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Tanveer R, Neale PA, Melvin SD, Leusch FDL. Application of in vitro bioassays to monitor pharmaceuticals in water: A synthesis of chronological analysis, mode of action, and practical insights. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142255. [PMID: 38729441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater have emerged as a significant concern for the aquatic environment. The use of in vitro bioassays represents a sustainable and cost-effective approach for assessing the potential toxicological risks of these biologically active compounds in wastewater and aligns with ethical considerations in research. It facilitates high-throughput analysis, captures mixture effects, integrates impacts of both known and unknown chemicals, and reduces reliance on animal testing. The core aim of the current review was to explore the practical application of in vitro bioassays in evaluating the environmental impacts of pharmaceuticals in wastewater. This comprehensive review strives to achieve several key objectives. First, it provides a summary categorisation of pharmaceuticals based on their mode of action, providing a structured framework for understanding their ecological significance. Second, a chronological analysis of pharmaceutical research aims to document their prevalence and trends over time, shedding light on evolving environmental challenges. Third, the review critically analyses existing bioassay applications in wastewater, while also examining bioassay coverage of representative compounds within major pharmaceutical classes. Finally, it explores the potential for developing innovative bioassays tailored for water quality monitoring of pharmaceuticals, paving the way for more robust environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Overall, adopting effect-based methods for pharmaceutical monitoring in water holds significant promise. It encompasses a broad spectrum of biological impacts, promotes standardized protocols, and supports a bioassay test battery approach indicative of different endpoints, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameesha Tanveer
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia.
| | - Peta A Neale
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia.
| | - Steven D Melvin
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia.
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia.
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Qian W, Yang Y, Xinyue D, Hanqi L, Lanlan C, Wenhui H, Juan-Ying L. Reducing baseline toxicity in fishery product-related sediments from land to sea: Region-specific solutions are required. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174024. [PMID: 38906300 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Eastern China is a major producer of fishery products (including inland aquaculture, coastal mariculture, and coastal fishing products). The quality of the products is affected by hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in the sediments. Based on in-vitro luminescent bacterial assay, the baseline toxicity (BEQBio) of 56 common HOCs were assessed in the present study. Specifically, the BEQBio of sediments declined from land (31-400 mg/kg) to sea (9.1-270 mg/kg). However, the toxicity contribution explained by the HOCs increased gradually from land (0.70 %) to sea (10 %) using Iceberg Modeling. In the inland pond, current use HOCs (pyrethroid pesticide (PEs), organic tin (OTCs), and antibiotic) exhibited considerable concentrations, although their toxicity contribution was very small (0.076 %), thus more regulations on the use of HOCs should be proposed and further screening is needed to confirm the major toxicants. In coastal mariculture area, the toxicity contribution of current use HOCs further declined (0.010 %), whereas environmental background HOCs, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), became increasingly significant, with the contribution ratio increasing from 0.37 % to 2.4 %. To minimize the negative impacts of PAHs, optimization of energy structure in transportation and coastal industry is required. In the coastal fishing area, the phased-out persistent organic pollutants (POPs) remained a major concern, in terms of both concentration and toxicity contribution. The phased-out POPs explained 7.0 % of the toxic effects of the sediments from the coastal fishing area, due to historical residue, industrial emissions, and their high toxicities. For this reason, it is critical to improve the relevant emission regulations and standards, so as to eventually reduce the unintentional discharges of POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Qian
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Pudong, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yu Yang
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Pudong, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Dong Xinyue
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Pudong, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Liu Hanqi
- East China Sea Ecological Center, MNR (Ministry of Natural Resources), Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Chu Lanlan
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Pudong, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - He Wenhui
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Pudong, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of River and Lake Biochain Construction and Resource Utilization, Shanghai 201702, China
| | - Li Juan-Ying
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Pudong, Shanghai 201306, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of River and Lake Biochain Construction and Resource Utilization, Shanghai 201702, China.
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Zhang L, Zhang Y, Zhu M, Chen L, Wu B. A critical review on quantitative evaluation of aqueous toxicity in water quality assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 342:140159. [PMID: 37716564 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Conventional chemical techniques have inherent limitations in detecting unknown chemical substances in water. As a result, effect-based methods have emerged as a viable alternative to overcome these limitations. These methods provide more accurate and intuitive evaluations of the toxic effects of water. While numerous studies have been conducted, only a few have been applied to national water quality monitoring. Therefore, it is crucial to develop toxicity evaluation methods and establish thresholds based on quantifying toxicity. This article provides an overview of the development and application of bioanalytical tools, including in vitro and in vivo bioassays. The available methods for quantifying toxicity are then summarized. These methods include aquatic life criteria for assessing the toxicity of a single compound, comprehensive wastewater toxicity testing for all contaminants in a water sample (toxicity units, whole effluent toxicity, the potential ecotoxic effects probe, the potential toxicology method, and the lowest ineffective dilution), methods based on mechanisms and relative toxicity ratios for substances with the same mode of action (the toxicity equivalency factors, toxic equivalents, bioanalytical equivalents), and effect-based trigger values for micropollutants. The article also highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Finally, it proposes potential areas for applying toxicity quantification methods and offers insights into future research directions. This review emphasizes the significance of enhancing the evaluation methods for assessing aqueous toxicity in water quality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Beckers LM, Altenburger R, Brack W, Escher BI, Hackermüller J, Hassold E, Illing G, Krauss M, Krüger J, Michaelis P, Schüttler A, Stevens S, Busch W. A data-derived reference mixture representative of European wastewater treatment plant effluents to complement mixture assessment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 179:108155. [PMID: 37688808 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic environments are polluted with a multitude of organic micropollutants, which challenges risk assessment due the complexity and diversity of pollutant mixtures. The recognition that certain source-specific background pollution occurs ubiquitously in the aquatic environment might be one way forward to approach mixture risk assessment. To investigate this hypothesis, we prepared one typical and representative WWTP effluent mixture of organic micropollutants (EWERBmix) comprised of 81 compounds selected according to their high frequency of occurrence and toxic potential. Toxicological relevant effects of this reference mixture were measured in eight organism- and cell-based bioassays and compared with predicted mixture effects, which were calculated based on effect data of single chemicals retrieved from literature or different databases, and via quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs). The results show that the EWERBmix supports the identification of substances which should be considered in future monitoring efforts. It provides measures to estimate wastewater background concentrations in rivers under consideration of respective dilution factors, and to assess the extent of mixture risks to be expected from European WWTP effluents. The EWERBmix presents a reasonable proxy for regulatory authorities to develop and implement assessment approaches and regulatory measures to address mixture risks. The highlighted data gaps should be considered for prioritization of effect testing of most prevalent and relevant individual organic micropollutants of WWTP effluent background pollution. The here provided approach and EWERBmix are available for authorities and scientists for further investigations. The approach presented can furthermore serve as a roadmap guiding the development of archetypic background mixtures for other sources, geographical settings and chemical compounds, e.g. inorganic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rolf Altenburger
