1
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van Elst T, Sgarlata GM, Schüßler D, Tiley GP, Poelstra JW, Scheumann M, Blanco MB, Aleixo-Pais IG, Rina Evasoa M, Ganzhorn JU, Goodman SM, Hasiniaina AF, Hending D, Hohenlohe PA, Ibouroi MT, Iribar A, Jan F, Kappeler PM, Le Pors B, Manzi S, Olivieri G, Rakotonanahary AN, Rakotondranary SJ, Rakotondravony R, Ralison JM, Ranaivoarisoa JF, Randrianambinina B, Rasoloarison RM, Rasoloharijaona S, Rasolondraibe E, Teixeira H, Zaonarivelo JR, Louis EE, Yoder AD, Chikhi L, Radespiel U, Salmona J. Integrative taxonomy clarifies the evolution of a cryptic primate clade. Nat Ecol Evol 2024:10.1038/s41559-024-02547-w. [PMID: 39333396 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02547-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
Global biodiversity is under accelerating threats, and species are succumbing to extinction before being described. Madagascar's biota represents an extreme example of this scenario, with the added complication that much of its endemic biodiversity is cryptic. Here we illustrate best practices for clarifying cryptic diversification processes by presenting an integrative framework that leverages multiple lines of evidence and taxon-informed cut-offs for species delimitation, while placing special emphasis on identifying patterns of isolation by distance. We systematically apply this framework to an entire taxonomically controversial primate clade, the mouse lemurs (genus Microcebus, family Cheirogaleidae). We demonstrate that species diversity has been overestimated primarily due to the interpretation of geographic variation as speciation, potentially biasing inference of the underlying processes of evolutionary diversification. Following a revised classification, we find that crypsis within the genus is best explained by a model of morphological stasis imposed by stabilizing selection and a neutral process of niche diversification. Finally, by clarifying species limits and defining evolutionarily significant units, we provide new conservation priorities, bridging fundamental and applied objectives in a generalizable framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias van Elst
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Gabriele M Sgarlata
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Dominik Schüßler
- Institute of Biology and Chemistry, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany.
| | - George P Tiley
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jelmer W Poelstra
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Marina Scheumann
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Isa G Aleixo-Pais
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Mamy Rina Evasoa
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l'Environnement, Université de Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
| | - Jörg U Ganzhorn
- Department of Biology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steven M Goodman
- Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
- Association Vahatra, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Alida F Hasiniaina
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- School for International Training, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Daniel Hending
- John Krebs Field Station, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Wytham, UK
| | - Paul A Hohenlohe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Mohamed T Ibouroi
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Université de La Réunion, Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Amaia Iribar
- Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l'Environnement (CRBE), UMR5300 Université Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse INP, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier (UT3), Toulouse, France
| | - Fabien Jan
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Peter M Kappeler
- Department Sociobiology/Anthropology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Sophie Manzi
- Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l'Environnement (CRBE), UMR5300 Université Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse INP, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier (UT3), Toulouse, France
| | - Gillian Olivieri
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Ando N Rakotonanahary
- Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l'Environnement, Université de Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
| | - S Jacques Rakotondranary
- Mention Anthropobiologie et Développement Durable, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Romule Rakotondravony
- Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l'Environnement, Université de Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
- Ecole Doctorale Ecosystèmes Naturels (EDEN), Université de Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
| | - José M Ralison
- Département de Biologie Animale, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - J Freddy Ranaivoarisoa
- Mention Anthropobiologie et Développement Durable, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Blanchard Randrianambinina
- Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l'Environnement, Université de Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
- Ecole Doctorale Ecosystèmes Naturels (EDEN), Université de Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
| | - Rodin M Rasoloarison
- Department Sociobiology/Anthropology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Helena Teixeira
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- UMR ENTROPIE (Université de La Réunion, IRD, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - John R Zaonarivelo
- Département des Sciences de la Nature et de l'Environnement, Université d'Antsiranana, Antsiranana, Madagascar
| | - Edward E Louis
- Madagascar Biodiversity Partnership, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Anne D Yoder
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lounès Chikhi
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l'Environnement (CRBE), UMR5300 Université Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse INP, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier (UT3), Toulouse, France
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ute Radespiel
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jordi Salmona
- Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l'Environnement (CRBE), UMR5300 Université Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse INP, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier (UT3), Toulouse, France.
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2
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Hending D. Cryptic species conservation: a review. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 39234845 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Cryptic species are groups of two or more taxa that were previously classified as single nominal species. Being almost morphologically indistinguishable, cryptic species have historically been hard to detect. Only through modern morphometric, genetic, and molecular analyses has the hidden biodiversity of cryptic species complexes been revealed. Cryptic diversity is now widely acknowledged, but unlike more recognisable, charismatic species, scientists face additional challenges when studying cryptic taxa and protecting their wild populations. Demographical and ecological data are vital to facilitate and inform successful conservation actions, particularly at the individual species level, yet this information is lacking for many cryptic species due to their recent taxonomic description and lack of research attention. The first part of this article summarises cryptic speciation and diversity, and explores the numerous barriers and considerations that conservation biologists must navigate to detect, study and manage cryptic species populations effectively. The second part of the article seeks to address how we can overcome the challenges associated with efficiently and non-invasively detecting cryptic species in-situ, and filling vital knowledge gaps that are currently inhibiting applied conservation. The final section discusses future directions, and suggests that large-scale, holistic, and collaborative approaches that build upon successful existing applications will be vital for cryptic species conservation. This article also acknowledges that sufficient data to implement effective species-specific conservation will be difficult to attain for many cryptic animals, and protected area networks will be vital for their conservation in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hending
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
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Oliveira Carvalho C, Pazirgiannidi M, Ravelomanana T, Andriambelomanana F, Schrøder-Nielsen A, Stuart Ready J, de Boer H, Fusari CE, Mauvisseau Q. Multi-method survey rediscovers critically endangered species and strengthens Madagascar's freshwater fish conservation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20427. [PMID: 39227484 PMCID: PMC11372049 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems are crucial for global biodiversity through supporting plant and animal species and providing essential resources. These ecosystems are under significant threat, particularly in island environments such as Madagascar. Our study focuses on the Amboaboa River basin, home to the rare and endemic fish species Rheocles derhami, last recorded in 2013. To assess the status of this and other threatened fish species including Ptychochromis insolitus and Paretroplus gymnopreopercularis, and to understand freshwater fish population dynamics in this biodiversity hotspot, we conducted a comprehensive survey using both environmental DNA (eDNA) and traditional fishing methods. While traditional methods effectively captured a diverse range of species, including several invasive aliens and the critically endangered endemic species that were the focus of this study, the eDNA approach detected only a fraction of these introduced species and struggled to identify some critically endangered endemics at the species level. This highlights the value of combining methods to enhance species detection. We also investigated the trade-offs associated with multi-primer assessments in eDNA analysis, focusing on three different primer combinations targeting the 12S mitochondrial gene: MiFish, Tele02, and Riaz. Additionally, we provided 12S reference barcodes for 10 species across 9 genera of fishes from the region to increase the coverage of the public reference databases. Overall, our study elucidates the current state of freshwater biodiversity in the Amboaboa River basin and underscores the value of employing multiple methods for effective conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Oliveira Carvalho
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Group for Integrated Biological Investigation, Center for Advanced Studies of Biodiversity, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Tsilavina Ravelomanana
- Biology of Aquatic Population Laboratory, Antananarivo University, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
| | | | | | - Jonathan Stuart Ready
- Group for Integrated Biological Investigation, Center for Advanced Studies of Biodiversity, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Hugo de Boer
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Pipins S, Baillie JEM, Bowmer A, Pollock LJ, Owen N, Gumbs R. Advancing EDGE Zones to identify spatial conservation priorities of tetrapod evolutionary history. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7672. [PMID: 39237497 PMCID: PMC11377708 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51992-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The biodiversity crisis is pruning the Tree of Life in a way that threatens billions of years of evolutionary history and there is a need to understand where the greatest losses are predicted to occur. We therefore present threatened evolutionary history mapped for all tetrapod groups and describe patterns of Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) species. Using a complementarity procedure with uncertainty incorporated for 33,628 species, we identify 25 priority tetrapod EDGE Zones, which are insufficiently protected and disproportionately exposed to high human pressure. Tetrapod EDGE Zones are spread over five continents, 33 countries, and 117 ecoregions. Together, they occupy 0.723% of the world's surface but harbour one-third of the world's threatened evolutionary history and EDGE tetrapod species, half of which is endemic. These EDGE Zones highlight areas of immediate concern for researchers, practitioners, policymakers, and communicators looking to safeguard the tetrapod Tree of Life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pipins
- On the Edge, London, UK.
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, UK.
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berkshire, UK.
- Science and Solutions for a Changing Planet DTP, Grantham Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Alex Bowmer
- On the Edge, London, UK
- Department of Global Health & Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Laura J Pollock
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Quebec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Rikki Gumbs
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berkshire, UK
- EDGE of Existence Programme, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
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5
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Tonos J, Papinot B, Park DS, Raelison M, Ramaroson H, Stubbs J, Razafindratsima OH. Examining the structure of plant-lemur interactions in the face of imperfect knowledge. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2024:e14323. [PMID: 39045776 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Biotic interactions, such as plant-animal seed dispersal mutualisms, are essential for ecosystem function. Such interactions are threatened by the possible extinction of the animal partners. Using a data set that includes plant-lemur interactions across Madagascar, we studied the current state of knowledge of these interactions and their structure to determine which plant species are most at risk of losing dispersal services due to the loss of lemurs. We found substantial gaps in understanding of plant-lemur interactions; data were substantially skewed toward a few lemur species and locations. There was also a large gap in knowledge on the interactions of plants and small-bodied or nocturnal lemurs and lemurs outside a few highly studied locations. Of the recorded interactions, a significant portion occurred between lemurs and endemic plants, rather than native or introduced plants. We also found that lemur species tended to primarily consume closely related plant species. Such interaction patterns may indicate the threats to Malagasy endemic plants and highlight how lemur population loss or reductions could affect plant phylogenetic diversity. When examining the impacts of lemur extinction, losing critically endangered species left 164 plant species with no known lemur frugivore partners. Despite phylogenetic patterns in lemur diet, plants for which the only known lemur frugivore is critically endangered were not closely related. These results emphasize the need for further studies to complete our knowledge on these essential interactions and to inform conservation priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadelys Tonos
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Bastien Papinot
- Tundra Ecology Lab, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Daniel S Park
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Herilantonirina Ramaroson
- Zootechnic, Veterinary and Fish Research Department (DRZVP), National Research Institute Applied for Rural Development (FOFIFA / CENRADERU), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Jessica Stubbs
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Onja H Razafindratsima
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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Mezzasalma M, Odierna G, Macirella R, Brunelli E. Comparative Cytogenetics of the Malagasy Ground Geckos of the Paroedura bastardi and Paroedura picta Species Groups. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1708. [PMID: 38891755 PMCID: PMC11171197 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a comparative chromosome study of several taxa of the Malagasy ground geckos of the Paroedura bastardi and P. picta species groups. We employed a preliminary molecular analysis using a trait of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (of about 570 bp) to assess the taxonomic status of the samples studied and a cytogenetic analysis with standard karyotyping (5% Giemsa solution), silver staining (Ag-NOR staining) and sequential C-banding (C-banding + Giemsa and + fluorochromes). Our results show that all the taxa studied of the P. bastardi group (P. ibityensis, P. rennerae and P. cf. guibeae) have a similar karyotype composed of 2n = 34 chromosomes, with two metacentric pairs (1 and 3) and all other pairs being acrocentric. Chromosome diversification in the P. bastardi group was mainly linked to the diversification of heteromorphic sex chromosome systems (ZZ/ZW) in P. ibityensis and P. rennerae, while no heteromorphic sex chromosome pair was found in P. cf. guibeae. The two taxa investigated of the P. picta species group (here named P. picta and P. cf. picta based on molecular data) showed the same chromosome number of 2n = 36, mostly acrocentric elements, but differed in the number of metacentric elements, probably as a result of an inversion at chromosome pair 2. We highlight that the genus Paroedura is characterized by the independent diversification of heterogametic sex chromosomes in different evolutionary lineages and, similarly to other phylogenetically related gecko genera, by a progressive formation of a biarmed element by means of tandem fusions and inversions of distinct pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Mezzasalma
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036 Rende, Italy; (R.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Gaetano Odierna
- Independent Researcher, Via Michelangelo 123, 81031 Aversa, Italy
| | - Rachele Macirella
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036 Rende, Italy; (R.M.); (E.B.)
| | - Elvira Brunelli
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036 Rende, Italy; (R.M.); (E.B.)
