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Chen YH, Cheng WH. Hexosamine biosynthesis and related pathways, protein N-glycosylation and O-GlcNAcylation: their interconnection and role in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1349064. [PMID: 38510444 PMCID: PMC10951099 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1349064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), a fundamental amino sugar moiety, is essential for protein glycosylation, glycolipid, GPI-anchor protein, and cell wall components. Uridine diphosphate-GlcNAc (UDP-GlcNAc), an active form of GlcNAc, is synthesized through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP). Although HBP is highly conserved across organisms, the enzymes involved perform subtly distinct functions among microbes, mammals, and plants. A complete block of HBP normally causes lethality in any life form, reflecting the pivotal role of HBP in the normal growth and development of organisms. Although HBP is mainly composed of four biochemical reactions, HBP is exquisitely regulated to maintain the homeostasis of UDP-GlcNAc content. As HBP utilizes substrates including fructose-6-P, glutamine, acetyl-CoA, and UTP, endogenous nutrient/energy metabolites may be integrated to better suit internal growth and development, and external environmental stimuli. Although the genes encoding HBP enzymes are well characterized in microbes and mammals, they were less understood in higher plants in the past. As the HBP-related genes/enzymes have largely been characterized in higher plants in recent years, in this review we update the latest advances in the functions of the HBP-related genes in higher plants. In addition, HBP's salvage pathway and GlcNAc-mediated two major co- or post-translational modifications, N-glycosylation and O-GlcNAcylation, are also included in this review. Further knowledge on the function of HBP and its product conjugates, and the mechanisms underlying their response to deleterious environments might provide an alternative strategy for agricultural biofortification in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wan-Hsing Cheng
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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2
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Zhou Y, Zhang T, Wang X, Wu W, Xing J, Li Z, Qiao X, Zhang C, Wang X, Wang G, Li W, Bai S, Li Z, Suo Y, Wang J, Niu Y, Zhang J, Lan C, Hu Z, Li B, Zhang X, Wang W, Galbraith DW, Chen Y, Guo S, Song CP. A maize epimerase modulates cell wall synthesis and glycosylation during stomatal morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4384. [PMID: 37474494 PMCID: PMC10359280 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique dumbbell-shape of grass guard cells (GCs) is controlled by their cell walls which enable their rapid responses to the environment. The molecular mechanisms regulating the synthesis and assembly of GC walls are as yet unknown. Here we have identified BZU3, a maize gene encoding UDP-glucose 4-epimerase that regulates the supply of UDP-glucose during GC wall synthesis. The BZU3 mutation leads to significant decreases in cellular UDP-glucose levels. Immunofluorescence intensities reporting levels of cellulose and mixed-linkage glucans are reduced in the GCs, resulting in impaired local wall thickening. BZU3 also catalyzes the epimerization of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, and the BZU3 mutation affects N-glycosylation of proteins that may be involved in cell wall synthesis and signaling. Our results suggest that the spatiotemporal modulation of BZU3 plays a dual role in controlling cell wall synthesis and glycosylation via controlling UDP-glucose/N-acetylglucosamine homeostasis during stomatal morphogenesis. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms controlling formation of the unique morphology of grass stomata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Sanya Institute, Henan University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xiaocui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenqiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Jingjing Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Zuliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Chunrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaohang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Guangshun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Sanya Institute, Henan University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Shenglong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yuanzhen Suo
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Yanli Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Junli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Chen Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Zhubing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- Sanya Institute, Henan University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Baozhu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - David W Galbraith
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China
- School of Plant Sciences and Bio5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Yuhang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Siyi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
- Sanya Institute, Henan University, Sanya, 572025, China.
| | - Chun-Peng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Jinming avenue 1, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
- Sanya Institute, Henan University, Sanya, 572025, China.
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Lihavainen J, Šimura J, Bag P, Fataftah N, Robinson KM, Delhomme N, Novák O, Ljung K, Jansson S. Salicylic acid metabolism and signalling coordinate senescence initiation in aspen in nature. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4288. [PMID: 37463905 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39564-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciduous trees exhibit a spectacular phenomenon of autumn senescence driven by the seasonality of their growth environment, yet there is no consensus which external or internal cues trigger it. Senescence starts at different times in European aspen (Populus tremula L.) genotypes grown in same location. By integrating omics studies, we demonstrate that aspen genotypes utilize similar transcriptional cascades and metabolic cues to initiate senescence, but at different times during autumn. The timing of autumn senescence initiation appeared to be controlled by two consecutive "switches"; 1) first the environmental variation induced the rewiring of the transcriptional network, stress signalling pathways and metabolic perturbations and 2) the start of senescence process was defined by the ability of the genotype to activate and sustain stress tolerance mechanisms mediated by salicylic acid. We propose that salicylic acid represses the onset of leaf senescence in stressful natural conditions, rather than promoting it as often observed in annual plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Lihavainen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90189, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jan Šimura
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pushan Bag
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90189, Umeå, Sweden
- Section of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nazeer Fataftah
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90189, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kathryn Megan Robinson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90189, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Delhomme
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefan Jansson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90189, Umeå, Sweden.
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4
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Tilsner J, Kriechbaumer V. Reticulons 3 and 6 interact with viral movement proteins. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1807-1814. [PMID: 35987858 PMCID: PMC9644274 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant reticulon (RTN) proteins are capable of constricting membranes and are vital for creating and maintaining tubules in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), making them prime candidates for the formation of the desmotubule in plasmodesmata (PD). RTN3 and RTN6 have previously been detected in an Arabidopsis PD proteome and have been shown to be present in primary PD at cytokinesis. It has been suggested that RTN proteins form protein complexes with proteins in the PD plasma membrane and desmotubule to stabilize the desmotubule constriction and regulate PD aperture. Viral movement proteins (vMPs) enable the transport of viruses through PD and can be ER-integral membrane proteins or interact with the ER. Some vMPs can themselves constrict ER membranes or localize to RTN-containing tubules; RTN proteins and vMPs could be functionally linked or potentially interact. Here we show that different vMPs are capable of interacting with RTN3 and RTN6 in a membrane yeast two-hybrid assay, coimmunoprecipitation, and Förster resonance energy transfer measured by donor excited-state fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. Furthermore, coexpression of the vMP CMV-3a and RTN3 results in either the vMP or the RTN changing subcellular localization and reduces the ability of CMV-3a to open PD, further indicating interactions between the two proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Tilsner
- Biomedical Sciences Research ComplexSchool of Biology, Willie Russell LaboratoriesFifeUK
- Cell & Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordUK
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5
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San Clemente H, Jamet E. N-glycoproteins in Plant Cell Walls: A Survey. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3204. [PMID: 36501244 PMCID: PMC9738366 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are an extracellular compartment specific to plant cells, which are not found in animal cells. Their composition varies between cell types, plant species, and physiological states. They are composed of a great diversity of polymers, i.e., polysaccharides, proteins, and lignins. Cell wall proteins (CWPs) are major players involved in the plasticity of cell walls which support cell growth and differentiation, as well as adaptation to environmental changes. In order to reach the extracellular space, CWPs are transported through the secretory pathway where they may undergo post-translational modifications, including N-glycosylations on the Asn residues in specific motifs (Asn-X-Ser/Thr-X, with X≠Pro). This review aims at providing a survey of the present knowledge related to cell wall N-glycoproteins with (i) an overview of the experimental workflows, (ii) a selection of relevant articles dedicated to N-glycoproteomics, (iii) a description of the diversity of N-glycans, and (iv) a focus on the importance of N-glycans for CWP structure and/or function.
