a largely unstudied molecular mechanism through which environmental chemicals can potentially cause thyroid disruption. This highly conserved enzyme plays an essential role in maintaining adequate levels of free iodide for thyroid hormone synthesis. Thyroid disruption following in vivo IYD inhibition has been documented in mammalian and amphibian models; however, few chemicals have been tested for IYD inhibition in either in vivo or in vitro assays. Presented here are the development and application of a screening assay to assess susceptibility of IYD to chemical inhibition. With recombinant human IYD enzyme, a 96-well plate in vitro assay was developed and then used to screen over 1800 unique substances from the U.S. EPA ToxCast screening library. Through a tiered screening approach, 194 IYD inhibitors were identified (inhibited IYD enzyme activity by 20% or greater at target concentration of 200 μM). 154 chemicals were further tested in concentration-response (0.032-200 μM) to determine IC50 and rank-order potency. This work broadens the coverage of thyroid-relevant molecular targets for chemical screening, provides the largest set of chemicals tested for IYD inhibition, and aids in prioritizing chemicals for targeted in vivo testing to evaluate thyroid-related adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Olker
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN 55804, USA.
| | - Joseph J Korte
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Denny
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Jonathan T Haselman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Phillip C Hartig
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Mary C Cardon
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Michael W Hornung
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Sigmund J Degitz
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
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32
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Gilbert ME, O'Shaughnessy KL, Axelstad M. Regulation of Thyroid-disrupting Chemicals to Protect the Developing Brain. Endocrinology 2020; 161:bqaa106. [PMID: 32615585 PMCID: PMC8650774 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic chemicals with endocrine disrupting properties are pervasive in the environment and are present in the bodies of humans and wildlife. As thyroid hormones (THs) control normal brain development, and maternal hypothyroxinemia is associated with neurological impairments in children, chemicals that interfere with TH signaling are of considerable concern for children's health. However, identifying thyroid-disrupting chemicals (TDCs) in vivo is largely based on measuring serum tetraiodothyronine in rats, which may be inadequate to assess TDCs with disparate mechanisms of action and insufficient to evaluate the potential neurotoxicity of TDCs. In this review 2 neurodevelopmental processes that are dependent on TH action are highlighted, neuronal migration and maturation of gamma amino butyric acid-ergic interneurons. We discuss how interruption of these processes by TDCs may contribute to abnormal brain circuitry following developmental TH insufficiency. Finally, we identify issues in evaluating the developmental neurotoxicity of TDCs and the strengths and limitations of current approaches designed to regulate them. It is clear that an enhanced understanding of how THs affect brain development will lead to refined toxicity testing, reducing uncertainty and improving our ability to protect children's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Gilbert
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Katherine L O'Shaughnessy
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Marta Axelstad
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Conti A, Strazzeri C, Rhoden KJ. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, a persistent organic pollutant, inhibits iodide accumulation by thyroid follicular cells in vitro. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 515:110922. [PMID: 32621861 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) reported to alter thyroid function. Iodide uptake by thyroid follicular cells, an early step in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, is a potential target for thyroid disruption by EDCs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute effects of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctane carboxylic acid (PFOA), two of the most abundant PFAS in the environment, on iodide transport by thyroid follicular cells in vitro. Dynamic changes in intracellular iodide concentration were monitored by live cell imaging using YFP-H148Q/I152, a genetically encoded fluorescent iodide biosensor. PFOS, but not PFOA, acutely and reversibly inhibited iodide accumulation by FRTL-5 thyrocytes, as well as by HEK-293 cells transiently expressing the Sodium Iodide Symporter (NIS). PFOS prevented NIS-mediated iodide uptake and reduced intracellular iodide concentration in iodide-containing cells, mimicking the effect of the NIS inhibitor perchlorate. PFOS did not affect iodide efflux from thyroid cells. The results of this study suggest that disruption of iodide homeostasis in thyroid cells may be a potential mechanism for anti-thyroid health effects of PFOS. The study also confirms the utility of the YFP-H148Q/I152 cell-based assay to screen environmental PFAS, and other EDCs, for anti-thyroid activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Conti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, Bologna, 40138, Italy.
| | - Chiara Strazzeri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, Bologna, 40138, Italy.
| | - Kerry J Rhoden
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), and Health Sciences & Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI SDV), University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, Bologna, 40138, Italy.
