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Grieco M, Giorgi A, Giacovazzo G, Maggiore A, Ficchì S, d'Erme M, Mosca L, Mignogna G, Maras B, Coccurello R. β-Hexachlorocyclohexane triggers neuroinflammatory activity, epigenetic histone post-translational modifications and cognitive dysfunction. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 279:116487. [PMID: 38810285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which encompass pesticides and industrial chemicals widely utilized across the globe, pose a covert threat to human health. β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) is an organochlorine pesticide with striking stability, still illegally dumped in many countries, and recognized as responsible for several pathogenetic mechanisms. This study represents a pioneering exploration into the neurotoxic effects induced by the exposure to β-HCH specifically targeting neuronal cells (N2a), microglia (BV-2), and C57BL/6 mice. As shown by western blot and qPCR analyses, the administration of β-HCH triggered a modulation of NF-κB, a key factor influencing both inflammation and pro-inflammatory cytokines expression. We demonstrated by proteomic and western blot techniques epigenetic modifications in H3 histone induced by β-HCH. Histone acetylation of H3K9 and H3K27 increased in N2a, and in the prefrontal cortex of C57BL/6 mice administered with β-HCH, whereas it decreased in BV-2 cells and in the hippocampus. We also observed a severe detrimental effect on recognition memory and spatial navigation by the Novel Object Recognition Test (NORT) and the Object Place Recognition Task (OPRT) behavioural tests. Cognitive impairment was linked to decreased expression of the genes BDNF and SNAP-25, which are mediators involved in synaptic function and activity. The obtained results expand our understanding of the harmful impact produced by β-HCH exposure by highlighting its implication in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases. These findings will support intervention programs to limit the risk induced by exposure to POPs. Regulatory agencies should block further illicit use, causing environmental hazards and endangering human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Grieco
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Giorgi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Giacovazzo
- European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maggiore
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Serena Ficchì
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria d'Erme
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciana Mosca
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Bruno Maras
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberto Coccurello
- European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute for Complex Systems, National Research Council (CNR), Roma, Italy
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2
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Dong G, Li Q, Yu C, Wang Q, Zuo D, Li X. n-Acetylcysteine protects against diazinon-induced histopathological damage and apoptosis in renal tissue of rats. Toxicol Res 2024; 40:285-295. [PMID: 38525131 PMCID: PMC10959863 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-024-00226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Diazinon (DZN) is a member of organophosphorus insecticides that has cytotoxic effects on different organs. n-Acetyl cysteine (NAC) is a widely used antioxidant in clinical, in vivo and in vitro studies. We evaluated the protective role of NAC against DZN-induced toxicity in kidney tissue of Wistar rats. 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups of control, single dose of DZN, continuous dose of DZN, single doses of DZN + NAC and continuous doses of DZN + NAC. Kidney function test (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid) was provided. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total sulfhydryl (T-SH) were determined in renal tissues. Renal cells apoptosis was detected using TUNEL assay. The mRNA expressions of apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators, including B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), Interleukin 10 (IL-10), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Caspase-3 and Caspase-8 were analyzed in kidney tissues using Real Time PCR method. Chronic exposure to DZN was associated with severe morphological changes in the kidney, as well as impairment of its function and decreased kidney weights. Continues treatment with DZN significantly decreased the percentage of renal apoptotic cells as compared to rats treated with continuous dose of DZN alone (17.69 ± 3.67% vs. 39.46% ± 2.44%; p < 0.001). Continuous exposure to DZN significantly decreased TAC and T-SH contents, as well as SOD and CAT expression, but increased MDA contents in the kidney tissues (p < 0.001). A significant increase was observed in mRNA expression of Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, as well as TNF-α following exposure to DZN, but the expression of IL-10 and Bcl2 was significantly decreased. NAC can protect kidney tissue against DZN-induced toxicity by elevating antioxidants capacity, mitigating oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaiqin Dong
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 225001 Jiangsu China
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000 Jiangsu China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000 Jiangsu China
| | - Chun Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000 Jiangsu China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000 Jiangsu China
| | - Danhua Zuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaozhong Li
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 225001 Jiangsu China
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3
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Sevim C, Tsatsakis A, Taghizadehghalehjoughi A, Ozkaraca M, Kara M, Genc S, Mendil AS, Yeni Y, Nikolouzakis TK, Ozcagli E. Investigation of the miRNA levels changes to acceptable daily intake dose pesticide mixture exposure on rat mesentery and pancreas. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140712. [PMID: 38036224 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Consumers are constantly exposed to a variety of chemical mixtures as part of their everyday activities and lifestyle. Food, water and commercial products are only some examples of the possible ways people get exposed to these mixtures. However, following federal and local guidelines for risk assessment related to chemical exposure, risk analysis focuses on a single substance exposure scenario and not on a mixture, as in real life. Realizing the pronounced gap of this methodology, the real-life risk simulation scenario approach tries to address this problem by investigating the possible effect of long-term exposure to chemical mixtures closely resembling the actual circumstances of modern life. As part of this effort, this study aimed to identify the cumulative effects of pesticides belonging to different classes and commonly used commercial products on long-term exposure with realistic doses. Sprague Dawley rats were given a pesticide mix of active ingredients and formulation chemicals in a daily acceptable dose (ADI) and 10xADI for 90 days. Following thorough everyday documentation of possible side-effects, after 90 days all animals were sacrificed and their organs were examined. Exposure to pesticides particularly affects the miRNA levels at that point will provide us with more information about whether they can be potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Sevim
- Deparment of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kastamonu University , 37200, Kastamonu, Turkey.
| | - Aristides Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Crete University, 71003, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Ali Taghizadehghalehjoughi
- Deparment of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, 11230, Bilecik, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Ozkaraca
- Deparment of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Cumhuriyet University , 58070, Sivas, Turkey.
| | - Mehtap Kara
- Deparment of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University , 34116, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sidika Genc
- Deparment of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, 11230, Bilecik, Turkey.
| | - Ali Sefa Mendil
- Deparment of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Erciyes University , 38280, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Yesim Yeni
- Deparment of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Özal University, 44210, Malatya, Turkey.
| | | | - Eren Ozcagli
- Deparment of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University , 34116, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Nassar WM, El-Kholy WM, El-Sawi MR, El-Shafai NM, Alotaibi BS, Ghamry HI, Shukry M. Ameliorative Effect of Thymoquinone and Thymoquinone Nanoparticles against Diazinon-Induced Hepatic Injury in Rats: A Possible Protection Mechanism. TOXICS 2023; 11:783. [PMID: 37755793 PMCID: PMC10536923 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The health benefits of thymoquinone (TQ) have been a significant focus of numerous studies. However, more research is needed to ascertain whether its nano-form can effectively treat or prevent chronic diseases. In this study, we investigated how thymoquinone and its nanoparticles can mitigate liver damage induced by diazinon in male Wistar rats and explored the intracellular mechanisms involved. Forty-two Wistar male rats (n = 42) were randomly allotted into seven groups. Group 1 served as the control. Group 2 (vehicle) consisted of rats that received corn oil via a gastric tube daily. In Group 3 (TQ), rats were given a daily oral administration of TQ (40 mg/kg bw). Group 4 (thymoquinone nanoparticles, NTQ) included rats that received NTQ (0.5 mg/kg bw) orally for 21 days. Group 5 (DZN) involved rats that were administered diazinon (DZN, 15 mg/kg bw) orally. In Group 6 (TQ + DZN), rats first received TQ orally, followed by DZN. Group 7 (NTQ + DZN) consisted of rats receiving NTQ orally, then DZN. After 21 days of treatment, the rats were euthanized. After oral administration of DZN, liver enzymes were significantly elevated (p < 0.05). Additionally, there were noticeable increases in oxidative injury markers, such as nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, redox oxygen radicals, and overall increases in hydrogen peroxide and liver protein carbonyl concentrations. This was accompanied by the upregulation of apoptotic markers (Bax, caspase9, caspase 3, bax/Bcl2 ratio), inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), and DNA damage. There was also a noteworthy decrease (p < 0.05) in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and anti-apoptotic markers. However, the oral administration of thymoquinone or its nanoparticle form mitigated these diazinon complications; our histopathological findings corroborated our biochemical and molecular observations. In conclusion, the significant antioxidant properties of thymoquinone, or its nanoparticle form, in tandem with the downregulation of apoptotic markers and inflammatory cytokines, provided a protective effect against hepatic dysfunction caused by diazinon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa M. Nassar
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Wafaa M. El-Kholy
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mamdouh R. El-Sawi
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Nagi M. El-Shafai
- Nanotechnology Center, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Badriyah S. Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba I. Ghamry
- Nutrition and Food Sciences, Department of Home Economics, Faculty of Home Economics, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 960, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
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Chang J, An Q, Xie Y, Liu W, Xu P, Hao W, Wan B. Temperature-Dependent Bioaccumulation, Metabolism, and Hepatotoxicity of Flufiprole in Lizards ( Eremias argus). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11612-11625. [PMID: 37489879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
As a phenylpyrazole insecticide, flufiprole is an important substitute for fipronil in the agricultural field of China. However, its bioaccumulation and metabolism in terrestrial organisms especially in the lizards living in the agricultural area have rarely been investigated. As an ectothermic animal, lizards are also sensitive to temperature changes. Considering global warming, this study measured bioaccumulation, metabolism, and hepatotoxicity of flufiprole in the Chinese native lizard (Eremias argus) under different temperature stresses. Lizards exposed to flufiprole-contaminated soil adsorbed flufiprole through the skin and flufiprole was preferred to accumulate in lizard liver and brain. The oxidation product fipronil sulfone was the main metabolite of flufiprole in both lizard liver and human liver microsomes, which were mainly metabolized by lizard CYP3A19 or human CYP3A4. The fipronil sulfone concentration increased with increased temperature in lizard tissues. In addition, more serious oxidative damage was shown under higher temperature as the glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels in lizards increased with increased temperature after flufiprole exposure. Flufiprole exposure also induced lizard liver lesions, and these lesions became more serious in the higher-temperature groups. This study provided new insights into the risk assessment of flufiprole in lizards under global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qiong An
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yun Xie
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Weiyu Hao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bin Wan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China
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6
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Nechalioti PM, Karampatzakis T, Mesnage R, Antoniou MN, Ibragim M, Tsatsakis A, Docea AO, Nepka C, Kouretas D. Evaluation of perinatal exposure of glyphosate and its mixture with 2,4-D and dicamba οn liver redox status in Wistar rats. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 228:115906. [PMID: 37062480 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Wide-scale emergence of glyphosate-resistant weeds has led to an increase in the simultaneous application of herbicide mixtures exacerbated by the introduction of crops tolerant to glyphosate plus dicamba or glyphosate plus 2,4-D. This raises serious concerns regarding the environmental and health risks resulting from increased exposure to a mixture of herbicide active ingredients. We evaluated hepatotoxic effects following perinatal exposure to glyphosate alone or in combination with 2,4-D and dicamba from gestational day-6 until adulthood in Wistar rats. Animals were administered with glyphosate at the European Union (EU) acceptable daily intake (ADI; 0.5 mg/kg bw/day) and no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL; 50 mg/kg bw/day). A mixture of glyphosate with 2,4-D (0.3 mg/kg bw/day) and dicamba (0.02 mg/kg bw/day) with each at their EU ADI was evaluated. Redox status was determined by measuring levels of reduced glutathione, decomposition rate of Η2Ο2, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity, thiobarbituric reactive substances, and protein carbonyls. Gene expression analysis of Nr1d1, Nr1d2, Clec2g, Ier3, and Gadd45g associated with oxidative damage to DNA, was also performed. Analysis of liver samples showed that exposure to the mixture of the three herbicides induced a marked increase in the concentration of glutathione and malondialdehyde indicative of a disturbance in redox balance. Nevertheless, the effect of increased lipid peroxidation was not discernible following a 3-month recuperation period where animals were withdrawn from pesticide exposure post-weaning. Interestingly, toxic effects caused by prenatal exposure to the glyphosate NOAEL were present after the same 3-month recovery period. No statistically significant changes in the expression of genes linked with genotoxicity were observed. Our findings reinforce the importance of assessing the combined effects of chemical pollutants at doses that are asserted by regulatory agencies to be safe individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi-Maria Nechalioti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, Mezourlo, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Thomas Karampatzakis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, Mezourlo, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Robin Mesnage
- King's College London, Gene Expression and Therapy Group, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Michael N Antoniou
- King's College London, Gene Expression and Therapy Group, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mariam Ibragim
- King's College London, Gene Expression and Therapy Group, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania
| | - Charitini Nepka
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Larissa, 41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, Mezourlo, 41500, Larissa, Greece.