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6
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Jing J, Yang P, Wang Y, Qu Q, An J, Fu B, Hu X, Zhou Y, Hu T, Cao Y. Identification of Competing Endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) Network Associated with Drought Tolerance in Medicago truncatula with Rhizobium Symbiosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:14237. [PMID: 36430715 PMCID: PMC9696283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought, bringing the risks of agricultural production losses, is becoming a globally environmental stress. Previous results suggested that legumes with nodules exhibited superior drought tolerance compared with the non-nodule group. To investigate the molecular mechanism of rhizobium symbiosis impacting drought tolerance, transcriptome and sRNAome sequencing were performed to identify the potential mRNA-miRNA-ncRNA dynamic network. Our results revealed that seedlings with active nodules exhibited enhanced drought tolerance by reserving energy, synthesizing N-glycans, and medicating systemic acquired resistance due to the early effects of symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) triggered in contrast to the drought susceptible with inactive nodules. The improved drought tolerance might be involved in the decreased expression levels of miRNA such as mtr_miR169l-5p, mtr_miR398b, and mtr_miR398c and its target genes in seedlings with active nodules. Based on the negative expression pattern between miRNA and its target genes, we constructed an mRNA-miR169l-ncRNA ceRNA network. During severe drought stress, the lncRNA alternative splicings TCONS_00049507 and TCONS_00049510 competitively interacted with mtr_miR169l-5p, which upregulated the expression of NUCLEAR FACTOR-Y (NF-Y) transcription factor subfamily NF-YA genes MtNF-YA2 and MtNF-YA3 to regulate their downstream drought-response genes. Our results emphasized the importance of SNF plants affecting drought tolerance. In conclusion, our work provides insight into ceRNA involvement in rhizobium symbiosis contributing to drought tolerance and provides molecular evidence for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxian Jing
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Peizhi Yang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Qihao Qu
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jie An
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bingzhe Fu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Xiaoning Hu
- Shaanxi Academy of Forestry, Xi’an 710082, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Tianming Hu
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yuman Cao
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
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7
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Chen YH, Shen HL, Chou SJ, Sato Y, Cheng WH. Interference of Arabidopsis N-Acetylglucosamine-1-P Uridylyltransferase Expression Impairs Protein N-Glycosylation and Induces ABA-Mediated Salt Sensitivity During Seed Germination and Early Seedling Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:903272. [PMID: 35747876 PMCID: PMC9210984 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.903272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is the fundamental amino sugar moiety that is essential for protein glycosylation. UDP-GlcNAc, an active form of GlcNAc, is synthesized through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). Arabidopsis N-acetylglucosamine-1-P uridylyltransferases (GlcNAc1pUTs), encoded by GlcNA.UTs, catalyze the last step in the HBP pathway, but their biochemical and molecular functions are less clear. In this study, the GlcNA.UT1 expression was knocked down by the double-stranded RNA interference (dsRNAi) in the glcna.ut2 null mutant background. The RNAi transgenic plants, which are referred to as iU1, displayed the reduced UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, altered protein N-glycosylation and induced an unfolded protein response under salt-stressed conditions. Moreover, the iU1 transgenic plants displayed sterility and salt hypersensitivity, including delay of both seed germination and early seedling establishment, which is associated with the induction of ABA biosynthesis and signaling. These salt hypersensitive phenotypes can be rescued by exogenous fluridone, an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis, and by introducing an ABA-deficient mutant allele nced3 into iU1 transgenic plants. Transcriptomic analyses further supported the upregulated genes that were involved in ABA biosynthesis and signaling networks, and response to salt stress in iU1 plants. Collectively, these data indicated that GlcNAc1pUTs are essential for UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis, protein N-glycosylation, fertility, and the response of plants to salt stress through ABA signaling pathways during seed germination and early seedling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Huei Chen
- National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Ling Shen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Jen Chou
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yasushi Sato
- Biology and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Wan-Hsing Cheng
- National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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8
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Sun X, Guo C, Ali K, Zheng Q, Wei Q, Zhu Y, Wang L, Li G, Li W, Zheng B, Bai Q, Wu G. A Non-redundant Function of MNS5: A Class I α-1, 2 Mannosidase, in the Regulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation of Misfolded Glycoproteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:873688. [PMID: 35519817 PMCID: PMC9062699 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.873688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation (ERAD) is one of the major processes in maintaining protein homeostasis. Class I α-mannosidases MNS4 and MNS5 are involved in the degradation of misfolded variants of the heavily glycosylated proteins, playing an important role for glycan-dependent ERAD in planta. MNS4 and MNS5 reportedly have functional redundancy, meaning that only the loss of both MNS4 and MNS5 shows phenotypes. However, MNS4 is a membrane-associated protein while MNS5 is a soluble protein, and both can localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Furthermore, MNS4 and MNS5 differentially demannosylate the glycoprotein substrates. Importantly, we found that their gene expression patterns are complemented rather than overlapped. This raises the question of whether they indeed work redundantly, warranting a further investigation. Here, we conducted an exhaustive genetic screen for a suppressor of the bri1-5, a brassinosteroid (BR) receptor mutant with its receptor downregulated by ERAD, and isolated sbi3, a suppressor of bri1-5 mutant named after sbi1 (suppressor of bri1). After genetic mapping together with whole-genome re-sequencing, we identified a point mutation G343E in AT1G27520 (MNS5) in sbi3. Genetic complementation experiments confirmed that sbi3 was a loss-of-function allele of MNS5. In addition, sbi3 suppressed the dwarf phenotype of bri1-235 in the proteasome-independent ERAD pathway and bri1-9 in the proteasome-dependent ERAD pathway. Importantly, sbi3 could only affect BRI1/bri1 with kinase activities such that it restored BR-sensitivities of bri1-5, bri1-9, and bri1-235 but not null bri1. Furthermore, sbi3 was less tolerant to tunicamycin and salt than the wild-type plants. Thus, our study uncovers a non-redundant function of MNS5 in the regulation of ERAD as well as plant growth and ER stress response, highlighting a need of the traditional forward genetic approach to complement the T-DNA or CRISPR-Cas9 systems on gene functional study.
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9
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Kriechbaumer V, Botchway SW. Methods for Detection of Protein Interactions with Plasmodesmata-Localized Reticulons. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2457:209-218. [PMID: 35349142 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant reticulon family proteins (RTN) tubulate the ER by dimerization and oligomerization, creating localized ER membrane tensions that result in membrane curvature. Two RTN ER-shaping proteins have been found in the plasmodesmata (PD) proteome which could potentially contribute to the formation of the desmotubule, an ER-derived structure that crosses primary PD and physically connects the ER of two cells. Here we describe two methods used to identify partners of two PD-resident reticulon proteins, RTN3 and RTN6 that are located in primary PD at cytokinesis in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum): immunoprecipitations using GFP-Trap®_A beads to find novel interaction partners and FRET-FLIM to test for and quantify direct protein-protein interactions in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kriechbaumer
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
| | - Stanley W Botchway
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot, UK
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10
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He J, Zhuang Y, Li C, Sun X, Zhao S, Ma C, Lin H, Zhou H. SIMP1 modulates salt tolerance by elevating ERAD efficiency through UMP1A-mediated proteasome maturation in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:625-641. [PMID: 34273177 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress significantly induces accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins in plants. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated protein degradation (ERAD) and other degradative machineries function in the degradation of these abnormal proteins, leading to enhanced salt tolerance in plants. Here we characterise that a novel receptor-like kinase, Salt-Induced Malectin-like domain-containing Protein1 (SIMP1), elevates ERAD efficiency during salt stress through UMP1A, a putative proteasome maturation factor in Arabidopsis. SIMP1 loss-of-function caused a salt-hypersensitive phenotype. SIMP1 interacts and phosphorylates UMP1A, and the protein stability of UMP1A is positively regulated by SIMP1. SIMP1 modulates the 26S proteasome maturation possibly through enhancing the recruitment of specific β subunits of the core catalytic particle to UMP1A. Functionally, the SIMP1-UMP1A module plays a positive role in ERAD efficiency in Arabidopsis. The degradation of misfolded/unfolded proteins was impaired in both simp1 and ump1a mutants during salt stress. Consistently, both simp1 and ump1a plants exhibited reduced ER stress tolerance. Phenotypic analysis revealed that SIMP1 regulates salt tolerance through UMP1A at least in part. Taken together, our work demonstrated that SIMP1 modulates plant salt tolerance by promoting proteasome maturation via UMP1A, therefore mitigating ER stress through enhanced ERAD efficiency under saline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxian He
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yufen Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Chuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Changle Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Honghui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Huapeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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11
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Role of Glycoproteins during Fruit Ripening and Seed Development. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082095. [PMID: 34440864 PMCID: PMC8392644 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately thirty percent of the proteins synthesized in animal or plant cells travel through the secretory pathway. Seventy to eighty percent of those proteins are glycosylated. Thus, glycosylation is an important protein modification that is related to many cellular processes, such as differentiation, recognition, development, signal transduction, and immune response. Additionally, glycosylation affects protein folding, solubility, stability, biogenesis, and activity. Specifically, in plants, glycosylation has recently been related to the fruit ripening process. This review aims to provide valuable information and discuss the available literature focused on three principal topics: (I) glycosylations as a key posttranslational modification in development in plants, (II) experimental and bioinformatics tools to analyze glycosylations, and (III) a literature review related to glycosylations in fruit ripening. Based on these three topics, we propose that it is necessary to increase the number of studies related to posttranslational modifications, specifically protein glycosylation because the specific role of glycosylation in the posttranslational process and how this process affects normal fruit development and ripening remain unclear to date.
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12
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Cheng C, Liu F, Tian N, Mensah RA, Sun X, Liu J, Wu J, Wang B, Li D, Lai Z. Identification and characterization of early Fusarium wilt responsive mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs in banana root using high-throughput sequencing. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16363. [PMID: 34381122 PMCID: PMC8358008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt disease, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc), has been recognized as the most devastating disease to banana. The regulatory role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in plant defense has been verified in many plant species. However, the understanding of their role during early FocTR4 (Foc tropical race 4) infection stage is very limited. In this study, lncRNA sequencing was used to reveal banana root transcriptome profile changes during early FocTR4 infection stages. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to confirm the expression of eight differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs (DELs) and their predicted target genes (DETs), and three DE genes (DEGs). Totally, 12,109 lncRNAs, 36,519 mRNAs and 2642 novel genes were obtained, of which 1398 (including 78 DELs, 1220 DE known genes and 100 DE novel genes) were identified as FocTR4 responsive DE transcripts. Gene function analysis revealed that most DEGs were involved in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, plant–pathogen interaction, plant hormone signal transduction, phenylalanine metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism and so on. Coincidently, many DETs have been identified as DEGs in previous transcriptome studies. Moreover, many DETs were found to be involved in ribosome, oxidative phosphorylation, lipoic acid metabolism, ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, N-glycan biosynthesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum and DNA damage response pathways. QRT-PCR result showed the expression patterns of the selected transcripts were mostly consistent with our lncRNA sequencing data. Our present study showed the regulatory role of lncRNAs on known biotic and abiotic stress responsive genes and some new-found FocTR4 responsive genes, which can provide new insights into FocTR4-induced changes in the banana root transcriptome during the early pathogen infection stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhen Cheng
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China. .,College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China.
| | - Fan Liu
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Na Tian
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Raphael Anue Mensah
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xueli Sun
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jiapeng Liu
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Junwei Wu
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Dan Li
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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13
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Subproteome Analysis Reveals Underlying Defense Mechanisms of Wheat Seedling Leaves under Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094840. [PMID: 34063651 PMCID: PMC8124925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt stress is the second most important abiotic stress factor in the world, which seriously affects crop growth, development and grain production. In this study, we performed the first integrated physiological and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves under salt stress using a label-free-based quantitative proteomic approach. Salt stress caused significant decrease in seedling height, root length, relative water content and chlorophyll content of wheat seedling leaves, indicating that wheat seedling growth was significantly inhibited under salt stress. The ER proteome analysis identified 233 ER-localized differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) in response to salt stress, including 202 upregulated and 31 downregulated proteins. The upregulated proteins were mainly involved in the oxidation-reduction process, transmembrane transport, the carboxylic acid metabolic process, stress response, the arbohydrate metabolic process and proteolysis, while the downregulated proteins mainly participated in the metabolic process, biological regulation and the cellular process. In particular, salt stress induced significant upregulation of protein disulfide isomerase-like proteins and heat shock proteins and significant downregulation of ribosomal protein abundance. Further transcript expression analysis revealed that half of the detected DAP genes showed a consistent pattern with their protein levels under salt stress. A putative metabolic pathway of ER subproteome of wheat seedling leaves in response to salt stress was proposed, which reveals the potential roles of wheat ER proteome in salt stress response and defense.