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Deisenroth C, Soldatow VY, Ford J, Stewart W, Brinkman C, LeCluyse EL, MacMillan DK, Thomas RS. Development of an In Vitro Human Thyroid Microtissue Model for Chemical Screening. Toxicol Sci 2020; 174:63-78. [PMID: 31808822 PMCID: PMC8061085 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are essential for regulating a number of diverse physiological processes required for normal growth, development, and metabolism. The US EPA Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) has identified several molecular thyroid targets relevant to hormone synthesis dynamics that have been adapted to high-throughput screening (HTS) assays to rapidly evaluate the ToxCast/Tox21 chemical inventories for potential thyroid disrupting chemicals (TDCs). The uncertainty surrounding the specificity of active chemicals identified in these screens and the relevance to phenotypic effects on in vivo human TH synthesis are notable data gaps for hazard identification of TDCs. The objective of this study was to develop a medium-throughput organotypic screening assay comprised of reconstructed human thyroid microtissues to quantitatively evaluate the disruptive effects of chemicals on TH production and secretion. Primary human thyroid cells procured from qualified euthyroid donors were analyzed for retention of NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2-1), Keratin 7 (KRT7), and Thyroglobulin (TG) protein expression by high-content image analysis to verify enrichment of follicular epithelial cells. A direct comparison of 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) 96-well culture formats was employed to characterize the morphology, differential gene expression, TG production, and TH synthesis over the course of 20 days. The results indicate that modeling human thyroid cells in the 3D format was sufficient to restore TH synthesis not observed in the 2D culture format. Inhibition of TH synthesis in an optimized 3D culture format was demonstrated with reference chemicals for key molecular targets within the thyroid gland. Implementation of the assay may prove useful for interpreting phenotypic effects of candidate TDCs identified by HTS efforts currently underway in the EDSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Deisenroth
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | | | - Jermaine Ford
- Research Cores Unit, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Wendy Stewart
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Cassandra Brinkman
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | | | - Denise K. MacMillan
- Research Cores Unit, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Russell S. Thomas
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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35
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Concilio SC, Zhekova HR, Noskov SY, Russell SJ. Inter-species variation in monovalent anion substrate selectivity and inhibitor sensitivity in the sodium iodide symporter (NIS). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229085. [PMID: 32084174 PMCID: PMC7034854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) transports iodide, which is necessary for thyroid hormone production. NIS also transports other monovalent anions such as tetrafluoroborate (BF4-), pertechnetate (TcO4-), and thiocyanate (SCN-), and is competitively inhibited by perchlorate (ClO4-). However, the mechanisms of substrate selectivity and inhibitor sensitivity are poorly understood. Here, a comparative approach was taken to determine whether naturally evolved NIS proteins exhibit variability in their substrate transport properties. The NIS proteins of thirteen animal species were initially assessed, and three species from environments with differing iodide availability, freshwater species Danio rerio (zebrafish), saltwater species Balaenoptera acutorostrata scammoni (minke whale), and non-aquatic mammalian species Homo sapiens (human) were studied in detail. NIS genes from each of these species were lentivirally transduced into HeLa cells, which were then characterized using radioisotope uptake assays, 125I- competitive substrate uptake assays, and kinetic assays. Homology models of human, minke whale and zebrafish NIS were used to evaluate sequence-dependent impact on the organization of Na+ and I- binding pockets. Whereas each of the three proteins that were analyzed in detail concentrated iodide to a similar degree, their sensitivity to perchlorate inhibition varied significantly: minke whale NIS was the least impacted by perchlorate inhibition (IC50 = 4.599 μM), zebrafish NIS was highly sensitive (IC50 = 0.081 μM), and human NIS showed intermediate sensitivity (IC50 = 1.566 μM). Further studies with fifteen additional substrates and inhibitors revealed similar patterns of iodide uptake inhibition, though the degree of 125I- uptake inhibition varied with each compound. Kinetic analysis revealed whale NIS had the lowest Km-I and the highest Vmax-I. Conversely, zebrafish NIS had the highest Km and lowest Vmax. Again, human NIS was intermediate. Molecular modeling revealed a high degree of conservation in the putative ion binding pockets of NIS proteins from different species, which suggests the residues responsible for the observed differences in substrate selectivity lie elsewhere in the protein. Ongoing studies are focusing on residues in the extracellular loops of NIS as determinants of anion specificity. These data demonstrate significant transport differences between the NIS proteins of different species, which may be influenced by the unique physiological needs of each organism. Our results also identify naturally-existing NIS proteins with significant variability in substrate transport kinetics and inhibitor sensitivity, which suggest that the affinity and selectivity of NIS for certain substrates can be altered for biotechnological and clinical applications. Further examination of interspecies differences may improve understanding of the substrate transport mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna C. Concilio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hristina R. Zhekova