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7
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Rodríguez-Carrillo A, Mustieles V, Salamanca-Fernández E, Olivas-Martínez A, Suárez B, Bajard L, Baken K, Blaha L, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC, Couderq S, D'Cruz SC, Fini JB, Govarts E, Gundacker C, Hernández AF, Lacasaña M, Laguzzi F, Linderman B, Long M, Louro H, Neophytou C, Oberemn A, Remy S, Rosenmai AK, Saber AT, Schoeters G, Silva MJ, Smagulova F, Uhl M, Vinggaard AM, Vogel U, Wielsøe M, Olea N, Fernández MF. Implementation of effect biomarkers in human biomonitoring studies: A systematic approach synergizing toxicological and epidemiological knowledge. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 249:114140. [PMID: 36841007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring (HBM) studies have highlighted widespread daily exposure to environmental chemicals. Some of these are suspected to contribute to adverse health outcomes such as reproductive, neurological, and metabolic disorders, among other developmental and chronic impairments. One of the objectives of the H2020 European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) was the development of informative effect biomarkers for application in a more systematic and harmonized way in large-scale European HBM studies. The inclusion of effect biomarkers would complement exposure data with mechanistically-based information on early and late adverse effects. For this purpose, a stepwise strategy was developed to identify and implement a panel of validated effect biomarkers in European HBM studies. This work offers an overview of the complete procedure followed, from comprehensive literature search strategies, selection of criteria for effect biomarkers and their classification and prioritization, based on toxicological data and adverse outcomes, to pilot studies for their analytical, physiological, and epidemiological validation. We present the example of one study that demonstrated the mediating role of the effect biomarker status of brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF in the longitudinal association between infant bisphenol A (BPA) exposure and behavioral function in adolescence. A panel of effect biomarkers has been implemented in the HBM4EU Aligned Studies as main outcomes, including traditional oxidative stress, reproductive, and thyroid hormone biomarkers. Novel biomarkers of effect, such as DNA methylation status of BDNF and kisspeptin (KISS) genes were also evaluated as molecular markers of neurological and reproductive health, respectively. A panel of effect biomarkers has also been applied in HBM4EU occupational studies, such as micronucleus analysis in lymphocytes and reticulocytes, whole blood comet assay, and malondialdehyde, 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine and untargeted metabolomic profile in urine, to investigate, for example, biological changes in response to hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) exposure. The use of effect biomarkers in HBM4EU has demonstrated their ability to detect early biological effects of chemical exposure and to identify subgroups that are at higher risk. The roadmap developed in HBM4EU confirms the utility of effect biomarkers, and support one of the main objectives of HBM research, which is to link exposure biomarkers to mechanistically validated effect and susceptibility biomarkers in order to better understand the public health implications of human exposure to environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rodríguez-Carrillo
- Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain; Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Vicente Mustieles
- Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain; Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Elena Salamanca-Fernández
- Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain; Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain.
| | - Alicia Olivas-Martínez
- Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Suárez
- Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - Lola Bajard
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kirsten Baken
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Ludek Blaha
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Cecilie Bonefeld-Jørgensen
- Centre for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Aarhus University, Denmark; Greenland Centre for Health Research, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Stephan Couderq
- Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, Département "Adaptation du Vivant", UMR 7221 MNHN/CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Shereen Cynthia D'Cruz
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Fini
- Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, Département "Adaptation du Vivant", UMR 7221 MNHN/CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Eva Govarts
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Claudia Gundacker
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 10, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio F Hernández
- Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Granada, Spain
| | - Marina Lacasaña
- Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Granada, Spain
| | - Federica Laguzzi
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitte Linderman
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Manhai Long
- Centre for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Aarhus University, Denmark; Greenland Centre for Health Research, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Henriqueta Louro
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Human Genetics Department, Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School/FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Axel Oberemn
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvie Remy
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | | | | | - Greet Schoeters
- VITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maria Joao Silva
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Human Genetics Department, Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School/FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fatima Smagulova
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Maria Uhl
- Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne Marie Vinggaard
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark; The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Wielsøe
- Centre for Arctic Health & Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Nicolás Olea
- Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain; Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Mariana F Fernández
- Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012, Granada, Spain; Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain.
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8
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Adeoye SWA, Adeshina OS, Yusuf MG, Omole A. Hepatoprotective and Renoprotective effect of Moringa oleifera Seed Oil on Dichlorvos-induced Toxicity in Male Wistar rats. Niger J Physiol Sci 2022; 37:119-126. [PMID: 35947842 DOI: 10.54548/njps.v37i1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The liver and the kidney are one of the vital organs of body. Drug-induced toxicity is one of the most common problems encountered by these organs. The search for an effective medicine to treat this toxicity without any side effects has led to the use of traditional-based medicine. This study evaluated the effect of ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera seed oil on hepatic and renal markers in dimethyl 2, 2-dichlorovinyl phosphate (DDVP, known as dichlorvos)-exposed Wistar rats. Twenty-one male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups of seven animals each. Group A served as the negative control and were not exposed to dichlorvos. Group B served as the positive control and were exposed to dichlorvos for 2 minutes but received no extract. Group C animals were exposed to the dichlorvos and received 300mg/kg of extract (Moringa oleifera seed oil) for 7days before and 21days after exposure. Exposure to DDVP led to a significant increase in hepatic & renal markers, inflammatory markers, decrease in plasma protein and alteration of plasma electrolyte. Moringa oleifera seed oil regulated and significantly enhanced plasma protein, reduced elevated levels of hepatic & renal markers, inflammatory markers in the study sample. In addition, histopathology observation showed that Moringa seed oil was able to regenerate the hepatorenal damage on exposure to dichlorvos. Conclusion: Moringa oleifera seed oil exhibited hepato-protective, nephroprotective properties and could be explored in nutrition and health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mariam Gbemisola Yusuf
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, LAUTECH,Ogbomoso, Oyo State.
| | - Ayomide Omole
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, LAUTECH,Ogbomoso, Oyo State.
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9
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The protective effect of resveratrol on diazinon‐induced oxidative stress and glucose hemostasis disorder in rats' liver. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23063. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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10
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Total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of agricultural wastes, and their ability to remove some pesticide residues. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:628-635. [PMID: 35399213 PMCID: PMC8990048 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) cause great risk to human health as they are used globally. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to determine the total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of agricultural waste, as well as to control the pesticide residues (diazinon, and parathion) at a laboratory scale level using dried-milled fruit wastes. The pesticide residues parathion and diazinon were used at concentrations of 0.094, and 1.90 mg/mL respectively. The fruit wastes used in this study were orange and banana peels, as well as date stones, and they were used in two concentrations (3 and 9 g/30 mL deionized water). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant activity were measured in fruit wastes. Also, the Fourier transmitted infrared (FTIR) spectra of fruit wastes were established to figure out the nature of the functional groups found before and after pesticide residues removal. The ability of fruit wastes to remove pesticides residues was determined using Gas Chromatography/Mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Data showed that date stones contained a higher amount of total phenolic content than orange and banana peels. However, orange peels contained a higher amount of total flavonoid contents than those of date stones and banana peels. As for antioxidant activity, banana peels recorded the higher antioxidant activity, followed by orange peels and date stones respectively. Results revealed that there was no relation between total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity. Results also indicated that date stones at a concentration of 9 g successfully reduced diazinon (81.18%), followed by banana (63.86%) and orange peels (43.42%) respectively, whereas parathion was reduced by banana peels at a concentration of 9 g (50.34%), followed by orange peels (45.28%), and date stones (39.52%) respectively. This study demonstrated that agricultural wastes were effective in the adsorption of diazinon from water, and their use is considered safe for the environment. Date stones successfully reduced diazinon by 81.18%, whereas banana peels effectively reduced parathion by 50.34%. FTIR spectra of fruit wastes displaced severeal peaks. Date stones contained a higher amount of total phenolic content. Orange peels contained a higher amount of total flavonoid contents. Banana peels recorded the higher antioxidant activity.