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Beate I Escher
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Hackermüller
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Computer Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Enken Hassold
- German Environment Agency - UBA, Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Gianina Illing
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janet Krüger
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul Michaelis
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Sarah Stevens
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Wibke Busch
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
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Betz-Koch S, Jacobs B, Oehlmann J, Ratz D, Reutter C, Wick A, Oetken M. Pesticide dynamics in three small agricultural creeks in Hesse, Germany. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15650. [PMID: 37483984 PMCID: PMC10361075 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Due to their high biodiversity, small water bodies play an important role for freshwater ecosystems. Nonetheless, systematic pesticide monitoring in small creeks with a catchment <30 km2 is rarely conducted. Methods In this study, event-driven water samples were taken from May until November 2017 and March until July 2018 after 20 rain events at three sampling sites with catchment areas of <27 km2 in the Wetterau, a region with intensive agriculture in Southern Hesse, Germany. Additionally, enriched extracts of the native water samples from the campaign in 2018 were used for the Microtox assay to determine baseline toxicity to invertebrates over time and sum of toxic units (STU) were calculated to compare the potential toxicity of the samples. Results Overall, 37 pesticides and 17 transformation products were found, whereby the herbicide metamitron (79 µg/L) showed the highest concentration. Regularly, pesticide concentrations peaked at the time of the highest water level within each sampling event. Within each sampling event maximum pesticide concentration was mostly reached in water samples taken during the first two hours. The sum of the time-weighted mean concentration values of all pesticides was between 2.0 µg/L and 7.2 µg/L, whereby the measured concentrations exceeded their regulatory acceptable concentration (RAC) at 55% of all sampling events for at least one pesticide. The mean EC50 values varied between 28.6 ± 13.1 to 41.3 ± 12.1 REF (relative enrichment factor). The results indicated that several samples caused baseline toxicity, whereby the highest activity was measured at the time of highest water levels and pesticides concentrations, and then steadily decreased in parallel with the water level. Median STUs of invertebrates ranged from -2.10 to -3.91, of algae/aquatic plants from -0.79 to -1.84 and of fish from -2.47 to -4.24. For one of the three sampling sites, a significant linear correlation between baseline toxicity and STUinvertebratewas found (r2 = 0.48). Conclusion The results of the present study suggest that (1) current pesticide monitoring programs underestimate risks posed by the exposure to pesticides for aquatic organisms and (2) pre-authorization regulatory risk assessment schemes are insufficient to protect aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Betz-Koch
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Björn Jacobs
- German Federal Institute of Hydrology, Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde (BfG), Koblenz, Germany
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Dominik Ratz
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Christian Reutter
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Arne Wick
- German Federal Institute of Hydrology, Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde (BfG), Koblenz, Germany
| | - Matthias Oetken
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Droge STJ, Hodges G, Bonnell M, Gutsell S, Roberts J, Teixeira A, Barrett EL. Using membrane-water partition coefficients in a critical membrane burden approach to aid the identification of neutral and ionizable chemicals that induce acute toxicity below narcosis levels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:621-647. [PMID: 36779707 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00391k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The risk assessment of thousands of chemicals used in our society benefits from adequate grouping of chemicals based on the mode and mechanism of toxic action (MoA). We measure the phospholipid membrane-water distribution ratio (DMLW) using a chromatographic assay (IAM-HPLC) for 121 neutral and ionized organic chemicals and screen other methods to derive DMLW. We use IAM-HPLC based DMLW as a chemical property to distinguish between baseline narcosis and specific MoA, for reported acute toxicity endpoints on two separate sets of chemicals. The first set comprised 94 chemicals of US EPA's acute fish toxicity database: 47 categorized as narcosis MoA, 27 with specific MoA, and 20 predominantly ionic chemicals with mostly unknown MoA. The narcosis MoA chemicals clustered around the median narcosis critical membrane burden (CMBnarc) of 140 mmol kg-1 lipid, with a lower limit of 14 mmol kg-1 lipid, including all chemicals labelled Narcosis_I and Narcosis_II. This maximum 'toxic ratio' (TR) between CMBnarc and the lower limit narcosis endpoint is thus 10. For 23/28 specific MoA chemicals a TR >10 was derived, indicative of a specific adverse effect pathway related to acute toxicity. For 10/12 cations categorized as "unsure amines", the TR <10 suggests that these affect fish via narcosis MoA. The second set comprised 29 herbicides, including 17 dissociated acids, and evaluated the TR for acute toxic effect concentrations to likely sensitive aquatic plant species (green algae and macrophytes Lemna and Myriophyllum), and non-target animal species (invertebrates and fish). For 21/29 herbicides, a TR >10 indicated a specific toxic mode of action other than narcosis for at least one of these aquatic primary producers. Fish and invertebrate TRs were mostly <10, particularly for neutral herbicides, but for acidic herbicides a TR >10 indicated specific adverse effects in non-target animals. The established critical membrane approach to derive the TR provides for useful contribution to the weight of evidence to bin a chemical as having a narcosis MoA or less likely to have acute toxicity caused by a more specific adverse effect pathway. After proper calibration, the chromatographic assay provides consistent and efficient experimental input for both neutral and ionizable chemicals to this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T J Droge
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology (FAME), Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Geoff Hodges
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Mark Bonnell
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ecological Assessment Division, Science and Risk Assessment Directorate, Gatineau, Quebec, Canada
| | - Steve Gutsell
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Jayne Roberts
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Alexandre Teixeira
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Elin L Barrett
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, UK
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Neale PA, Escher BI, de Baat ML, Enault J, Leusch FDL. Effect-Based Trigger Values Are Essential for the Uptake of Effect-Based Methods in Water Safety Planning. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:714-726. [PMID: 36524849 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Effect-based methods (EBMs) using in vitro bioassays and well plate-based in vivo assays are recommended for water quality monitoring because they can capture the mixture effects of the many chemicals present in water. Many in vitro bioassays are highly sensitive, so an effect in a bioassay does not necessarily indicate poor chemical water quality. Consequently, effect-based trigger values (EBTs) have been introduced to differentiate between acceptable and unacceptable chemical water quality and are required for the wider acceptance of EBMs by the water sector and regulatory bodies. These EBTs have been derived for both drinking water and surface water to protect human and ecological health, respectively, and are available for assays indicative of specific receptor-mediated effects, as well as assays indicative of adaptive stress responses, apical effects, and receptor-mediated effects triggered by many chemicals. An overview of currently available EBTs is provided, and a simple approach is proposed to predict interim EBTs for assays currently without an EBT based on the effect concentration of the assay reference compound. There was good agreement between EBTs predicted using this simplistic approach and EBTs from the literature derived using more robust methods. Finally, an interpretation framework that outlines the steps to take if the effect of a sample exceeds the EBT was developed to help facilitate the uptake of EBMs in routine water quality monitoring and water safety planning for drinking water production. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:714-726. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peta A Neale