- Centre for Molecular Simulation, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sergei Y. Noskov
- Centre for Molecular Simulation, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen J. Russell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
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36
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Evaluation of potential sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) inhibitors using a secondary Fischer rat thyroid follicular cell (FRTL-5) radioactive iodide uptake (RAIU) assay. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:873-885. [PMID: 32065294 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02664-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Fischer rat thyroid follicular cell line (FRTL-5) endogenously expresses the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) and has been used to identify environmental chemicals that perturb thyroid hormone homeostasis by disruption of NIS-mediated iodide uptake. Previously, a high-throughput radioactive iodide uptake (RAIU) screening assay incorporating the hNIS-HEK293T-EPA cell line was used to identify potential human NIS (hNIS) inhibitors in 1028 ToxCast Phase I (ph1_v2) and Phase II chemicals. In this study, the FRTL-5 cell line was evaluated and applied as a secondary RAIU assay coupled with cell viability assays to further prioritize highly active NIS inhibitors from the earlier screening. Assay validation with ten reference chemicals and performance assessment by chemical controls suggest the FRTL-5 based assays are robust and highly reproducible. Top-ranked chemicals from the ToxCast screening were then evaluated in both FRTL-5 and hNIS RAIU assays using newly sourced chemicals to strengthen the testing paradigm and to enable a rat vs. human species comparison. Eighteen of 29 test chemicals showed less than 1 order of magnitude difference in IC50 values between the two assays. Notably, two common perfluorinated compounds, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), demonstrated strong NIS inhibitory activity [IC50 - 6.45 (PFOS) and - 5.70 (PFHxS) log M in FRTL-5 RAIU assay]. In addition, several chemicals including etoxazole, methoxyfenozide, oxyfluorfen, triclocarban, mepanipyrim, and niclosamide also exhibited NIS inhibition with minimal cytotoxicity in both assays and are proposed for additional testing using short-term in vivo assays to characterize effects on thyroid hormone synthesis.
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37
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Dong H, Godlewska M, Wade MG. A rapid assay of human thyroid peroxidase activity. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 62:104662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Hamers T, Kortenkamp A, Scholze M, Molenaar D, Cenijn PH, Weiss JM. Transthyretin-Binding Activity of Complex Mixtures Representing the Composition of Thyroid-Hormone Disrupting Contaminants in House Dust and Human Serum. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:17015. [PMID: 32003587 PMCID: PMC7015555 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND House dust contains many organic contaminants that can compete with the thyroid hormone (TH) thyroxine (T 4 ) for binding to transthyretin (TTR). How these contaminants work together at levels found in humans and how displacement from TTR in vitro relates to in vivo T 4 -TTR binding is unknown. OBJECTIVES Our aims were to determine the TTR-binding potency for contaminant mixtures as found in house dust, maternal serum, and infant serum; to study whether the TTR-binding potency of the mixtures follows the principle of concentration addition; and to extrapolate the in vitro TTR-binding potency to in vivo inhibition levels of T 4 -TTR binding in maternal and infant serum. METHODS Twenty-five contaminants were tested for their in vitro capacity to compete for TTR-binding with a fluorescent FITC-T 4 probe. Three mixtures were reconstituted proportionally to median concentrations for these chemicals in house dust, maternal serum, or infant serum from Nordic countries. Measured concentration-response curves were compared with concentration-response curves predicted by concentration addition. For each reconstituted serum mixture, its inhibitor-TTR dissociation constant (K i ) was used to estimate inhibition levels of T 4 -TTR binding in human blood. RESULTS The TTR-binding potency of the mixtures was well predicted by concentration addition. The ∼ 20 % inhibition in FITC-T 4 binding observed for the mixtures reflecting median concentrations in maternal and infant serum was extrapolated to 1.3% inhibition of T 4 -TTR binding in maternal and 1.5% in infant blood. For nontested mixtures reflecting high-end serum concentrations, these estimates were 6.2% and 4.9%, respectively. DISCUSSION The relatively low estimated inhibition levels at median exposure levels may explain why no relationship between exposure to TTR-binding compounds and circulating T 4 levels in humans has been reported, so far. We hypothesize, however, that 1.3% inhibition of T 4 -TTR binding may ultimately be decisive for reaching a status of maternal hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinemia associated with impaired neurodevelopment in children. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5911.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Hamers