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Ogharandukun E, Tewolde W, Damtae E, Wang S, Ivanov A, Kumari N, Nekhai S, Chandran PL. Establishing Rules for Self-Adhesion and Aggregation of N-Glycan Sugars Using Virus Glycan Shields. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:13769-13783. [PMID: 33186493 PMCID: PMC7798417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The surfaces of cells and pathogens are covered with short polymers of sugars known as glycans. Complex N-glycans have a core of three mannose sugars with distal repeats of N-acetylglucosamine and galactose sugars terminating with sialic acid (SA). Long-range tough and short-range brittle self-adhesions were observed between SA and mannose residues, respectively, in ill-defined artificial monolayers. We investigated if and how these adhesions translate when the residues are presented in N-glycan architecture with SA at the surface and mannose at the core and with other glycan sugars. Two pseudotyped viruses with complex N-glycan shields were brought together in force spectroscopy (FS). At higher ramp rates, slime-like adhesions were observed between the shields, whereas Velcro-like adhesions were observed at lower rates. The higher approach rates compress the virus as a whole, and the self-adhesion between the surface SA is sampled. At the lower ramp rates, however, the complex glycan shield is penetrated and adhesion from the mannose core is accessed. The slime-like and Velcro-like adhesions were lost when SA and mannose were cleaved, respectively. While virus self-adhesion in forced contact was modulated by glycan penetrability, the self-aggregation of the freely diffusing virus was only determined by the surface sugar. Mannose-terminal viruses self-aggregated in solution, and SA-terminal ones required Ca2+ ions to self-aggregate. Viruses with galactose or N-acetylglucosamine surfaces did not self-aggregate, irrespective of whether or not a mannose core was present below the N-acetylglucosamine surface. Well-defined rules appear to govern the self-adhesion and -aggregation of N-glycosylated surfaces, regardless of whether the sugars are presented in an ill-defined monolayer, or N-glycan, or even polymer architecture.
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15
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Martin-Fernandez ML. A brief history of the octopus imaging facility to celebrate its 10th anniversary. J Microsc 2020; 281:3-15. [PMID: 33111321 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Octopus (Optics Clustered to OutPut Unique Solutions) celebrated in June 2020 its 10th birthday. Based at Harwell, near Oxford, Octopus is an open access, peer reviewed, national imaging facility that offers successful U.K. applicants supported access to single molecule imaging, confocal microscopy, several flavours of superresolution imaging, light sheet microscopy, optical trapping and cryoscanning electron microscopy. Managed by a multidisciplinary team, Octopus has so far assisted >100 groups of U.K. and international researchers. Cross-fertilisation across fields proved to be a strong propeller of success underpinned by combining access to top-end instrumentation with a strong programme of imaging hardware and software developments. How Octopus was born, and highlights of the multidisciplinary output produced during its 10-year journey are reviewed below, with the aim of celebrating a myriad of collaborations with the U.K. scientific community, and reflecting on their scientific and societal impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Martin-Fernandez
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Didcot, Oxford, U.K
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16
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Identification and Characterization of Glycoproteins and Their Responsive Patterns upon Ethylene Stimulation in the Rubber Latex. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155282. [PMID: 32722428 PMCID: PMC7432319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber is an important industrial material, which is obtained from the only commercially cultivated rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis. In rubber latex production, ethylene has been extensively used as a stimulant. Recent research showed that post-translational modifications (PTMs) of latex proteins, such as phosphorylation, glycosylation and ubiquitination, are crucial in natural rubber biosynthesis. In this study, comparative proteomics was performed to identify the glycosylated proteins in rubber latex treated with ethylene for different days. Combined with Pro-Q Glycoprotein gel staining and mass spectrometry techniques, we provided the first visual profiling of glycoproteomics of rubber latex and finally identified 144 glycosylated protein species, including 65 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) after treating with ethylene for three and/or five days. Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation showed that these ethylene-responsive glycoproteins are mainly involved in cell parts, membrane components and metabolism. Pathway analysis demonstrated that these glycosylated rubber latex proteins are mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, degradation function and cellular processes in rubber latex metabolism. Protein-protein interaction analysis revealed that these DAPs are mainly centered on acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGS) in the mevalonate pathway for natural rubber biosynthesis. In our glycoproteomics, three protein isoforms of HMGS2 were identified from rubber latex, and only one HMGS2 isoform was sharply increased in rubber latex by ethylene treatment for five days. Furthermore, the HbHMGS2 gene was over-expressed in a model rubber-producing grass Taraxacum Kok-saghyz and rubber content in the roots of transgenic rubber grass was significantly increased over that in the wild type plant, indicating HMGS2 is the key component for natural rubber production.
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17
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Chen XL, Liu C, Tang B, Ren Z, Wang GL, Liu W. Quantitative proteomics analysis reveals important roles of N-glycosylation on ER quality control system for development and pathogenesis in Magnaporthe oryzae. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008355. [PMID: 32092131 PMCID: PMC7058352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies have shown essential functions of N-glycosylation during infection of the plant pathogenic fungi, however, systematic roles of N-glycosylation in fungi is still largely unknown. Biological analysis demonstrated N-glycosylated proteins were widely present at different development stages of Magnaporthe oryzae and especially increased in the appressorium and invasive hyphae. A large-scale quantitative proteomics analysis was then performed to explore the roles of N-glycosylation in M. oryzae. A total of 559 N-glycosites from 355 proteins were identified and quantified at different developmental stages. Functional classification to the N-glycosylated proteins revealed N-glycosylation can coordinate different cellular processes for mycelial growth, conidium formation, and appressorium formation. N-glycosylation can also modify key components in N-glycosylation, O-glycosylation and GPI anchor pathways, indicating intimate crosstalk between these pathways. Interestingly, we found nearly all key components of the endoplasmic reticulum quality control (ERQC) system were highly N-glycosylated in conidium and appressorium. Phenotypic analyses to the gene deletion mutants revealed four ERQC components, Gls1, Gls2, GTB1 and Cnx1, are important for mycelial growth, conidiation, and invasive hyphal growth in host cells. Subsequently, we identified the Gls1 N-glycosite N497 was important for invasive hyphal growth and partially required for conidiation, but didn’t affect colony growth. Mutation of N497 resulted in reduction of Gls1 in protein level, and localization from ER into the vacuole, suggesting N497 is important for protein stability of Gls1. Our study showed a snapshot of the N-glycosylation landscape in plant pathogenic fungi, indicating functions of this modification in cellular processes, developments and pathogenesis. The fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae can cause rice blast and wheat blast diseases, which threatens worldwide food production. During infection, M. oryzae follows a sequence of distinct developmental stages adapted to survival and invasion of the host environment. M. oryzae attaches onto the host by the conidium, and then develops an appressorium to breach the host cuticle. After penetrating, it forms invasive hyphae to quickly spread in the host cells. Numerous genetic studies have focused on the mechanisms underlying each step in the infection process, but systemic approaches are needed for a broader, integrated understanding of regulatory events during M. oryzae pathogenesis. Many infection-related signaling events are regulated through post-translational protein modifications within the pathogen. N-linked glycosylation, in which a glycan moiety is added to the amide group of an asparagine residue, is an abundant modification known to be essential for M. oryzae infection. In this study, we employed a quantitative proteomics analysis to unravel the overall regulatory mechanisms of N-glycosylation at different developmental stages of M. oryzae. We detected changes in N-glycosylation levels at 559 glycosylated residues (N-glycosites) in 355 proteins during different stages, and determined that the ER quality control system is elaborately regulated by N-glycosylation. The insights gained will help us to better understand the regulatory mechanisms of infection in pathogenic fungi. These findings may be also important for developing novel strategies for fungal disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Chen
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caiyun Liu
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bozeng Tang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Zhiyong Ren
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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18
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A signal motif retains Arabidopsis ER-α-mannosidase I in the cis-Golgi and prevents enhanced glycoprotein ERAD. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3701. [PMID: 31420549 PMCID: PMC6697737 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis ER-α-mannosidase I (MNS3) generates an oligomannosidic N-glycan structure that is characteristically found on ER-resident glycoproteins. The enzyme itself has so far not been detected in the ER. Here, we provide evidence that in plants MNS3 exclusively resides in the Golgi apparatus at steady-state. Notably, MNS3 remains on dispersed punctate structures when subjected to different approaches that commonly result in the relocation of Golgi enzymes to the ER. Responsible for this rare behavior is an amino acid signal motif (LPYS) within the cytoplasmic tail of MNS3 that acts as a specific Golgi retention signal. This retention is a means to spatially separate MNS3 from ER-localized mannose trimming steps that generate the glycan signal required for flagging terminally misfolded glycoproteins for ERAD. The physiological importance of the very specific MNS3 localization is demonstrated here by means of a structurally impaired variant of the brassinosteroid receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1. The Arabidopsis ER-α-mannosidase I MNS3 generates N-glycan structures typical of ER-resident glycoproteins. Here Schoberer et al. identify a novel motif that anchors MNS3 to the cis-Golgi, spatially separating MNS3 from ER-localized mannose trimming associated with the ER-associated degradation pathway.