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Beate I Escher
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Cell Toxicology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
- Environmental Toxicology, Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Milo L de Baat
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | | | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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Finlayson KA, Leusch FDL, van de Merwe JP. Review of ecologically relevant in vitro bioassays to supplement current in vivo tests for whole effluent toxicity testing - Part 1: Apical endpoints. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:157817. [PMID: 35970462 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Whole effluent toxicity (WET) testing is commonly used to ensure that wastewater discharges do not pose an unacceptable risk to receiving environments. Traditional WET testing involves exposing animals to (waste)water samples to assess four major ecologically relevant apical endpoints: mortality, growth, development, and reproduction. Recently, with the widespread implementation of the 3Rs to replace, reduce and refine the use of animals in research and testing, there has been a global shift away from in vivo testing towards in vitro alternatives. However, prior to the inclusion of in vitro bioassays in regulatory frameworks, it is critical to establish their ecological relevance and technical suitability. This is part 1 of a two-part review that aims to identify in vitro bioassays that can be used in WET testing and relate them to ecologically relevant endpoints through toxicity pathways, providing the reader with a high-level overview of current capabilities. Part 1 of this review focuses on four apical endpoints currently included in WET testing: mortality, growth, development, and reproduction. For each endpoint, the link between responses at the molecular or cellular level, that can be measured in vitro, and the adverse outcome at the organism level were established through simplified toxicity pathways. Additionally, literature from 2015 to 2020 on the use of in vitro bioassays for water quality assessments was reviewed to identify a list of suitable bioassays for each endpoint. This review will enable the prioritization of relevant endpoints and bioassays for incorporation into WET testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Australia; School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Jason P van de Merwe
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Australia; School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Ma XY, Chen W, Tang L, Wang YK, Li M, Wang XC. The impact of natural sunlight irradiation on the biotoxicities of different molecular sizes EfOM/SRNOM and its relationship with spectral and molecular level parameters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156972. [PMID: 35772563 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural sunlight irradiation is regarded as an efficient and low-carbon method for controlling the biotoxicity of effluents from domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Dissolved organic matter in WWTPs effluent (EfOM) is responsible for the non-specific biotoxicity of effluent. In the present study, the variation in spectral characteristics, molecular composition, luminescent bacteria toxicity, and genotoxicity of EfOM of different molecular sizes (MOSs) during natural sunlight irradiation were investigated from a systematic perspective, and the standard natural organic matter from the Suwannee River (SRNOM) was synchronously assessed for comparative purposes. To further explore the cause of the biotoxicity changes, the relationships between the spectral or molecular level parameters (obtained from FT-ICR MS analysis) and biotoxicity were assessed using correlation analysis. The molecules in <1 kDa EfOM with lower molecular weight, higher unsaturation degree, and higher humification and fluorescence had higher luminescent bacteria toxicity under sunlight irradiation. However, in the <1 kDa SRNOM, the molecules which were characterized by higher humification and fluorescence had higher luminescent bacteria toxicity. The notable genotoxicity reduction of EfOM under sunlight irradiation was attributed to the photochemical degradation of components with a high unsaturation degree. Such findings could enable ecological safety improvement of aquatic environments using natural sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Y Ma
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
| | - Wenfeng Chen
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Lei Tang
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Yongkun K Wang
- School of Environment and Tourism, West Anhui University, Lùan 237000, PR China
| | - Mengkai Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
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Bankole PO, Omoni VT, Tennison-Omovoh CA, Adebajo SO, Mulla SI, Adekunle AA, Semple KT. Novel laccase from Xylaria polymorpha and its efficiency in the biotransformation of pharmaceuticals: Optimization of operational conditions, comparative effect of redox-mediators and toxicity studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 217:112675. [PMID: 35792528 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The promising potentials of biocatalytic treatment processes in the removal of micropollutants whilst eliminating health and environmental hazards have attracted great attention in recent years. This current work investigated the biotransformation efficiency of a novel laccase from Xylaria polymorpha (XPL) in comparison with commercial laccases from Trametes versicolor (TVL) and Aspergillus sp. (ASL). XPL exhibited better oxidation performance (95.7%) on AMX than TVL (92.8%) and ASL (90.5%). Optimization of operational conditions revealed that AMX was best oxidized at pH 5, temperature (30 °C), and concentration (1.0 mg L-1). The investigation carried out to determine the effect of redox mediators revealed violuric acid (VLA) as the best redox mediator. The laccase stability experiments elucidated that the oxidation of AMX is time and mediator concentration dependent with ABTS exhibiting highest deactivation of XPL active sites. Two metabolic products; amoxicillin penilloic acid and 5-hydroxy-6-(4-hydroxyphenyl)- 3-(1,3-thiazolidin-2-yl)piperazin-2-one of AMX were obtained through Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses. The toxicity assessments carried out after oxidation of AMX by XPL showed 94% and 97% reduced toxicity on Artemia salina and Aliivibrio fischeri respectively. The study further underscored the efficiency of biocatalytic-mediator technology in the transformation of complex micropollutants into less toxic substances in an eco-friendly way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Olusegun Bankole
- Department of Pure and Applied Botany, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture P.M.B., 2240 Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Chidinma Angela Tennison-Omovoh
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom; Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Nigeria
| | - Seun Owolabi Adebajo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture P.M.B., 2240 Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Sikandar Imamsab Mulla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Allied Health Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore-560064, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Kirk Taylor Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Zhao Z, Yao X, Ding Q, Gong X, Wang J, Tahir S, Kimirei IA, Zhang L. A comprehensive evaluation of organic micropollutants (OMPs) pollution and prioritization in equatorial lakes from mainland Tanzania, East Africa. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118400. [PMID: 35413562 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A lack of understanding the fate of highly toxic organic micropollutants (OMPs) in the equatorial lakes of Tanzania hinders public awareness for protecting these unique aquatic ecosystems, which are precious water resources and stunning wildlife habitats. To address this knowledge gap, the occurrence of 70 anthropogenically-sourced OMPs, including phthalates (PAEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), was investigated in the water and sediment of 18 lakes in Tanzania. Similar residue concentrations were found in both compartments, showing higher pollution of PAEs ranging from 835.0 to 13,153.1 ng/L in water and 244.6-8691.8 ng/g dw in sediment, followed by PAHs, while OCPs and PCBs were comparatively lower. According to the multi-criteria scoring method for prioritization, the final OMP priority list for the lake environment in Tanzania comprised 25 chemicals, specifically 5 PAEs (DEHP, DIBP, DBP, DCHP and DMPP), 6 PCBs (PCB153, PCB105, PCB28, PCB156, PCB157 and PCB167), 6 PAHs (BaP, BaA, BbF, Pyr, DahA and InP) and 8 OCPs (cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, endrin, methoxychlor and heptachlor epoxide), suggesting the key substances for conventional monitoring and pollution control in these equatorial lakes, with an emphasis on PAEs, especially DEHP, due to the top priority and endocrine disruptor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Xiaolong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qiqi Ding