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University, London, UK
| | - Martin Scholze
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University, London, UK
| | - Douwe Molenaar
- Department of Systems Bioinformatics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter H. Cenijn
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jana M. Weiss
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Adams VH, Bazar MA, Reinke EN, Buckalew AR, Eck WS. In vitro and in vivo effects of 5-aminotetrazole (5-AT), an energetic compound. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 111:104573. [PMID: 31884155 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Perchlorate is an important oxidizer used in propellants, pyrotechnics, and as a gas generator in commercial airbags, fireworks, and roadside flares. It is highly water soluble, interferes with thyroidal iodide uptake and is an environmental contaminant. By changing the reaction chemistry, 5-aminotetrazole (5-AT) and nitrates replace perchlorate in some propellants. The short term toxicity of 5-AT was evaluated. Using a modified Ames assay, 5-AT was not mutagenic with or without S9 metabolic activation. 5-AT was considered "slightly toxic" with an EC50 of 28.8 mg 5-AT/L for a 15 min exposure in Aliivibrio fischeri. In the in vitro sodium iodide symporter test, 5-AT did not inhibit the uptake of iodine. In the acute rat oral test, no adverse effects and no mortalities were observed at the limit dose of 2000 mg 5-AT/kg. In the 14-day sub-acute study, there were no clinical signs of toxicity or morbidity up to 623 mg 5-AT/kg-day; the highest dose tested. No differences were observed in hematology, clinical chemistry, organ weight, body weight, food consumption, histopathology, or DNA damage (peripheral blood micronucleus assay) of treatments compared with controls. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) was 623 mg 5-AT/kg-day, the highest dose in the subacute oral bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie H Adams
- U.S. Army Public Health Center, Toxicology Directorate, 8252 Blackhawk Rd, ATTN: MCHB-PH-HEF, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA.
| | - Matthew A Bazar
- U.S. Army Public Health Center, Toxicology Directorate, 8252 Blackhawk Rd, ATTN: MCHB-PH-HEF, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Emily N Reinke
- U.S. Army Public Health Center, Toxicology Directorate, 8252 Blackhawk Rd, ATTN: MCHB-PH-HEF, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Angela R Buckalew
- Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research & Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27713, USA
| | - William S Eck
- U.S. Army Public Health Center, Toxicology Directorate, 8252 Blackhawk Rd, ATTN: MCHB-PH-HEF, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA
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Guo LC, Yu S, Wu D, Huang J, Liu T, Xiao J, Huang W, Gao Y, Li X, Zeng W, Rutherford S, Ma W, Zhang Y, Lin L. Disruption of thyroid hormone regulated proteins and gene expression by polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and new flame retardants in residents of an e-waste region. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:112925. [PMID: 31454572 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and new flame retardants (NFRs) are known thyroid hormone (TH) disruptors, but their disrupting mechanisms in humans are not completely understood. In this study, we aimed to explore the disrupting mechanisms of the aforementioned chemicals via examining TH-regulated proteins and gene expression in human serum. Adult participants from an e-waste dismantling (exposed group) and a control region (control group) in South China provided blood samples for the research. Some compounds of PCBs, PBDEs, and NFRs showed strong binding affinity to the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin, thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), gene expression of TH receptor α (TRα) and β, and iodothyronine deiodinase I (ID1). The highly exposed individuals had lower levels of TBG, TSH, and expression of TRα, but higher expression of ID1 than those of the control group. The disruption of TH-regulated proteins and gene expression suggested the exertion of different and, at times, even contradictory effects on TH disruption. However, no statistically significant difference was found in the TH levels between the exposed and the control group, implying that the TH disruption induced by these chemicals depends on the combined influence of multiple mechanisms. Gene expression appears to be an effective approach for investigations of TH disruption and the potential health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Chuan Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Shengbing Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - De Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Jinxu Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Jianpeng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China; School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Weixiong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Yanhong Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Xing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China; School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Weilin Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | | | - Wenjun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
| | - Lifeng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