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Karimi N, Hanes MM. Patterns of Grewia (Malvaceae) diversity across geographical scales in Africa and Madagascar. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:773-788. [PMID: 38243607 PMCID: PMC11082522 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Quantifying spatial species richness is useful to describe biodiversity patterns across broad geographical areas, especially in large, poorly known plant groups. We explore patterns and predictors of species richness across Africa in one such group, the palaeotropical genus Grewia L. (Malvaceae). METHODS Grewia species richness was quantified by extracting herbarium records from GBIF and Tropicos and creating geographical grids at varying spatial scales. We assessed predictors of species richness using spatial regression models with 30 environmental variables. We explored species co-occurrence in Madagascar at finer resolutions using Schoener's index and compared species range sizes and International Union for Conservation of Nature status among ecoregions. Lastly, we derived a trait matrix for a subset of species found in Madagascar to characterize morphological diversity across space. KEY RESULTS Grewia species occur in 50 countries in Africa, with the highest number of species in Madagascar (93, with 80 species endemic). Species richness is highest in Madagascar, with ≤23 Grewia species in a grid cell, followed by coastal Tanzania/Kenya (≤13 species) and northern South Africa and central Angola (11 species each). Across Africa, higher species richness was predicted by variables related to aridity. In Madagascar, a greater range in environmental variables best predicted species richness, consistent with geographical grid cells of highest species richness occurring near biome/ecoregion transitions. In Madagascar, we also observe increasing dissimilarity in species composition with increasing geographical distance. CONCLUSIONS The spatial patterns and underlying environmental predictors that we uncover in Grewia represent an important step in our understanding of plant distribution and diversity patterns across Africa. Madagascar boasts nearly twice the Grewia species richness of the second most species-rich country in Africa, which might be explained by complex topography and environmental conditions across small spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisa Karimi
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Margaret M Hanes
- Department of Biology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA
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Ferronato N, Mertenat A, Zurbrügg C, Torretta V. Can tourism support resource circularity in small islands? On-field analysis and intervention proposals in Madagascar. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2024; 42:406-417. [PMID: 37455466 PMCID: PMC11064469 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x231187561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Open dumping and burning of solid waste are common practices in low-income countries. On small and touristic islands, the problem is exacerbated due to the additional volume of waste amount generated by tourists. This article presents how, using Nosy Be island in Madagascar as a case study, waste recovery and recycling can be fostered by tourism to tackle the waste challenge. About 95% of the waste of Nosy Be is openly dumped, discarded to sea or openly burned. Field analysis, interviews with local stakeholders and waste flow analysis served as methodological tools to assess the current solid waste management (SWM) system of Nosy Be. Stakeholder mapping and involvement as well as first exchange among local and international actors provided the basis to identify key practice and opportunities. Research findings highlight the importance of active participation and involvement of local partners supported by international experts, to suggest how touristic centres can serve as core of circular approaches. The article presents potential circular models to be implemented in Nosy Be, taking tourism as the entry point including the aspects of financial support, separated waste flows and the interest in 'green tourism marketing'. This case study underlines how international cooperation, touristic activities and common efforts can potentially help low-income communities improve their SWM practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navarro Ferronato
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Adeline Mertenat
- Department of Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christian Zurbrügg
- Department of Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Vincenzo Torretta
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Míč R, Řehulková E, Šimková A, Razanabolana JR, Seifertová M. New species of Dermoergasilus Ho & Do, 1982 (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Ergasilidae) parasitizing endemic cichlid Paretroplus polyactis (Bleeker) in Madagascar. Parasitology 2024; 151:319-336. [PMID: 38239098 PMCID: PMC11007281 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Dermoergasilus madagascarensis n. sp. is described from the gills of Paretroplus polyactis, an endemic cichlid fish in Madagascar, using a combined morphological (light microscopy and SEM) and molecular approach (partial 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, and COI sequences). The new species is characterized mainly by possessing: (i) roughly pentagonal cephalosome; (ii) antennal endopodal segments covered with slightly inflated membrane; (iii) maxillule bearing 2 equally long outer setae and a minute inner seta; (iv) interpodal sternites of swimming legs ornamented with 3–4 rows of spinules; (v) genital segment and first abdominal somite both barrel-shaped; and (vi) a caudal ramus projecting into a digitiform process with inconspicuous terminal seta and bearing 3 terminal setae. The obtained DNA sequences of Malagasy species represent the first molecular data for species of Dermoergasilus. The 28S rDNA phylogeny showed the affiliation of D. madagascarensis n. sp. to Ergasilidae and its sister relationship with cosmopolitan Ergasilus sieboldi von Nordmann, 1832. The first checklist for all species of Dermoergasilus is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Míč
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Řehulková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jeanne Rasamy Razanabolana
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Antananarivo, BP 906 Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Mária Seifertová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Willett SD, Zimmermann NE, Pellissier L. Escarpment evolution drives the diversification of the Madagascar flora. Science 2024; 383:653-658. [PMID: 38330102 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi0833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Madagascar exhibits high endemic biodiversity that has evolved with sustained and stable rates of speciation over the past several tens of millions of years. The topography of Madagascar is dominated by a mountainous continental rift escarpment, with the highest plant diversity and rarity found along the steep, eastern side of this geographic feature. Using a process-explicit model, we show that precipitation-driven erosion and landward retreat of this high-relief topography creates transient habitat organization through multiple mechanisms, including catchment expansion, isolation of highland remnants, and formation of topographic barriers. Habitat isolation and reconnection on a million-year timescale serves as an allopatric speciation pump creating the observed biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sean D Willett
- Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Niklaus E Zimmermann
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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11
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Mezzasalma M. First Cytogenetic Analysis of Hemidactylus mercatorius Gray, 1842 Provides Insights on Interspecific Chromosomal Diversification in the Genus Hemidactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae). Life (Basel) 2024; 14:181. [PMID: 38398689 PMCID: PMC10890220 DOI: 10.3390/life14020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This contribution provides the first karyotype description of Hemidactylus mercatorius and discusses the interspecific chromosome diversification in the genus. Chromosomal analysis was performed on samples from different Malagasy populations using standard karyotyping, Ag-NOR staining, and banding methods (sequential C-banding + Giemsa, + Chromomycin A3, +4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole). Irrespective of sex or sampling locality, H. mercatorius shows a karyotype of 2n = 42 with metacentric (1, 18-21), submetacentric (4), subtelocentric (5, 11), and acrocentric pairs (all the remaining pairs). There was no heteromorphic chromosome pair and no clear distinction between macro- and microchromosomes. NORs were localised close to the centromeres of a medium acrocentric pair (14). Heterochromatic blocks were identified on the telomeric and centromeric regions of most chromosome pairs. A comparison with the karyotype of H. mabouia highlights that the different morphology of several chromosome pairs clearly distinguishes the two species, contrasting the previously proposed synonymy. The differences between the karyotypes of H. mercatorius and H. mabouia concern the number of biarmed and acrocentric elements, suggesting the occurrence of several chromosome inversions. Considering all the available karyotype data on Hemidactylus and its sister genus Cyrtodactylus, it is possible to advance an evolutionary hypothesis on their chromosomal evolution, starting from a common ancestor with 2n = 48 and all acrocentric elements. From this ancestral condition, the karyotype diversification in the two genera has been prevalently characterised by a progressive accumulation of fusions and inversions which have reduced the total chromosome count and increased the number of biarmed chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Mezzasalma
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036 Rende, Italy
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12
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Teixeira H, Le Corre M, Michon L, Nicoll MAC, Jaeger A, Nikolic N, Pinet P, Couzi FX, Humeau L. Past volcanic activity predisposes an endemic threatened seabird to negative anthropogenic impacts. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1960. [PMID: 38263429 PMCID: PMC10805739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52556-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans are regularly cited as the main driver of current biodiversity extinction, but the impact of historic volcanic activity is often overlooked. Pre-human evidence of wildlife abundance and diversity are essential for disentangling anthropogenic impacts from natural events. Réunion Island, with its intense and well-documented volcanic activity, endemic biodiversity, long history of isolation and recent human colonization, provides an opportunity to disentangle these processes. We track past demographic changes of a critically endangered seabird, the Mascarene petrel Pseudobulweria aterrima, using genome-wide SNPs. Coalescent modeling suggested that a large ancestral population underwent a substantial population decline in two distinct phases, ca. 125,000 and 37,000 years ago, coinciding with periods of major eruptions of Piton des Neiges. Subsequently, the ancestral population was fragmented into the two known colonies, ca. 1500 years ago, following eruptions of Piton de la Fournaise. In the last century, both colonies declined significantly due to anthropogenic activities, and although the species was initially considered extinct, it was rediscovered in the 1970s. Our findings suggest that the current conservation status of wildlife on volcanic islands should be firstly assessed as a legacy of historic volcanic activity, and thereafter by the increasing anthropogenic impacts, which may ultimately drive species towards extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Teixeira
- UMR ENTROPIE (Université de La Réunion, IRD, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie), 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, 97744, Saint Denis Cedex 9, Ile de La Réunion, France.
| | - Matthieu Le Corre
- UMR ENTROPIE (Université de La Réunion, IRD, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie), 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, 97744, Saint Denis Cedex 9, Ile de La Réunion, France
| | - Laurent Michon
- Université de La Réunion, Laboratoire Géosciences Réunion, 97744, Saint Denis, France
- Université Paris Cité, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Malcolm A C Nicoll
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Audrey Jaeger
- UMR ENTROPIE (Université de La Réunion, IRD, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie), 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, 97744, Saint Denis Cedex 9, Ile de La Réunion, France
| | | | - Patrick Pinet
- Parc National de La Réunion, Life+ Pétrels, 258 Rue de la République, 97431, Plaine des Palmistes, Réunion Island, France
| | - François-Xavier Couzi
- Société d'Etudes Ornithologiques de La Réunion (SEOR), 13 ruelle des Orchidées, 97440, Saint André, Réunion Island, France
| | - Laurence Humeau
- UMR PVBMT (Université de La Réunion, CIRAD), 15 Avenue René Cassin, CS 92003, 97744, Saint Denis Cedex 9, Ile de La Réunion, France
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13
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Bezandry R, Dupeyron M, Gonzalez-Garcia LN, Anest A, Hamon P, Ranarijaona HLT, Vavitsara ME, Sabatier S, Guyot R. The evolutionary history of three Baracoffea species from western Madagascar revealed by chloroplast and nuclear genomes. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296362. [PMID: 38206909 PMCID: PMC10783717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The wild species of the Coffea genus present a very wide morphological, genetic, and biochemical diversity. Wild species are recognized more resistant to diseases, pests, and environmental variations than the two species currently cultivated worldwide: C. arabica (Arabica) and C. canephora (Robusta). Consequently, wild species are now considered as a crucial resource for adapting cultivated coffee trees to climate change. Within the Coffea genus, 79 wild species are native to the Indian Ocean islands of Comoros, Mayotte, Mauritius, Réunion and Madagascar, out of a total of 141 taxa worldwide. Among them, a group of 9 species called "Baracoffea" are particularly atypical in their morphology and adaptation to the sandy soils of the dry deciduous forests of western Madagascar. Here, we have attempted to shed light on the evolutionary history of three Baracoffea species: C. ambongensis, C. boinensis and C. bissetiae by analyzing their chloroplast and nuclear genomes. We assembled the complete chloroplast genomes de novo and extracted 28,800 SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) markers from the nuclear genomes. These data were used for phylogenetic analysis of Baracoffea with Coffea species from Madagascar and Africa. Our new data support the monophyletic origin of Baracoffea within the Coffea of Madagascar, but also reveal a divergence with a sister clade of four species: C. augagneurii, C. ratsimamangae, C. pervilleana and C. Mcphersonii (also called C. vohemarensis), belonging to the Subterminal botanical series and living in dry or humid forests of northern Madagascar. Based on a bioclimatic analysis, our work suggests that Baracoffea may have diverged from a group of Malagasy Coffea from northern Madagascar and adapted to the specific dry climate and low rainfall of western Madagascar. The genomic data generated in the course of this work will contribute to the understanding of the adaptation mechanisms of these particularly singular species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickarlos Bezandry
- École Doctorale sur les Écosystèmes Naturels (EDEN), Mahajanga, Madagascar
- Faculté des Sciences de Technologie et de l’Environnement (FSTE), Université de Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
| | - Mathilde Dupeyron
- UMR DIADE, IRD, CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laura Natalia Gonzalez-Garcia
- UMR DIADE, IRD, CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Systems and Computing Engineering Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Artemis Anest
- AMAP, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Perla Hamon
- UMR DIADE, IRD, CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hery Lisy Tiana Ranarijaona
- Faculté des Sciences de Technologie et de l’Environnement (FSTE), Université de Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
| | - Marie Elodie Vavitsara
- Faculté des Sciences de Technologie et de l’Environnement (FSTE), Université de Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
| | - Sylvie Sabatier
- AMAP, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Romain Guyot