- Zhejiang Environment Technology Company, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Xionghu Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Saadu Tahir
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Ishmael Aaron Kimirei
- Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute-Headquarter, P.O. Box 9750, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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12
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Jørgensen MB, Christensen JH. Can Analyte Protectants Compensate Wastewater Matrix Induced Enhancement Effects in Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry Analysis? J Chromatogr A 2022; 1676:463280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Linking Micropollutants to Trait Syndromes across Freshwater Diatom, Macroinvertebrate, and Fish Assemblages. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14081184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ecological quality of freshwater ecosystems is endangered by various micropollutants released into the environment by human activities. The cumulative effects of these micropollutants can affect the fitness of organisms and populations and the functional diversity of stream ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the relationships between the joint toxicity of micropollutants and trait syndromes. A trait syndrome corresponds to a combination of traits that could occur together in communities due to the trait selection driven by exposure to these micropollutants. Our objectives were to (i) identify trait syndromes specific to diatom, macroinvertebrate, and fish assemblages and their responses to exposure, taking into account four micropollutant types (mineral micropollutants, pesticides, PAHs, and other organic micropollutants) and nine modes of action (only for pesticides), (ii) explore how these syndromes vary within and among the three biological compartments, (iii) investigate the trait categories driving the responses of syndromes to micropollutant exposure, and (iv) identify specific taxa, so-called paragons, which are highly representative of these syndromes. To achieve these objectives, we analyzed a dataset including the biological and physico-chemical results of 2007 sampling events from a large-scale monitoring survey routinely performed in French wadeable streams. We have identified five (diatoms), eight (macroinvertebrates), and eight (fishes) trait syndromes, either positively or negatively related to an increasing toxicity gradient of different clusters of micropollutant types or modes of action. Our analyses identified several key trait categories and sets of paragons, exhibiting good potential for highlighting exposure by specific micropollutant types and modes of action. Overall, trait syndromes might represent a novel and integrative bioassessment tool, driven by the diversity of trait-based responses to increasing gradients of micropollutant toxic cocktails.
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14
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Białk-Bielińska A, Grabarczyk Ł, Mulkiewicz E, Puckowski A, Stolte S, Stepnowski P. Mixture toxicity of six pharmaceuticals towards Aliivibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna, and Lemna minor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:26977-26991. [PMID: 34907475 PMCID: PMC8989911 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17928-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As the knowledge on the joint effects of pharmaceuticals towards different non-target organisms is still limited, the aim of our study was to evaluate the toxicity of mixtures of pharmaceuticals, as well as their baseline toxicity towards three selected organisms, namely the bioluminescent bacteria Aliivibrio fischeri, the crustacean Daphnia magna, and the duckweed Lemna minor. Different mixtures composed of three up to five pharmaceuticals having the same or different mechanisms of action in terms of their therapeutic activity (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioid analgesic, antibacterial and anti-epileptic drugs) were investigated. The observed EC50s were compared with those predicted using the concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models. In general, the EC50 values for mixtures predicted with the CA model were lower than those obtained with the IA model, although, in some cases, test predictions of these two models were almost identical. Most of the experimentally determined EC50 values for the specific mixtures were slightly higher than those predicted with the CA model; hence, a less than additive effect was noted. Based on the obtained results, it might be concluded that the CA model assumes the worst-case scenario and gives overall closer predictions; therefore, it should be recommended also for modeling the mixture toxicity of pharmaceuticals with different modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Białk-Bielińska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Łukasz Grabarczyk
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ewa Mulkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Alan Puckowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Stefan Stolte
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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15
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Athanasakoglou A, Fenner K. Toward Characterizing the Genetic Basis of Trace Organic Contaminant Biotransformation in Activated Sludge: The Role of Multicopper Oxidases as a Case Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:313-324. [PMID: 34932304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Activated sludge treatment leverages the ability of microbes to uptake and (co)-metabolize chemicals and has shown promise in eliminating trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) during wastewater treatment. However, targeted interventions to optimize the process are limited as the fundamental drivers of the observed reactions remain elusive. In this work, we present a comprehensive workflow for the identification and characterization of key enzymes involved in TrOCs biotransformation pathways in complex microbial communities. To demonstrate the applicability of the workflow, we investigated the role of the enzymatic group of multicopper oxidases (MCOs) as one putatively relevant driver of TrOCs biotransformation. To this end, we analyzed activated sludge metatranscriptomic data and selected, synthesized, and heterologously expressed three phylogenetically distinct MCO-encoding genes expressed in communities with different TrOCs oxidation potentials. Following the purification of the encoded enzymes, we screened their activities against different substrates. We saw that MCOs exhibit significant activities against selected TrOCs in the presence of the mediator compound 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid and, in some cases, also in the presence of the wastewater contaminant 4'-hydroxy-benzotriazole. In the first case, we identified oxidation products previously reported from activated sludge communities and concluded that in the presence of appropriate mediators, bacterial MCOs could contribute to the biological removal of TrOCs. Similar investigations of other key enzyme systems may significantly advance our understanding of TrOCs biodegradation and assist the rational design of biology-based water treatment strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Athanasakoglou
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Fenner
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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16