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Walter KM, Dach K, Hayakawa K, Giersiefer S, Heuer H, Lein PJ, Fritsche E. Ontogenetic expression of thyroid hormone signaling genes: An in vitro and in vivo species comparison. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221230. [PMID: 31513589 PMCID: PMC6742404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for brain development. While disruption of TH signaling by environmental chemicals has been discussed as a mechanism of developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) for more than a decade, there remains a paucity of information linking specific TH disrupting chemicals to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. This data gap reflects, in part, the fact that the molecular machinery of TH signaling is complex and varies according to cell type and developmental time. Thus, establishing a baseline of the ontogenetic profile of expression of TH signaling molecules in relevant cell types is critical for developing in vitro and alternative systems-based models for screening TH disrupting chemicals for DNT. Here, we characterize the transcriptomic profile of molecules critical to TH signaling across three species-human, rat, and zebrafish-in vitro and in vivo across different stages of neurodevelopment. Our data indicate that while cultured human and rat neural progenitor cells, primary cultures of rat cortical cells, and larval zebrafish all express a fairly comprehensive transcriptome of TH signaling molecules, the spatiotemporal expression profiles as well as the responses to TH vary across species and developmental stages. The data presented here provides a roadmap for identifying appropriate in vitro and in simpler systems-based models for mechanistic studies and screening of chemicals that alter neurodevelopment via interference with TH action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla M. Walter
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Katharina Dach
- IUF–Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Keri Hayakawa
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Susanne Giersiefer
- IUF–Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Heike Heuer
- IUF–Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
- Dept. Endocrinology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PJL); (EF)
| | - Ellen Fritsche
- IUF–Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail: (PJL); (EF)
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Crivellente F, Hart A, Hernandez-Jerez AF, Hougaard Bennekou S, Pedersen R, Terron A, Wolterink G, Mohimont L. Establishment of cumulative assessment groups of pesticides for their effects on the thyroid. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05801. [PMID: 32626429 PMCID: PMC7009157 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cumulative assessment groups of pesticides have been established for two specific effects on the thyroid: firstly hypothyroidism, and secondly parafollicular cell (C-cell) hypertrophy, hyperplasia and neoplasia. Sources of uncertainties resulting from the methodological approach and from the limitations in available data and scientific knowledge have been identified and considered. This report supports the publication of a scientific report on cumulative risk assessment to pesticides affecting the thyroid, in which all uncertainties identified for either the exposure assessment or the establishment of the cumulative assessment groups are incorporated into a consolidated risk characterisation.
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Noyes PD, Friedman KP, Browne P, Haselman JT, Gilbert ME, Hornung MW, Barone S, Crofton KM, Laws SC, Stoker TE, Simmons SO, Tietge JE, Degitz SJ. Evaluating Chemicals for Thyroid Disruption: Opportunities and Challenges with in Vitro Testing and Adverse Outcome Pathway Approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:95001. [PMID: 31487205 PMCID: PMC6791490 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive clinical and experimental research documents the potential for chemical disruption of thyroid hormone (TH) signaling through multiple molecular targets. Perturbation of TH signaling can lead to abnormal brain development, cognitive impairments, and other adverse outcomes in humans and wildlife. To increase chemical safety screening efficiency and reduce vertebrate animal testing, in vitro assays that identify chemical interactions with molecular targets of the thyroid system have been developed and implemented. OBJECTIVES We present an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) network to link data derived from in vitro assays that measure chemical interactions with thyroid molecular targets to downstream events and adverse outcomes traditionally derived from in vivo testing. We examine the role of new in vitro technologies, in the context of the AOP network, in facilitating consideration of several important regulatory and biological challenges in characterizing chemicals that exert effects through a thyroid mechanism. DISCUSSION There is a substantial body of knowledge describing chemical effects on molecular and physiological regulation of TH signaling and associated adverse outcomes. Until recently, few alternative nonanimal assays were available to interrogate chemical effects on TH signaling. With the development of these new tools, screening large libraries of chemicals for interactions with molecular targets of the thyroid is now possible. Measuring early chemical interactions with targets in the thyroid pathway provides a means of linking adverse outcomes, which may be influenced by many biological processes, to a thyroid mechanism. However, the use of in vitro assays beyond chemical screening is complicated by continuing limits in our knowledge of TH signaling in important life stages and tissues, such as during fetal brain development. Nonetheless, the thyroid AOP network provides an ideal tool for defining causal linkages of a chemical exerting thyroid-dependent effects and identifying research needs to quantify these effects in support of regulatory decision making. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5297.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela D Noyes