- UMR DIADE, IRD, CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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14
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Schüßler D, Blanco MB, Guthrie NK, Sgarlata GM, Dammhahn M, Ernest R, Evasoa MR, Hasiniaina A, Hending D, Jan F, le Pors B, Miller A, Olivieri G, Rakotonanahary AN, Rakotondranary SJ, Rakotondravony R, Ralantoharijaona T, Ramananjato V, Randrianambinina B, Raoelinjanakolona NN, Rasoazanabary E, Rasoloarison RM, Rasolofoson DW, Rasoloharijaona S, Rasolondraibe E, Roberts SH, Teixeira H, van Elst T, Johnson SE, Ganzhorn JU, Chikhi L, Kappeler PM, Louis EE, Salmona J, Radespiel U. Morphological variability or inter-observer bias? A methodological toolkit to improve data quality of multi-researcher datasets for the analysis of morphological variation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 183:60-78. [PMID: 37607125 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The investigation of morphological variation in animals is widely used in taxonomy, ecology, and evolution. Using large datasets for meta-analyses has dramatically increased, raising concerns about dataset compatibilities and biases introduced by contributions of multiple researchers. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compiled morphological data on 13 variables for 3073 individual mouse lemurs (Cheirogaleidae, Microcebus spp.) from 25 taxa and 153 different sampling locations, measured by 48 different researchers. We introduced and applied a filtering pipeline and quantified improvements in data quality (Shapiro-Francia statistic, skewness, and excess kurtosis). The filtered dataset was then used to test for genus-wide sexual size dimorphism and the applicability of Rensch's, Allen's, and Bergmann's rules. RESULTS Our pipeline reduced inter-observer bias (i.e., increased normality of data distributions). Inter-observer reliability of measurements was notably variable, highlighting the need to reduce data collection biases. Although subtle, we found a consistent pattern of sexual size dimorphism across Microcebus, with females being the larger (but not heavier) sex. Sexual size dimorphism was isometric, providing no support for Rensch's rule. Variations in tail length but not in ear size were consistent with the predictions of Allen's rule. Body mass and length followed a pattern contrary to predictions of Bergmann's rule. DISCUSSION We highlighted the usefulness of large multi-researcher datasets for testing ecological hypotheses after correcting for inter-observer biases. Using genus-wide tests, we outlined generalizable patterns of morphological variability across all mouse lemurs. This new methodological toolkit aims to facilitate future large-scale morphological comparisons for a wide range of taxa and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schüßler
- Institute of Biology and Chemistry, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | | | - Nicola K Guthrie
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Mamy Rina Evasoa
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alida Hasiniaina
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- School for International Training, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Fabien Jan
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Alex Miller
- Perth Zoo, South Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gillian Olivieri
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Romule Rakotondravony
- Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l'Environnement, Ecole Doctorale Ecosystèmes Naturels, Université de Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
| | - Tantely Ralantoharijaona
- Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l'Environnement, Ecole Doctorale Ecosystèmes Naturels, Université de Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
| | - Veronarindra Ramananjato
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Blanchard Randrianambinina
- Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l'Environnement, Ecole Doctorale Ecosystèmes Naturels, Université de Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
| | - Nancia N Raoelinjanakolona
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Rodin M Rasoloarison
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - David W Rasolofoson
- Groupe d'Etude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar (GERP), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Solofonirina Rasoloharijaona
- Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l'Environnement, Ecole Doctorale Ecosystèmes Naturels, Université de Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
| | - Emmanuel Rasolondraibe
- Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l'Environnement, Ecole Doctorale Ecosystèmes Naturels, Université de Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
| | | | - Helena Teixeira
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- UMR ENTROPIE, Université de La Réunion, La Réunion, France
| | - Tobias van Elst
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Steig E Johnson
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jörg U Ganzhorn
- Animal Ecology and Conservation, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lounès Chikhi
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, IRD, CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Peter M Kappeler
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Anthropology/Sociobiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Edward E Louis
- Madagascar Biodiversity Partnership (MBP), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Jordi Salmona
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, IRD, CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Ute Radespiel
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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15
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Cooke R, Sayol F, Andermann T, Blackburn TM, Steinbauer MJ, Antonelli A, Faurby S. Undiscovered bird extinctions obscure the true magnitude of human-driven extinction waves. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8116. [PMID: 38114469 PMCID: PMC10730700 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Birds are among the best-studied animal groups, but their prehistoric diversity is poorly known due to low fossilization potential. Hence, while many human-driven bird extinctions (i.e., extinctions caused directly by human activities such as hunting, as well as indirectly through human-associated impacts such as land use change, fire, and the introduction of invasive species) have been recorded, the true number is likely much larger. Here, by combining recorded extinctions with model estimates based on the completeness of the fossil record, we suggest that at least ~1300-1500 bird species (~12% of the total) have gone extinct since the Late Pleistocene, with 55% of these extinctions undiscovered (not yet discovered or left no trace). We estimate that the Pacific accounts for 61% of total bird extinctions. Bird extinction rate varied through time with an intense episode ~1300 CE, which likely represents the largest human-driven vertebrate extinction wave ever, and a rate 80 (60-95) times the background extinction rate. Thus, humans have already driven more than one in nine bird species to extinction, with likely severe, and potentially irreversible, ecological and evolutionary consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Cooke
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK.
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Ferran Sayol
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
- CREAF, E08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Tobias Andermann
- Department of Organismal Biology, SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tim M Blackburn
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Manuel J Steinbauer
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER) & Bayreuth Center of Sport Science (BaySpo), University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Søren Faurby
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, SE-405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
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16
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Demos TC, Webala PW, Goodman SM, Kerbis Peterhans JC, Lutz HL, Agwanda BR, Cortés-Delgado N, Briones S, Ree RH, Patterson BD. Ultraconserved elements resolve phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic history of African-Malagasy bent-winged bats (Miniopterus). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 188:107890. [PMID: 37517508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
African-Malagasy species of the bat genus Miniopterus are notable both for the dramatic increase in the number of newly recognized species over the last 15 years, as well as for the profusion of new taxa from Madagascar and the neighboring Comoros. Since 2007, seven new Malagasy Miniopterus species have been described compared to only two new species since 1936 from the Afrotropics. The conservative morphology of Miniopterus and limited geographic sampling in continental Africa have undoubtedly contributed to the deficit of continental species. In addition to uncertainty over species limits, phylogenetic relationships of Miniopterus remain mostly unresolved, particularly at deeper backbone nodes. Previous phylogenetic studies were based on limited taxon sampling and/or limited genetic sampling involving no more than five loci. Here, we conduct the first phylogenomic study of the Afrotropical Miniopteridae by analyzing up to 3772 genome-wide ultraconserved elements (UCEs) from historic and modern samples of 70 individuals from 25 Miniopterus species/lineages. We analyze multiple datasets of varying degrees of completeness (70, 90, and 100 percent complete) using partitioned concatenated maximum likelihood and multispecies coalescent methods. Our well-supported, species-level phylogenies resolved most (6/8 or 7/8) backbone nodes and strongly support for the first time the monophyly of the Malagasy radiation. We inferred the crown age of African Miniopteridae in the late Miocene (10.4 Ma), while the main lineages of Miniopterus appear to have contemporaneously diversified in two sister radiations in the Afrotropics and Madagascar. Species-level divergence of 23 of 25 African + Malagasy Miniopterus were estimated to have 95 % HPDs that overlap with the late Miocene (5.3-10.4 Ma). We present ancestral range estimates that unambiguously support a continental African radiation that originated in the Zambezian and Somalian/Ethiopian biogeographic regions, but we cannot rule out back colonization of Africa from Madagascar. The phylogeny indicates genetic support for up to seven new species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence C Demos
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Paul W Webala
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Maasai Mara University, Narok, Kenya
| | - Steven M Goodman
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA; Association Vahatra, BP 3972, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Julian C Kerbis Peterhans
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA; College of Arts & Sciences, Roosevelt University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Holly L Lutz
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Natalia Cortés-Delgado
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stefania Briones
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard H Ree
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bruce D Patterson
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
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17
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Oninjatovo Radonirina H, Randriamahatantsoa B, Rabibisoa NHC, Raxworthy CJ. Amphibians and Reptiles of the Montagne des Français: An Update of the Distribution and Regional Endemicity. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3361. [PMID: 37958116 PMCID: PMC10648909 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The harmonious landscape of Montagne des Français is a protected area in the far north of Madagascar. Our herpetofauna surveys were conducted on the eastern and western slopes according to habitat variations within the massif for 2014 and 2020. Our research updates the herpetofauna species richness, spatial distribution ranges, and ecological guilds within the protected area. We used direct opportunistic observations, systematic refuge examinations, and pitfall traps with drift fences at three sites to sample animals. Nineteen amphibian and fifty reptile species were recorded during this study. Three amphibian species and one reptile species, in addition to the snake Langaha pseudoalluaudi, last recorded in 2007, were discovered at Montagne des Français. Here, we present a database update for the herpetofauna species from Montagne des Français and provide a specific morphological description of the morphospecies considered as a new extension or localized distribution. This new database can help site managers develop new strategic conservation plans in response to habitat modification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernard Randriamahatantsoa
- Sciences de la Vie et de l’Environnement, Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l’Environnement, University of Mahajanga, BP 652, Mahajanga 401, Madagascar;
| | - Nirhy H. C. Rabibisoa
- Doctoral School of Natural Ecosystems, University of Mahajanga, Mahajanga 401, Madagascar
- Sciences de la Vie et de l’Environnement, Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l’Environnement, University of Mahajanga, BP 652, Mahajanga 401, Madagascar;
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18
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Frolov AV, Akhmetova LA, Vishnevskaya MS, Kiriukhin BA, Montreuil O, Lopes F, Tarasov SI. Amplicon metagenomics of dung beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) as a proxy for lemur (Primates, Lemuroidea) studies in Madagascar. Zookeys 2023; 1181:29-39. [PMID: 37810459 PMCID: PMC10556875 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1181.107496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dung beetles (Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) are among the most cost-effective and informative biodiversity indicator groups, conveying rich information about the status of habitats and faunas of an area. Yet their use for monitoring the mammal species, that are the main providers of the food for the dung beetles, has only recently been recognized. In the present work, we studied the diet of four endemic Madagascan dung beetles (Helictopleurusfissicollis (Fairmaire), H.giganteus (Harold), Nanosagaboides (Boucomont), and Epilissussplendidus Fairmaire) using high-throughput sequencing and amplicon metagenomics. For all beetle species, the ⅔-¾ of reads belonged to humans, suggesting that human feces are the main source of food for the beetles in the examined areas. The second most abundant were the reads of the cattle (Bostaurus Linnaeus). We also found lower but significant number of reads of six lemur species belonging to three genera. Our sampling localities agree well with the known ranges of these lemur species. The amplicon metagenomics method proved a promising tool for the lemur inventories in Madagascar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Frolov
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, RussiaZoological Institute, Russian Academy of SciencesSaint PetersburgRussia
| | - Lilia A. Akhmetova
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, RussiaZoological Institute, Russian Academy of SciencesSaint PetersburgRussia
| | - Maria S. Vishnevskaya
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, RussiaZoological Institute, Russian Academy of SciencesSaint PetersburgRussia
- Department of Entomology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, RussiaSaint Petersburg State UniversitySaint PetersburgRussia
| | - Bogdan A. Kiriukhin
- AquaBioSafe Laboratory, University of Tyumen, Tyumen, RussiaUniversity of TyumenTyumenRussia
| | - Olivier Montreuil
- National Museum of Natural History, Paris, FranceNational Museum of Natural HistoryParisFrance
| | - Fernando Lopes
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Sergei I. Tarasov
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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19