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Worden JR, Di Paolo C, Whale GF, Eadsforth CV, Michie E, Lindgren A, Smit MGD. Application of screening tools for environmental hazard and risk to support assessment and subsequent prioritization of effluent discharges from the oil and gas industry. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2021; 17:1025-1036. [PMID: 33615680 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Assessment and management of effluent discharges are key to avoiding environmental deterioration. Often compliance with discharge regulations and permits is based on a limited set of chemical parameters, while information on whole effluent hazardous properties (toxicity, bioaccumulation potential, persistence) and environmental risks is lacking. The need to collect those data and to become more effective in quickly identifying high-risk activities, without extensive laboratory testing, has led to the development of screening tools to complement information on chemical composition. A simple, Tier 1 screening "toolbox" is proposed which is comprised of solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatographic (SPME-GC) analysis, the in-vitro ecotoxicity assay Microtox, and a simple weathering assay. When combined with dilution modeling, screening-level risk assessments can be performed, providing additional lines of evidence to support a weight of evidence type of analysis. Application of the toolbox enables prioritization of discharges that may be deemed to require higher tier assessment. The toolbox was trialed on a number of produced water samples collected from offshore oil and gas facilities and effluents from petroleum processing and manufacturing sites. In contrast to what has been reported for petroleum products, results showed only moderate correlation between bioavailable hydrocarbons (bHCs) and toxicity, which might be related to the possible presence of toxic contaminants from other chemical classes or to methodological issues such as suboptimal conditions during transport. The methods employed were quick, inexpensive, and simple to conduct. They require relatively small volumes of sample, which is especially advantageous when evaluating discharges from remote offshore facilities. The toolbox adds valuable information on whole effluent properties to existing data, for example, on chemical composition, which can improve understanding of which discharges are more likely to pose a risk to the environment and so require further investigation or risk management. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:1025-1036. © 2021 Shell International B.V. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy R Worden
- Shell Health Risk Science Team, Manchester, United Kingdom
- QP Consulting (Chester) Limited, Chester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Graham F Whale
- Shell Health Risk Science Team, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Whale Environmental Consultancy Limited, Chester, United Kingdom
| | - Charles V Eadsforth
- Shell Health Risk Science Team, Manchester, United Kingdom
- CVE Consultancy Limited, Merseyside, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Michie
- Shell Health Risk Science Team, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Kalibrate, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Avila Lindgren
- Shell Health Risk Science Team, The Hague, the Netherlands
- Present Address: CaribAlgae, The Hague, the Netherlands
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17
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Alvarez DA, Corsi SR, De Cicco LA, Villeneuve DL, Baldwin AK. Identifying Chemicals and Mixtures of Potential Biological Concern Detected in Passive Samplers from Great Lakes Tributaries Using High-Throughput Data and Biological Pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:2165-2182. [PMID: 34003517 PMCID: PMC8361951 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne contaminants were monitored in 69 tributaries of the Laurentian Great Lakes in 2010 and 2014 using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS). A risk-based screening approach was used to prioritize chemicals and chemical mixtures, identify sites at greatest risk for biological impacts, and identify potential hazards to monitor at those sites. Analyses included 185 chemicals (143 detected) including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), legacy and current-use pesticides, fire retardants, pharmaceuticals, and fragrances. Hazard quotients were calculated by dividing detected concentrations by biological effect concentrations reported in the ECOTOX Knowledgebase (toxicity quotients) or ToxCast database (exposure-activity ratios [EARs]). Mixture effects were estimated by summation of EAR values for chemicals that influence ToxCast assays with common gene targets. Nineteen chemicals-atrazine, N,N-diethyltoluamide, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, dl-menthol, galaxolide, p-tert-octylphenol, 3 organochlorine pesticides, 3 PAHs, 4 pharmaceuticals, and 3 phosphate flame retardants-had toxicity quotients >0.1 or EARs for individual chemicals >10-3 at 10% or more of the sites monitored. An additional 4 chemicals (tributyl phosphate, triethyl citrate, benz[a]anthracene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene) were present in mixtures with EARs >10-3 . To evaluate potential apical effects and biological endpoints to monitor in exposed wildlife, in vitro bioactivity data were compared to adverse outcome pathway gene ontology information. Endpoints and effects associated with endocrine disruption, alterations in xenobiotic metabolism, and potentially neuronal development would be relevant to monitor at the priority sites. The EAR threshold exceedance for many chemical classes was correlated with urban land cover and wastewater effluent influence, whereas herbicides and fire retardants were also correlated to agricultural land cover. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2165-2182. Published 2021. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Alvarez
- Columbia Environmental Research CenterUS Geological SurveyColumbiaMissouri
| | - Steven R. Corsi
- Upper Midwest Science CenterUS Geological SurveyMiddletonWisconsin
| | | | - Daniel L. Villeneuve
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology DivisionUS Environmental Protection AgencyDuluthMinnesota
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18
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Smith KEC, Jeong Y. Passive Sampling and Dosing of Aquatic Organic Contaminant Mixtures for Ecotoxicological Analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9538-9547. [PMID: 33749267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity results from exposure to mixtures of organic contaminants. Assessing this using ecotoxicity bioassays involves sampling of the environmental mixture and then introducing this into the test. The first step is accounting for the bioavailable levels of all mixture constituents. Passive sampling specifically targets these bioavailable fractions but the sampler-accumulated mixture varies with the compound and sampler properties as well as time. The second step involves reproducing and maintaining the sampled mixture constituents in the bioassay. Passive sampler extraction and spiking always leads to a skewed mixture profile in the test. Alternatively, the recovered passive samplers might be directly used in passive dosing mode. Here, the reproduced contaminant mixture depends on whether kinetic or equilibrium sampling applies. These concepts were tested for determining the combined toxicity of laboratory and field mixtures of aquatic contaminants in the Microtox and ER-Calux bioassays. Aqueous sample extraction and spiking, passive sampler extraction and spiking, and passive sampling and dosing were compared for first sampling and then introducing mixtures in toxicity bioassays. The analytical and toxicity results show that the correct way to first sample the bioavailable mixture profile, and then to reproduce and maintain this in the toxicity test, is by combining equilibrium passive sampling and dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian E C Smith
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E 7.1, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Yoonah Jeong
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E 7.1, Saarbrücken, Germany
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19
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Been F, Pronk T, Louisse J, Houtman C, van der Velden-Slootweg T, van der Oost R, Dingemans MML. Development of a framework to derive effect-based trigger values to interpret CALUX data for drinking water quality. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 193:116859. [PMID: 33540341 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bioassays are increasingly being implemented for water quality monitoring as targeted chemical analyses are not always sufficient for the detection of all emerging chemicals or transformation products. However, the interpretation of bioassay results remains challenging, in particular because a positive response does not necessarily indicate that there may be an increased risk. For this purpose, effect-based trigger (EBT) values have been introduced as thresholds above which action needs to be undertaken to determine the cause of the response. The goals of this study were to (i) evaluate various approaches used to determine EBT values and (ii) based on the findings, derive human health EBT values for Chemical Activated LUciferase gene eXpression (CALUX) in vitro bioassays used for routine monitoring of water quality in the Netherlands. Finally, (iii) an uncertainty analysis was carried out to determine the protective power of the derived EBT values and the chance that potentially harmful substances might not be detected. EBT values that can be implemented in routine monitoring could be determined for four of eight selected bioassays. These EBT were compared to bioassay results from routine water quality monitoring carried out in the Netherlands. Furthermore, a framework for the calculation and evaluation of derived EBT values for routine application to monitor drinking water and its sources is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Been
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433BB Nieuwegein, Netherlands.