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11
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Wang H, Liu H, Peng H, Wang Y, Zhang C, Guo X, Wang H, Liu L, Lv W, Cheng P, Gong M. A symbiotic gut bacterium enhances Aedes albopictus resistance to insecticide. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010208. [PMID: 35245311 PMCID: PMC8896681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing insecticide resistance of Aedes albopictus puts many countries in Asia and Africa, including China, at great risk of a mosquito-borne virus epidemic. To date, a growing number of researches have focused on the relationship between intestinal symbiotic bacteria and their hosts' resistance to insecticides. This provides a novel aspect to the study of resistant mechanisms. METHODS/FINDINGS This study reveals significant composition and dynamic changes in the intestinal symbiotic bacteria of Ae. albopictus between the resistant and susceptible strains based on full-length sequencing technology. The relative abundance of Serratia oryzae was significantly higher in the resistance strain than in the susceptible strains; also, the relative abundance of S. oryzae was significantly higher in deltamethrin-induced Ae. albopictus than in their counterpart. These suggested that S. oryzae may be involved in the development of insecticide resistance in Ae. albopictus. To explore the insecticide resistance mechanism, adult mosquitoes were fed with GFP-tagged S. oryzae, which resulted in stable bacterial enrichment in the mosquito gut without affecting the normal physiology, longevity, oviposition, and hatching rates of the host. The resistance measurements were made based on bioassays as per the WHO guidelines. The results showed that the survival rate of S. oryzae-enriched Ae. albopictus was significantly higher than the untreated mosquitoes, indicating the enhanced resistance of S. oryzae-enriched Ae. albopictus. Also, the activities of three metabolic detoxification enzymes in S. oryzae-enriched mosquitoes were increased to varying degrees. Meanwhile, the activity of extracellular enzymes released by S. oryzae was measured, but only carboxylesterase activity was detected. HPLC and UHPLC were respectively used to measure deltamethrin residue concentration and metabolite qualitative analysis, showing that the deltamethrin degradation efficiency of S. oryzae was positively correlated with time and bacterial amount. Deltamethrin was broken down into 1-Oleoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PE and 2',2'-Dibromo-2'-deoxyguanosine. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 9 cytochrome P450s, 8 GSTs and 7 CarEs genes were significantly upregulated. CONCLUSIONS S. oryzae can be accumulated into adult Ae. albopictus by artificial feeding, which enhances deltamethrin resistance by inducing the metabolic detoxification genes and autocrine metabolic enzymes. S. oryzae is vertically transmitted in Ae. albopictus population. Importantly, S. oryzae can degrade deltamethrin in vitro, and use deltamethrin as the sole carbon source for their growths. Therefore, in the future, S. oryzae may also be commercially used to break down the residual insecticides in the farmland and lakes to protect the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Wang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
| | - Chongxing Zhang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
| | - Xiuxia Guo
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
| | - Haifang Wang
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
| | - Wenxiang Lv
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
- * E-mail: (PC); (MG)
| | - Maoqing Gong
- Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, China
- * E-mail: (PC); (MG)
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12
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Esfahani M, Rahbar AH, Soleimani Asl S, Mehri F. Resveratrol: a panacea compound for diazinon-induced renal toxicity. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.2008452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Esfahani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Rahbar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Payame Noor University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sara Soleimani Asl
- Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Hemmat Pardis), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Mehri
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Akamo AJ, Akinloye DI, Ugbaja RN, Adeleye OO, Dosumu OA, Eteng OE, Antiya MC, Amah G, Ajayi OA, Faseun SO. Naringin prevents cyclophosphamide-induced erythrocytotoxicity in rats by abrogating oxidative stress. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1803-1813. [PMID: 34760624 PMCID: PMC8567332 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier reports have shown that Cyclophosphamide (CYCP), an anti-malignant drug, elicited cytotoxicity; and that naringin has several beneficial potentials against oxidative stress and dyslipidaemias. We investigated the influence of naringin on free radical scavenging, cellular integrity, cellular ATP, antioxidants, oxidative stress, and lipid profiles in the CYCP-induced erythrocytotoxicity rat model. Rats were pretreated orally by gavage for fourteen consecutive days with three doses (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) naringin before single CYCP (200 mg/kg, i.p.) administration. Afterwards, the rats were sacrificed. Naringin concentrations required for 50 % scavenging hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide radical were 0.27 mg/mL and 0.28 mg/mL, respectively. Naringin pretreatment significantly (p < 0.05) protected erythrocytes plasma membrane architecture and integrity by abolishing CYCP-induced decrease in the activity of erythrocyte LDH (a marker of ATP). Pretreatment with naringin remarkably (p < 0.05) reversed CYCP-induced decreases in the erythrocytes glutathione levels, activities of glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase; attenuated CYCP-mediated increases in erythrocytes levels of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and major lipids (cholesterol, triacylglycerol, phospholipids, and non-esterified fatty acids). Taken together, different acute pretreatment doses of naringin might avert CYCP-mediated erythrocytes dysfunctions via its antioxidant, free-radical scavenging, and anti-dyslipidaemia properties.
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Key Words
- AP-1, activator protein 1
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Antioxidants
- BHT, butylated hydroxytoluene
- C31H28N2Na4O13S, xylenol tetrasodium
- C5FeN6Na2O, sodium nitroprusside
- CAT, catalase
- CDNB, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
- CYCP, cyclophosphamide
- Cu(NO3)2.3H2O, copper II nitrate
- Cyclophosphamide
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- DTNB, 5,5ˈ-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)
- Erythrocytotoxicity
- FeSO4.7H2O, Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate
- G6PDH, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- GSPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSR, glutathione reductase
- GSSG, oxidized glutathione
- GST, glutathione-S-transferase
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- H3PO3, phosphoric acid
- HO•, hydroxyl radical
- HSCs, hepatic stellate cells
- K2HPO4, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate
- KCl, potassium chloride
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- Lipid profile
- MAPKs, mitogen-activated protein kinases
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MMP, matrix metalloprotease
- NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NH4OH, ammonium hydroxide
- NO, nitric oxide
- NO2−, nitrite
- NO3−, nitrate
- NOAEL, no-observed-adverse-effect level
- Na2HPO4, disodium hydrogen phosphate
- NaH2PO4, sodium dihydrogen phosphate
- Naringin
- Nrf2, nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2
- O2HbFe2+, oxyhemoglobin
- O2•–, superoxide radical
- OONO−, peroxynitrite radical
- Oxidative stress
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PUFA, Polyunsaturated fatty acids
- R-Smad, Smad activated receptor
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- TBA, 2-thiobarbituric acid
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TROOH, total hydroperoxide
- VLDL, very low density lipoprotein
- eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- i.p., intraperitoneally
- mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid
- metHb, methemoglobin
- α-SMA, alpha smooth muscle actin
- •NO, nitric oxide radical
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Affiliation(s)
- Adio J. Akamo
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Dorcas I. Akinloye
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Regina N. Ugbaja
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwagbemiga O. Adeleye
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwatosin A. Dosumu
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Ofem E. Eteng
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Moses C. Antiya
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Gogonte Amah
- Department of Biochemistry, Benjamin Carson (SRN) School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilisan, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwafunke A. Ajayi
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Samuel O. Faseun
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
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Khalifa SAM, Elashal MH, Yosri N, Du M, Musharraf SG, Nahar L, Sarker SD, Guo Z, Cao W, Zou X, Abd El-Wahed AA, Xiao J, Omar HA, Hegazy MEF, El-Seedi HR. Bee Pollen: Current Status and Therapeutic Potential. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061876. [PMID: 34072636 PMCID: PMC8230257 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bee pollen is a combination of plant pollen and honeybee secretions and nectar. The Bible and ancient Egyptian texts are documented proof of its use in public health. It is considered a gold mine of nutrition due to its active components that have significant health and medicinal properties. Bee pollen contains bioactive compounds including proteins, amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and polyphenols. The vital components of bee pollen enhance different bodily functions and offer protection against many diseases. It is generally marketed as a functional food with affordable and inexpensive prices with promising future industrial potentials. This review highlights the dietary properties of bee pollen and its influence on human health, and its applications in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaden A. M. Khalifa
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: (S.A.M.K.); (H.R.E.-S.); Tel.: +46-700-101-113 (S.A.M.K.); +46-700-434-343 (H.R.E.-S.)
| | - Mohamed H. Elashal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32512, Egypt; (M.H.E.); (N.Y.)
| | - Nermeen Yosri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32512, Egypt; (M.H.E.); (N.Y.)
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Z.G.); (X.Z.)
| | - Ming Du
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116024, China;
| | - Syed G. Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan;
| | - Lutfun Nahar
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Satyajit D. Sarker
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery (CNPD), School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK;
| | - Zhiming Guo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Z.G.); (X.Z.)
| | - Wei Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China;
| | - Xiaobo Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Z.G.); (X.Z.)
| | - Aida A. Abd El-Wahed
- Department of Bee Research, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Giza 12627, Egypt;
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo—Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain;
| | - Hany A. Omar
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, P.O.Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Mohamed-Elamir F. Hegazy
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Hesham R. El-Seedi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32512, Egypt; (M.H.E.); (N.Y.)
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: (S.A.M.K.); (H.R.E.-S.); Tel.: +46-700-101-113 (S.A.M.K.); +46-700-434-343 (H.R.E.-S.)