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Ramsay MS, Sgarlata GM, Barratt CD, Salmona J, Andriatsitohaina B, Kiene F, Manzi S, Ramilison ML, Rakotondravony R, Chikhi L, Lehman SM, Radespiel U. Effects of Forest Fragmentation on Connectivity and Genetic Diversity in an Endemic and an Invasive Rodent in Northwestern Madagascar. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1451. [PMID: 37510355 PMCID: PMC10378931 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Habitat loss and fragmentation are of concern to conservation biologists worldwide. However, not all organisms are affected equally by these processes; thus, it is important to study the effects of living in fragmented habitats on species that differ in lifestyle and habitat requirements. In this study, we examined the dispersal and connectivity patterns of rodents, one endemic (Eliurus myoxinus) and one invasive (Rattus rattus), in two landscapes containing forest fragments and adjacent continuous forest patches in northwestern Madagascar. We generated genetic (RADseq) data for 66 E. myoxinus and 81 R. rattus individuals to evaluate differences in genetic diversity as well as inbreeding and connectivity in two landscapes. We found higher levels of inbreeding and lower levels of genetic diversity in E. myoxinus compared with R. rattus. We observed related dyads both within and between habitat patches and positive spatial autocorrelation at lower distance classes for both species, with a stronger pattern of spatial autocorrelation in R. rattus. Across each site, we identified contrasting migration rates for each species, but these did not correspond to habitat-matrix dichotomies. The relatively low genetic diversity in the endemic E. myoxinus suggests ecological constraints that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm S Ramsay
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2S2, Canada
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Christopher D Barratt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jordi Salmona
- CNRS-UPS-IRD, UMR5174, Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Bertrand Andriatsitohaina
- Planet Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
- Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l'Environnement, Université de Mahajanga, Mahajanga 401, Madagascar
| | - Frederik Kiene
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sophie Manzi
- CNRS-UPS-IRD, UMR5174, Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Miarisoa L Ramilison
- Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l'Environnement, Université de Mahajanga, Mahajanga 401, Madagascar
- Department of Primate Behavior and Ecology, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA
| | - Romule Rakotondravony
- Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l'Environnement, Université de Mahajanga, Mahajanga 401, Madagascar
| | - Lounès Chikhi
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
- CNRS-UPS-IRD, UMR5174, Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Shawn M Lehman
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2S2, Canada
| | - Ute Radespiel
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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20
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Gardner EM, Bruun-Lund S, Niissalo M, Chantarasuwan B, Clement WL, Geri C, Harrison RD, Hipp AL, Holvoet M, Khew G, Kjellberg F, Liao S, Pederneiras LC, Peng YQ, Pereira JT, Phillipps Q, Ahmad Puad AS, Rasplus JY, Sang J, Schou SJ, Velautham E, Weiblen GD, Zerega NJC, Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Baraloto C, Rønsted N. Echoes of ancient introgression punctuate stable genomic lineages in the evolution of figs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2222035120. [PMID: 37399402 PMCID: PMC10334730 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2222035120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies investigating the evolution of flowering plants have long focused on isolating mechanisms such as pollinator specificity. Some recent studies have proposed a role for introgressive hybridization between species, recognizing that isolating processes such as pollinator specialization may not be complete barriers to hybridization. Occasional hybridization may therefore lead to distinct yet reproductively connected lineages. We investigate the balance between introgression and reproductive isolation in a diverse clade using a densely sampled phylogenomic study of fig trees (Ficus, Moraceae). Codiversification with specialized pollinating wasps (Agaonidae) is recognized as a major engine of fig diversity, leading to about 850 species. Nevertheless, some studies have focused on the importance of hybridization in Ficus, highlighting the consequences of pollinator sharing. Here, we employ dense taxon sampling (520 species) throughout Moraceae and 1,751 loci to investigate phylogenetic relationships and the prevalence of introgression among species throughout the history of Ficus. We present a well-resolved phylogenomic backbone for Ficus, providing a solid foundation for an updated classification. Our results paint a picture of phylogenetically stable evolution within lineages punctuated by occasional local introgression events likely mediated by local pollinator sharing, illustrated by clear cases of cytoplasmic introgression that have been nearly drowned out of the nuclear genome through subsequent lineage fidelity. The phylogenetic history of figs thus highlights that while hybridization is an important process in plant evolution, the mere ability of species to hybridize locally does not necessarily translate into ongoing introgression between distant lineages, particularly in the presence of obligate plant-pollinator relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot M. Gardner
- International Center for Tropical Botany at the Kampong, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL33133
- National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalāheo, HI96741
- Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, 259569, Singapore
| | - Sam Bruun-Lund
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1123Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matti Niissalo
- Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, 259569, Singapore
| | - Bhanumas Chantarasuwan
- Thailand National History Museum, National Science Museum, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani12120, Thailand
| | - Wendy L. Clement
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ08618
| | - Connie Geri
- Sarawak Forestry Corporation, 93250Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Maxime Holvoet
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1123Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gillian Khew
- Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, 259569, Singapore
| | - Finn Kjellberg
- CEFE, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, 34090Montpellier, France
| | - Shuai Liao
- The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL60532
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241Shanghai, China
| | - Leandro Cardoso Pederneiras
- Instituto de Pesquisa do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Diretoria de Pesquisa Científica, 22460-030Rio de Janeiro–RJ, Brazil
| | - Yan-Qiong Peng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 666303Mengla, China
| | - Joan T. Pereira
- Sabah Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department, 90175Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | | | - Aida Shafreena Ahmad Puad
- Faculty of Agriculture & Applied Sciences, i-CATS University College, 93350Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Jean-Yves Rasplus
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, 34988Montpellier, France
| | - Julia Sang
- Sarawak Forest Department, 34988Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Sverre Juul Schou
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1123Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elango Velautham
- Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, 259569, Singapore
| | - George D. Weiblen
- Bell Museum, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN55113
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN55108
| | - Nyree J. C. Zerega
- Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL60022
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241Shanghai, China
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- International Center for Tropical Botany at the Kampong, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL33133
| | - Nina Rønsted
- National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalāheo, HI96741
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1123Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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van Elst T, Schüßler D, Rakotondravony R, Rovanirina VST, Veillet A, Hohenlohe PA, Ratsimbazafy JH, Rasoloarison RM, Rasoloharijaona S, Randrianambinina B, Ramilison ML, Yoder AD, Louis EE, Radespiel U. Diversification processes in Gerp's mouse lemur demonstrate the importance of rivers and altitude as biogeographic barriers in Madagascar's humid rainforests. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10254. [PMID: 37408627 PMCID: PMC10318617 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Madagascar exhibits exceptionally high levels of biodiversity and endemism. Models to explain the diversification and distribution of species in Madagascar stress the importance of historical variability in climate conditions which may have led to the formation of geographic barriers by changing water and habitat availability. The relative importance of these models for the diversification of the various forest-adapted taxa of Madagascar has yet to be understood. Here, we reconstructed the phylogeographic history of Gerp's mouse lemur (Microcebus gerpi) to identify relevant mechanisms and drivers of diversification in Madagascar's humid rainforests. We used restriction site associated DNA (RAD) markers and applied population genomic and coalescent-based techniques to estimate genetic diversity, population structure, gene flow and divergence times among M. gerpi populations and its two sister species M. jollyae and M. marohita. Genomic results were complemented with ecological niche models to better understand the relative barrier function of rivers and altitude. We show that M. gerpi diversified during the late Pleistocene. The inferred ecological niche, patterns of gene flow and genetic differentiation in M. gerpi suggest that the potential for rivers to act as biogeographic barriers depended on both size and elevation of headwaters. Populations on opposite sides of the largest river in the area with headwaters that extend far into the highlands show particularly high genetic differentiation, whereas rivers with lower elevation headwaters have weaker barrier functions, indicated by higher migration rates and admixture. We conclude that M. gerpi likely diversified through repeated cycles of dispersal punctuated by isolation to refugia as a result of paleoclimatic fluctuations during the Pleistocene. We argue that this diversification scenario serves as a model of diversification for other rainforest taxa that are similarly limited by geographic factors. In addition, we highlight conservation implications for this critically endangered species, which faces extreme habitat loss and fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias van Elst
- Institute of ZoologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, FoundationHannoverGermany
| | - Dominik Schüßler
- Research Group Vegetation Ecology and Nature Conservation, Institute of Biology and ChemistryUniversity of HildesheimHildesheimGermany
| | - Romule Rakotondravony
- Ecole Doctorale Ecosystèmes Naturels (EDEN)University of MahajangaMahajangaMadagascar
- Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l'EnvironnementUniversity of MahajangaMahajangaMadagascar
| | - Valisoa S. T. Rovanirina
- Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l'EnvironnementUniversity of MahajangaMahajangaMadagascar
| | - Anne Veillet
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary StudiesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdahoUSA
| | - Paul A. Hohenlohe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary StudiesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdahoUSA
| | | | | | - Solofonirina Rasoloharijaona
- Ecole Doctorale Ecosystèmes Naturels (EDEN)University of MahajangaMahajangaMadagascar
- Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l'EnvironnementUniversity of MahajangaMahajangaMadagascar
| | - Blanchard Randrianambinina
- Ecole Doctorale Ecosystèmes Naturels (EDEN)University of MahajangaMahajangaMadagascar
- Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l'EnvironnementUniversity of MahajangaMahajangaMadagascar
| | - Miarisoa L. Ramilison
- Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l'EnvironnementUniversity of MahajangaMahajangaMadagascar
- Department of Primate Behavior and EcologyCentral Washington UniversityEllensburgWashingtonUSA
| | - Anne D. Yoder
- Department of BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Edward E. Louis
- Grewcock Center for Conservation and ResearchOmaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and AquariumOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Ute Radespiel
- Institute of ZoologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, FoundationHannoverGermany
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22
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Mezzasalma M, Brunelli E, Odierna G, Guarino FM. Chromosome Diversity and Evolution of the Endemic Malagasy Velvet Geckos of the Genus Blaesodactylus (Reptilia, Gekkonidae). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2068. [PMID: 37443866 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed a molecular and phylogenetic analysis and a comparative cytogenetic study with standard karyotyping, silver staining (Ag-NOR) and sequential C-banding + Giemsa, + fluorochromes on several Blaesodactylus samples. The phylogenetic inference retrieved two main clades, the first comprises B. victori, B. microtuberculatus and B. boivini, while the second includes B. sakalava, B. antongilensis and B. ambonihazo. The available samples of B. sakalava form two different clades (here named B. sakalava clade A and clade B), which probably deserve a taxonomic re-evaluation. We found a karyological variability in Blaesodactylus in terms of chromosome number (2n = 40-42), morphology, location of NORs, and heterochromatin distribution pattern. Blaesodactylus antongilensis and B. sakalava clade A and B showed a karyotype of 2n = 40 mostly telocentric chromosomes. Pairs 1 and 6 were metacentric in B. sakalava clade A and B, while pair 1 was composed of subtelocentric/submetacentric elements in B. antongilensis. In contrast, B. boivini displayed a karyotype with 2n = 42 only telocentric chromosomes. NORs were on the first chromosome pair in B. boivini, and on the second pair in B. antongilensis. Adding our data to those available from the literature on evolutionarily related species, we highlight that the chromosome diversification in the genus probably proceeded towards a progressive reduction in the chromosome number and the formation of metacentric elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Mezzasalma
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Elvira Brunelli
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Gaetano Odierna
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Maria Guarino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
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23
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Platania L, Gómez-Zurita J. Analysis of intrinsic evolutionary factors leading to microendemic distributions in New Caledonian leaf beetles. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6909. [PMID: 37106022 PMCID: PMC10140066 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microendemicity, or the condition of some species having local ranges, is a relatively common pattern in nature. However, the factors that lead to this pattern are still largely unknown. Most studies addressing this issue tend to focus on extrinsic factors associated with microendemic distributions, such as environmental conditions, hypothesising a posteriori about underlying potential speciation mechanisms, linked or not to these conditions. Here, we use a multi-faceted approach mostly focusing on intrinsic factors instead, namely diversification dynamics and speciation modes in two endemic sibling genera of leaf beetles with microendemic distributions, Taophila and Tricholapita, in a microendemicity hotspot, New Caledonia. Results suggest that the diversification rate in this lineage slowed down through most of the Neogene and consistently with a protracted speciation model possibly combined with several ecological and environmental factors potentially adding rate-slowing effects through time. In turn, species accumulated following successive allopatric speciation cycles, possibly powered by marked geological and climatic changes in the region in the last 25 million years, with daughter species ranges uncorrelated with the time of speciation. In this case, microendemicity seems to reflect a mature state for the system, rather than a temporary condition for recent species, as suggested for many microendemic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Platania
- Botanical Institute of Barcelona (CSIC-Ajuntament Barcelona), Pg. del Migdia S/N, 08038, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Gómez-Zurita
- Botanical Institute of Barcelona (CSIC-Ajuntament Barcelona), Pg. del Migdia S/N, 08038, Barcelona, Spain.