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Katie Paul Friedman
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, ORD, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patience Browne
- Environment Health and Safety Division, Environment Directorate, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris, France
| | - Jonathan T Haselman
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), ORD, U.S. EPA, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mary E Gilbert
- Toxicity Assessment Division, NHEERL, ORD, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael W Hornung
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), ORD, U.S. EPA, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stan Barone
- Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kevin M Crofton
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, ORD, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susan C Laws
- Toxicity Assessment Division, NHEERL, ORD, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tammy E Stoker
- Toxicity Assessment Division, NHEERL, ORD, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steven O Simmons
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, ORD, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joseph E Tietge
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), ORD, U.S. EPA, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sigmund J Degitz
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), ORD, U.S. EPA, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
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Dong H, Atlas E, Wade MG. Development of a non-radioactive screening assay to detect chemicals disrupting the human sodium iodide symporter activity. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 57:39-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang J, Hallinger DR, Murr AS, Buckalew AR, Lougee RR, Richard AM, Laws SC, Stoker TE. High-throughput screening and chemotype-enrichment analysis of ToxCast phase II chemicals evaluated for human sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) inhibition. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 126:377-386. [PMID: 30826616 PMCID: PMC9082575 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In support of the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP), the U.S.EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD) is developing high-throughput screening (HTS) approaches to identify chemicals that alter target sites in the thyroid hormone (TH) pathway. The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that mediates iodide uptake into the thyroid as the initial step of TH biosynthesis. Previously, we screened 293 ToxCast chemicals (ph1v2) using a HEK293T cell line expressing human NIS in parallel radioactive iodide uptake (RAIU) and cell viability assays to identify potential environmental NIS inhibitors. Here, we expanded NIS inhibitor screening for a set of 768 ToxCast Phase II (ph2) chemicals, and applied a novel computational toxicology approach based on the ToxPrint chemotype to identify chemical substructures associated with NIS inhibition. Following single-concentration screening (at 1 × 10-4 M with a 20% inhibition cutoff), 235 samples (228 chemicals) were further tested in multiple-concentration (1 × 10-9 - 1 × 10-4 M) format in both RAIU and cell viability assays. The 167 chemicals that exhibited significant RAIU inhibition were then prioritized using combined RAIU and cell viability responses that were normalized relative to the known NIS inhibitor sodium perchlorate. Some of the highest ranked chemicals, such as PFOS, tributyltin chloride, and triclocarban, have been previously reported to be thyroid disruptors. In addition, several novel chemicals were identified as potent NIS inhibitors. The present results were combined with the previous ph1v2 screening results to produce two sets of binary hit-calls for 1028 unique chemicals, consisting of 273 positives exhibiting significant RAIU inhibition, and 63 positives following application of a cell viability filter. A ToxPrint chemotype-enrichment analysis identified >20 distinct chemical substructural features, represented in >60% of the active chemicals, as significantly enriched in each NIS inhibition hit-call space. A shared set of 9 chemotypes enriched in both hit-call sets indicates stable chemotype signals (insensitive to cytotoxicity filters) that can help guide structure-activity relationship (SAR) investigations and inform future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Daniel R Hallinger
- Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Ashley S Murr
- Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Angela R Buckalew
- Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Ryan R Lougee
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Ann M Richard
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Susan C Laws
- Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Tammy E Stoker
- Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