| | - Tessa Pronk
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433BB Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Corine Houtman
- The Water Laboratory, P.O. Box 734, 2003RS Haarlem, Netherlands
| | | | - Ron van der Oost
- Waternet Institute for the Urban Water Cycle, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Milou M L Dingemans
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433BB Nieuwegein, Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Roman M, Roman P, Verbeke R, Gutierrez L, Vanoppen M, Dickmann M, Egger W, Vankelecom I, Post J, Cornelissen E, Keesman K, Verliefde A. Non-steady diffusion and adsorption of organic micropollutants in ion-exchange membranes: effect of the membrane thickness. iScience 2021; 24:102095. [PMID: 33659871 PMCID: PMC7892919 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no efficient wastewater treatment solution for removing organic micropollutants (OMPs), which, therefore, are continuously introduced to the Earth's surface waters. This creates a severe risk to aquatic ecosystems and human health. In emerging water treatment processes based on ion-exchange membranes (IEM), transport of OMPs through membranes remains unknown. We performed a comprehensive investigation of the OMP transport through a single IEM under non-steady-state conditions. For the first time, positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy was used to study differences in the free volume element radius between anion- and cation-exchange membranes, and between their thicknesses. The dynamic diffusion-adsorption model was used to calculate the adsorption and diffusion coefficients of OMPs. Remarkably, diffusion coefficients increased with the membrane thickness, where its surface resistance was more evident in thinner membranes. Presented results will contribute to the improved design of next-generation IEMs with higher selectivity toward multiple types of organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Roman
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
- Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Corresponding author
| | - Pawel Roman
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - Rhea Verbeke
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F p. o. box 2461, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leonardo Gutierrez
- Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Facultad del Mar y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Del Pacifico, Ecuador
| | - Marjolein Vanoppen
- Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marcel Dickmann
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany and Physik-Department E21, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Werner Egger
- Institut für Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Ivo Vankelecom
- Institut für Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Jan Post
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - Emile Cornelissen
- Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Karel Keesman
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
- Mathematical and Statistical Methods - Biometris, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arne Verliefde
- Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Particle and Interfacial Technology Group, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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21
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Wang YK, Ma XY, Zhang S, Tang L, Zhang H, Wang XC. Sunlight-induced changes in naturally stored reclaimed water: Dissolved organic matter, micropollutant, and ecotoxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:141768. [PMID: 32896733 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural sunlight is a vital environmental element and plays a significant role in the ecological storage of reclaimed water (RW), but its impacts on RW quality are poorly understood. In this study, sunlight-induced changes in RW with a focus on dissolved organic matter (rDOM) and 52 residual micropollutants were investigated in the field during the summer and winter seasons. The results indicated that sunlight exposure led to the dissipation of chromophoric DOM (CDOM) in the summer (55% loss) and winter (19% loss) after 14 consecutive sunny days. During open storage of RW, CDOM absorption in UVC regions was preferentially removed in the summer, while during the winter there was preferential removal of CDOM in UVA regions. The results also showed higher fluorescent DOM (FDOM) removal in summer than in winter (49% and 28%, respectively). Results in both seasons indicated that humic acid-like compounds were the most photolabile fractions and were preferentially removed under sunlight exposure. Sunlight also induced attenuation of micropollutants in the summer and winter at reductions of 66% and 24% from the initial values, respectively. Significant attenuation (>75%) was only observed for endocrine-disrupting chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and sunscreens in the summer, but they accounted for 76% of the total concentrations. Vibrio fischeri toxicity tests demonstrated that sunlight constantly decreased the luminescent bacteria acute toxicity of RW, which was estimated to be caused mainly by the sunlight-induced changes of FDOM and CDOM, while the detected micropollutants could only explain 0.02%-2% of acute toxicity. These findings have important implications regarding our understanding of the ecological storage of reclaimed water and the contribution of management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkun K Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, People's Republic of China; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Y Ma
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, People's Republic of China; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiying Zhang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, People's Republic of China; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Tang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, People's Republic of China; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengfeng Zhang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, People's Republic of China; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, People's Republic of China; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, People's Republic of China; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Tang L, Ma XY, Wang Y, Zhang S, Zheng K, Wang XC, Lin Y. Removal of trace organic pollutants (pharmaceuticals and pesticides) and reduction of biological effects from secondary effluent by typical granular activated carbon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 749:141611. [PMID: 32827814 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Residual trace organic pollutants (TOPs) and associated biological effects from secondary effluent (SE) are attracting much attention because of their safety concerns. Granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, due to its low cost and high efficiency, is widely applied for further wastewater treatment, but its selective removals of TOPs and biological effects are poorly understood. In the present study, the surface physicochemical characteristics of four types of typical GACs were investigated, and their correlation with luminescent bacteria toxicity was discussed. Based on the biological effect control, shell GAC, with a great adsorption capacity and high functional group contents was selected for further study, including for the removal of fluorescent dissolved organic matter (DOM), 21 TOPs, and 3 biological effects. The shell GAC showed a promising property of removing fluorescent DOM and TOPs. The total concentration of 21 detected TOPs, including 12 pesticides and 9 pharmaceuticals, achieved 82% removal when 30 g/L shell GACs was added. Individual chemicals removal by GAC adsorption was not well described by an individual parameter (e.g., logD, molecular size, charge, functional groups), but rather by a variety of physical and chemical interactions among TOPs, DOM, and GAC. The biological effects from SE were mainly caused by TOPs and DOM. Hence, shell GACs also showed high removal efficiencies of luminescent bacteria toxicity, genotoxicity, and photosynthetic inhibition effect. The removal mechanisms of the three biological effects from SE were deeply discussed. Therefore, the GAC treatment is considered to be one of the most suitable options to ensure the ecological safety of discharged wastewater, because it can effectively control DOM, TOPs, and associated biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xiaoyan Y Ma
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Yongkun Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Shiying Zhang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Yu Lin
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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23
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Roman M, Gutierrez L, Van Dijk LH, Vanoppen M, Post JW, Wols BA, Cornelissen ER, Verliefde AR. Effect of pH on the transport and adsorption of organic micropollutants in ion-exchange membranes in electrodialysis-based desalination. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Brückner I, Classen S, Hammers-Wirtz M, Klaer K, Reichert J, Pinnekamp J. Tool for selecting indicator substances to evaluate the impact of wastewater treatment plants on receiving water bodies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 745:140746. [PMID: 32758737 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The elimination of organic micropollutants (OMPs) from wastewater could in future become mandatory for operators of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Indicator substances are a great help and a cost-efficient way in monitoring the pollution of water bodies with OMPs caused by the discharge of WWTPs. However, with the still increasing number of OMPs in our environment, the selection of suitable indicator substances presents a challenge. A concept was developed to help identify representative indicator substances. The derived indicator substances are not only used to assess water pollution, but can also be used to calculate elimination efficiencies of WWTPs. In the present investigations, the indicator substances were used to evaluate the reduction of OMPs in the water body on the basis of the expansion of a WWTP with an ozonation plant. The transferability of the tool was verified with a second WWTP. Furthermore, the impact of the number of measurements was analysed via statistical combinatorics. With the tool, 36 substances were classified, leading to the identification of 9 suggested indicator substances. Among them ibuprofen and diclofenac attracted attention due to their ecotoxicological relevance. Detailed data analyses were carried out using principal component analysis (PCA) and loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Brückner
- Eifel-Rur Waterboard, Eisenbahnstr. 5, 52353 Düren, Germany.