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24
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Shang H, Xue ZQ, Liang ZL, Kessler M, Pollawatn R, Lu NT, Gu YF, Fan XP, Tan YH, Zhang L, Zhou XM, Wan X, Zhang LB. Splitting one species into 22: an unusual tripling of molecular, morphological, and geographical differentiation in the fern family Didymochlaenaceae (Polypodiales). Cladistics 2023. [PMID: 37084123 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The pantropical fern genus Didymochlaena (Didymochlaenaceae) has long been considered to contain one species only. Recent studies have resolved this genus/family as either sister to the rest of eupolypods I or as the second branching lineage of eupolypods I, and have shown that this genus is not monospecific, but the exact species diversity is unknown. In this study, a new phylogeny is reconstructed based on an expanded taxon sampling and six molecular markers. Our major results include: (i) Didymochlaena is moderately or weakly supported as sister to the rest of eupolypods I, highlighting the difficulty in resolving the relationships of this important fern lineage in the polypods; (ii) species in Didymochlaena are resolved into a New World clade and an Old World clade, and the latter further into an African clade and an Asian-Pacific clade; (iii) an unusual tripling of molecular, morphological and geographical differentiation in Didymochlaena is detected, suggesting single vicariance or dispersal events in individual regions and no evidence for reversals at all, followed by allopatric speciation at more or less homogeneous rates; (iv) evolution of 18 morphological characters is inferred and two morphological synapomorphies defining the family are recognized-the elliptical sori and fewer than 10 sori per pinnule, the latter never having been suggested before; (v) based on morphological and molecular variation, 22 species in the genus are recognized contrasting with earlier estimates of between one and a few; and (vi) our biogeographical analysis suggests an origin for Didymochlaena in the latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous and the initial diversification of the extant lineages in the Miocene-all but one species diverged from their sisters within the last 27 Myr, in most cases associated with allopatric speciation owing to geologic and climatic events, or dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shang
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Zhi-Qing Xue
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zhen-Long Liang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Michael Kessler
- Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rossarin Pollawatn
- Plants of Thailand Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Ngan Thi Lu
- Department of Biology, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18th Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Yu-Feng Gu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518114, China
| | - Xue-Ping Fan
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Yun-Hong Tan
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Xin-Mao Zhou
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Xia Wan
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li-Bing Zhang
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
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25
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Scherz MD, Schmidt R, Brown JL, Glos J, Lattenkamp EZ, Rakotomalala Z, Rakotoarison A, Rakotonindrina RT, Randriamalala O, Raselimanana AP, Rasolonjatovo SM, Ratsoavina FM, Razafindraibe JH, Glaw F, Vences M. Repeated divergence of amphibians and reptiles across an elevational gradient in northern Madagascar. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9914. [PMID: 36937068 PMCID: PMC10019947 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
How environmental factors shape patterns of biotic diversity in tropical ecosystems is an active field of research, but studies examining the possibility of ecological speciation in terrestrial tropical ecosystems are scarce. We use the isolated rainforest herpetofauna on the Montagne d'Ambre (Amber Mountain) massif in northern Madagascar as a model to explore elevational divergence at the level of populations and communities. Based on intensive sampling and DNA barcoding of amphibians and reptiles along a transect ranging from ca. 470-1470 m above sea level (a.s.l.), we assessed a main peak in species richness at an elevation of ca. 1000 m a.s.l. with 41 species. The proportion of local endemics was highest (about 1/3) at elevations >1100 m a.s.l. Two species of chameleons (Brookesia tuberculata, Calumma linotum) and two species of frogs (Mantidactylus bellyi, M. ambony) studied in depth by newly developed microsatellite markers showed genetic divergence up the slope of the mountain, some quite strong, others very weak, but in each case with genetic breaks between 1100 and 1270 m a.s.l. Genetic clusters were found in transect sections significantly differing in bioclimate and herpetological community composition. A decrease in body size was detected in several species with increasing elevation. The studied rainforest amphibians and reptiles show concordant population genetic differentiation across elevation along with morphological and niche differentiation. Whether this parapatric or microallopatric differentiation will suffice for the completion of speciation is, however, unclear, and available phylogeographic evidence rather suggests that a complex interplay between ecological and allopatric divergence processes is involved in generating the extraordinary species diversity of Madagascar's biota. Our study reveals concordant patterns of diversification among main elevational bands, but suggests that these adaptational processes are only part of the complex of processes leading to species formation, among which geographical isolation is probably also important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Scherz
- Zoologisches InstitutTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
- Natural History Museum of DenmarkUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen ØDenmark
| | - Robin Schmidt
- Zoologisches InstitutTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Jason L. Brown
- School of Biological SciencesSouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondaleIllinoisUSA
| | - Julian Glos
- Institute of Cell and Systems BiologyUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Ella Z. Lattenkamp
- Neurogenetics of Vocal Communication GroupMax Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Biology IILudwig Maximilians University MunichMartinsriedGermany
| | | | - Andolalao Rakotoarison
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité AnimaleUniversité d'AntananarivoAntananarivoMadagascar
- School for International TrainingAntananarivoMadagascar
| | | | - Onja Randriamalala
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité AnimaleUniversité d'AntananarivoAntananarivoMadagascar
| | - Achille P. Raselimanana
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité AnimaleUniversité d'AntananarivoAntananarivoMadagascar
- Association VahatraAntananarivoMadagascar
| | - Safidy M. Rasolonjatovo
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité AnimaleUniversité d'AntananarivoAntananarivoMadagascar
- Association VahatraAntananarivoMadagascar
| | | | - Jary H. Razafindraibe
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité AnimaleUniversité d'AntananarivoAntananarivoMadagascar
| | - Frank Glaw
- Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM‐SNSB)MunichGermany
| | - Miguel Vences
- Zoologisches InstitutTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
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The macroevolutionary impact of recent and imminent mammal extinctions on Madagascar. Nat Commun 2023; 14:14. [PMID: 36627274 PMCID: PMC9832013 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of Madagascar's unique species are threatened with extinction. However, the severity of recent and potential extinctions in a global evolutionary context is unquantified. Here, we compile a phylogenetic dataset for the complete non-marine mammalian biota of Madagascar and estimate natural rates of extinction, colonization, and speciation. We measure how long it would take to restore Madagascar's mammalian biodiversity under these rates, the "evolutionary return time" (ERT). At the time of human arrival there were approximately 250 species of mammals on Madagascar, resulting from 33 colonisation events (28 by bats), but at least 30 of these species have gone extinct since then. We show that the loss of currently threatened species would have a much deeper long-term impact than all the extinctions since human arrival. A return from current to pre-human diversity would take 1.6 million years (Myr) for bats, and 2.9 Myr for non-volant mammals. However, if species currently classified as threatened go extinct, the ERT rises to 2.9 Myr for bats and 23 Myr for non-volant mammals. Our results suggest that an extinction wave with deep evolutionary impact is imminent on Madagascar unless immediate conservation actions are taken.
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27
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Belluardo F, Jesus Muñoz-Pajares A, Miralles A, Silvestro D, Cocca W, Mihaja Ratsoavina F, Villa A, Roberts SH, Mezzasalma M, Zizka A, Antonelli A, Crottini A. Slow and steady wins the race: Diversification rate is independent from body size and lifestyle in Malagasy skinks (Squamata: Scincidae: Scincinae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 178:107635. [PMID: 36208694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Most of the unique and diverse vertebrate fauna that inhabits Madagascar derives from in situ diversification from colonisers that reached this continental island through overseas dispersal. The endemic Malagasy Scincinae lizards are amongst the most species-rich squamate groups on the island. They colonised all bioclimatic zones and display many ecomorphological adaptations to a fossorial (burrowing) lifestyle. Here we propose a new phylogenetic hypothesis for their diversification based on the largest taxon sampling so far compiled for this group. We estimated divergence times and investigated several aspects of their diversification (diversification rate, body size and fossorial lifestyle evolution, and biogeography). We found that diversification rate was constant throughout most of the evolutionary history of the group, but decreased over the last 6-4 million years and independently from body size and fossorial lifestyle evolution. Fossoriality has evolved from fully quadrupedal ancestors at least five times independently, which demonstrates that even complex morphological syndromes - in this case involving traits such as limb regression, body elongation, modification of cephalic scalation, depigmentation, and eyes and ear-opening regression - can evolve repeatedly and independently given enough time and eco-evolutionary advantages. Initial diversification of the group likely occurred in forests, and the divergence of sand-swimmer genera around 20 Ma appears linked to a period of aridification. Our results show that the large phenotypic variability of Malagasy Scincinae has not influenced diversification rate and that their rich species diversity results from a constant accumulation of lineages through time. By compiling large geographic and trait-related datasets together with the computation of a new time tree for the group, our study contributes important insights on the diversification of Malagasy vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Belluardo
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.
| | - A Jesus Muñoz-Pajares
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Granada, Avenida de la Fuente Nueva S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Aurélien Miralles
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Ch. du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden; Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Walter Cocca
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Fanomezana Mihaja Ratsoavina
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Domaine Sciences et Technologies, Université d'Antananarivo, B.P. 906, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Andrea Villa
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Sam Hyde Roberts
- SEED Madagascar, Unit 7, Beethoven Street 1A, W10 4LG London, UK; Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, 0X3 0BP Oxford, UK; Operation Wallacea, Wallace House, Old Bolingbroke, PE23 4EX Spilsby, UK
| | - Marcello Mezzasalma
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Alexander Zizka
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden; Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3AE Richmond, UK; Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3RB Oxford, UK
| | - Angelica Crottini
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
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Agarwal I, Thackeray T, Khandekar A. A multitude of spots! Five new microendemic species of the Cnemaspis gracilis group (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from massifs in the Shevaroy landscape, Tamil Nadu, India. VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/vz.72.e94799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
South Asian Cnemaspis are one of the most diverse clades of gekkonids in South Asia with their highest diversity in the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka. These geckos include only a few nocturnal species and are largely diurnal or cathemeral and restricted to relatively cool habitats. One of the prominently diurnal subgroups in South Asian Cnemaspis is the bangara clade, which includes six species distributed in southern India on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats, the southern Eastern Ghats and Palghat Gap. In this paper, we describe five more species of the bangara clade from the Shevaroyan landscape, including three from Kollimalai and one each from Yercaud and Pachaimalai, all in Tamil Nadu. These new species show 4.6–19.7 % uncorrected sequence divergence on the mitochondrial ND2 gene from each other and known species of the bangara clade and are morphologically diagnosable in body size, the number of paravertebral tubercles between limb insertions, the number of dorsal tubercle rows, the number of ventral scale rows across the belly, the number of femoral and precloacal pores and poreless scales separating these series, and aspects of colouration. The discovery of these five new species adds to the growing discoveries of cool-adapted species in southern India outside the Western Ghats and highlights the role of sky-islands in diversification. The Shevaroyan landscape shows high levels of microendemism with eight species distributed in an area of < 2000 km2, and all these species restricted to much smaller areas of actual distribution. With an area of < 500 km2 respectively, the massif of Pachaimalai has a single endemic and the massifs of Yercaud and Kollimalai have three endemic Cnemaspis species each.
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Li J, Ma S, Jiang K, Zhang C, Liu W, Chen S. Drivers of population divergence and genetic variation in Elymus breviaristatus (Keng) Keng f. (Poaceae: Triticeae), an endemic perennial herb of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1068739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Elymus breviaristatus, a rare grass species with excellent resistance and ecological importance, is narrowly distributed on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Populations of E. breviaristatus are declining due to habitat fragmentation, and thus far, characteristics of genetic differentiation and adaptive responses to climate change remain poorly understood in this species. Here, we explored the genetic structure of 18 natural populations (269 individuals) in the transition zone between Tibet and the Hengduan Mountains using 15 expressed sequence tag (EST)-SSR primer pairs and identified possible barriers to gene flow that might have caused genetic discontinuities. Additional analyses were performed to identify the environmental factors affecting genetic diversity and to test whether the patterns of genetic variation among populations were more consistent with the isolation by distance (IBD) or isolation by environment (IBE) model. Multiple measures of genetic diversity revealed that intra-population genetic variation was low, while inter-population genetic variation was high. Clustering, structure, and principal coordinate analyses identified three genetic groups: (a) Eastern Qamdo, (b) Nagqu and Western Qamdo, and (c) Lhasa and Nyingchi. A clear physical barrier to gene flow was formed by the Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon and the Tanggula Mountains. We found that both IBD and IBE contributed to the observed patterns of genetic variation, and the IBE model played a leading role. In addition, precipitation-related variables, soil phosphorus content and soil K:P ratio significantly affected population genetic variation. Overall, our results emphasized the genetic fragility of E. breviaristatus populations and showed that this species requires attention, as future climate changes and human activities may further threaten its survival. In addition, the genetic differences among E. breviaristatus populations should be considered when formulating conservation measures for E. breviaristatus populations in the study area.