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Gavrilenko NA, Fedan DA, Saranchina NV, Gavrilenko MA. Solid phase colorimetric determination of iodine in food grade salt using polymethacrylate matrix. Food Chem 2019; 280:15-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Olker JH, Korte JJ, Denny JS, Hartig PC, Cardon MC, Knutsen CN, Kent PM, Christensen JP, Degitz SJ, Hornung MW. Screening the ToxCast Phase 1, Phase 2, and e1k Chemical Libraries for Inhibitors of Iodothyronine Deiodinases. Toxicol Sci 2019; 168:430-442. [PMID: 30561685 PMCID: PMC6520049 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deiodinase enzymes play an essential role in converting thyroid hormones between active and inactive forms by deiodinating the pro-hormone thyroxine (T4) to the active hormone triiodothyronine (T3) and modifying T4 and T3 to inactive forms. Chemical inhibition of deiodinase activity has been identified as an important endpoint to include in screening chemicals for thyroid hormone disruption. To address the lack of data regarding chemicals that inhibit the deiodinase enzymes, we developed robust in vitro assays that utilized human deiodinase types 1, 2, and 3 and screened over 1800 unique chemicals from the U.S. EPA's ToxCast phase 1_v2, phase 2, and e1k libraries. Initial testing at a single concentration identified 411 putative deiodinase inhibitors that produced inhibition of 20% or greater in at least 1 of the 3 deiodinase assays, including chemicals that have not previously been shown to inhibit deiodinases. Of these, 228 chemicals produced enzyme inhibition of 50% or greater; these chemicals were further tested in concentration-response to determine relative potency. Comparisons across these deiodinase assays identified 81 chemicals that produced selective inhibition, with 50% inhibition or greater of only 1 of the deiodinases. This set of 3 deiodinase inhibition assays provides a significant contribution toward expanding the limited number of in vitro assays used to identify chemicals with the potential to interfere with thyroid hormone homeostasis. In addition, these results set the groundwork for development and evaluation of structure-activity relationships for deiodinase inhibition, and inform targeted selection of chemicals for further testing to identify adverse outcomes of deiodinase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H. Olker
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
- Office of Research and Development, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
| | - Joseph J. Korte
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
- Office of Research and Development, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
| | - Jeffrey S. Denny
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
- Office of Research and Development, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
| | - Phillip C. Hartig
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
- Office of Research and Development, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
- Toxicity Assessment Division, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Mary C. Cardon
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
- Office of Research and Development, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
- Toxicity Assessment Division, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Carsten N. Knutsen
- Student Services Contractor to the U.S. EPA, NHEERL, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
| | - Paige M. Kent
- ORAU Student Services Contractor to the U.S. EPA, NHEERL, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
| | - Jessica P. Christensen
- ORAU Student Services Contractor to the U.S. EPA, NHEERL, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
| | - Sigmund J. Degitz
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
- Office of Research and Development, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
| | - Michae1 W. Hornung
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
- Office of Research and Development, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
- Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota, 55804
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Dong J, Cong Z, You M, Fu Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Fu H, Wei L, Chen J. Effects of perinatal di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure on thyroid function in rat offspring. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 67:53-60. [PMID: 30716676 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a commonly used plasticizer in industry and displays the characteristics of an endocrine disruptor. Disorders of the maternal thyroid hormone (TH) during pregnancy can cause adverse effects on the fetus. We investigated the effects and possible mechanism of perinatal DEHP exposure on the thyroid function of pups. Pregnant female Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups and received doses of DEHP of 0, 30, 300, 750 mg/kg/day by gavage at from gestational day (GD) 0 to postnatal day (PN) 21. The concentration of serum THs and the ultrastructure of thyroid follicular cells in the offspring were examined. Related protein level and gene expression of thyroid proteins in pups were analyzed by western blotting and real-time PCR. We found that DEHP significantly reduced total thyroxine (TT4) and increased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in pups, while total triiodothyronine (TT3) showed no change. Thyroid follicular cells ultrastructure was damaged in DEHP exposed pups as viewed by electron microscopy. Furthermore, exposure to DEHP significantly increased protein and mRNA levels of thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), paired box 8 (PAX8), sodium iodide symporter (NIS) and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) in pups. In addition, levels of deiodinases of pups were also affected. These findings indicated that DEHP can disrupt thyroid function by damaging thyroid follicles and affecting TTF-1, PAX8, NIS, TPO and the deiodinase protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangzhao Cong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingdan You
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Fu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Fu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China.