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19
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Long-Chain Polyisoprenoids Are Synthesized by AtCPT1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152789. [PMID: 31370240 PMCID: PMC6695881 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis roots accumulate a complex mixture of dolichols composed of three families, (i.e., short-, medium- and long-chain dolichols), but until now none of the cis-prenyltransferases (CPTs) predicted in the Arabidopsis genome has been considered responsible for their synthesis. In this report, using homo- and heterologous (yeast and tobacco) models, we have characterized the AtCPT1 gene (At2g23410) which encodes a CPT responsible for the formation of long-chain dolichols, Dol-18 to -23, with Dol-21 dominating, in Arabidopsis. The content of these dolichols was significantly reduced in AtCPT1 T-DNA insertion mutant lines and highly increased in AtCPT1-overexpressing plants. Similar to the majority of eukaryotic CPTs, AtCPT1 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Functional complementation tests using yeast rer2Δ or srt1Δ mutants devoid of medium- or long-chain dolichols, respectively, confirmed that this enzyme synthesizes long-chain dolichols, although the dolichol chains thus formed are somewhat shorter than those synthesized in planta. Moreover, AtCPT1 acts as a homomeric CPT and does not need LEW1 for its activity. AtCPT1 is the first plant CPT producing long-chain polyisoprenoids that does not form a complex with the NgBR/NUS1 homologue.
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20
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Ebert B, Rautengarten C, McFarlane HE, Rupasinghe T, Zeng W, Ford K, Scheller HV, Bacic A, Roessner U, Persson S, Heazlewood JL. A Golgi UDP-GlcNAc transporter delivers substrates for N-linked glycans and sphingolipids. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:792-801. [PMID: 30224661 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation requires activated glycosyl donors in the form of nucleotide sugars to drive processes such as post-translational protein modifications and glycolipid and polysaccharide biosynthesis. Most of these reactions occur in the Golgi, requiring cytosolic-derived nucleotide sugars, which need to be actively transferred into the Golgi lumen by nucleotide sugar transporters. We identified a Golgi-localized nucleotide sugar transporter from Arabidopsis thaliana with affinity for UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and assigned it UDP-GlcNAc transporter 1 (UGNT1). Profiles of N-glycopeptides revealed that plants carrying the ugnt1 loss-of-function allele are virtually devoid of complex and hybrid N-glycans. Instead, the N-glycopeptide population from these alleles exhibited high-mannose structures, representing structures prior to the addition of the first GlcNAc in the Golgi. Concomitantly, sphingolipid profiling revealed that the biosynthesis of GlcNAc-containing glycosyl inositol phosphorylceramides (GIPCs) is also reliant on this transporter. By contrast, plants carrying the loss-of-function alleles affecting ROCK1, which has been reported to transport UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, exhibit no changes in N-glycan or GIPC profiles. Our findings reveal that plants contain a single UDP-GlcNAc transporter that delivers an essential substrate for the maturation of N-glycans and the GIPC class of sphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Ebert
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Heather E McFarlane
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thusitha Rupasinghe
- Metabolomics Australia, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wei Zeng
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kristina Ford
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Antony Bacic
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- Metabolomics Australia, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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21
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Sim JS, Kesawat MS, Kumar M, Kim SY, Mani V, Subramanian P, Park S, Lee CM, Kim SR, Hahn BS. Lack of the α1,3-Fucosyltransferase Gene ( Osfuct) Affects Anther Development and Pollen Viability in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041225. [PMID: 29670011 PMCID: PMC5979348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is one of the key post-translational modifications. α1,3-Fucosyltransferase (OsFucT) is responsible for transferring α1,3-linked fucose residues to the glycoprotein N-glycan in plants. We characterized an Osfuct mutant that displayed pleiotropic developmental defects, such as impaired anther and pollen development, diminished growth, shorter plant height, fewer tillers, and shorter panicle length and internodes under field conditions. In addition, the anthers were curved, the pollen grains were shriveled, and pollen viability and pollen number per anther decreased dramatically in the mutant. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight analyses of the N-glycans revealed that α1,3-fucose was lacking in the N-glycan structure of the mutant. Mutant complementation revealed that the phenotype was caused by loss of Osfuct function. Transcriptome profiling also showed that several genes essential for plant developmental processes were significantly altered in the mutant, including protein kinases, transcription factors, genes involved in metabolism, genes related to protein synthesis, and hypothetical proteins. Moreover, the mutant exhibited sensitivity to an increased concentration of salt. This study facilitates a further understanding of the function of genes mediating N-glycan modification and anther and pollen development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Soo Sim
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
| | - Mahipal Singh Kesawat
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
| | - Manu Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea.
| | - Su-Yeon Kim
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
| | - Vimalraj Mani
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
| | - Parthiban Subramanian
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
| | - Soyoung Park
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
| | - Chang-Muk Lee
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
| | - Seong-Ryong Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea.
| | - Bum-Soo Hahn
- Metabolic Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
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22
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Wang X, Komatsu S. Proteomic approaches to uncover the flooding and drought stress response mechanisms in soybean. J Proteomics 2018; 172:201-215. [PMID: 29133124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Soybean is the important crop with abundant protein, vegetable oil, and several phytochemicals. With such predominant values, soybean is cultivated with a long history. However, flooding and drought stresses exert deleterious effects on soybean growth. The present review summarizes the morphological changes and affected events in soybean exposed to such extreme-water conditions. Sensitive organ in stressed soybean at different-developmental stages is presented based on protein profiles. Protein quality control and calcium homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum are discussed in soybean under both stresses. In addition, the way of calcium homeostasis in mediating protein folding and energy metabolism is addressed. Finally, stress response to flooding and drought is systematically demonstrated. This review concludes the recent findings of plant response to flooding and drought stresses in soybean employed proteomic approaches. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Soybean is considered as traditional-health food because of nutritional elements and pharmacological values. Flooding and drought exert deleterious effects to soybean growth. Proteomic approaches have been employed to elucidate stress response in soybean exposed to flooding and drought stresses. In this review, stress response is presented on organ-specific manner in the early-stage plant and soybean seedling exposed to combined stresses. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is induced by both stresses; and stress-response in the ER is addressed in the root tip of early-stage soybean. Moreover, calcium-response processes in stressed plant are described in the ER and in the cytosol. Additionally, stress-dependent response was discussed in flooded and drought-stressed plant. This review depicts stress response in the sensitive organ of stressed soybean and forms the basis to develop molecular markers related to plant defense under flooding and drought stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
| | - Setsuko Komatsu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan.
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Kriechbaumer V, Maneta-Peyret L, Fouillen L, Botchway SW, Upson J, Hughes L, Richardson J, Kittelmann M, Moreau P, Hawes C. The odd one out: Arabidopsis reticulon 20 does not bend ER membranes but has a role in lipid regulation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2310. [PMID: 29396477 PMCID: PMC5797236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20840-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reticulons are integral ER membrane proteins characterised by a reticulon homology domain comprising four transmembrane domains which results in the proteins sitting in the membrane in a W-topology. Here we report on a novel subgroup of reticulons with an extended N-terminal domain and in particular on arabidopsis reticulon 20. Using high resolution confocal microscopy we show that reticulon 20 is located in a unique punctate pattern on the ER membrane. Its closest homologue reticulon 19 labels the whole ER. Other than demonstrated for the other members of the reticulon protein family RTN20 and 19 do not display ER constriction phenotypes on over expression. We show that mutants in RTN20 or RTN19, respectively, display a significant change in sterol composition in roots indicating a role in lipid regulation. A third homologue in this family -3BETAHSD/D1- is unexpectedly localised to ER exit sites resulting in an intriguing location difference for the three proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kriechbaumer
- Plant Cell Biology, Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom.
| | - Lilly Maneta-Peyret
- Laboratoire Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200 CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Laetitia Fouillen
- Laboratoire Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200 CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,MetaboHub-Metabolome Facility of Bordeaux, Functional Genomics Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stanley W Botchway
- Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Upson
- Plant Cell Biology, Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom.,J.U.: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Hughes
- Plant Cell Biology, Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Jake Richardson
- Plant Cell Biology, Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Maike Kittelmann
- Plant Cell Biology, Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Moreau
- Laboratoire Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200 CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Chris Hawes
- Plant Cell Biology, Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
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Dinh SN, Kang H. An endoplasmic reticulum-localized Coffea arabica BURP domain-containing protein affects the response of transgenic Arabidopsis plants to diverse abiotic stresses. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:1829-1839. [PMID: 28803325 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Coffea arabica BURP domain-containing gene plays an important role in the response of transgenic Arabidopsis plants to abiotic stresses via regulating the level of diverse proteins. Although the functions of plant-specific BURP domain-containing proteins (BDP) have been determined for a few plants, their roles in the growth, development, and stress responses of most plant species, including coffee plant (Coffea arabica), are largely unknown. In this study, the function of a C. arabica BDP, designated CaBDP1, was investigated in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. The expression of CaBDP1 was highly modulated in coffee plants subjected to drought, cold, salt, or ABA. Confocal analysis of CaBDP1-GFP fusion proteins revealed that CaBDP1 is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. The ectopic expression of CaBDP1 in Arabidopsis resulted in delayed germination of the transgenic plants under abiotic stress and in the presence of ABA. Cotyledon greening and seedling growth of the transgenic plants were inhibited in the presence of ABA due to the upregulation of ABA signaling-related genes like ABI3, ABI4, and ABI5. Proteome analysis revealed that the levels of several proteins are modulated in CaBDP1-expressing transgenic plants. The results of this study underscore the importance of BURP domain proteins in plant responses to diverse abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sy Nguyen Dinh
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
- Institute of Environment and Biotechnology, Taynguyen University, 567 Le Duan Street, Buon Ma Thuot, Daklak Province, Vietnam
| | - Hunseung Kang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Korea.