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15
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Ledda C, Cannizzaro E, Cinà D, Filetti V, Vitale E, Paravizzini G, Di Naso C, Iavicoli I, Rapisarda V. Oxidative stress and DNA damage in agricultural workers after exposure to pesticides. J Occup Med Toxicol 2021; 16:1. [PMID: 33413467 PMCID: PMC7791774 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-020-00290-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent epidemiological studies on workers describe that exposure to pesticides can induce oxidative stress by increased production of free radicals that can accumulate in the cell and damage biological macromolecules, for example, RNA, DNA, DNA repair proteins and other proteins and/or modify antioxidant defense mechanisms, as well as detoxification and scavenger enzymes. This study aimed to assess oxidative stress and DNA damage among workers exposed to pesticides. METHODS For this purpose, 52 pesticide exposed workers and 52 organic farmers were enrolled. They were assessed: the pesticide exposure, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total glutathione (TG), oxidized glutathione levels (GSSG), and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), levels. RESULTS Correlation between pesticide exposure was positively associated with high TBARS and 8-oxodG levels (p < 0.001). A negative association was founded with TG and GSSG and pesticide exposure. CONCLUSIONS The present investigation results seem to indicate a mild augment in oxidative stress associated with pesticide exposure, followed by an adaptive response to increase the antioxidant defenses to prevent sustained oxidative adverse effects stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Ledda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Occupational Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 89 - 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Cannizzaro
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care, Occupational Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Diana Cinà
- Clinical Pathology and Clinical Molecular Biology Unit, "Garibaldi Centro" Hospital, ARNAS Garibaldi, Catania, Italy
| | - Vera Filetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Occupational Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 89 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Ermanno Vitale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Occupational Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 89 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Concettina Di Naso
- Clinical Pathology and Clinical Molecular Biology Unit, "Garibaldi Centro" Hospital, ARNAS Garibaldi, Catania, Italy
| | - Ivo Iavicoli
- Department of Public Health, Occupational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Venerando Rapisarda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Occupational Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 89 - 95123, Catania, Italy
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16
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Ledda C, Cannizzaro E, Cinà D, Filetti V, Vitale E, Paravizzini G, Di Naso C, Iavicoli I, Rapisarda V. Oxidative stress and DNA damage in agricultural workers after exposure to pesticides. J Occup Med Toxicol 2021; 16:1. [PMID: 33413467 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-020-00290-z/figures/1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent epidemiological studies on workers describe that exposure to pesticides can induce oxidative stress by increased production of free radicals that can accumulate in the cell and damage biological macromolecules, for example, RNA, DNA, DNA repair proteins and other proteins and/or modify antioxidant defense mechanisms, as well as detoxification and scavenger enzymes. This study aimed to assess oxidative stress and DNA damage among workers exposed to pesticides. METHODS For this purpose, 52 pesticide exposed workers and 52 organic farmers were enrolled. They were assessed: the pesticide exposure, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total glutathione (TG), oxidized glutathione levels (GSSG), and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), levels. RESULTS Correlation between pesticide exposure was positively associated with high TBARS and 8-oxodG levels (p < 0.001). A negative association was founded with TG and GSSG and pesticide exposure. CONCLUSIONS The present investigation results seem to indicate a mild augment in oxidative stress associated with pesticide exposure, followed by an adaptive response to increase the antioxidant defenses to prevent sustained oxidative adverse effects stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Ledda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Occupational Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 89 - 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Cannizzaro
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care, Occupational Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Diana Cinà
- Clinical Pathology and Clinical Molecular Biology Unit, "Garibaldi Centro" Hospital, ARNAS Garibaldi, Catania, Italy
| | - Vera Filetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Occupational Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 89 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Ermanno Vitale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Occupational Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 89 - 95123, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Concettina Di Naso
- Clinical Pathology and Clinical Molecular Biology Unit, "Garibaldi Centro" Hospital, ARNAS Garibaldi, Catania, Italy
| | - Ivo Iavicoli
- Department of Public Health, Occupational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Venerando Rapisarda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Occupational Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 89 - 95123, Catania, Italy
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17
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Aroniadou-Anderjaska V, Apland JP, Figueiredo TH, De Araujo Furtado M, Braga MF. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (nerve agents) as weapons of mass destruction: History, mechanisms of action, and medical countermeasures. Neuropharmacology 2020; 181:108298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ock J, Kim J, Choi YH. Organophosphate insecticide exposure and telomere length in U.S. adults. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:135990. [PMID: 31905589 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate insecticides have been widely used for >30 years, and are reported to be associated with various age-related chronic diseases. While shortening of telomere length has been considered as a marker of cellular aging, only a few small studies have been conducted to examine any difference of telomere length in workers exposed to organophosphates versus controls. Epidemiologic studies of the dose-response associations between environmental organophosphate exposure and telomere length in the general population are few. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the association between levels of organophosphate insecticide exposure and telomere length in the general population. METHODS We analyzed data for 1724 participants aged 20 years or more from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. Organophosphate insecticide exposure was estimated using measures of urinary concentrations for 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY) and six non-specific dialkyl phosphate metabolites, e.g., diethyl thiophosphate (DETP). Multiple linear regression was conducted to assess the association between organophosphate exposure and telomere length. RESULTS After controlling for sociodemographic and physical factors and urinary creatinine, participants in the second quartile for urinary TCPY had 0.06 (95% CI: 0.02-0.10) T/S ratio shorter telomere length than those in the lowest quartile. By contrast, participants in the second and third tertiles of urinary DETP had 0.08 (95% CI: 0.02-0.14) and 0.06 (95% CI, 0.01-0.11) T/S ratio longer telomere length than those in the lowest tertile. For other five metabolites, there was no association with telomere length. CONCLUSIONS Levels of environmental exposures to certain organophosphate insecticides may be linked to altered telomere length in adults in the general population. Although our findings may need to be replicated, we provide the first evidence that environmental exposure to organophosphates may contribute to the alteration of telomere length, which is potentially related to biological aging and to the development of various chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongwon Ock
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghoon Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hyeong Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
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Fountoucidou P, Veskoukis AS, Kerasioti E, Docea AO, Taitzoglou IA, Liesivuori J, Tsatsakis A, Kouretas D. A mixture of routinely encountered xenobiotics induces both redox adaptations and perturbations in blood and tissues of rats after a long-term low-dose exposure regimen: The time and dose issue. Toxicol Lett 2019; 317:24-44. [PMID: 31541690 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of humans to xenobiotic mixtures is a continuous state during their everyday routine. However, the majority of toxicological studies assess the in vivo effects of individual substances rather than mixtures. Therefore, our main objective was to evaluate the impact of the 12- and 18-month exposure of rats to a mixture containing 13 pesticides, food, and life-style additives in three dosage levels (i.e. 0.0025 × NOAEL, 0.01 × NOAEL, and 0.05 × NOAEL), on redox biomarkers in blood and tissues. Our results indicate that the exposure to the mixture induces physiological adaptations by enhancing the blood antioxidant mechanism (i.e., increased glutathione, catalase and total antioxidant capacity and decreased protein carbonyls and TBARS) at 12 months of exposure. On the contrary, exposure to the 0.05 × NOAEL dose for 18 months induces significant perturbations in blood and tissue redox profile (i.e., increased carbonyls and TBARS). This study simulates a scenario of real-life risk exposure to mixtures of xenobiotics through a long-term low-dose administration regimen in rats. The results obtained could support, at least in part, the necessity of introducing testing of combined stimuli at reference doses and long term for the evaluation of the risk from exposure to chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni Fountoucidou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, Mezourlo, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Aristidis S Veskoukis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, Mezourlo, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Efthalia Kerasioti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, Mezourlo, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Craiova, 200349, Romania
| | - Ioannis A Taitzoglou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, Mezourlo, 41500, Larissa, Greece.
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20
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Tsoukalas D, Fragkiadaki P, Docea AO, Alegakis AK, Sarandi E, Thanasoula M, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A, Razgonova MP, Calina D. Discovery of potent telomerase activators: Unfolding new therapeutic and anti-aging perspectives. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:3701-3708. [PMID: 31485647 PMCID: PMC6755196 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere length, a marker of cellular aging, decreases with age and it has been associated with aging‑related diseases. Environmental factors, including diet and lifestyle factors, affect the rate of telomere shortening which can be reversed by telomerase. Telomerase activation by natural molecules has been suggested to be an anti‑aging modulator that can play a role in the treatment of aging‑related diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effect of natural compounds on telomerase activity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The tested compounds included Centella asiatica extract formulation (08AGTLF), Astragalus extract formulation (Nutrient 4), TA‑65 (containing Astragalus membranaceus extract), oleanolic acid (OA), maslinic acid (MA), and 3 multi‑nutrient formulas (Nutrients 1, 2 and 3) at various concentrations. The mean absorbance values of telomerase activity measured following treatment with some of the above‑mentioned formulations were statistically significantly higher compared to those of the untreated cells. In particular, in order of importance with respect to telomerase activation from highest to lowest, 08AGTLF, OA, Nutrient 4, TA‑65, MA, Nutrient 3 and Nutrient 2, triggered statistically significant increase in telomerase activity compared to the untreated cells. 08AGTLF reached the highest levels of telomerase activity reported to date, at least to our knowledge, increasing telomerase activity by 8.8 folds compared to untreated cells, while Nutrient 4 and OA were also potent activators (4.3‑fold and 5.9‑fold increase, respectively). On the whole, this study indicates that the synergistic effect of nutrients and natural compounds can activate telomerase and produce more potent formulations. Human clinical studies using these formulations are required to evaluate their mode of action. This would reveal the health benefits of telomerase activation through natural molecules and would shed new light onto the treatment of aging‑related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Tsoukalas
- Metabolomic Μedicine, Health Clinics for Autoimmune and Chronic Diseases, 10674 Athens, Greece
| | - Persefoni Fragkiadaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Athanasios K Alegakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Evangelia Sarandi
- Metabolomic Μedicine, Health Clinics for Autoimmune and Chronic Diseases, 10674 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Thanasoula
- Metabolomic Μedicine, Health Clinics for Autoimmune and Chronic Diseases, 10674 Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania
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de Souza Santos V, Peters B, Côco LZ, Alves GM, de Assis ALEM, Nogueira BV, Meyrelles SS, Porto ML, Vasquez EC, Campagnaro BP, Pereira TMC. Silymarin protects against radiocontrast-induced nephropathy in mice. Life Sci 2019; 228:305-315. [PMID: 31047898 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin, an extract from Silybum marianum (milk thistle) containing a standardized mixture of flavonolignans that ameliorates some types of liver disease and, more recently, kidney damage, could be used for the ROS-scavenging effect of these antioxidants. Furthermore, contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is an iatrogenic impairment of renal function in patients subjected to angiographic procedures for which there is not yet a successful preventative treatment. Recent evidence has shown that this event is related to tubular/vascular injury activated mainly by oxidative stress. However, whether this bioavailable and pharmacologically safe extract protects against CIN is not clear. We proposed to evaluate the possible protective role of the antioxidant silymarin in an experimental model of CIN. Adult male Swiss mice were separated into 6 groups and pretreated orally with silymarin (50, 200 and 300 mg/kg), N-acetylcysteine (200 mg/kg) or vehicle for 5 days before the CIN and control groups. Renal function was analyzed by plasma creatinine, urea and cystatin C levels. Additionally, blood reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated using ROS bioavailability, protein oxidation and DNA damage. Renal oxidative damage was evaluated using apoptosis/cell viability assays and histological analysis. We showed that silymarin preserved renal function and decreased systemic and renal oxidative damage (antigenotoxic and antiapoptotic properties, respectively) in a dose-dependent manner and was superior to conventional treatment with N-acetylcysteine. Histologically, silymarin treatment also had beneficial effects on renal glomerular and tubular injuries. Therefore, silymarin prophylaxis may be an interesting strategy for the prevention of CIN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Peters
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Larissa Zambom Côco
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Gisele Maziero Alves
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Breno Valentim Nogueira
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Silvana Santos Meyrelles
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Marcella Leite Porto
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFES), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Elisardo Corral Vasquez
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil; Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Melo Costa Pereira
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil; Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFES), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil.
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Pereska Z, Chaparoska D, Bekarovski N, Jurukov I, Simonovska N, Babulovska A. Pulmonary thrombosis in acute organophosphate poisoning-Case report and literature overview of prothrombotic preconditioning in organophosphate toxicity. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:550-555. [PMID: 31285996 PMCID: PMC6587046 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute OP poisoning complicated with pulmonary thrombosis during the first week of poisoning. Antidote treatment included atropine, whereas diazepam was administered in the first 48 h. There was no administration of oximes due to unavailability. Prolonged hypoxemia in acute OP intoxication indicates exclusion of thrombotic pulmonary event.