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30
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Antonelli A, Smith RJ, Perrigo AL, Crottini A, Hackel J, Testo W, Farooq H, Torres Jiménez MF, Andela N, Andermann T, Andriamanohera AM, Andriambololonera S, Bachman SP, Bacon CD, Baker WJ, Belluardo F, Birkinshaw C, Borrell JS, Cable S, Canales NA, Carrillo JD, Clegg R, Clubbe C, Cooke RSC, Damasco G, Dhanda S, Edler D, Faurby S, de Lima Ferreira P, Fisher BL, Forest F, Gardiner LM, Goodman SM, Grace OM, Guedes TB, Henniges MC, Hill R, Lehmann CER, Lowry PP, Marline L, Matos-Maraví P, Moat J, Neves B, Nogueira MGC, Onstein RE, Papadopulos AST, Perez-Escobar OA, Phelps LN, Phillipson PB, Pironon S, Przelomska NAS, Rabarimanarivo M, Rabehevitra D, Raharimampionona J, Rajaonah MT, Rajaonary F, Rajaovelona LR, Rakotoarinivo M, Rakotoarisoa AA, Rakotoarisoa SE, Rakotomalala HN, Rakotonasolo F, Ralaiveloarisoa BA, Ramirez-Herranz M, Randriamamonjy JEN, Randriamboavonjy T, Randrianasolo V, Rasolohery A, Ratsifandrihamanana AN, Ravololomanana N, Razafiniary V, Razanajatovo H, Razanatsoa E, Rivers M, Sayol F, Silvestro D, Vorontsova MS, Walker K, Walker BE, Wilkin P, Williams J, Ziegler T, Zizka A, Ralimanana H. Madagascar’s extraordinary biodiversity: Evolution, distribution, and use. Science 2022; 378:eabf0869. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abf0869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Madagascar’s biota is hyperdiverse and includes exceptional levels of endemicity. We review the current state of knowledge on Madagascar’s past and current terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity by compiling and presenting comprehensive data on species diversity, endemism, and rates of species description and human uses, in addition to presenting an updated and simplified map of vegetation types. We report a substantial increase of records and species new to science in recent years; however, the diversity and evolution of many groups remain practically unknown (e.g., fungi and most invertebrates). Digitization efforts are increasing the resolution of species richness patterns and we highlight the crucial role of field- and collections-based research for advancing biodiversity knowledge and identifying gaps in our understanding, particularly as species richness corresponds closely to collection effort. Phylogenetic diversity patterns mirror that of species richness and endemism in most of the analyzed groups. We highlight humid forests as centers of diversity and endemism because of their role as refugia and centers of recent and rapid radiations. However, the distinct endemism of other areas, such as the grassland-woodland mosaic of the Central Highlands and the spiny forest of the southwest, is also biologically important despite lower species richness. The documented uses of Malagasy biodiversity are manifold, with much potential for the uncovering of new useful traits for food, medicine, and climate mitigation. The data presented here showcase Madagascar as a unique “living laboratory” for our understanding of evolution and the complex interactions between people and nature. The gathering and analysis of biodiversity data must continue and accelerate if we are to fully understand and safeguard this unique subset of Earth’s biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Antonelli
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rhian J. Smith
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Allison L. Perrigo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Angelica Crottini
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Jan Hackel
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Weston Testo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Harith Farooq
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Lúrio University, Pemba, Cabo Delgado Province, Mozambique
| | - Maria F. Torres Jiménez
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Niels Andela
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Tobias Andermann
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Organismal Biology, SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Christine D. Bacon
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Francesco Belluardo
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Chris Birkinshaw
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Madagascar Program, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Stuart Cable
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Nataly A. Canales
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Juan D. Carrillo
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- CR2P, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Rosie Clegg
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Colin Clubbe
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Robert S. C. Cooke
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, UK
| | - Gabriel Damasco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Sonia Dhanda
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Daniel Edler
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Integrated Science Lab, Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Søren Faurby
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paola de Lima Ferreira
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Brian L. Fisher
- California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Félix Forest
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Lauren M. Gardiner
- Cambridge University Herbarium, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Steven M. Goodman
- Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Association Vahatra, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Thaís B. Guedes
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marie C. Henniges
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rowena Hill
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Caroline E. R. Lehmann
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Porter P. Lowry
- Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, et Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Lovanomenjanahary Marline
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Association Vahatra, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Pável Matos-Maraví
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Justin Moat
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Beatriz Neves
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Matheus G. C. Nogueira
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renske E. Onstein
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333CR Leiden, the Netherlands
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Leanne N. Phelps
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter B. Phillipson
- Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, et Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Samuel Pironon
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | - Natalia A. S. Przelomska
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - David Rabehevitra
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Mamy Tiana Rajaonah
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Fano Rajaonary
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Madagascar Program, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Landy R. Rajaovelona
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Mijoro Rakotoarinivo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Amédée A. Rakotoarisoa
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Solofo E. Rakotoarisoa
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Herizo N. Rakotomalala
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Franck Rakotonasolo
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Myriam Ramirez-Herranz
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, University of La Serena, La Serena, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Biología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Católica del Norte, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
| | | | | | - Vonona Randrianasolo
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | | | | | - Velosoa Razafiniary
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Henintsoa Razanajatovo
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Estelle Razanatsoa
- Plant Conservation Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Malin Rivers
- Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Ferran Sayol
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Kim Walker
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Paul Wilkin
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Thomas Ziegler
- Cologne Zoo, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Zizka
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hélène Ralimanana
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre, Antananarivo, Madagascar
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31
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Ranarilalatiana T, Razafindraleva HA, Granath G, Bukontaite Malm R, Rakotonirina JC, Razafindranaivo V, Ravaomanarivo LHR, Johansson F, Bergsten J. Remaining forests on the Central Highlands of Madagascar-Endemic and endangered aquatic beetle fauna uncovered. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9580. [PMID: 36523533 PMCID: PMC9745264 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Madagascar is known for its high endemism and as many as 90% of this unique diversity are forest-dwellers. Unfortunately, the forest cover of Madagascar is decreasing at an alarming rate. This decrease can also affect aquatic insects, but our knowledge on aquatic insect diversity and distribution on Madagascar are limited. Although the eastern rainforests are considered the most diverse, the Central Highlands of Madagascar also harbors unique microendemic fauna but has been less studied. Here, we analyze the aquatic Adephaga beetle fauna of three remaining protected forests of the Central Highlands. Diversity, abundance, and uniqueness are compared between and within natural forests and surrounding grasslands. At least 15 undescribed species were found, highlighting the Central Highlands as an important area for endemism. The natural forests and the surrounding grasslands differed significantly in species assemblages. Interestingly, the three remaining forests differed in their assemblages with the geographically more distant Manjakatompo Ankaratra having the most unique fauna but also the highest altitude span. By contrast, the species composition was similar between the peripheral zones of each of the three remaining forests. The similarity of the fauna in the peripheral open habitats illustrates how some local forest endemics are replaced with widespread generalists in degraded habitats. Our study shows that the remaining forests of the Central Highlands of Madagascar are important refuges of unique fauna at high risk of extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gustaf Granath
- Department of Ecology and GeneticsUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Rasa Bukontaite Malm
- Department of Bioinformatics and GeneticsSwedish Museum of Natural HistoryStockholmSweden
| | | | - Victor Razafindranaivo
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of SciencesAntananarivo UniversityAntananarivoMadagascar
| | | | - Frank Johansson
- Department of Ecology and GeneticsUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Johannes Bergsten
- Department of ZoologySwedish Museum of Natural HistoryStockholmSweden
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Crameri S, Fior S, Zoller S, Widmer A. A target capture approach for phylogenomic analyses at multiple evolutionary timescales in rosewoods (Dalbergia spp.) and the legume family (Fabaceae). Mol Ecol Resour 2022; 22:3087-3105. [PMID: 35689779 PMCID: PMC9796917 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the genetic changes associated with the evolution of biological diversity is of fundamental interest to molecular ecologists. The assessment of genetic variation at hundreds or thousands of unlinked genetic loci forms a sound basis to address questions ranging from micro- to macroevolutionary timescales, and is now possible thanks to advances in sequencing technology. Major difficulties are associated with (i) the lack of genomic resources for many taxa, especially from tropical biodiversity hotspots; (ii) scaling the numbers of individuals analysed and loci sequenced; and (iii) building tools for reproducible bioinformatic analyses of such data sets. To address these challenges, we developed target capture probes for genomic studies of the highly diverse, pantropically distributed and economically significant rosewoods (Dalbergia spp.), explored the performance of an overlapping probe set for target capture across the legume family (Fabaceae), and built the general purpose bioinformatic pipeline CaptureAl. Phylogenomic analyses of Malagasy Dalbergia species yielded highly resolved and well supported hypotheses of evolutionary relationships. Population genomic analyses identified differences between closely related species and revealed the existence of a potentially new species, suggesting that the diversity of Malagasy Dalbergia species has been underestimated. Analyses at the family level corroborated previous findings by the recovery of monophyletic subfamilies and many well-known clades, as well as high levels of gene tree discordance, especially near the root of the family. The new genomic and bioinformatic resources, including the Fabaceae1005 and Dalbergia2396 probe sets, will hopefully advance systematics and ecological genetics research in legumes, and promote conservation of the highly diverse and endangered Dalbergia rosewoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Crameri
- Institute of Integrative BiologyETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Simone Fior
- Institute of Integrative BiologyETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Stefan Zoller
- Institute of Integrative BiologyETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
- Genetic Diversity Centre (GDC)ETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Alex Widmer
- Institute of Integrative BiologyETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
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Sites RW, Bergsten J. The Naucoridae (Heteroptera: Nepomorpha) of Madagascar, with revisions of Temnocoris and Tsingala (Laccocorinae). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272965. [PMID: 36170243 PMCID: PMC9518873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The island nation of Madagascar was surveyed extensively through a series of expeditions to determine the fauna of Naucoridae. Previously, 17 species in four genera had been reported from the country. All taxa previously recorded from Madagascar were re-collected, with the exception of three species, Macrocoris flavicollis Signoret, Temnocoris starmuhlneri Poisson, and Tsingala nossibeanus (Bergroth). Macrocoris flavicollis is removed from the list of species occurring in Madagascar. Within Laccocorini (Laccocorinae), a new genus, Gonioathrixn.gen. is described; Temnocoris and Tsingala are revised; three new species are described in Temnocoris (T. leachin.sp., T. montandonin.sp., T. poissonin.sp.) and four in Tsingala (T. angulatan.sp., T. latiforman.sp., T. spatulatan.sp., T. trilobatan.sp.). Lectotypes are designated for Afronaucoris madagascariensis (Montandon), Tsingala humeralis (Signoret), and T. naucoroides (Montandon). In Macrocorinae, a new species of Macrocoris, M. namoronan.sp., from Ranomafana National Park is described. These taxonomic actions bring the total for the country to five genera and 25 species. Distributions, habitat associations, and a key to the species are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Sites
- Division of Plant Sciences, Enns Entomology Museum, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Johannes Bergsten
- Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
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Giles SAW, Arbuckle K. Diversification dynamics of chameleons (Chamaeleonidae). J Zool (1987) 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. A. W. Giles
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering Swansea University Swansea UK
| | - K. Arbuckle
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering Swansea University Swansea UK
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First Insights on the Karyotype Diversification of the Endemic Malagasy Leaf-Toed Geckos (Squamata: Gekkonidae: Uroplatus). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162054. [PMID: 36009644 PMCID: PMC9404452 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The geckos of the genus Uroplatus include peculiar endemic species to Madagascar. Even though they have been the subject of several morphological and molecular studies, karyological analyses have been performed only on U. phantasticus, leaving the chromosomal diversity of the genus completely unexplored. In this study, we performed a preliminary molecular analysis and a comparative cytogenetic study providing the first karyotype description of eight species of Uroplatus and an assessment of their karyological variability. We found chromosome diversity in the species studied in terms of total chromosome number (2n = 34–38), localization of loci of Nucleolar Organizer Regions (NORs) (alternatively on the 2nd, 6th, 10th or 16th pair), heterochromatin composition and occurrence of heteromorphic sex chromosome pairs. Adding our newly generated data to those available from the literature, we show that in the genus Uroplatus, as well as in a larger group of phylogenetically related gecko genera, chromosome diversification mainly occurred toward a reduction in the chromosome number by means of chromosome fusions and translocation of NOR-bearing chromosomes. We also hypothesize that the diversification of sex chromosome systems occurred independently in different genera. Abstract We provide here the first karyotype description of eight Uroplatus species and a characterization of their chromosomal diversity. We performed a molecular taxonomic assessment of several Uroplatus samples using the mitochondrial 12S marker and a comparative cytogenetic analysis with standard karyotyping, silver staining (Ag-NOR) and sequential C-banding + Giemsa, +Chromomycin A3 (CMA3), +4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). We found chromosomal variability in terms of chromosome number (2n = 34–38), heterochromatin composition and number and localization of loci or Nucleolar Organizer Regions (NORs) (alternatively on the 2nd, 6th, 10th or 16th pair). Chromosome morphology is almost constant, with karyotypes composed of acrocentric chromosomes, gradually decreasing in length. C-banding evidenced a general low content of heterochromatin, mostly localized on pericentromeric and telomeric regions. Centromeric bands varied among the species studied, resulting in CMA3 positive and DAPI negative or positive to both fluorochromes. We also provide evidence of a first putative heteromorphic sex chromosome system in the genus. In fact, in U. alluaudi the 10th pair was highly heteromorphic, with a metacentric, largely heterochromatic W chromosome, which was much bigger than the Z. We propose an evolutionary scenario of chromosome reduction from 2n = 38 to 2n = 34, by means of translocations of microchromosomes on larger chromosomes (often involving the NOR-bearing microchromosomes). Adding our data to those available from the literature, we show that similar processes characterized the evolutionary radiation of a larger gecko clade. Finally, we hypothesize that sex chromosome diversification occurred independently in different genera.
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Mullin KE, Rakotomanga MG, Dawson J, Glaw F, Rakotoarison A, Orozco-terWengel P, Scherz MD. An unexpected new red-bellied Stumpffia (Microhylidae) from forest fragments in central Madagascar highlights remaining cryptic diversity. Zookeys 2022; 1104:1-28. [PMID: 36761923 PMCID: PMC9848859 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1104.82396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Madagascan endemic subfamily Cophylinae in the family Microhylidae, is an example of a taxonomic group for which much is still to be discovered. Indeed, the cophyline frogs present a large portion of Madagascar's cryptic and microendemic amphibian diversity, yet they remain understudied. A new red-bellied species of the microhylid frog genus Stumpffia is described from the central plateau of Madagascar. Visual encounter surveys in Ambohitantely and Anjozorobe in 2019 and 2020 identified this previously unknown Stumpffia species, which closely resembles Stumpffiakibomena known from Andasibe in the east. Stumpffialynnae sp. nov. adds another species to the red-bellied species complex, differing from S.kibomena by genetic differentiation in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (3.6-3.9%) and distinct nuclear RAG1 haplotypes, as well as strongly by its advertisement call. The new species is known from across Ambohitantely Special Reserve and Anjozorobe Angavo protected area, but is known only from one complete specimen and eight individual tissue samples. Based on the rarity of the species, the small number of locations in which it has been found, and its disappearing forest habitat, its IUCN Red List classification is suggested as "Endangered". This species is the first Stumpffia described from Madagascar's central plateau, highlighting the importance of conserving the remnant forest fragments in this area and the ongoing need to survey and protect this threatened habitat type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Mullin
- Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UKCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Manoa G. Rakotomanga
- Conservation Action Plan for Madagascar (‘C.A.P. Mada’), Antananarivo, MadagascarConservation Action Plan for Madagascar (‘C.A.P. Mada’)AntananarivoMadagascar
| | - Jeff Dawson
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, La Profonde Rue, Trinity, Jersey, JE3 5BP, Channel Islands, UKDurrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès ManorJerseyUnited Kingdom
| | - Frank Glaw
- Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM-SNSB), Münchhausenstr. 21, 81247 München, GermanyZoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM-SNSB)MunichGermany
| | - Andolalao Rakotoarison
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Antananarivo, MadagascarUniversity of AntananarivoAntananarivoMadagascar,School for International Training, VN 41A Bis Ambohitsoa Ankazolava, 101 Antananarivo, MadagascarSchool for International TrainingAntananarivoMadagascar
| | - Pablo Orozco-terWengel
- Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UKCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark D. Scherz
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, DenmarkUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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White NFD, Mennell H, Power G, Edwards D, Chrimes L, Woolaver L, Velosoa J, Randriamahita, Mozavelo R, Rafeliarisoa TH, Kuchling G, Lopez J, Bekarany E, Charles N, Young R, Lewis R, Bruford MW, Orozco-terWengel P. A population genetic analysis of the Critically Endangered Madagascar big-headed turtle, Erymnochelys madagascariensis across captive and wild populations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8740. [PMID: 35610259 PMCID: PMC9130144 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12422-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Erymnochelys madagascariensis is a Critically Endangered turtle endemic to Madagascar. Anthropogenic activity has depleted the wild population by 70% in the last century, and effective conservation management is essential to ensuring its persistence. Captive breeding was implemented to augment depleted populations in the southern part of Ankarafantsika National Park (ANP), when no genetic data were available for E. madagascariensis. It is unknown how much of the natural population's diversity is encapsulated in captivity. We used eight microsatellite loci and fragments of two mitochondrial genes to identify the genetic structure of E. madagascariensis in the wild. Captive bred turtles were compared with wild populations in order to assess the representativeness of this ex situ conservation strategy for ANP. Six microsatellite clusters, ten cytochrome b, and nine COI haplotypes were identified across wild populations, with high genetic divergence found between populations in two groups of watersheds. Captive bred individuals represent three out of six sampled microsatellite clusters found in the wild and just one mitochondrial haplotype, possibly due to genetic drift. To improve genetic representation, the strategy of frequent interchange between captive and wild breeders within ANP should be revitalised and, as originally planned, hatchlings or juveniles should not be released beyond ANP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina F D White
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Holly Mennell
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Georgia Power
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Luke Chrimes
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lance Woolaver
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, UK
- Wildlife Preservation Canada, Guelph, Canada
| | | | - Randriamahita
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, UK
| | | | - Tsilavo Hasina Rafeliarisoa
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, UK
- Biodiversity Conservation Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Gerald Kuchling
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Javier Lopez
- Animal Health Department, Chester Zoo, Cheshire, UK
| | | | | | - Richard Young
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, UK
| | - Richard Lewis
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Les Augrès Manor, UK
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Population diversification in the frog Mantidactylus bellyi on an isolated massif in northern Madagascar based on genetic, morphological, bioacoustic and ecological evidence. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263764. [PMID: 35358210 PMCID: PMC8970393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the processes that give rise to new species, changes first occur at the population level. But with the continuous nature of the divergence process, change in biological properties delimiting the shift from “individuals of divergent populations” towards “individuals of distinct species”, as well as abiotic factors driving the change, remain largely ambivalent. Here we study diversification processes at the population level in a semi-aquatic frog, Mantidactylus (Brygoomantis) bellyi, across the diverse vegetation types of Montagne d’Ambre National Park (MANP), Madagascar. Genetic diversity was assessed with seven newly developed microsatellite markers as well as mitochondrial DNA sequences and concordance with patterns of ecological, morphological, and bioacoustic divergence evaluated. We found M. bellyi lacking mitochondrial differentiation within MANP, while microsatellite datasets partitioned them into three highly differentiated, geographically separated subpopulations (with indications for up to five subpopulations). The molecular grouping–primarily clustering individuals by geographic proximity–was coincident with differences in mean depth and width of waters, suggesting a possible role of fluvial characteristics in genetic exchange in this stream-breeding species. Genetic clustering not consistent with differences in call properties, except for dominant call frequencies under the two-subpopulations model. Morphological divergence was mostly consistent with the genetic clustering; subpopulations strongly differed by their snout-vent length, with individuals from high-elevation subpopulations smaller than those from populations below 1000 m above sea level. These results exemplify how mountains and environmental conditions might primarily shape genetic and morphological divergence in frog populations, without strongly affecting their calls.