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25
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Zadražnik T, Moen A, Egge-Jacobsen W, Meglič V, Šuštar-Vozlič J. Towards a better understanding of protein changes in common bean under drought: A case study of N-glycoproteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 118:400-412. [PMID: 28711789 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Drought is one of the major abiotic stress conditions limiting crop growth and productivity. Glycosylation of proteins is very important post-translational modification that is involved in many physiological functions and biological pathways. To understand the involvement of N-glycoproteins in the mechanism of drought response in leaves of common bean, a proteomic approach using lectin affinity chromatography, SDS-PAGE and LC-MS/MS was applied. Quantification of N-glycoproteins was performed using MaxQuant with a label free quantification approach. Thirty five glycoproteins were changed in abundance in leaves of common bean under drought. The majority of these proteins were classified into functional groups that include cell wall processes, defence/stress related proteins and proteins related to proteolysis. Beta-glucosidase showed the highest increase in abundance among proteins involved in cell wall metabolism, suggesting its role in cell wall modification under drought stress. These results fit with the general concept of the stress response in plants and suggest that drought stress might affect biochemical metabolism in the cell wall. The structures of N-glycans were determined manually from spectra, where structures of high mannose, complex and hybrid types of N-glycans were found. The present study provided an insight into the glycoproteins related to drought stress in common bean at the proteome level, which is important for further understanding of molecular mechanisms of drought response in this important legume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Zadražnik
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Anders Moen
- University of Oslo, Department of Molecular Biosciences, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Vladimir Meglič
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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26
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Ladevèze S, Laville E, Despres J, Mosoni P, Potocki-Véronèse G. Mannoside recognition and degradation by bacteria. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1969-1990. [PMID: 27995767 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mannosides constitute a vast group of glycans widely distributed in nature. Produced by almost all organisms, these carbohydrates are involved in numerous cellular processes, such as cell structuration, protein maturation and signalling, mediation of protein-protein interactions and cell recognition. The ubiquitous presence of mannosides in the environment means they are a reliable source of carbon and energy for bacteria, which have developed complex strategies to harvest them. This review focuses on the various mannosides that can be found in nature and details their structure. It underlines their involvement in cellular interactions and finally describes the latest discoveries regarding the catalytic machinery and metabolic pathways that bacteria have developed to metabolize them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ladevèze
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Elisabeth Laville
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Jordane Despres
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Pascale Mosoni
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122, Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
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27
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Ma J, Wang D, She J, Li J, Zhu JK, She YM. Endoplasmic reticulum-associated N-glycan degradation of cold-upregulated glycoproteins in response to chilling stress in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:282-96. [PMID: 27558752 PMCID: PMC5513495 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
N-glycosylation has a great impact on glycoprotein structure, conformation, stability, solubility, immunogenicity and enzyme activity. Structural characterization of N-glycoproteome has been challenging but can provide insights into the extent of protein folding and surface topology. We describe a highly sensitive proteomics method for large-scale identification and quantification of glycoproteins in Arabidopsis through (15) N-metabolic labeling, selective enrichment of glycopeptides, data-dependent MS/MS analysis and automated database searching. In-house databases of Arabidopsis glycoproteins and glycopeptides containing Asn-X-Ser/Thr/Cys motifs were constructed by reducing 20% and 90% of the public database size, respectively, to enable a rapid analysis of large datasets for comprehensive identification and quantification of glycoproteins and heterogeneous N-glycans in a complex mixture. Proteome-wide analysis identified c. 100 stress-related N-glycoproteins, of which the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident proteins were examined to be up-regulated. Quantitative measurements provided a molecular signature specific to glycoproteins for determining the degree of plant stress at low temperature. Structural N-glycoproteomics following time-course cold treatments revealed the stress-responsive degradation of high-mannose type N-glycans in ER in response to chilling stress, which may aid in elucidating the cellular mechanisms of protein relocation, transport, trafficking, misfolding and degradation under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Dinghe Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Jessica She
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jianming Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Yi-Min She
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
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28
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Hou W, Qiu Y, Hashimoto N, Ching WK, Aoki-Kinoshita KF. A systematic framework to derive N-glycan biosynthesis process and the automated construction of glycosylation networks. BMC Bioinformatics 2016; 17 Suppl 7:240. [PMID: 27454116 PMCID: PMC4965717 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-016-1094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormalities in glycan biosynthesis have been conclusively related to various diseases, whereas the complexity of the glycosylation process has impeded the quantitative analysis of biochemical experimental data for the identification of glycoforms contributing to disease. To overcome this limitation, the automatic construction of glycosylation reaction networks in silico is a critical step. Results In this paper, a framework K2014 is developed to automatically construct N-glycosylation networks in MATLAB with the involvement of the 27 most-known enzyme reaction rules of 22 enzymes, as an extension of previous model KB2005. A toolbox named Glycosylation Network Analysis Toolbox (GNAT) is applied to define network properties systematically, including linkages, stereochemical specificity and reaction conditions of enzymes. Our network shows a strong ability to predict a wider range of glycans produced by the enzymes encountered in the Golgi Apparatus in human cell expression systems. Conclusions Our results demonstrate a better understanding of the underlying glycosylation process and the potential of systems glycobiology tools for analyzing conventional biochemical or mass spectrometry-based experimental data quantitatively in a more realistic and practical way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpin Hou
- Department of Mathematics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
| | - Yushan Qiu
- Hematology Oncology Division, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Hashimoto
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Soka University, Tokyo, 192-8577, Japan
| | - Wai-Ki Ching
- Department of Mathematics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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29
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Wang X, Komatsu S. Gel-Free/Label-Free Proteomic Analysis of Endoplasmic Reticulum Proteins in Soybean Root Tips under Flooding and Drought Stresses. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:2211-27. [PMID: 27224218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Soybean is a widely cultivated crop; however, it is sensitive to flooding and drought stresses. The adverse environmental cues cause the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress due to accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins. To investigate the mechanisms in response to flooding and drought stresses, ER proteomics was performed in soybean root tips. The enzyme activity of NADH cytochrome c reductase was two-fold higher in the ER than other fractions, indicating that the ER was isolated with high purity. Protein abundance of ribosomal proteins was decreased under both stresses compared to control condition; however, the percentage of increased ribosomes was two-fold higher in flooding compared to drought. The ER proteins related to protein glycosylation and signaling were in response to both stresses. Compared to control condition, calnexin was decreased under both stresses; however, protein disulfide isomerase-like proteins and heat shock proteins were markedly decreased under flooding and drought conditions, respectively. Furthermore, fewer glycoproteins and higher levels of cytosolic calcium were identified under both stresses compared to control condition. These results suggest that reduced accumulation of glycoproteins in response to both stresses might be due to dysfunction of protein folding through calnexin/calreticulin cycle. Additionally, the increased cytosolic calcium levels induced by flooding and drought stresses might disturb the ER environment for proper protein folding in soybean root tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- National Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization , Tsukuba 305-8518, Japan
| | - Setsuko Komatsu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba 305-8572, Japan
- National Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization , Tsukuba 305-8518, Japan
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30
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de Oliveira MVV, Xu G, Li B, de Souza Vespoli L, Meng X, Chen X, Yu X, de Souza SA, Intorne AC, de A. Manhães AME, Musinsky AL, Koiwa H, de Souza Filho GA, Shan L, He P. Specific control of Arabidopsis BAK1/SERK4-regulated cell death by protein glycosylation. NATURE PLANTS 2016; 2:15218. [PMID: 27250875 PMCID: PMC5572757 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Precise control of cell death is essential for the survival of all organisms. Arabidopsis thaliana BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) and somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase 4 (SERK4) redundantly and negatively regulate cell death through elusive mechanisms. By deploying a genetic screen for suppressors of cell death triggered by virus-induced gene silencing of BAK1/SERK4 on Arabidopsis knockout collections, we identified STT3a, a protein involved in N-glycosylation modification, as an important regulator of bak1/serk4 cell death. Systematic investigation of glycosylation pathway and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control (ERQC) components revealed distinct and overlapping mechanisms of cell death regulated by BAK1/SERK4 and their interacting protein BIR1. Genome-wide transcriptional analysis revealed the activation of members of cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase (CRK) genes in the bak1/serk4 mutant. Ectopic expression of CRK4 induced STT3a/N-glycosylation-dependent cell death in Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana. Therefore, N-glycosylation and specific ERQC components are essential to activate bak1/serk4 cell death, and CRK4 is likely to be among client proteins of protein glycosylation involved in BAK1/SERK4-regulated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos V. V. de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Guangyuan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Luciano de Souza Vespoli
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Center of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Darcy Ribeiro State University of North Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602 Brazil
| | - Xiangzong Meng
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Suzane Ariádina de Souza
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Center of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Darcy Ribeiro State University of North Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602 Brazil
| | - Aline C. Intorne
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Center of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Darcy Ribeiro State University of North Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602 Brazil
| | - Ana Marcia E. de A. Manhães
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Center of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Darcy Ribeiro State University of North Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602 Brazil
| | - Abbey L. Musinsky
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Major, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Gonçalo A. de Souza Filho
- Center of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Darcy Ribeiro State University of North Rio de Janeiro, 28013-602 Brazil
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to L.S. ; and P.H.
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to L.S. ; and P.H.
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Short-chain polyisoprenoids in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae - New companions of the old guys. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1296-303. [PMID: 26143379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dolichols are, among others, obligatory cofactors of protein glycosylation in eukaryotic cells. It is well known that yeast cells accumulate a family of dolichols with Dol-15/16 dominating while upon certain physiological conditions a second family with Dol-21 dominating is noted. In this report we identified the presence of additional short-chain length polyprenols - all-trans Pren-7 in three yeast strains (SS328, BY4741 and L5366), Pren-7 was accompanied by traces of putative Pren-6 and -8. Moreover, in two of these strains a single polyprenol mainly-cis-Pren-11 was synthesized at the stationary phase of growth. Identity of polyprenols was confirmed by HR-HPLC/MS, NMR and metabolic labeling. Additionally, simvastatin inhibited their biosynthesis.