Objective Acute organophosphate (OP) poisonings are presented with acetylcholine-receptor overstimulation. There have been a few case reports of thrombotic complications in acute OP poisonings, as well as prolonged thrombosis preconditions in patients who survived this type of intoxications. The paper presents a case with pulmonary thrombosis (PT) that develops in the subacute phase of intentional acute OP poisoning, treated only with atropine, as well as a literature overview of OP-induced prothrombotic toxicity. Case report A middle aged woman was brought to the hospital after ingestion of unknown insecticide with suicidal intentions. She had a history of HTA (arterial hypertension), hyperlipidemia and untreated depression. The clinical features of poisoning were miosis, vomiting, dizziness, abdominal cramps and diarrhea. Soon after admission, she developed difficulties in breathing with decrease of serum pseudocholinesterase (2590...1769...1644...800 U/l), bibasal pulmonary crackles, drop of SpO2 to 84%. Antidote treatment included carbo medicinalis, atropine, and diazepam, without use of oximes. The seventh day pseudocholinesterase, the levels started to rise but the patient’s hyposaturation (SpO2 86-88%) persisted. Chest ultrasound detected hypoechoic subpleural lesion to the right. Haemostatic tests showed increased D-Dimmer (2312 ng/ml) with hypercoagulability. The CT pulmonary angiography confirmed PT and after the administration of low molecular heparin, her clinical condition improved. Conclusion Acute organophosphate poisoning treated with atropine showed a potential for inducing prothrombotic coagulation abnormalities, presented with PT. This life-threatening complication may additionally contribute to prolonged morbidity and mortality in OP poisonings, especially in patients with medical history of comorbidites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanina Pereska
- University Clinic of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University "St. Cyril and Methodius", Clinical Campus Mother Theresa, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Daniela Chaparoska
- University Clinic of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University "St. Cyril and Methodius", Clinical Campus Mother Theresa, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Niko Bekarovski
- University Clinic of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University "St. Cyril and Methodius", Clinical Campus Mother Theresa, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Irena Jurukov
- University Clinic of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University "St. Cyril and Methodius", Clinical Campus Mother Theresa, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Natasha Simonovska
- University Clinic of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University "St. Cyril and Methodius", Clinical Campus Mother Theresa, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Aleksandra Babulovska
- University Clinic of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University "St. Cyril and Methodius", Clinical Campus Mother Theresa, Vodnjanska 17, 1000 Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia
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Xie Y, Li LYZ, Hao W, Chang J, Xu P, Guo B, Li J, Wang H. Comparative toxicokinetics and tissue distribution of prothioconazole and prothioconazole-desthio in Chinese lizards (Eremias argus) and transcriptional responses of metabolic-related genes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:524-533. [PMID: 30708314 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Prothioconazole (PTC) is a widely used triazolinthione fungicide with low toxicity and short residual period. However, its desulfurization metabolite, prothioconazole-desthio (PTC-d), is more persistent and has higher toxicity in terrestrial animals. In this study, the toxicokinetics (TK) and tissue distribution of PTC and PTC-d in Chinese lizards (Eremias argus) were measured following single oral dose (100 mg kg-1 body weight) treatments. TK parameters indicated that PTC was more rapidly absorbed than PTC-d, as indicated by its shorter time to reach peak concentrations in most tissues. Furthermore, the relative bioavailability of PTC in lizards was lower than that of PTC-d. Compared with PTC, PTC-d preferentially accumulated in lizards, as reflected by longer half-life of PTC-d. During the distribution process, PTC-d generated in vivo was transported from other tissues and was deposited in the skin and tail, where PTC-d may be excreted by exuviation or tail detachment. Preferential enrichment of S-enantiomer of both PTC and PTC-d were observed in all tissues. Hepatic cytochrome P450 gene expression measurement revealed that cyp1a5 and cyp3a28 exhibited the strongest responses in both treatment groups. In addition, the opposite responses of cyp2k4 in different treatment groups may indicate that this enzyme caused differences in the rates of metabolism of the two chemicals. This study compared the TK profile of PTC and its desulfurization metabolite PTC-d in lizards and demonstrated that the desulfurization of PTC could increase its ecological risk due to the higher bioavailability and persistence of PTC-d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xie
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19A, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Leon Yu Zheng Li
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - Weiyu Hao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19A, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Chang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Baoyuan Guo
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Huili Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing, 100085, China.
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24
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Gasco L, Dabbou S, Trocino A, Xiccato G, Capucchio MT, Biasato I, Dezzutto D, Birolo M, Meneguz M, Schiavone A, Gai F. Effect of dietary supplementation with insect fats on growth performance, digestive efficiency and health of rabbits. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:4. [PMID: 30675348 PMCID: PMC6337837 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present work aimed at evaluating the effect of the dietary replacement of soybean oil (S) by two types of insect fats extracted from black soldier fly larvae (H, Hermetia illucens L.) and yellow mealworm larvae (T, Tenebrio molitor L.) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, intestinal morphology and health of growing rabbits. METHODS At weaning, 200 crossbred rabbits (36 days old) were allotted to five dietary treatments (40 rabbits/group): a control diet (C) containing 1.5% of soybean oil and four experimental diets where soybean oil was partially (50%) or totally (100%) substituted by H (H50 and H100) or T (T50 and T100) fats. Total tract digestibility was evaluated on 12 rabbits per treatment. The growth trial lasted 41 d and, at slaughtering (78 days old), blood samples were collected from 15 rabbits per treatment, morphometric analyses were performed on duodenum, jejunum and ileum mucosa, and samples of liver, spleen and kidney were submitted to histological evaluation. RESULTS No difference was observed between the control and the experimental groups fed insect fats in terms of performance, morbidity, mortality and blood variables. The addition of H and T fats did not influence apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, protein, ether extract, fibre fractions and gross energy. Gut morphometric indices and organ histopathology were not affected by dietary inclusion of H and T fats. CONCLUSIONS H and T fats are suitable sources of lipid in rabbit diets to replace soybean oil without any detrimental effect on growth performance, apparent digestibility, gut mucosa traits and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Sihem Dabbou
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Angela Trocino
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Gerolamo Xiccato
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animal and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniela Dezzutto
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Birolo
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animal and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Meneguz
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research on Sustainability, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10100 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Gai
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
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Ilyushina N, Goumenou M, Stivaktakis PD, Vardavas AI, Masaltsev G, Averianova N, Dmitricheva O, Revazova Y, Tsatsakis AM, Rakitskii V. Maximum tolerated doses and erythropoiesis effects in the mouse bone marrow by 79 pesticides' technical materials assessed with the micronucleus assay. Toxicol Rep 2018; 6:105-110. [PMID: 30622904 PMCID: PMC6308258 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of technical materials of pesticide active ingredients, belonging to various chemical classes, on erythropoiesis in mouse bone marrow were studied as part of the research on the pesticide mutagenic activity in micronucleus test. The purpose of the present study was to estimate the toxic action of the test substances on the target organ and the validity of the results of the micronucleus assay under conditions of erythropoiesis suppression. It was demonstrated that intragastrically administrated triazole pesticides reached bone marrow (target organ where micronucleus induction was assessed) and exerted an inhibitory effect on erythropoiesis. The effects of triazole pesticides were enhanced in the following order: difenoconazole ≤ tebuconazole < cyproconazole < flutriafol. Furthermore, an association between structural features of molecules and specific target organ activity of the test pesticides was observed. Based on the data on the general toxicity and the results of the evaluation of the effects on erythropoiesis, the maximum tolerated doses (MTDs) of 79 different technical materials of pesticides for CD-1 mice were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Ilyushina
- The Federal Budgetary Establishment of Science "Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F. F. Erisman" of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 2 Semashko street, Mytishchi, Moscow Oblast', 141014, Russian Federation
| | - Marina Goumenou
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Polychronis D Stivaktakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Alexander I Vardavas
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Gleb Masaltsev
- The Federal Budgetary Establishment of Science "Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F. F. Erisman" of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 2 Semashko street, Mytishchi, Moscow Oblast', 141014, Russian Federation
| | - Nataliya Averianova
- The Federal Budgetary Establishment of Science "Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F. F. Erisman" of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 2 Semashko street, Mytishchi, Moscow Oblast', 141014, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Dmitricheva
- The Federal Budgetary Establishment of Science "Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F. F. Erisman" of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 2 Semashko street, Mytishchi, Moscow Oblast', 141014, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia Revazova
- The Federal Budgetary Establishment of Science "Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F. F. Erisman" of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 2 Semashko street, Mytishchi, Moscow Oblast', 141014, Russian Federation
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Valerii Rakitskii
- The Federal Budgetary Establishment of Science "Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F. F. Erisman" of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 2 Semashko street, Mytishchi, Moscow Oblast', 141014, Russian Federation
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26
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Hernández-Moreno D, Míguez MP, Soler F, Pérez-López M. Influence of sex on biomarkers of oxidative stress in the kidney, lungs, and liver of rabbits after exposure to diazinon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:32458-32465. [PMID: 30232776 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effect of two oral doses of the pesticide diazinon (25 and 125 mg/kg bw) on four biochemical parameters (malondialdehyde and glutathione levels, and catalase and glutathione S-transferase enzymatic activities) in the kidney, lungs, and liver of rabbit after 10 days of exposure. Malondialdehyde levels were significantly greater in exposed animals compared to controls, especially in the animals exposed to the higher dose of the pesticide. This result was reflected in the glutathione levels, which were significantly lower at that same higher dose. Catalase activity was also inhibited by the higher dose of the pesticide in all three organs analysed, whereas inhibition of glutathione S-transferase activity was only significant for the kidney and lungs. There were some slight differences between the sexes: taking the results for all three organs, the higher dose of diazinon resulted in a clearly significant inhibitory effect on the catalase activity and glutathione levels in males, and a significant enhancing effect on the malondialdehyde levels in females. These results help to confirm the interest of considering such endogenous factors in future ecotoxicological studies, and that the four biomarkers considered are suitable for reflecting the toxic effects of diazinon on rabbits, especially the effects related to oxidative stress. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hernández-Moreno
- Toxicology Area, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UEX), Avda de la Universidad s/n., 10003, Caceres, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Chile (Chile), Región Metropolitana, Chile
- National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Prado Míguez
- Toxicology Area, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UEX), Avda de la Universidad s/n., 10003, Caceres, Spain
| | - Francisco Soler
- Toxicology Area, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UEX), Avda de la Universidad s/n., 10003, Caceres, Spain
| | - Marcos Pérez-López
- Toxicology Area, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UEX), Avda de la Universidad s/n., 10003, Caceres, Spain.