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Mezzasalma M, Andreone F, Odierna G, Guarino FM, Crottini A. Comparative cytogenetics on eight Malagasy Mantellinae (Anura, Mantellidae) and a synthesis of the karyological data on the subfamily. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2022; 16:1-17. [PMID: 35211250 PMCID: PMC8857137 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v16.i1.76260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We performed a molecular and cytogenetic analysis on different Mantellinae species and revised the available chromosomal data on this group to provide an updated assessment of its karyological diversity and evolution. Using a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA, we performed a molecular taxonomic identification of the samples that were used for cytogenetic analyses. A comparative cytogenetic analysis, with Giemsa's staining, Ag-NOR staining and sequential C-banding + Giemsa + CMA + DAPI was performed on eight species: Gephyromantis sp. Ca19, G.striatus (Vences, Glaw, Andreone, Jesu et Schimmenti, 2002), Mantidactylus (Chonomantis) sp. Ca11, M. (Brygoomantis) alutus (Peracca, 1893), M. (Hylobatrachus) cowanii (Boulenger, 1882), Spinomantispropeaglavei "North" (Methuen et Hewitt, 1913), S.phantasticus (Glaw et Vences, 1997) and S. sp. Ca3. Gephyromantisstriatus, M. (Brygoomantis) alutus and Spinomantispropeaglavei "North" have a karyotype of 2n = 24 chromosomes while the other species show 2n = 26 chromosomes. Among the analysed species we detected differences in the number and position of telocentric elements, location of NOR loci (alternatively on the 6th, 7th or 10th pair) and in the distribution of heterochromatin, which shows species-specific patterns. Merging our data with those previously available, we propose a karyotype of 2n = 26 with all biarmed elements and loci of NORs on the 6th chromosome pair as the ancestral state in the whole family Mantellidae. From this putative ancestral condition, a reduction of chromosome number through similar tandem fusions (from 2n = 26 to 2n = 24) occurred independently in Mantidactylus Boulenger, 1895 (subgenus Brygoomantis Dubois, 1992), Spinomantis Dubois, 1992 and Gephyromantis Methuen, 1920. Similarly, a relocation of NORs, from the putative primitive configuration on the 6th chromosome, occurred independently in Gephyromantis, Blommersia Dubois, 1992, Guibemantis Dubois, 1992, Mantella Boulenger, 1882 and Spinomantis. Chromosome inversions of primitive biarmed elements likely generated a variable number of telocentric elements in Mantellanigricans Guibé, 1978 and a different number of taxa of Gephyromantis (subgenera Duboimantis Glaw et Vences, 2006 and Laurentomantis Dubois, 1980) and Mantidactylus (subgenera Brygoomantis, Chonomantis Glaw et Vences, 1994, Hylobatrachus Laurent, 1943 and Ochthomantis Glaw et Vences, 1994).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Mezzasalma
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, No 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Franco Andreone
- Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Via G. Giolitti 36, 10123 Torino, Italy
| | - Gaetano Odierna
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Maria Guarino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Angelica Crottini
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, No 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
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Hanes MM, Shell S, Shimu T, Crist C, Machkour‐M’Rabet S. The phylogeographic history of Megistostegium (Malvaceae) in the dry, spiny thickets of southwestern Madagascar using RAD-seq data and ecological niche modeling. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8632. [PMID: 35222982 PMCID: PMC8848458 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The spiny thicket of southwestern Madagascar represents an extreme and ancient landscape with extraordinary levels of biodiversity and endemism. Few hypotheses exist for explaining speciation in the region and few plant studies have explored hypotheses for species diversification. Here, we investigate three species in the endemic genus Megistostegium (Malvaceae) to evaluate phylogeographic structure and explore the roles of climate, soil, and paleoclimate oscillations on population divergence and speciation throughout the region. We combine phylogenetic and phylogeographic inference of RADseq data with ecological niche modeling across space and time. Population structure is concurrent with major rivers in the region and we identify a new, potentially important biogeographic break coincident with several landscape features. Our data further suggests that niches occupied by species and populations differ substantially across their distribution. Paleodistribution modeling provide evidence that past climatic change could be responsible for the current distribution, population structure, and maintenance of species in Megistostegium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. Hanes
- Department of BiologyEastern Michigan UniversityYpsilantiMichiganUSA
| | - Susan Shell
- Department of BiologyEastern Michigan UniversityYpsilantiMichiganUSA
| | - Tahsina Shimu
- Department of BiologyEastern Michigan UniversityYpsilantiMichiganUSA
| | - Clarissa Crist
- Department of BiologyEastern Michigan UniversityYpsilantiMichiganUSA
| | - Salima Machkour‐M’Rabet
- Departamento de Conservación de la BiodiversiadadEl Colegio de la Frontera SurChetumalMexico
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A new tapeworm from Compsophis infralineatus (Pseudoxyrhophiidae), an endemic snake of Madagascar: Scratching the surface of undiscovered reptilian parasite diversity. Parasitol Int 2022; 88:102538. [PMID: 35007763 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A new species of proteocephalid cestodes, provisionally assigned to the polyphyletic genus Ophiotaenia La Rue, 1911 (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae), is described from Compsophis infralineatus (Günther) (Serpentes: Pseudoxyrhophiidae) endemic to Madagascar. Ophiotaenia oreae n. sp. differs from all African and Asian species of Ophiotaenia by possessing more uterine diverticula (68-82 on one side). It is also characterised by the absence of an apical organ, the relative sizes of the cirrus-sac and ovary, the almost equatorial position of the gonopore, the diameter of the embryophore, and other biometric characteristics. Phylogenetic relationships of the new species indicate its relatedness to Indomalayan and Australasian proteocephalids from reptiles. Ophiotaenia oreae n. sp. formed a well-supported clade composed of species of Australophiotaenia de Chambrier, Beveridge and Scholz, 2018 from Australian snakes, Macrobothriotaenia ficta (Meggitt, 1931) from Xenopeltis unicolor Reinwardt in Boie from Vietnam, Ophiotaenia sp. from Trimeresurus flavomaculatus (Gray) from the Philippines, and Ophiotaenia bungari de Chambrier, Binh and Scholz, 2012 from Bungarus fasciatus (Schneider) from Vietnam. The only proteocephalid from Madagascan snakes sequenced so far, Ophiotaenia lapata Rambeloson, Ranaivoson and de Chambrier, 2012 from Madagascarophis colubrinus (Schlegel) does not form a monophyletic group with the new species. The actual species diversity of reptilian cestodes in Madagascar is undoubtedly underestimated. Because of the assumed strict (oioxenous) host specificity of reptilian proteocephalids and rich fauna of snakes occurring in Madagascar, it is plausible to expect the existence of dozens new species of proteocephalids on this island.