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Blanco-Herrera F, Moreno AA, Tapia R, Reyes F, Araya M, D'Alessio C, Parodi A, Orellana A. The UDP-glucose: glycoprotein glucosyltransferase (UGGT), a key enzyme in ER quality control, plays a significant role in plant growth as well as biotic and abiotic stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:127. [PMID: 26017403 PMCID: PMC4465474 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0525-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND UDP-glucose: glycoprotein glucosyltransferase (UGGT) is a key player in the quality control mechanism (ER-QC) that newly synthesized glycoproteins undergo in the ER. It has been shown that the UGGT Arabidopsis orthologue is involved in ER-QC; however, its role in plant physiology remains unclear. RESULTS Here, we show that two mutant alleles in the At1g71220 locus have none or reduced UGGT activity. In wild type plants, the AtUGGT transcript levels increased upon activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Interestingly, mutants in AtUGGT exhibited an endogenous up-regulation of genes that are UPR targets. In addition, mutants in AtUGGT showed a 30% reduction in the incorporation of UDP-Glucose into the ER suggesting that this enzyme drives the uptake of this substrate for the CNX/CRT cycle. Plants deficient in UGGT exhibited a delayed growth rate of the primary root and rosette as well as an alteration in the number of leaves. These mutants are more sensitive to pathogen attack as well as heat, salt, and UPR-inducing stressors. Additionally, the plants showed impairment in the establishment of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). CONCLUSIONS These results show that a lack of UGGT activity alters plant vegetative development and impairs the response to several abiotic and biotic stresses. Moreover, our results uncover an unexpected role of UGGT in the incorporation of UDP-Glucose into the ER lumen in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Blanco-Herrera
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 217, Santiago, 837-0146, RM, Chile.
| | - Adrián A Moreno
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 217, Santiago, 837-0146, RM, Chile.
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, RM, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Tapia
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 217, Santiago, 837-0146, RM, Chile.
| | - Francisca Reyes
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 217, Santiago, 837-0146, RM, Chile.
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, RM, Chile.
| | - Macarena Araya
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 217, Santiago, 837-0146, RM, Chile.
| | - Cecilia D'Alessio
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Armando Parodi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ariel Orellana
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 217, Santiago, 837-0146, RM, Chile.
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, RM, Chile.
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Lindner H, Kessler SA, Müller LM, Shimosato-Asano H, Boisson-Dernier A, Grossniklaus U. TURAN and EVAN mediate pollen tube reception in Arabidopsis Synergids through protein glycosylation. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002139. [PMID: 25919390 PMCID: PMC4412406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollen tube (PT) reception in flowering plants describes the crosstalk between the male and female gametophytes upon PT arrival at the synergid cells of the ovule. It leads to PT growth arrest, rupture, and sperm cell release, and is thus essential to ensure double fertilization. Here, we describe TURAN (TUN) and EVAN (EVN), two novel members of the PT reception pathway that is mediated by the FERONIA (FER) receptor-like kinase (RLK). Like fer, mutations in these two genes lead to PT overgrowth inside the female gametophyte (FG) without PT rupture. Mapping by next-generation sequencing, cytological analysis of reporter genes, and biochemical assays of glycoproteins in RNAi knockdown mutants revealed both genes to be involved in protein N-glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). TUN encodes a uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferase superfamily protein and EVN a dolichol kinase. In addition to their common role during PT reception in the synergids, both genes have distinct functions in the pollen: whereas EVN is essential for pollen development, TUN is required for PT growth and integrity by affecting the stability of the pollen-specific FER homologs ANXUR1 (ANX1) and ANX2. ANX1- and ANX2-YFP reporters are not expressed in tun pollen grains, but ANX1-YFP is degraded via the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway, likely underlying the anx1/2-like premature PT rupture phenotype of tun mutants. Thus, as in animal sperm–egg interactions, protein glycosylation is essential for the interaction between the female and male gametophytes during PT reception to ensure fertilization and successful reproduction. Protein glycosylation is essential for gametophyte interactions between the male pollen tube and the female ovule in plants, reminiscent of gamete interactions during fertilization in mammals. In flowering plants, gametes are produced by the haploid, multicellular male (pollen), and female (embryo sac) gametophytes, which develop within the reproductive organs of the flower. Successful fertilization depends on delivery of the sperm cells to the embryo sac, which is embedded in the ovule, by the pollen tube. Upon arrival of the pollen tube at the opening of the ovule, crosstalk between male and female gametophytes, known as pollen tube reception, ensues; the pollen tube slows or stops its growth, then resumes rapid growth, and finally bursts to release the sperm cells and effect double fertilization. Although several members of the pollen tube reception pathway, including the receptor-like kinase FERONIA, have been identified, the molecular mechanisms underlying this communication process remain unclear. Here, we show that protein N-glycosylation is required for normal pollen tube reception. A mutant screen identified two genes, TURAN and EVAN, which are involved in protein N-glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Both genes act in the FERONIA-mediated pollen tube reception pathway, which is impaired in these mutants. Thus, in plants, a “dual recognition system,” involving interactions between both protein and glycosyl residues on the surface of male and female gametophytes, appears to be required for successful pollen tube reception, conceptually similar to sperm–egg interactions in mammals, for which N-glycosylation of cell surface proteins also plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Lindner
- Institute of Plant Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sharon A. Kessler
- Institute of Plant Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lena M. Müller
- Institute of Plant Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hiroko Shimosato-Asano
- Institute of Plant Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aurélien Boisson-Dernier
- Institute of Plant Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Institute of Plant Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Chen YH, Shen HL, Hsu PJ, Hwang SG, Cheng WH. N-acetylglucosamine-1-P uridylyltransferase 1 and 2 are required for gametogenesis and embryo development in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1977-93. [PMID: 25231969 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although N-acetylglucosamine-1-P uridylyltransferase (GlcNAc1pUT) that catalyzes the final step of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and is conserved among, organisms, produces UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), an essential sugar moiety involved in protein glycosylation and structural polymers, its biological function in plants remains unknown. In this study, two GlcNA.UT genes were characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana. The single mutants glcna.ut1 and glcna.ut2 revealed no obvious phenotype, but their homozygous double mutant was lethal, reflecting the functional redundancy of these genes in being essential for plant growth. Mutant plants, GlcNA.UT1/glcna.ut1 glcna.ut2/ glcna.ut2, obtained from an F2-segregating population following reciprocal crosses of glcna.ut1 with glcna.ut2, displayed shorter siliques and fewer seed sets combined with impaired pollen viability and unfertilized ovules. Genetic analyses further demonstrated that the progeny of the GlcNA.UT1/glcna.ut1 glcna.ut2/glcna.ut2 mutant plants, but not those of the glcna.ut1/glcna.ut1 GlcNA.UT2/glcna.ut2 mutant plants, suffer from the aberrant transmission of (glcna.ut1 glcna.ut2) gametes. In parallel, cell biology analyses revealed a substantial defect in male gametophytes appearing during the late vacuolated or pollen mitosis I stages and that the female gametophyte is arrested during the uninucleate embryo sac stage in GlcNA.UT1/glcna.ut1 glcna.ut2/glcna.ut2 mutant plants. Nevertheless, although the glcna.ut1/glcna.ut1 GlcNA.UT2/glcna.ut2 mutant plants exhibited a normal transmission of (glcna.ut1 glcna.ut2) gametes and gametophytic development, the development of numerous embryos was arrested during the early globular stage within the embryo sacs. Collectively, despite having overlapping functions, the GlcNA.UT genes play an indispensable role in the unique mediation of gametogenesis and embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Huei Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Ling Shen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jung Hsu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - San-Gwang Hwang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan Present address: Department of Horticulture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Hsing Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Fu XL, Gao DS. Endoplasmic reticulum proteins quality control and the unfolded protein response: the regulative mechanism of organisms against stress injuries. Biofactors 2014; 40:569-85. [PMID: 25530003 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum is the cellular compartment in which secretory proteins are synthesized and folded. Perturbations of endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis lead to the accumulation of unfolded proteins. The activation of the unfolded protein response during endoplasmic reticulum stress transmits information about the status of protein folding to the cytosol and nucleus. The unfolded protein response leads to the upregulation of genes encoding endoplasmic reticulum chaperones, attenuation of translation, and initiation of the endoplasmic reticulum quality control system to restore endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. When the unfolded protein response is insufficient to rebuild the steady state in endoplasmic reticulum, the programmed cell death or apoptosis would be initiated, by triggering cell injuries, even to cell death through apoptosis signals. In this review, we briefly outline research on the chaperones and foldases conserved in eukaryotes and plants, and describe the general principles and mechanisms of the endoplasmic reticulum quality control and the unfolded protein response. We describe the current models for the molecular mechanism of the unfolded protein response in plants, and emphasize the role of inositol requiring enzyme-1-dependent network in the unfolded protein response. Finally, we give a general overview of the directions for future research on the unfolded protein response in plants and its role in the response to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Ling Fu
- Division of National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China; Division of State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