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27
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Lozano-Paniagua D, Parrón T, Alarcón R, Requena M, Gil F, López-Guarnido O, Lacasaña M, Hernández AF. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in blood of workers exposed to non-cholinesterase inhibiting pesticides. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 162:121-128. [PMID: 29990723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In occupational settings workers are often exposed to pesticides at relatively high doses compared to environmental exposures. Long-term exposure to pesticides has been associated with numerous adverse health effects in epidemiological studies, and oxidative stress is often claimed as one of the underlying mechanisms. In fact, different pesticides have been reported to induce oxidative stress due to the generation of free radicals and/or alteration in antioxidant defense enzymes. The present study examined greenhouse workers regularly exposed to diverse pesticides under integrated production system, and a group of controls of the same geographic area without any chemical exposure. Two different periods of the same crop season were assessed, one of high exposure (with greater use of pesticides) and other of low exposure (in which a less use of these compounds was made). Non-specific biomarkers of oxidative stress, e.g. thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), ferric reducing ability of serum (FRAS), total thiol groups (SHT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) were measured in serum samples from all study subjects, alongside erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Results are suggestive of a mild increase in oxidative stress associated with pesticide exposure, which was compensated by an adaptive response to raise the antioxidant defenses and thus counter the detrimental effects of sustained oxidative stress. This response led to significantly increased levels of FRAS, SHT and PON1 in greenhouse workers relative to controls. Furthermore, AChE was decreased likely as a result of oxidative stress as workers did not use organophosphate insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lozano-Paniagua
- Dept. Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Spain
| | | | | | - Mar Requena
- University of Almería School of Health Sciences, Spain
| | - Fernando Gil
- Dept. Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Spain
| | - Olga López-Guarnido
- Dept. Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Spain
| | - Marina Lacasaña
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Spain; CIBERESP, Spain; ibs.GRANADA, Spain
| | - Antonio F Hernández
- Dept. Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Spain.
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28
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Naughton SX, Terry AV. Neurotoxicity in acute and repeated organophosphate exposure. Toxicology 2018; 408:101-112. [PMID: 30144465 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The term organophosphate (OP) refers to a diverse group of chemicals that are found in hundreds of products worldwide. As pesticides, their most common use, OPs are clearly beneficial for agricultural productivity and the control of deadly vector-borne illnesses. However, as a consequence of their widespread use, OPs are now among the most common synthetic chemicals detected in the environment as well as in animal and human tissues. This is an increasing environmental concern because many OPs are highly toxic and both accidental and intentional exposures to OPs resulting in deleterious health effects have been documented for decades. Some of these deleterious health effects include a variety of long-term neurological and psychiatric disturbances including impairments in attention, memory, and other domains of cognition. Moreover, some chronic illnesses that manifest these symptoms such as Gulf War Illness and Aerotoxic Syndrome have (at least in part) been attributed to OP exposure. In addition to acute acetylcholinesterase inhibition, OPs may affect a number of additional targets that lead to oxidative stress, axonal transport deficits, neuroinflammation, and autoimmunity. Some of these targets could be exploited for therapeutic purposes. The purpose of this review is thus to: 1) describe the important uses of organophosphate (OP)-based compounds worldwide, 2) provide an overview of the various risks and toxicology associated with OP exposure, particularly long-term neurologic and psychiatric symptoms, 3) discuss mechanisms of OP toxicity beyond cholinesterase inhibition, 4) review potential therapeutic strategies to reverse the acute toxicity and long term deleterious effects of OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean X Naughton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, 30912, Georgia
| | - Alvin V Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, 30912, Georgia.
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29
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Georgiadis G, Mavridis C, Belantis C, Zisis IE, Skamagkas I, Fragkiadoulaki I, Heretis I, Tzortzis V, Psathakis K, Tsatsakis A, Mamoulakis C. Nephrotoxicity issues of organophosphates. Toxicology 2018; 406-407:129-136. [PMID: 30063941 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphates are a large class of chemicals, initially invented in 1850 and since then they have been applied in numerous aspects of science to serve our purposes. Their mechanism of action in living organisms involves the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, therefore they interfere with neuromuscular signal transmission. Due to the systematic and exaggerated use of these chemicals, there is massive exposure to them, hence there is great concern regarding the ramifications to all mammalian organisms. It has been widely accepted that over-exposure to organophosphates, has a deleterious impact on the renal tissue and subsequently on the renal function. Despite the significance of this global issue, limited knowledge exists, regarding the effect of these substances on our health. Therefore, new and extensive research is required to expand our knowledge and ensure proper guidance regarding the use of organophosphates as well the protection against their detrimental consequences. The aim of this review is to negotiate the effect of organophosphate exposure on renal tissue and kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Georgiadis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - C Mavridis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - C Belantis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - I E Zisis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - I Skamagkas
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - I Fragkiadoulaki
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - I Heretis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - V Tzortzis
- Department of Urology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - K Psathakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - A Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - C Mamoulakis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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30
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Tsiaoussis J, Hatzidaki E, Docea AO, Nikolouzakis TK, Petrakis D, Burykina T, Mamoulakis C, Makrigiannakis A, Tsatsakis A. Molecular and clinical aspects of embryotoxicity induced by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Toxicology 2018; 409:137-143. [PMID: 30055296 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely used for a variety of medical, agricultural and public health purposes. Consequently, exposure is highly possible during lifetime. However, their systematic use raises concerns for the potential impact on the fetus and newborn since these substances may affect angiogenesis, the neonatal and maternal intensive care, neuroimmune function and response, mammary growth/lactation via cholinergic/non-cholinergic central and peripheral neuroendocrine pathways. New methodologies, neuroscientific technologies and research studies are needed to harness existing knowledge along with the proper management, availability for new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, with stable pharmacodynamics and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tsiaoussis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - E Hatzidaki
- Department of Neonatology, University of Crete, Voutes, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - A O Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Craiova, 200349, Romania.
| | - T K Nikolouzakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - D Petrakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - T Burykina
- Department of Analytical and Forensic Medical Chemistry, Sechenov University, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - C Mamoulakis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - A Makrigiannakis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - A Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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31
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Mostafalou S, Abdollahi M. The link of organophosphorus pesticides with neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases based on evidence and mechanisms. Toxicology 2018; 409:44-52. [PMID: 30053494 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) compounds have been known as the most widely used pesticides during the past half century and there have been a huge body of literature regarding their association with human chronic diseases. Neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders including Alzheimer, Parkinson, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism are among the afflicting neurological diseases which overshadow human life and their higher risk in relation to OP exposures have been uncovered by epidemiological studies. In addition, experimental studies exploring the underlying mechanisms have provided some evidence for involvement of cholinergic deficit, oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, and epigenetic modifications as the processes which are common in the toxicity of the OP and pathophysiology of the mentioned diseases. In addition, genetic mutations and polymorphisms of different variants of some genes like paraoxonase have been shown to be implicated in both susceptibility to OPs toxicity and neurological diseases. In this article, we reviewed the epidemiological as well as experimental studies evidencing the association of exposure to OPs and incidence of neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mostafalou
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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32
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Harchegani AB, Rahmani A, Tahmasbpour E, Kabootaraki HB, Rostami H, Shahriary A. Mechanisms of diazinon effects on impaired spermatogenesis and male infertility. Toxicol Ind Health 2018; 34:653-664. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233718778665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Diazinon (DZN) is an organophosphate insecticide that has cytotoxic and pathological effects on the reproductive system. It causes a wide variety of pathological effects on the reproductive system such as testicular atrophy, disturbance in sex hormones, impaired spermatogenesis, low quality of sperm, and fertility problems. However, molecular and cellular mechanisms of its adverse effects are not well understood. General events such as testicular damage, inflammation, mitochondrial deficiency, DNA fragmentation, disintegration of sperm plasma membrane, apoptosis, and cell death are observed in DZN-exposed animals. Oxidative stress (OS) induced by reactive oxygen species may be a main mechanism, which can be associated with sperm DNA fragmentation, reduced integrity of sperm cell membrane, apoptosis, depletion of antioxidants, and subsequently poor sperm quality and male infertility. Therefore, identification of these pathways may provide valuable information regarding the mechanisms of DZN action on the male reproductive system. In this review, we aim to discuss the proposed cellular and molecular mechanisms of DZN action on male reproductive system, the importance of OS and mechanisms by which DZN induces OS and depletion of other antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Beigi Harchegani
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Rahmani
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Eisa Tahmasbpour
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Innovations, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Bakhiari Kabootaraki
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Rostami
- Health Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shahriary
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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33
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Ozcagli E, Kara M, Kotil T, Fragkiadaki P, Tzatzarakis MN, Tsitsimpikou C, Stivaktakis PD, Tsoukalas D, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis AM, Alpertunga B. Stanozolol administration combined with exercise leads to decreased telomerase activity possibly associated with liver aging. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:405-413. [PMID: 29717770 PMCID: PMC5979936 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabolic agents are doping substances which are commonly used in sports. Stanozolol, a 17α‑alkylated derivative of testosterone, has a widespread use among athletes and bodybuilders. Several medical and behavioral adverse effects are associated with anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) abuse, while the liver remains the most well recognized target organ. In the present study, the hepatic effects of stanozolol administration in rats at high doses resembling those used for doping purposes were investigated, in the presence or absence of exercise. Stanozolol and its metabolites, 16‑β‑hydroxystanozolol and 3'‑hydroxystanozolol, were detected in rat livers using liquid chromatography‑mass spectrometry (LC‑MS). Telomerase activity, which is involved in cellular aging and tumorigenesis, was detected by examining telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression levels in the livers of stanozolol‑treated rats. Stanozolol induced telomerase activity at the molecular level in the liver tissue of rats and exercise reversed this induction, reflecting possible premature liver tissue aging. PTEN gene expression in the rat livers was practically unaffected either by exercise or by stanozolol administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eren Ozcagli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and
| | - Mehtap Kara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and
| | - Tugba Kotil
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34116, Turkey
| | - Persefoni Fragkiadaki
- Laboratory of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion
| | - Manolis N. Tzatzarakis
- Laboratory of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion
| | | | | | - Dimitrios Tsoukalas
- Laboratory of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aristides M. Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion
| | - Buket Alpertunga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and
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34