| | - Silke Classen
- gaiac Research Institute for Ecosystem Analysis and Assessment, RWTH Aachen University, Kackertstr. 10, 52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Monika Hammers-Wirtz
- gaiac Research Institute for Ecosystem Analysis and Assessment, RWTH Aachen University, Kackertstr. 10, 52072 Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | - Johannes Pinnekamp
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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25
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De Baat ML, Van der Oost R, Van der Lee GH, Wieringa N, Hamers T, Verdonschot PFM, De Voogt P, Kraak MHS. Advancements in effect-based surface water quality assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 183:116017. [PMID: 32673894 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Legally-prescribed chemical monitoring is unfit for determining the pollution status of surface waters, and there is a need for improved assessment methods that consider the aggregated risk of all bioavailable micropollutants present in the aquatic environment. Therefore, the present study aimed to advance effect-based water quality assessment by implementing methodological improvements and to gain insight into contamination source-specific bioanalytical responses. Passive sampling of non-polar and polar organic compounds and metals was applied at 14 surface water locations that were characterized by two major anthropogenic contamination sources, agriculture and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, as well as reference locations with a low expected impact from micropollutants. Departing from the experience gained in previous studies, a battery of 20 in vivo and in vitro bioassays was composed and subsequently exposed to the passive sampler extracts. Next, the bioanalytical responses were divided by their respective effect-based trigger values to obtain effect-based risk quotients, which were summed per location. These cumulative ecotoxicological risks were lowest for reference locations (4.3-10.9), followed by agriculture locations (11.3-27.2) and the highest for WWTP locations (12.8-47.7), and were mainly driven by polar organic contaminants. The bioanalytical assessment of the joint risks of metals and (non-)polar organic compounds resulted in the successful identification of pollution source-specific ecotoxicological risk profiles: none of the bioassays were significantly associated with reference locations nor with multiple location types, while horticulture locations were significantly characterized by anti-AR and anti-PR activity and cytotoxicity, and WWTP sites by ERα activity and toxicity in the in vivo bioassays. It is concluded that the presently employed advanced effect-based methods can readily be applied in surface water quality assessment and that the integration of chemical- and effect-based monitoring approaches will foster future-proof water quality assessment strategies on the road to a non-toxic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L De Baat
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - R Van der Oost
- Department of Technology, Research and Engineering, Waternet Institute for the Urban Water Cycle, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G H Van der Lee
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N Wieringa
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - T Hamers
- Department of Environment & Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P F M Verdonschot
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen, UR, the Netherlands
| | - P De Voogt
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M H S Kraak
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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26
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Ma XY, Dong K, Tang L, Wang Y, Wang XC, Ngo HH, Chen R, Wang N. Investigation and assessment of micropollutants and associated biological effects in wastewater treatment processes. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 94:119-127. [PMID: 32563475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) attempt to achieve the shifting from general pollution parameters control to reduction of organic micropollutants discharge. However, they have not been able to satisfy the increasing ecological safety needs. In this study, the removal of micropollutants was investigated, and the ecological safety was assessed for a local WWTP. Although the total concentration of 31 micropollutants detected was reduced by 83% using the traditional biological treatment processes, the results did not reflect chemicals that had poor removal efficiencies and low concentrations. Of the five categories of micropollutants, herbicides, insecticides, and bactericides were difficult to remove, pharmaceuticals and UV filters were effectively eliminated. The specific photosynthesis inhibition effect and non-specific bioluminescence inhibition effect from wastewater were detected and evaluated using hazardous concentration where 5% of aquatic organisms are affected. The photosynthesis inhibition effect from wastewater in the WWTP was negligible, even the untreated raw wastewater. However, the bioluminescence inhibition effect from wastewater which was defined as the priority biological effect, posed potential ecological risk. To decrease non-specific biological effects, especially of macromolecular dissolved organic matter, overall pollutant reduction strategy is necessary. Meanwhile, the ozonation process was used to further decrease the bioluminescence inhibition effects from the secondary effluent; ≥ 0.34 g O3/g DOC of ozone dose was recommended for micropollutants elimination control and ecological safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Y Ma
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Ke Dong
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Lei Tang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Yongkun Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Rong Chen
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Na Wang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
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27
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Cheng F, Li H, Ma H, Wu F, Fu Z, You J. Identifying bioaccessible suspect toxicants in sediment using adverse outcome pathway directed analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 389:121853. [PMID: 31874758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemical mixtures are a common occurrence in contaminated sediment and determining causal relationship between sediment contamination and adverse outcomes is challenging. The bioavailability and choice of bioassay endpoints played important roles in elucidating causality. As such, bioaccessibility-based XAD extraction and adverse outcome pathway (AOP) guided bioassays were incorporated into an effect-directed analysis to more effectively determine sediment causality. XAD extracts of sediments from urban waterways in Guangzhou, China were examined using cell viability bioassays with four human tumor cells from lung, liver, breast, and bone marrow. Pronounced effects to SH-SY5Y cells were noted, thus neurotoxicity was subsequently focused in the AOP-guided bioassays. Intracellular calcium influx, mitochondrial membrane potential inhibition, reactive oxygen species generation, and cell viability were utilized as evidence for neurotoxicity AOP-guided analysis. Suspect toxicants were identified in active fractions using GC-MS. Toxicity confirmation was performed by evaluating toxicity contributions of the candidates to the pathway. Cypermethrin, bisphenol A, galaxolide, tonalide, and versalide were found as the major stressors across key events of the studied pathway. Moreover, good correlations among key events validated the feasibility of method to predict in vivo response, suggesting that considering bioavailability and AOP improved environmental relevance for toxicant identification in a complex mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Huimin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhiyou Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jing You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
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28