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Compositions of fungal secretomes indicate a greater impact of phylogenetic history than lifestyle adaptation. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:722. [PMID: 25159997 PMCID: PMC4161775 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since the first fungal genome sequences became available, investigators have been employing comparative genomics to understand how fungi have evolved to occupy diverse ecological niches. The secretome, i.e. the entirety of all proteins secreted by an organism, is of particular importance, as by these proteins fungi acquire nutrients and communicate with their surroundings. Results It is generally assumed that fungi with similar nutritional lifestyles have similar secretome compositions. In this study, we test this hypothesis by annotating and comparing the soluble secretomes, defined as the sets of proteins containing classical signal peptides but lacking transmembrane domains of fungi representing a broad diversity of nutritional lifestyles. Secretome size correlates with phylogeny and to a lesser extent with lifestyle. Plant pathogens and saprophytes have larger secretomes than animal pathogens. Small secreted cysteine-rich proteins (SSCPs), which may comprise many effectors important for the interaction of plant pathogens with their hosts, are defined here to have a mature length of ≤ 300 aa residues, at least four cysteines, and a total cysteine content of ≥5%. SSCPs are found enriched in the secretomes of the Pezizomycotina and Basidiomycota in comparison to Saccharomycotina. Relative SSCP content is noticeably higher in plant pathogens than in animal pathogens, while saprophytes were in between and closer to plant pathogens. Expansions and contractions of gene families and in the number of occurrences of functional domains are largely lineage specific, e.g. contraction of glycoside hydrolases in Saccharomycotina, and are only weakly correlated with lifestyle. However, within a given lifestyle a few general trends exist, such as the expansion of secreted family M14 metallopeptidases and chitin-binding proteins in plant pathogenic Pezizomycotina. Conclusions While the secretomes of fungi with similar lifestyles share certain characteristics, the expansion and contraction of gene families is largely lineage specific, and not shared among all fungi of a given lifestyle. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-722) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Saito F, Suyama A, Oka T, Yoko-O T, Matsuoka K, Jigami Y, Shimma YI. Identification of Novel Peptidyl Serine α-Galactosyltransferase Gene Family in Plants. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:20405-20420. [PMID: 24914209 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.553933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, serine residues in extensin, a cell wall protein, are glycosylated with O-linked galactose. However, the enzyme that is involved in the galactosylation of serine had not yet been identified. To identify the peptidyl serine O-α-galactosyltransferase (SGT), we chose Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a model. We established an assay system for SGT activity using C. reinhardtii and Arabidopsis thaliana cell extracts. SGT protein was partially purified from cell extracts of C. reinhardtii and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry to determine its amino acid sequence. The sequence matched the open reading frame XP_001696927 in the C. reinhardtii proteome database, and a corresponding DNA fragment encoding 748 amino acids (BAL63043) was cloned from a C. reinhardtii cDNA library. The 748-amino acid protein (CrSGT1) was produced using a yeast expression system, and the SGT activity was examined. Hydroxylation of proline residues adjacent to a serine in acceptor peptides was required for SGT activity. Genes for proteins containing conserved domains were found in various plant genomes, including A. thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum. The AtSGT1 and NtSGT1 proteins also showed SGT activity when expressed in yeast. In addition, knock-out lines of AtSGT1 and knockdown lines of NtSGT1 showed no or reduced SGT activity. The SGT1 sequence, which contains a conserved DXD motif and a C-terminal membrane spanning region, is the first example of a glycosyltransferase with type I membrane protein topology, and it showed no homology with known glycosyltransferases, indicating that SGT1 belongs to a novel glycosyltransferase gene family existing only in the plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumie Saito
- From the Research Center for Medical Glycoscience and Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566
| | - Akiko Suyama
- the Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581
| | - Takuji Oka
- the Department of Applied Microbial Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, and
| | - Takehiko Yoko-O
- From the Research Center for Medical Glycoscience and Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566
| | - Ken Matsuoka
- the Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, the Biotron Application Center and Organelle Homeostasis Research Center, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Wang S, Xu Y, Li Z, Zhang S, Lim JM, Lee KO, Li C, Qian Q, Jiang DA, Qi Y. OsMOGS is required for N-glycan formation and auxin-mediated root development in rice (Oryza sativa L.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 78:632-645. [PMID: 24597623 PMCID: PMC4018454 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
N-glycosylation is a major modification of glycoproteins in eukaryotic cells. In Arabidopsis, great progress has been made in functional analysis of N-glycan production, however there are few studies in monocotyledons. Here, we characterized a rice (Oryza sativa L.) osmogs mutant with shortened roots and isolated a gene that coded a putative mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase (OsMOGS), an ortholog of α-glucosidase I in Arabidopsis, which trims the terminal glucosyl residue of the oligosaccharide chain of nascent peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). OsMOGS is strongly expressed in rapidly cell-dividing tissues and OsMOGS protein is localized in the ER. Mutation of OsMOGS entirely blocked N-glycan maturation and inhibited high-mannose N-glycan formation. The osmogs mutant exhibited severe defects in root cell division and elongation, resulting in a short-root phenotype. In addition, osmogs plants had impaired root hair formation and elongation, and reduced root epidemic cell wall thickness due to decreased cellulose synthesis. Further analysis showed that auxin content and polar transport in osmogs roots were reduced due to incomplete N-glycosylation of the B subfamily of ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins (ABCBs). Our results demonstrate that involvement of OsMOGS in N-glycan formation is required for auxin-mediated root development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- SuiKang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - YanXia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - ZhiLan Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - SaiNa Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jae-Min Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongnam 641-773, Republic of Korea
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602-4712, USA
| | - Kyun Oh Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - ChuanYou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 359 Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - De An Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - YanHua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- For correspondence ()
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Liebrand TWH, Kombrink A, Zhang Z, Sklenar J, Jones AME, Robatzek S, Thomma BPHJ, Joosten MHAJ. Chaperones of the endoplasmic reticulum are required for Ve1-mediated resistance to Verticillium. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:109-17. [PMID: 24015989 PMCID: PMC6638731 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The tomato receptor-like protein (RLP) Ve1 mediates resistance to the vascular fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae. To identify the proteins required for Ve1 function, we transiently expressed and immunopurified functional Ve1-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) from Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, followed by mass spectrometry. This resulted in the identification of peptides originating from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident chaperones HSP70 binding proteins (BiPs) and a lectin-type calreticulin (CRT). Knock-down of the different BiPs and CRTs in tomato resulted in compromised Ve1-mediated resistance to V. dahliae in most cases, showing that these chaperones play an important role in Ve1 functionality. Recently, it has been shown that one particular CRT is required for the biogenesis of the RLP-type Cladosporium fulvum resistance protein Cf-4 of tomato, as silencing of CRT3a resulted in a reduced pool of complex glycosylated Cf-4 protein. In contrast, knock-down of the various CRTs in N. benthamiana or N. tabacum did not result in reduced accumulation of mature complex glycosylated Ve1 protein. Together, this study shows that the BiP and CRT ER chaperones differentially contribute to Cf-4- and Ve1-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W H Liebrand
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Centre for BioSystems Genomics, 6700 AB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Stigliano E, Faraco M, Neuhaus JM, Montefusco A, Dalessandro G, Piro G, Di Sansebastiano GP. Two glycosylated vacuolar GFPs are new markers for ER-to-vacuole sorting. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 73:337-43. [PMID: 24184454 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar Sorting Determinants (VSDs) have been extensively studied in plants but the mechanisms for the accumulation of storage proteins in somatic tissues are not yet fully understood. In this work we used two mutated versions of well-documented vacuolar fluorescent reporters, a GFP fusion in frame with the C-terminal VSD of tobacco chitinase (GFPChi) and an N-terminal fusion in frame with the sequence-specific VSD of the barley cysteine protease aleurain (AleuGFP). The GFP sequence was mutated to present an N-glycosylation site at the amino-acid position 133. The reporters were transiently expressed in Nicotiana tabacum protoplasts and agroinfiltrated in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and their distribution was identical to that of the non-glycosylated versions. With the glycosylated GFPs we could highlight a differential ENDO-H sensitivity and therefore differential glycan modifications. This finding suggests two different and independent routes to the vacuole for the two reporters. BFA also had a differential effect on the two markers and further, inhibition of COPII trafficking by a specific dominant-negative mutant (NtSar1h74l) confirmed that GFPChi transport from the ER to the vacuole is not fully dependent on the Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egidio Stigliano
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; CNR-IGV, Institute of Plant Genetics, Thematic Center for the Preservation of Mediterranean Plant Biodiversity, via Nazionale 44, 75025 Policoro, MT, Italy
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Abstract
Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) is widely used as a carrier molecule and mucosal adjuvant and for the expression of fusion proteins of interest. CTB-fusion proteins are also expressed in plants, but the N-glycan structures of CTB have not been clarified. To gain insights into the N-glycosylation and N-glycans of CTB expressed in plants, we expressed CTB in rice seeds with an N-terminal glutelin signal and a C-terminal KDEL sequence and analyzed its N-glycosylation and N-glycan structures. CTB was successfully expressed in rice seeds in two forms: a form with N-glycosylation at Asn32 that included both plant-specific N-glycans and small oligomannosidic N-glycans and a non-N-glycosylated form. N-Glycan analysis of CTB showed that approximately 50 % of the N-glycans had plant-specific M3FX structures and that almost none of the N-glycans was of high-mannose-type N-glycan even though the CTB expressed in rice seeds contains a C-terminal KDEL sequence. These results suggest that the CTB expressed in rice was N-glycosylated through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi N-glycosylation machinery without the ER retrieval.