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Docea AO, Gofita E, Goumenou M, Calina D, Rogoveanu O, Varut M, Olaru C, Kerasioti E, Fountoucidou P, Taitzoglou I, Zlatian O, Rakitskii VN, Hernandez AF, Kouretas D, Tsatsakis A. Six months exposure to a real life mixture of 13 chemicals' below individual NOAELs induced non monotonic sex-dependent biochemical and redox status changes in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 115:470-481. [PMID: 29621577 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the potential adverse health effects of long-term low-dose exposure to chemical mixtures simulating complex real-life human exposures. Four groups of Sprague Dawley rats were administered mixtures containing carbaryl, dimethoate, glyphosate, methomyl, methyl parathion, triadimefon, aspartame, sodium benzoate, calcium disodium ethylene diamine tetra-acetate, ethylparaben, butylparaben, bisphenol A, and acacia gum at doses of 0, 0.25, 1 or 5 times the respective Toxicological Reference Values (TRV): acceptable daily intake (ADI) or tolerable daily intake (TDI) in a 24 weeks toxicity study. Body weight gain, feed and water consumption were evaluated weekly. At 24 weeks blood was collected and biochemistry parameters and redox status markers were assessed. Adverse effects were observed on body weight gain and in hepatotoxic parameters such as the total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), especially in low dose and affecting mainly male rats. The low dose group showed increased catalase activity both in females and males, whereas the high dose group exhibited decreased protein carbonyl and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels in both sex groups. Non-monotonic effects and adaptive responses on liver function tests and redox status, leading to non-linear dose-responses curves, are probably produced by modulation of different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Craiova, 200349, Romania
| | - Eliza Gofita
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Craiova, 200349, Romania
| | - Marina Goumenou
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; European Food Safety Authority, Italy
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Craiova, 200349, Romania
| | - Otilia Rogoveanu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Craiova, 200349, Romania
| | - Marius Varut
- Department of Physics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Craiova, 200349, Romania
| | - Cristian Olaru
- Department of Anatomy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Craiova, 200349, Romania
| | - Efthalia Kerasioti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Polyxeni Fountoucidou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ioannis Taitzoglou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ovidiu Zlatian
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Craiova, 200349, Romania
| | | | - Antonio F Hernandez
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Granada, Spain
| | - Dimitrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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35
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Gonçalves CR, Marins AT, do Amaral AMB, Leitemperger J, Severo ES, Moraes BS, Zanella R, Loro VL. Biochemical Responses in Freshwater Fish Exposed to Insecticide Propoxur. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 100:524-528. [PMID: 29464278 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although designed to control pests selectively, there is some evidence that environmental contamination by pesticides increases risks for humans and wildlife. In the present study, we evaluated biomarkers of oxidative stress in Astyanax jacuhiensis exposed to (5, 15 and 30 µg L-1) of carbamate Propoxur (PPX) for 96 h. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) in liver and gills showed reduced activity in all PPX concentrations tested. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities reduced in brain and muscle at concentrations 15 and 30 µg L-1 of PPX. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and hydrogen peroxide (HP) had no significant differences. In the brain, protein carbonyl (PC) increased in all groups treated with PPX. Although PPX is a selective pesticide, it causes oxidative damage and enzyme alteration in fish. This study pointed out some biomarkers that could be used to assess effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of pesticides, and infer about studies using fish as bioindicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carjone Rosa Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Teixeira Marins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Jossiele Leitemperger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Stringini Severo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bibiana Silveira Moraes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Renato Zanella
- Laboratório de Análises de Resíduos de Pesticidas (LARP), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vania Lucia Loro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Aquática, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
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36
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Vardavas AI, Ozcagli E, Fragkiadaki P, Stivaktakis PD, Tzatzarakis MN, Alegakis AK, Vasilaki F, Kaloudis K, Tsiaoussis J, Kouretas D, Tsitsimpikou C, Carvalho F, Tsatsakis AM. The metabolism of imidacloprid by aldehyde oxidase contributes to its clastogenic effect in New Zealand rabbits. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 829-830:26-32. [PMID: 29704990 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Imidacloprid (IMI) is a systemic, chloro-nicotinyl insecticide classified in Regulation N° 1272/2008 of the European Commision as "harmful if swallowed and very toxic to aquatic life, with long-lasting effects". IMI is metabolized in vitro both by aldehyde oxidase (AOX) (reduction) and by cytochrome P450s enzymes (CYPs). In the present study, the AOX inhibitor sodium tungstate dihydrate (ST) was used to elucidate the relative contribution of CYP 450 and AOX metabolic pathways on IMI metabolism, in male rabbits exposed to IMI for two months. To evaluate the inhibition effectiveness, various metabolite concentrations in the IMI and IMI + ST exposed groups were monitored. DNA damage was also evaluated in micronucleus (MN) and single cell electrophoresis (SCGC) assays in both groups, along with oxidative stress (OS) with the inflammatory status of the exposed animals, in order to clarify which metabolic pathway is more detrimental in this experimental setting. A significant increase in the frequency of binucleated cells with MN (BNMN, 105%) and micronuclei (MN, 142%) was observed after exposure to IMI (p < 0.001). The increase in the ST co-exposed animals was less pronounced (BNMN 75%, MN 95%). The Cytokinesis Block Proliferation Index (CBPI) showed no significant difference between controls and exposed animals at any time of exposure (p > 0.05), which indicates no cytotoxic effect. Similarly, comet results show that the IMI group exhibited the highest achieved tail intensity, which reached 70.7% over the control groups, whereas in the IMI + ST groups the increase remained at 48.5%. No differences were observed between all groups for oxidative-stress biomarkers. The results indicate that the AOX metabolic pathway plays a more important role in the systemic toxicity of IMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I Vardavas
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Eren Ozcagli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Beyazit, Istanbul 34116, Turkey
| | - Persefoni Fragkiadaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Polychronis D Stivaktakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Manolis N Tzatzarakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Athanasios K Alegakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Fotini Vasilaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Kostas Kaloudis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - John Tsiaoussis
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Ploutonos 26 & Aiolou, 41221 Larissa, Greece
| | - Christina Tsitsimpikou
- General Chemical State Laboratory of Greece, Department of Hazardous Substances, Mixtures and Articles, 16 An. Tsocha, 1152 Athens, Greece
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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Methylphenidate clinically oral doses improved brain and heart glutathione redox status and evoked renal and cardiac tissue injury in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 100:551-563. [PMID: 29482048 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) is a first-line stimulant drug to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Overdiagnosis of ADHD and MPH abuse lead to serious concerns about the possible long-term adverse consequences of MPH in healthy children and adolescents. We aimed to evaluate MPH effects in adolescent male Wistar rats (postnatal day 40) using an oral dose scheme (2 daily MPH doses 5 mg/kg in a 5% sucrose solution, 5 h apart, for 7 days) that mimics the therapeutic doses given to human adolescents. Twenty-four hours after the last MPH administration, rats were sacrificed and brain areas [cerebellum, prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, and striatum], peripheral organs (liver, heart, and kidneys), and blood were collected for biochemical and histological analysis. MPH treatment did not alter rats' body temperature or weight, neither food or water intake throughout the experiment. The ratio of reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) significantly increased in the PFC and hippocampus of MPH-treated rats, meanwhile protein carbonylation remained unchanged in the brain. In the heart, the GSH/GSSG ratio and GSH levels were significantly increased, with decreased GSSG, while histology revealed significant damage, namely interstitial edema, vascular congestion, and presence of a fibrin-like material in the interstitial space. In the kidneys, MPH treatment resulted in extensive necrotic areas with cellular disorganization and cell infiltration, and immunohistochemistry analysis revealed a marked activation of nuclear factor-ĸB. This study showed that clinically relevant oral MPH doses improve the GSH redox status in the brain and heart, but evoke heart and kidney tissue damage to adolescent rats.
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Vahidirad M, Arab-Nozari M, Mohammadi H, Zamani E, Shaki F. Protective effect of captopril against diazinon induced nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity via inhibition of ROS-NO pathway. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 41:287-293. [PMID: 29115169 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1391830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Diazinon (Dz) is a widely used insecticide. It can induce nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity via oxidative stress. Captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, is known for its antioxidant properties. In this study, we used captopril for ameliorating of Dz-induced kidney and brain toxicity in rats. Animals were divided into five groups as follows: negative control (olive oil), Dz (150 mg kg-1), captopril (60 and 100 mg kg-1) and positive control (N-acetylcysteine 200 mg kg-1) were injected intraperitoneally 30 min before Dz. After 24 h, animals were anesthetized and the brain and kidney tissues were separated. Then oxidative stress factors were evaluated. Also, blood was collected for assessment of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr) and nitric oxide (NO) levels. Dz significantly increased oxidative stress markers such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonyl as well as glutathione (GSH) oxidation in both tissues. Increased levels of the BUN, Cr and NO were observed after Dz injection. Interestingly, captopril administration significantly decreased ROS production in both tissues. Captopril significantly protected kidney and brain against lipid peroxidation and GSH oxidation. Administration of captopril could markedly inhibit protein carbonyl production in kidney and brain after Dz injection. Furthermore, captopril ameliorated the increased level of BUN, Cr and NO. These results suggested that captopril can prevent Dz-induced oxidative stress, nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity because of its antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Vahidirad
- a Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Milad Arab-Nozari
- b Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran
| | - Hamidreza Mohammadi
- b Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran
| | - Ehsan Zamani
- b Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shaki
- b Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran
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Nataraj B, Hemalatha D, Rangasamy B, Maharajan K, Ramesh M. Hepatic oxidative stress, genotoxicity and histopathological alteration in fresh water fish Labeo rohita exposed to organophosphorus pesticide profenofos. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mossoba ME, Vohra S, Toomer H, Pugh-Bishop S, Keltner Z, Topping V, Black T, Olejnik N, Depina A, Belgrave K, Sprando J, Njorge J, Flynn TJ, Wiesenfeld PL, Sprando RL. Comparison of diglycolic acid exposure to human proximal tubule cells in vitro and rat kidneys in vivo. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:342-347. [PMID: 28959658 PMCID: PMC5615145 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Diglycolic acid (DGA) is an indirect food additive. DGA was tested for renal cell toxicity in vitro using HK-2 cells. Evaluation of toxicity included cellular and mitochondrial effects. In vitro data are highly concordant with in vivo outcomes.
Diglycolic acid (DGA) is present in trace amounts in our food supply and is classified as an indirect food additive linked with the primary GRAS food additive carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Carboxymethyl starches are used as a filler/binder excipient in dietary supplement tablets and a thickening ingredient in many other processed foods. We sought to utilize the human proximal tubule HK-2 cell line as an in vitro cellular model system to evaluate its acute nephrotoxicity of DGA. We found that DGA was indeed toxic to HK-2 cells in all in vitro assays in our study, including a highly sensitive Luminex assay that measures levels of an in vitro biomarker of kidney-specific toxicity, Kidney Injury Molecule 1 (KIM-1). Interestingly, in vitro KIM-1 levels also correlated with in vivo KIM-1 levels in urine collected from rats treated with DGA by daily oral gavage. The use of in vitro and in vivo models towards understanding the effectiveness of an established in vitro system to predict in vivo outcomes would be particularly useful in rapidly screening compounds that are suspected to be unsafe to consumers. The merit of the HK-2 cell model in predicting human toxicity and accelerating the process of food toxicant screening would be especially important for regulatory purposes. Overall, our study not only revealed the value of HK-2 in vitro cell model for nephrotoxicity evaluation, but also uncovered some of the mechanistic aspects of the human proximal tubule injury that DGA may cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam E. Mossoba
- Corresponding author at: US FDA, MOD-1 Laboratories, 8301 Muirkirk Rd., HFS-025, Lab 1406, Laurel, MD 20708, United States.