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Investigation of adrenal and thyroid gland dysfunction in dogs with ultrasonographic diagnosis of gallbladder mucocele formation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212638. [PMID: 30811473 PMCID: PMC6392329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder mucocele formation is an emerging disease in dogs characterized by increased secretion of condensed granules of gel-forming mucin by the gallbladder epithelium and formation of an abnormally thick mucus that can culminate in obstruction of the bile duct or rupture of the gallbladder. The disease is associated with a high morbidity and mortality and its pathogenesis is unknown. Affected dogs have a significantly increased likelihood of concurrent diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism, and hyperlipidemia. Whether these endocrinopathies represent coincidental primary disease processes that exacerbate gallbladder mucocele formation in predisposed dogs or reflect a concurrent disruption of endocrine and lipid metabolism is unclear. In this study, we investigated a hypothesis that dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation would have a high prevalence of occult and atypical abnormalities in adrenal cortical and thyroid gland function that would suggest the presence of endocrine disruption and provide deeper insight into disease pathogenesis. We performed a case-control study of dogs with and without ultrasonographic diagnosis of gallbladder mucocele formation and profiled adrenal cortical function using a quantitative mass spectrometry-based assay of serum adrenal-origin steroids before and after administration of synthetic cosyntropin. We simultaneously profiled serum thyroid hormone concentrations and evaluated iodine sufficiency by measurement of urine iodine:creatinine ratios (UICR). The studies were complemented by histological examination of archival thyroid tissue and measurements of thyroid gland organic iodine from dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation and control dogs. Dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation demonstrated an exaggerated cortisol response to adrenal stimulation with cosyntropin. A prevalence of 10% of dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation met laboratory-based criteria for suspect or definitive diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism. A significantly greater number of dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation had basal serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS) increases compared to control dogs. A high percentage of dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation (26%) met laboratory-based criteria for diagnosis of hypothyroidism, but lacked detection of anti-thyroglobulin antibodies. Dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation had significantly higher UICRs than control dogs. Examination of thyroid tissue from an unrelated group of dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation did not demonstrate histological evidence of thyroiditis or significant differences in content of organic iodine. These findings suggest that dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation have a greater capacity for cortisol synthesis and pinpoint DHEAS elevations as a potential clue to the underlying pathogenesis of the disease. A high prevalence of thyroid dysfunction with absent evidence for autoimmune thyroiditis suggest a disrupted thyroid hormone metabolism in dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation although an influence of non-thyroidal illness cannot be excluded. High UICR in dogs with gallbladder mucocele formation is of undetermined significance, but of interest for further study.
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LaLone CA, Villeneuve DL, Doering JA, Blackwell BR, Transue TR, Simmons CW, Swintek J, Degitz SJ, Williams AJ, Ankley GT. Evidence for Cross Species Extrapolation of Mammalian-Based High-Throughput Screening Assay Results. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13960-13971. [PMID: 30351027 PMCID: PMC8283686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) and computational technologies have emerged as important tools for chemical hazard identification. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) launched the Toxicity ForeCaster (ToxCast) Program, which has screened thousands of chemicals in hundreds of mammalian-based HTS assays for biological activity. The data are being used to prioritize toxicity testing on those chemicals likely to lead to adverse effects. To use HTS assays in predicting hazard to both humans and wildlife, it is necessary to understand how broadly these data may be extrapolated across species. The US EPA Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility (SeqAPASS; https://seqapass.epa.gov/seqapass/ ) tool was used to assess conservation of the 484 protein targets represented in the suite of ToxCast assays and other HTS assays. To demonstrate the utility of the SeqAPASS data for guiding extrapolation, case studies were developed which focused on targets of interest to the US Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. These case studies provide a line of evidence for conservation of endocrine targets across vertebrate species, with few exceptions, and demonstrate the utility of SeqAPASS for defining the taxonomic domain of applicability for HTS results and identifying organisms for suitable follow-up toxicity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlie A. LaLone
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
- Corresponding Author: Carlie A. LaLone:
| | - Daniel L. Villeneuve
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Jon A. Doering
- National Research Council, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Brett R. Blackwell
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Thomas R. Transue
- CSRA Inc., 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Cody W. Simmons
- CSRA Inc., 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Joe Swintek
- Badger Technical Services, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Sigmund J. Degitz
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Antony J. Williams
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Computational Toxicology, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Gerald T. Ankley
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, USA
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