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Santos D, Ribeiro GC. Areas of endemism in the Afrotropical region based on the geographical distribution of Tipulomorpha (Insecta: Diptera). AUSTRAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daubian Santos
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas Universidade Federal do ABC Rua Santa Adélia, 166, Bairro Bangu Santo André SP 09210‐170 Brazil
| | - Guilherme Cunha Ribeiro
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas Universidade Federal do ABC Rua Santa Adélia, 166, Bairro Bangu Santo André SP 09210‐170 Brazil
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43
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Nunes LA, Raxworthy CJ, Pearson RG. Evidence for ecological processes driving speciation among endemic lizards of Madagascar. Evolution 2021; 76:58-69. [PMID: 34862965 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although genetic patterns produced by population isolation during speciation are well documented, the biogeographic and ecological processes that trigger speciation remain poorly understood. Alternative hypotheses for the biogeography and ecology of speciation include geographic isolation combined with niche conservation (soft allopatry) or parapatric distribution on an environmental gradient with niche divergence (ecological speciation). Here, we use species' distributions, environmental data, and two null models (the Random Translation and Rotation and the Background Similarity Test) to test these alternative hypotheses among 28 sister pairs of microendemic lizards in Madagascar. Our results demonstrate strong bimodal peaks along a niche divergence-conservation spectrum, with at least 25 out of 28 sister pairs exhibiting either niche conservation or divergence, and the remaining pairs showing weak ecological signals. Yet despite these significant results, we do not find strong associations of niche conservation with allopatric distributions or niche divergence with parapatric distributions. Our findings thus provide strong evidence of a role for ecological processes driving speciation, rather than the classic expectation of speciation through geographic isolation, but demonstrate that the link between ecological speciation and parapatry is complex and requires further analysis of a broader taxonomic sample to fully resolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Nunes
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.,Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Christopher J Raxworthy
- Department of Herpetology, The American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, 10024
| | - Richard G Pearson
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Bernardes SC, von Rintelen K, von Rintelen T, Pepato AR, Page TJ, de Bruyn M. Ecological changes have driven biotic exchanges across the Indian Ocean. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23357. [PMID: 34857837 PMCID: PMC8640032 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02799-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Indian Ocean has a complex geological history that has drawn the attention of naturalists for almost a century now. Due to its tectonic history, many geological elements and processes have been evoked to explain the exchange of species between landmasses. Here, we revisited previous studies on twenty-three taxa to investigate trends across time since the Gondwana breakup. We investigated these datasets by applying a time-calibrated Bayesian framework to them and reconstructing their ancestral ranges. We conclude that ecological transformations have presented opportunities for the establishment of migrants. The role of donating and receiving migrants has shifted several times according to these transformations. Time-specific trends show weak evidence for the stepping-stones commonly suggested as physical routes between landmasses. However, before its collision with Asia, India may have served as an intermediary for such exchanges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Bernardes
- Museum Für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Kristina von Rintelen
- Museum Für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas von Rintelen
- Museum Für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Almir R Pepato
- Laboratório de Acarologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Timothy J Page
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark de Bruyn
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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45
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Gippner S, Travers SL, Scherz MD, Colston TJ, Lyra ML, Mohan AV, Multzsch M, Nielsen SV, Rancilhac L, Glaw F, Bauer AM, Vences M. A comprehensive phylogeny of dwarf geckos of the genus Lygodactylus, with insights into their systematics and morphological variation. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 165:107311. [PMID: 34530117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The 71 currently known species of dwarf geckos of the genus Lygodactylus are a clade of biogeographic interest due to their occurrence in continental Africa, Madagascar, and South America. Furthermore, because many species are morphologically cryptic, our knowledge of species-level diversity within this genus is incomplete, as indicated by numerous unnamed genetic lineages revealed in previous molecular studies. Here we provide an extensive multigene phylogeny covering 56 of the named Lygodactylus species, four named subspecies, and 34 candidate species of which 19 are newly identified in this study. Phylogenetic analyses, based on ∼10.1 kbp concatenated sequences of eight nuclear-encoded and five mitochondrial gene fragments, confirm the monophyly of 14 Lygodactylus species groups, arranged in four major clades. We recover two clades splitting from basal nodes, one comprising exclusively Malagasy species groups, and the other containing three clades. In the latter, there is a clade with only Madagascar species, which is followed by a clade containing three African and one South American species groups, and its sister clade containing six African and two Malagasy species groups. Relationships among species groups within these latter clades remain weakly supported. We reconstruct a Lygodactylus timetree based on a novel fossil-dated phylotranscriptomic tree of squamates, in which we included data from two newly sequenced Lygodactylus transcriptomes. We estimate the crown diversification of Lygodactylus started at 46 mya, and the dispersal of Lygodactylus among the main landmasses in the Oligocene and Miocene, 35-22 mya, but emphasize the wide confidence intervals of these estimates. The phylogeny suggests an initial out-of-Madagascar dispersal as most parsimonious, but accounting for poorly resolved nodes, an out-of-Africa scenario may only require one extra dispersal step. More accurate inferences into the biogeographic history of these geckos will likely require broader sampling of related genera and phylogenomic approaches to provide better topological support. A survey of morphological characters revealed that most of the major clades and species groups within Lygodactylus cannot be unambiguously characterized by external morphology alone, neither by unique character states nor by a diagnostic combination of character states. Thus, any future taxonomic work will likely benefit from integrative, phylogenomic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Gippner
- Zoological Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; State Natural History Museum of Braunschweig, Pockelsstr. 10, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Scott L Travers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University-Newark, 195 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Mark D Scherz
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Timothy J Colston
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Mariana L Lyra
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus Rio Claro, Avenida 24A, N 1515 Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP CEP13506-900, Brazil
| | - Ashwini V Mohan
- Zoological Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Malte Multzsch
- Zoological Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stuart V Nielsen
- Santa Fe College, 3000 NW 83rd St., Gainesville, FL 32606, USA; Florida Museum of Natural History, Division of Herpetology, 1659 Museum Road - Dickinson Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Loïs Rancilhac
- Zoological Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frank Glaw
- Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM-SNSB), Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 München, Germany
| | - Aaron M Bauer
- Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Miguel Vences
- Zoological Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Teixeira H, Salmona J, Arredondo A, Mourato B, Manzi S, Rakotondravony R, Mazet O, Chikhi L, Metzger J, Radespiel U. Impact of model assumptions on demographic inferences: the case study of two sympatric mouse lemurs in northwestern Madagascar. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:197. [PMID: 34727890 PMCID: PMC8561976 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01929-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quaternary climate fluctuations have been acknowledged as major drivers of the geographical distribution of the extraordinary biodiversity observed in tropical biomes, including Madagascar. The main existing framework for Pleistocene Malagasy diversification assumes that forest cover was strongly shaped by warmer Interglacials (leading to forest expansion) and by cooler and arid glacials (leading to forest contraction), but predictions derived from this scenario for forest-dwelling animals have rarely been tested with genomic datasets. RESULTS We generated genomic data and applied three complementary demographic approaches (Stairway Plot, PSMC and IICR-simulations) to infer population size and connectivity changes for two forest-dependent primate species (Microcebus murinus and M. ravelobensis) in northwestern Madagascar. The analyses suggested major demographic changes in both species that could be interpreted in two ways, depending on underlying model assumptions (i.e., panmixia or population structure). Under panmixia, the two species exhibited larger population sizes across the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and towards the African Humid Period (AHP). This peak was followed by a population decline in M. ravelobensis until the present, while M. murinus may have experienced a second population expansion that was followed by a sharp decline starting 3000 years ago. In contrast, simulations under population structure suggested decreasing population connectivity between the Last Interglacial and the LGM for both species, but increased connectivity during the AHP exclusively for M. murinus. CONCLUSION Our study shows that closely related species may differ in their responses to climatic events. Assuming that Pleistocene climatic conditions in the lowlands were similar to those in the Malagasy highlands, some demographic dynamics would be better explained by changes in population connectivity than in population size. However, changes in connectivity alone cannot be easily reconciled with a founder effect that was shown for M. murinus during its colonization of the northwestern Madagascar in the late Pleistocene. To decide between the two alternative models, more knowledge about historic forest dynamics in lowland habitats is necessary. Altogether, our study stresses that demographic inferences strongly depend on the underlying model assumptions. Final conclusions should therefore be based on a comparative evaluation of multiple approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Teixeira
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Jordi Salmona
- Laboratoire Évolution and Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, Bât. 4R1, 31062, Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Armando Arredondo
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
- Université de Toulouse, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Beatriz Mourato
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sophie Manzi
- Laboratoire Évolution and Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, Bât. 4R1, 31062, Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Romule Rakotondravony
- Ecole Doctorale Ecosystèmes Naturels (EDEN), University of Mahajanga, 5 Rue Georges V - Immeuble KAKAL, Mahajanga Be, B.P. 652, 401, Mahajanga, Madagascar
- Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l'Environnement, University of Mahajanga, 5 Rue Georges V - Immeuble KAKAL, Mahajanga Be, B.P. 652, 401, Mahajanga, Madagascar
| | - Olivier Mazet
- Université de Toulouse, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Lounès Chikhi
- Laboratoire Évolution and Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 118 Route de Narbonne, Bât. 4R1, 31062, Toulouse cedex 9, France
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Julia Metzger
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17p, 30559, Hannover, Germany
- Veterinary Functional Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Radespiel
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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47
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Helmstetter AJ, Cable S, Rakotonasolo F, Rabarijaona R, Rakotoarinivo M, Eiserhardt WL, Baker WJ, Papadopulos AST. The demographic history of Madagascan micro-endemics: have rare species always been rare? Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210957. [PMID: 34547905 PMCID: PMC8456134 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Extinction has increased as human activities impact ecosystems, yet relatively few species have conservation assessments. Novel approaches are needed to highlight threatened species that are currently data-deficient. Many Madagascan plant species have extremely narrow ranges, but this may not have always been the case-it is unclear how the island's diverse flora evolved. To assess this, we generated restriction-site associated DNA sequence data for 10 Madagascan plant species, estimated effective population size (Ne) for each species and compared this to census (Nc) sizes. In each case, Ne was an order of magnitude larger than Nc-signifying rapid, recent population decline. We then estimated species' demographic history, tracking changes in Ne over time. We show that it is possible to predict extinction risk, particularly in the most threatened species. Furthermore, simulations showed that our approach has the power to detect population decline during the Anthropocene. Our analyses reveal that Madagascar's micro-endemics were not always rare, having experienced a rapid decline in their recent history. This casts further uncertainty over the processes that generated Madagascar's exceptional biodiversity. Our approach targets data-deficient species in need of conservation assessment, particularly in regions where human modification of the environment has been rapid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Helmstetter
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR-DIADE, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, Montpellier 34394, France
| | - Stuart Cable
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK
- Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre, Lot II J 131 B Ambodivoanjo, Ivandry, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Franck Rakotonasolo
- Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre, Lot II J 131 B Ambodivoanjo, Ivandry, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Romer Rabarijaona
- Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre, Lot II J 131 B Ambodivoanjo, Ivandry, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Mijoro Rakotoarinivo
- Mention Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo BP 906101, Madagascar
| | - Wolf L. Eiserhardt
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Alexander S. T. Papadopulos
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Bangor, Environment Centre Wales, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
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48
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Teixeira H, Montade V, Salmona J, Metzger J, Bremond L, Kasper T, Daut G, Rouland S, Ranarilalatiana S, Rakotondravony R, Chikhi L, Behling H, Radespiel U. Past environmental changes affected lemur population dynamics prior to human impact in Madagascar. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1084. [PMID: 34526636 PMCID: PMC8443640 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02620-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Quaternary climatic changes have been invoked as important drivers of species diversification worldwide. However, the impact of such changes on vegetation and animal population dynamics in tropical regions remains debated. To overcome this uncertainty, we integrated high-resolution paleoenvironmental reconstructions from a sedimentary record covering the past 25,000 years with demographic inferences of a forest-dwelling primate species (Microcebus arnholdi), in northern Madagascar. Result comparisons suggest that climate changes through the African Humid Period (15.2 - 5.5 kyr) strongly affected the demographic dynamics of M. arnholdi. We further inferred a population decline in the last millennium which was likely shaped by the combination of climatic and anthropogenic impacts. Our findings demonstrate that population fluctuations in Malagasy wildlife were substantial prior to a significant human impact. This provides a critical knowledge of climatically driven, environmental and ecological changes in the past, which is essential to better understand the dynamics and resilience of current biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Teixeira
- grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Vincent Montade
- grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210University of Goettingen, Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Goettingen, Germany ,grid.462058.d0000 0001 2188 7059ISEM, Université Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France
| | - Jordi Salmona
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XCNRS-UPS-IRD, UMR5174, Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Julia Metzger
- grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17p, 30559 Hannover, Germany ,grid.419538.20000 0000 9071 0620Veterinary Functional Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laurent Bremond
- grid.462058.d0000 0001 2188 7059ISEM, Université Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Kasper
- grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Department of Physical Geography, Loebdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Gerhard Daut
- grid.9613.d0000 0001 1939 2794Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Department of Physical Geography, Loebdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sylvie Rouland
- grid.462058.d0000 0001 2188 7059ISEM, Université Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandratrinirainy Ranarilalatiana
- grid.440419.c0000 0001 2165 5629Université d’Antananarivo, Faculté des Sciences, Mention Biologie et Ecologie Végétale, Laboratoire de Palynologie Appliquée, B.P 905 - 101, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Romule Rakotondravony
- Ecole Doctorale Ecosystèmes Naturels (EDEN), University of Mahajanga, 5 Rue Georges V - Immeuble KAKAL, Mahajanga Be, B.P. 652, Mahajanga, 401 Madagascar ,Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l’Environnement, University of Mahajanga, 5 Rue Georges V - Immeuble KAKAL, Mahajanga Be, B.P. 652, Mahajanga, 401 Madagascar
| | - Lounès Chikhi
- grid.418346.c0000 0001 2191 3202Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, P-2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal ,grid.4399.70000000122879528Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, Bât. 4R1, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Hermann Behling
- grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210University of Goettingen, Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ute Radespiel
- grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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49
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Moen DS, Ravelojaona RN, Hutter CR, Wiens JJ. Testing for adaptive radiation: A new approach applied to Madagascar frogs. Evolution 2021; 75:3008-3025. [PMID: 34396527 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive radiation is a key topic at the intersection of ecology and evolutionary biology. Yet the definition and identification of adaptive radiation both remain contentious. Here, we introduce a new approach for identifying adaptive radiations that combines key aspects of two widely used definitions. Our approach compares evolutionary rates in morphology, performance, and diversification between the candidate radiation and other clades. We then apply this approach to a putative adaptive radiation of frogs from Madagascar (Mantellidae). We present new data on morphology and performance from mantellid frogs, then compare rates of diversification and multivariate evolution of size, shape, and performance between mantellids and other frogs. We find that mantellids potentially pass our test for accelerated rates of evolution for shape, but not for size, performance, or diversification. Our results demonstrate that clades can have accelerated phenotypic evolution without rapid diversification (dubbed "adaptive non-radiation"). We also highlight general issues in testing for adaptive radiation, including taxon sampling and the problem of including another adaptive radiation among the comparison clades. Finally, we suggest that similar tests should be conducted on other putative adaptive radiations on Madagascar, comparing their evolutionary rates to those of related clades outside Madagascar. Based on our results, we speculate that older Madagascar clades may show evolutionary patterns more similar to those on a continent than an island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Moen
- Department of Integrative Biology, 501 Life Sciences West, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078, USA
| | - Rojo N Ravelojaona
- Mention Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Carl R Hutter
- Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Sciences, Lousiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
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50
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Belluardo F, Quirós DD, Lobón-Rovira J, Rosa GM, Rasoazanany M, Andreone F, Crottini A. Uncovering the herpetological diversity of small forest fragments in south-eastern Madagascar (Haute Matsiatra). ZOOSYST EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/zse.97.63936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Madagascar has historically suffered from high fragmentation of forested habitats, often leading to biodiversity loss. Neverthless, forest fragments still retain high levels of biological diversity. The Haute Matsiatra Region (south-eastern Madagascar) hosts the renowned Andringitra National Park and several surrounding isolated forest fragments embedded in a matrix of human-dominated landscape. During a herpetological survey conducted in the Region, we visited a total of 25 sites. We applied a molecular taxonomic approach to identify the collected material and generate new reference sequences to improve the molecular identification of Malagasy herpetofauna. We identified a total of 28 amphibian and 38 squamate taxa and provided a systematic account for each one of them. Nine of the identified taxa are candidate species, amongst which one was newly identified. We extended the known distributional range of 21 taxa (nine amphibians and 12 squamates). Although the largest forest fragments hold a higher number of species, we also detected a relatively high herpetological diversity in small patches. Our results highlight the importance of investigating small forest fragments to contribute to a better understanding of the patterns of diversity and distribution of the amphibians and reptiles of Madagascar.
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