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41
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Ahmed T, Goel V, Banerjee BD. Propoxur-induced oxidative DNA damage in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: protective effects of curcumin and α-tocopherol. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 41:128-134. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1321010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanzeel Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, Moradabad, India
| | - Vasu Goel
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, Moradabad, India
| | - B. D. Banerjee
- Enivironmental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Cioboată R, Găman A, Traşcă D, Ungureanu A, Docea AO, Tomescu P, Gherghina F, Arsene AL, Badiu C, Tsatsakis AM, Spandidos DA, Drakoulis N, Călina D. Pharmacological management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Atorvastatin versus pentoxifylline. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2375-2381. [PMID: 28565851 PMCID: PMC5443168 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of pentoxifylline and atorvastatin in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The study included 98 patients with histologically confirmed NAFLD divided into 2 groups as follows: group I (57 dyslipidemic patients, receiving atorvastatin 20 mg/day and group II (41 non-dyslipidemic patients, treated with pentoxifylline, 800 mg/day). The present study was conducted for a mean of 32.8±3.4 weeks. For all patients, we determined the body mass index, a liver biopsy was performed, and we measured the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) at the beginning and at the end of the study period. The NAFLD activity score (NAS) was used to evaluate the liver biopsies for steatosis, fibrosis and necroinflammation. The patients in group I exhibited a considerable reduction in ALT, AST, GGT, TC, AP and TG levels (P<0.0001). Histologically, there were no changes in fibrosis and necroinflammation, although the extent steatosis was reduced. The improvement in the ALT, AST and GGT values (P<0.05) in group II were similar to those in group I; however, no statistically significant decrease was noted in the levels of ALP, TC and TG in this group. Our results thus demonstrated that atorvastatin attenuated steatosis and improved liver function parameters in patients with NAFLD associated with dyslipidemia. Similar results were obtained in the non-dyslipidemic patients administered pentoxifylline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Cioboată
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania
| | - Alice Găman
- Department of Bacteriology, Virology and Parasitology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania
| | - Diana Traşcă
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania
| | - Anca Ungureanu
- Department of Bacteriology, Virology and Parasitology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania
| | - Paul Tomescu
- Department of Urology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania
| | - Florin Gherghina
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania
| | - Andreea Letitia Arsene
- Department of Microbiology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 030167, Romania
| | - Corin Badiu
- Department of Endocrinology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 030167, Romania
| | | | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Drakoulis
- Resesarch Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Daniela Călina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania
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Human exposure to chemical mixtures: Challenges for the integration of toxicology with epidemiology data in risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 103:188-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kara M, Ozcagli E, Fragkiadaki P, Kotil T, Stivaktakis PD, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis AM, Alpertunga B. Determination of DNA damage and telomerase activity in stanozolol-treated rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:614-618. [PMID: 28352339 PMCID: PMC5348646 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are performance-enhancing drugs commonly abused by atheletes. Stanozolol is a synthetic testosterone-derived anabolic steroid. Although it is well known that AAS have several side-effects, there are only few toxicological studies available on the toxic effects and mechanisms of action of stanozolol. The aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxic effects of stanozolol and to determine its effects on telomerase activity in Sprague-Dawley male rats. For this purpose, 34 male rats were divided into 5 groups as follows: i) the control group (n=5); ii) the propylene glycol (PG)-treated group (n=5); iii) the stanozolol-treated group (n=8); iv) the PG-treated group subjected to exercise (n=8); and v) the stanozolol-treated group subjected to exercise (n=8). PG is used as a solvent control in our study. Stanozolol (5 mg/kg) and PG (1 ml/kg) were injected subcutaneously 5 days/week for 28 days. After 28 days, the animals were sacrificed, and DNA damage evaluation (comet assay) and telomerase activity assays were then performed using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Telomerase activity was measured by using the TeloTAGGG Telomerase PCR ELISA PLUS kit. The results of this study revealed that stanozolol treatment induced DNA damage, while exercise exerted a protective effect. Stanozolol treatment without exercise stimulation was associated with a significant increase in telomerase activity in the PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Kara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34116, Turkey
| | - Eren Ozcagli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34116, Turkey
| | - Persefoni Fragkiadaki
- Center of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Tugba Kotil
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34116, Turkey
| | | | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Aristides M. Tsatsakis
- Center of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Buket Alpertunga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34116, Turkey
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45
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Gómez-Giménez B, Llansola M, Hernández-Rabaza V, Cabrera-Pastor A, Malaguarnera M, Agusti A, Felipo V. Sex-dependent effects of developmental exposure to different pesticides on spatial learning. The role of induced neuroinflammation in the hippocampus. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 99:135-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sadiqul IM, Ferdous Z, Nannu MTA, Mostakim GM, Rahman MK. Acute exposure to a quinalphos containing insecticide (convoy) causes genetic damage and nuclear changes in peripheral erythrocytes of silver barb, Barbonymus gonionotus. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 219:949-956. [PMID: 27667680 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to assess the genotoxic effect in fish caused by convoy, an insecticide commercial formulation containing quinalphos, present in the aquatic waterbody. For this purpose a freshwater teleost, silver barb was exposed to sublethal concentrations (25% and 50% of LC50) of convoy and erythrocytic cellular abnormalities (ECA) and erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities (ENA) tests were performed in addition to the commonly used micronucleus (MN) assay using peripheral erythrocytes and DNA contents in the different tissues after 1, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h of exposures. The obtained results indicated that acute exposure of different sub lethal concentrations of convoy to the fish resulted in significant alterations of erythrocytes as well as significant reduction of DNA contents in blood and vital organs and tissues, such as the brain, liver, kidney and muscle. Compared to each treatment excluding control group, frequencies of ECA, ENA, and MN were found to be elevated with exposure time of the doses. From this study, we conclude that convoy is a hazardous chemical to silver barb. Bioassays can be used as a tool for screening aquatic pollution, especially for insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam M Sadiqul
- Department of Fisheries Biology & Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
| | - Zannatul Ferdous
- Department of Fisheries Biology & Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Tanvir Ahmed Nannu
- Department of Fisheries Biology & Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Golam Mohammod Mostakim
- Department of Fisheries Biology & Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh; Department of Fisheries Biology & Aquatic Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Salna, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Md Khalilur Rahman
- Freshwater Station, Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI), Mymensingh, 2201, Bangladesh
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Filipendula ulmaria extracts attenuate cisplatin-induced liver and kidney oxidative stress in rats: In vivo investigation and LC-MS analysis. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 99:86-102. [PMID: 27871982 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Filipendula ulmaria, known as meadowsweet, is a perennial herb found in wild and cultivated habitats in Europe and Asia. Usage of F. ulmaria in traditional medicine is based on diuretic, astringent, antirheumatic, and anti-inflammatory properties of this plant. Exposure to cisplatin at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg caused significant increase in serum parameters of liver and kidneys function and tissue oxidative stress markers along with some histopathological changes in liver and kidney tissues of experimental rats, as well as high level of genotoxicity. Administration of F. ulmaria extracts in three different concentrations (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day) for 10 days resulted in a reduction of oxidative stress in tissues and decrease of serum parameters. Moreover, tested extracts attenuated the genotoxicity of cisplatin in reverse dose-dependent manner. F. ulmaria extracts had no in vitro cytotoxic activity at all applied concentrations (IC50 > 50 μg/mL). Tested extracts, rich in polyphenolic compounds, attenuate cisplatin-induced liver and kidney oxidative stress, reduce tissue damage, and enhance the antioxidative status of experimental animals during cisplatin application. Therefore, F. ulmaria extracts may be used as supportive agent for the prevention and amelioration of cisplatin side effects.
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48
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Nephrotoxicity in rabbits after long-term nandrolone decanoate administration. Toxicol Lett 2016; 259:21-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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49
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Tsatsakis AM, Docea AO, Tsitsimpikou C. New challenges in risk assessment of chemicals when simulating real exposure scenarios; simultaneous multi-chemicals' low dose exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 96:174-6. [PMID: 27515866 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The general population experiences uncontrolled multi-chemicals exposure from many different sources at doses around or well below regulatory limits. Therefore, traditional chronic toxicity evaluations for a single chemical could possibly miss to identify adequately all the risks. For this an experimental methodology that has the ambition to provide at one strike multi-answers to multi-questions is hereby proposed: a long-term toxicity study of non-commercial chemical mixtures, consisting of common everyday life chemicals (pesticides, food additives, life-style products components) at low and realistic dose levels around the regulatory limits and with the simultaneous investigation of several key endpoints, like genotoxicity, endocrine disruption, target organ toxicity including the heart and systemic mechanistic pathways, like oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece.
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Petru Rares, 200349, Craiova, Romania
| | - Christina Tsitsimpikou
- Department of Hazardous Substances, Mixtures & Article, General Chemical State Laboratory of Greece, 16 An. Tsocha Str., 11521, Ampelokipi, Athens, Greece
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50
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Vardavas AI, Stivaktakis PD, Tzatzarakis MN, Fragkiadaki P, Vasilaki F, Tzardi M, Datseri G, Tsiaoussis J, Alegakis AK, Tsitsimpikou C, Rakitskii VN, Carvalho F, Tsatsakis AM. Long-term exposure to cypermethrin and piperonyl butoxide cause liver and kidney inflammation and induce genotoxicity in New Zealand white male rabbits. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 94:250-9. [PMID: 27321377 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cypermethrin (CY) is a frequently used class II pyrethroid pesticide, while piperonyl butoxide (PBO) plays a major role in the pesticide formulation of synthetic pyrethroids. Synthetic pyrethroids are metabolized in mammals via oxidation and ester hydrolysis. PBO can prevent the metabolism of CY and enhances its pesticide effect. While this potentiation effect reduces the amount of pesticide required to eliminate insects, it is not clear how this mixture affects mammals. In our in vivo experiment, New Zealand white male rabbits were exposed to low and high doses of CY, PBO, and their combinations, for 4 months. Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity were monitored by measuring binucleated cells with micronuclei (BNMN), micronuclei (MN) and the cytokinesis block proliferation index (CBPI) in lymphocytes. After two months of exposure, a statistically significant increase in the frequency of BNMN was observed for all exposed animals (p < 0.001) in a dose-dependent way. MN were significantly elevated compared to controls (p < 0.001), with high dose groups reaching a 442% increase when co-exposed. BNMN and MN continued to increase after four months. Histopathological examination of lesions showed damage involving inflammation, attaining lymphoplasmatocytic infiltration in the high dose groups. Both CY and PBO cause liver and kidney inflammation and induce genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I Vardavas
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Polychronis D Stivaktakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Manolis N Tzatzarakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Persefoni Fragkiadaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Fotini Vasilaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Tzardi
- Department of Pathology, Medical School Voutes-Stavrakia, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Galateia Datseri
- Department of Pathology, Medical School Voutes-Stavrakia, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - John Tsiaoussis
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Athanasios K Alegakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Christina Tsitsimpikou
- General Chemical State Laboratory of Greece, Department of Hazardous Substances, Mixtures and Articles, 16 An. Tsocha Str, 1152 Athens, Greece
| | - Valerii N Rakitskii
- Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene, F.F. Erisman, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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