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Ulvskov P, Paiva DS, Domozych D, Harholt J. Classification, naming and evolutionary history of glycosyltransferases from sequenced green and red algal genomes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76511. [PMID: 24146880 PMCID: PMC3797821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Archaeplastida consists of three lineages, Rhodophyta, Virideplantae and Glaucophyta. The extracellular matrix of most members of the Rhodophyta and Viridiplantae consists of carbohydrate-based or a highly glycosylated protein-based cell wall while the Glaucophyte covering is poorly resolved. In order to elucidate possible evolutionary links between the three advanced lineages in Archaeplastida, a genomic analysis was initiated. Fully sequenced genomes from the Rhodophyta and Virideplantae and the well-defined CAZy database on glycosyltransferases were included in the analysis. The number of glycosyltransferases found in the Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta are generally much lower then in land plants (Embryophyta). Three specific features exhibited by land plants increase the number of glycosyltransferases in their genomes: (1) cell wall biosynthesis, the more complex land plant cell walls require a larger number of glycosyltransferases for biosynthesis, (2) a richer set of protein glycosylation, and (3) glycosylation of secondary metabolites, demonstrated by a large proportion of family GT1 being involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis. In a comparative analysis of polysaccharide biosynthesis amongst the taxa of this study, clear distinctions or similarities were observed in (1) N-linked protein glycosylation, i.e., Chlorophyta has different mannosylation and glucosylation patterns, (2) GPI anchor biosynthesis, which is apparently missing in the Rhodophyta and truncated in the Chlorophyta, (3) cell wall biosynthesis, where the land plants have unique cell wall related polymers not found in green and red algae, and (4) O-linked glycosylation where comprehensive orthology was observed in glycosylation between the Chlorophyta and land plants but not between the target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Dionisio Soares Paiva
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - David Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, United States of America
| | - Jesper Harholt
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Liebminger E, Grass J, Altmann F, Mach L, Strasser R. Characterizing the link between glycosylation state and enzymatic activity of the endo-β1,4-glucanase KORRIGAN1 from Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22270-80. [PMID: 23782689 PMCID: PMC3829318 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.475558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in N-glycosylation and N-glycan processing frequently cause alterations in plant cell wall architecture, including changes in the structure of cellulose, which is the most abundant plant polysaccharide. KORRIGAN1 (KOR1) is a glycoprotein enzyme with an essential function during cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. KOR1 is a membrane-anchored endo-β1,4-glucanase and contains eight potential N-glycosylation sites in its extracellular domain. Here, we expressed A. thaliana KOR1 as a soluble, enzymatically active protein in insect cells and analyzed its N-glycosylation state. Structural analysis revealed that all eight potential N-glycosylation sites are utilized. Individual elimination of evolutionarily conserved N-glycosylation sites did not abolish proper KOR1 folding, but mutations of Asn-216, Asn-324, Asn-345, and Asn-567 resulted in considerably lower enzymatic activity. In contrast, production of wild-type KOR1 in the presence of the class I α-mannosidase inhibitor kifunensine, which abolished the conversion of KOR1 N-glycans into complex structures, did not affect the activity of the enzyme. To address N-glycosylation site occupancy and N-glycan composition of KOR1 under more natural conditions, we expressed a chimeric KOR1-Fc-GFP fusion protein in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. Although Asn-108 and Asn-133 carried oligomannosidic N-linked oligosaccharides, the six other glycosylation sites were modified with complex N-glycans. Interestingly, the partially functional KOR1 G429R mutant encoded by the A. thaliana rsw2-1 allele displayed only oligomannosidic structures when expressed in N. benthamiana, indicating its retention in the endoplasmic reticulum. In summary, our data indicate that utilization of several N-glycosylation sites is important for KOR1 activity, whereas the structure of the attached N-glycans is not critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Liebminger
- From the Departments of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology and
| | - Josephine Grass
- Chemistry, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Chemistry, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Mach
- From the Departments of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology and
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Liu Q, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Lin J, Shu C, Wang C, Fang X. Fullerene-induced increase of glycosyl residue on living plant cell wall. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:7490-8. [PMID: 23721301 DOI: 10.1021/es4010224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have investigated the change of cell wall for the tobacco plant cell (Nicotiana tobacum L. cv. Bright Yellow) under the repression of water-soluble carboxyfullerenes (C70(C(COOH)2)(2-4)). The adsorption of C70(C(COOH)2)(2-4) on cell wall led to the disruption of cell wall and membrane, and consequently, cell growth inhibition. Results from atomic force microscopy (AFM) force measurement and confocal imaging revealed an increase of the glycosyl residue on the cell wall of carboxyfullerene-treated cells, with a time- and dose-dependent manner, and accompanied by the elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, the stimulation-sensitive alteration of glycosyl residue and ROS was demonstrated, which suggested a possible protection strategy for the plant cells under fullerene repression. This study provides the first direct evidence on the change of plant cell wall composition under the repression of fullerene and is the first successful application of AFM ligand-receptor binding force measurement to the living plant cell. The new information present here would help to a better understanding and assessment of the biological effect of fullerenes on plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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45
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Farid A, Malinovsky FG, Veit C, Schoberer J, Zipfel C, Strasser R. Specialized roles of the conserved subunit OST3/6 of the oligosaccharyltransferase complex in innate immunity and tolerance to abiotic stresses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:24-38. [PMID: 23493405 PMCID: PMC3641206 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.215509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Asparagine-linked glycosylation of proteins is an essential cotranslational and posttranslational protein modification in plants. The central step in this process is the transfer of a preassembled oligosaccharide to nascent proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum by the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex. Despite the importance of the catalyzed reaction, the composition and the function of individual OST subunits are still ill defined in plants. Here, we report the function of the highly conserved OST subunit OST3/6. We have identified a mutant in the OST3/6 gene that causes overall underglycosylation of proteins and affects the biogenesis of the receptor kinase EF-TU RECEPTOR involved in innate immunity and the endo-β-1,4-glucanase KORRIGAN1 required for cellulose biosynthesis. Notably, the ost3/6 mutation does not affect mutant variants of the receptor kinase BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE1. OST3/6 deficiency results in activation of the unfolded protein response and causes hypersensitivity to salt/osmotic stress and to the glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin. Consistent with its role in protein glycosylation, OST3/6 resides in the endoplasmic reticulum and interacts with other subunits of the OST complex. Together, our findings reveal the importance of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) OST3/6 for the efficient glycosylation of specific glycoproteins involved in different physiological processes and shed light on the composition and function of the plant OST complex.
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Peng Z, Li L, Yang L, Zhang B, Chen G, Bi Y. Overexpression of peanut diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 in Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61363. [PMID: 23593473 PMCID: PMC3623910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) is the rate-limiting enzyme in triacylglycerol biosynthesis in eukaryotic organisms. Triacylglycerols are important energy-storage oils in plants such as peanuts, soybeans and rape. In this study, Arachis hypogaea type 2 DGAT (AhDGAT2) genes were cloned from the peanut cultivar ‘Luhua 14’ using a homologous gene sequence method and rapid amplification of cDNA ends. To understand the role of AhDGAT2 in triacylglycerol biosynthesis, two AhDGAT2 nucleotide sequences that differed by three amino acids were expressed as glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3). Following IPTG induction, the isozymes (AhDGAT2a and AhDGAT2b) were expressed as 64.5 kDa GST fusion proteins. Both AhDGAT2a and AhDGAT2b occurred in the host cell cytoplasm and inclusion bodies, with larger amounts in the inclusion bodies. Overexpression of AhDGATs depressed the host cell growth rates relative to non-transformed cells, but cells harboring empty-vector, AhDGAT2a–GST, or AhDGAT2b–GST exhibited no obvious growth rate differences. Interestingly, induction of AhDGAT2a–GST and AhDGAT2b–GST proteins increased the sizes of the host cells by 2.4–2.5 times that of the controls (post-IPTG induction). The total fatty acid (FA) levels of the AhDGAT2a–GST and AhDGAT2a–GST transformants, as well as levels of C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:1n9c and C18:3n3 FAs, increased markedly, whereas C15:0 and C21:0 levels were lower than in non-transformed cells or those containing empty-vectors. In addition, the levels of some FAs differed between the two transformant strains, indicating that the two isozymes might have different functions in peanuts. This is the first time that a full-length recombinant peanut DGAT2 has been produced in a bacterial expression system and the first analysis of its effects on the content and composition of fatty acids in E. coli. Our results indicate that AhDGAT2 is a strong candidate gene for efficient FA production in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenying Peng
- High-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, China
| | - Lan Li
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Lianqun Yang
- High-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- High-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, China
| | - Gao Chen
- High-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, China
| | - Yuping Bi
- High-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, China
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- * E-mail:
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47
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Genome-wide expression profiles of contrasting inbred lines of Chinese cabbage, Chiifu and Kenshin, under temperature stress. Genes Genomics 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-013-0088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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48
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Kim YC, Jahren N, Stone MD, Udeshi ND, Markowski TW, Witthuhn BA, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Olszewski NE. Identification and origin of N-linked β-D-N-acetylglucosamine monosaccharide modifications on Arabidopsis proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:455-64. [PMID: 23144189 PMCID: PMC3532274 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.208900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Many plant proteins are modified with N-linked oligosaccharides at asparagine-X-serine/threonine sites during transit through the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi. We have identified a number of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) proteins with modifications consisting of an N-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine monosaccharide (N-GlcNAc). Electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry analysis of peptides bearing this modification mapped the modification to asparagine-X-serine/threonine sites on proteins that are predicted to transit through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. A mass labeling method was developed and used to study N-GlcNAc modification of two thioglucoside glucohydrolases (myrosinases), TGG1 and TGG2 (for thioglucoside glucohydrolase). These myrosinases are also modified with high-mannose (Man)-type glycans. We found that N-GlcNAc and high-Man-type glycans can occur at the same site. It has been hypothesized that N-GlcNAc modifications are generated when endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) cleaves N-linked glycans. We examined the effects of mutations affecting the two known Arabidopsis ENGases on N-GlcNAc modification of myrosinase and found that modification of TGG2 was greatly reduced in one of the single mutants and absent in the double mutant. Surprisingly, N-GlcNAc modification of TGG1 was not affected in any of the mutants. These data support the hypothesis that ENGases hydrolyze high-Man glycans to produce some of the N-GlcNAc modifications but also suggest that some N-GlcNAc modifications are generated by another mechanism. Since N-GlcNAc modification was detected at only one site on each myrosinase, the production of the N-GlcNAc modification may be regulated.
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Qin C, Li Y, Gan J, Wang W, Zhang H, Liu Y, Wu P. OsDGL1, a homolog of an oligosaccharyltransferase complex subunit, is involved in N-glycosylation and root development in rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:129-37. [PMID: 23220823 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A leaky rice mutant was isolated from an ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS)-mutagenized rice library based on its short root phenotype. The map-based cloning results showed that the mutant was due to a point mutation in the intron of OsDGL1 (LOC_Os07g10830), which encodes the dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide-protein glycosyltransferase 48 kDa subunit precursor. The mutation results in premature termination of protein synthesis. OsDGL1 is an ortholog of Arabidopsis DGL1, human OST48 and yeast WBP1, an essential protein subunit of the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex, which is involved in N-glycosylation in eukaryotes. The leaky rice mutant, Osdgl1, displayed a change of matrix polysaccharides in its root cell wall, shorter root cell length, smaller root meristem and cell death in the root. Consistent with the known function of the OST complex in eukaryotes, the Osdgl1 mutation leads to a defect in N-glycosylation in the root. It was also found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qin
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
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50
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Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is of considerable interest to plant biologists because it occurs in plants subjected to adverse environmental conditions. ER stress responses mitigate the damage caused by stress and confer levels of stress tolerance to plants. ER stress is activated by misfolded proteins that accumulate in the ER under adverse environmental conditions. Under these conditions, the demand for protein folding exceeds the capacity of the system, which sets off the unfolded protein response (UPR). Two arms of the UPR signaling pathway have been described in plants: one that involves two ER membrane-associated transcription factors (bZIP17 and bZIP28) and another that involves a dual protein kinase (RNA-splicing factor IRE1) and its target RNA (bZIP60). Under mild or short-term stress conditions, signaling from IRE1 activates autophagy, a cell survival response. But under severe or chronic stress conditions, ER stress can lead to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Howell
- Plant Sciences Institute and Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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