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McLaughlin MC, Borch T, McDevitt B, Warner NR, Blotevogel J. Water quality assessment downstream of oil and gas produced water discharges intended for beneficial reuse in arid regions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136607. [PMID: 31955100 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Produced water (PW) is the largest waste stream associated with oil and gas extraction and contains organics, salts, metals and radioactive materials. In the United States, west of the 98th meridian, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System exemption allows for release of PW to surface waters for agricultural beneficial reuse if it is "of good enough quality". Due to the complex and variable composition of PW, the downstream impacts of these releases are not fully understood. In this study, a detailed chemical analysis was conducted on a stream composed of PW released for agricultural beneficial reuse. Over 50 geogenic and anthropogenic organic chemicals not specified in the effluent limits were detected at the discharge including hydrocarbons, halogenated compounds, and surfactants. Most were removed within 15 km of the discharge due to volatilization, biodegradation, and sorption to sediment. Inorganics detected at the discharge were within regulatory effluent limits. While some inorganic species (i.e., strontium, barium and radium) decreased in concentration downstream due to co-precipitation, concentrations of many inorganic species including sodium, sulfate and boron increased due to water evaporation. Consequently, downstream water quality changes need to be considered to adequately evaluate the potential impact of discharged PW. Regulatory health thresholds for humans, livestock, and aquatic species for most chemical species present at the discharge are still lacking. As a result, toxicity tests are necessary to determine the potential health impacts to downstream users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly C McLaughlin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, 1320 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Thomas Borch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, 1320 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1872 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, 1170 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Bonnie McDevitt
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Nathaniel R Warner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jens Blotevogel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, 1320 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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29
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Hensen B, Olsson O, Kümmerer K. A strategy for an initial assessment of the ecotoxicological effects of transformation products of pesticides in aquatic systems following a tiered approach. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105533. [PMID: 32113087 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to conduct a fast and comprehensive toxicity screening of pesticide transformation products (TPs), this study used a tiered approach by a combination of in silico and experimental methods to determine the probability to be of relevance for risk assessment. The six pesticides Boscalid, Penconazole, Diuron, Terbutryn, Octhilinone (OIT), and Mecoprop were used as model compounds. Identification of corresponding environmental known and unknown TPs were done by literature analysis and photolysis experiments in combination. Aquatic solutions of the pesticides were photolysed to generate TPs which can be expected in the aquatic environment. The resulting mixtures were screened for TPs by high resolution LC-MS/MS. The herein developed approach was conducted at three different tiers: Literature review and in silico methods were used to predict exemplary the environmental bacterial toxicity and the genotoxicity of every single TP at tier I. In case of indications to be toxic, experiments at tier II were applied. Hereby, the photolytic mixtures containing parent compound and TPs were used for the consecutive toxicity test. Microtox assay for the parent compounds and the photolytic mixture was conducted to determine the acute and chronic toxicity and the growth inhibition of V. fischeri. Umu-tests were conducted to determine primary DNA damage. At tier III, single substance standards were used to conduct toxicity tests in case of toxic indication by previous tiers and availability of analytical standard. Identification of TPs revealed 45 known environmental TPs that originated from the six pesticides. The number of substances that need to be assessed was therefore more than sevenfold. By the tiered approach, it was possible to assess toxicological effects on environmental bacteria of 94% of the selected TPs. For 20% we found strong evidence to be toxic to environmental bacteria, as they were assessed at least at two tiers. For further 44% of the TPs we found slight evidence, as they could be assessed at one tier. Contrary, this approach turned out to be unsuitable to assess genotoxic effects of TPs neither by in silico tools nor by experiments. The number of substances that could probably pose a risk onto environment was quadrupled in comparison to the consideration of solely the parent compounds. Thus, this study demonstrates that the conducted screening approach allows for easy and fast identification of environmental relevant TPs. However, the study presented was a very first screening. Its applicability domain needs to be assessed further. For this purpose as a very next step the approach suggested here should be verified by applying additional endpoints and including additional parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Hensen
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
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30
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Yuan P, Zhou Q, Hu X. WS 2 Nanosheets at Noncytotoxic Concentrations Enhance the Cytotoxicity of Organic Pollutants by Disturbing the Plasma Membrane and Efflux Pumps. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:1698-1709. [PMID: 31916439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Emerging transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) nanosheets, such as WS2 nanosheets, have shown tremendous potential for use in many fields such as intelligent manufacturing and environmental protection. However, considerable knowledge gaps still exist regarding the impact of TMDCs on environmental risks, especially risks involving organic pollutants. Here, a synergistic toxicity between WS2 nanosheets and organic pollutants (triclosan or tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate) was found using the median-effect and combination index equations. In particular, the effect of synergy had a higher magnitude at low cytotoxicity levels and a noncytotoxic concentration of WS2 nanosheets clearly enhanced the cytotoxicity and intracellular accumulation of organic pollutants. On the one hand, WS2 nanosheets damaged the plasma membrane and cytoskeleton, resulting in increased membrane permeability and organic pollutant uptake. On the other hand, as shown by fluorescence substrate accumulation experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, WS2 nanosheets affected the secondary structure of the efflux pumps and competitively bound with efflux pumps, blocking xenobiotic removal. This work emphasized that TMDCs, especially at the noncytotoxic level, in combination with organic pollutants caused damage that cannot be ignored, providing insight into comprehensive safety assessment and the specific toxicological mechanisms of TMDCs that accompany organic pollutant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Qixing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Xiangang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China
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31
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Deng S, Yan X, Zhu Q, Liao C. The utilization of reclaimed water: Possible risks arising from waterborne contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113020. [PMID: 31421574 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Increasing interest of seeking substitutable water resources accrues from shortage of freshwater. One of the options considered is reclaimed water (also designated as recycled water) that has been widely used in daily life. Although reclaimed water can serve as a feasible reliever of water pressure, attention about its technologies and potential risks is growing in the meantime. Most established wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) predate many new contaminants, which means treatment processes cannot ensure to dislodge certain contaminants completely from origin water. Furthermore, a wide range of factors, such as seasons and influent variations, affect occurrence and concentration of reclaimed water-borne contaminants, making research about quality of reclaimed water especially significant. Many reclaimed water-borne contaminants, including biological and chemical contaminants, are toxic to human health, and complex wastewater matrix may aggravate water quality of concern. The widespread use of reclaimed water continues to be a concern on agriculture, ecological environment and human health. This study aims to: 1) provide a critical review about occurrence and profiles of diverse contaminants in the treated reclaimed water, 2) discuss the possibility to avoid the secondary pollution in reuse of reclaimed water, and 3) reveal the prospective consequences of using reclaimed water on agriculture, ecological environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenxi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China.
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Kim Y, Li S, Phuntsho S, Xie M, Shon HK, Ghaffour N. Understanding the organic micropollutants transport mechanisms in the fertilizer-drawn forward osmosis process. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 248:109240. [PMID: 31310933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We systematically investigated the transport mechanisms of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in a fertilizer-drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) membrane process. Four representative OMPs, i.e., atenolol, atrazine, primidone, and caffeine, were chosen for their different molecular weights and structural characteristics. All the FDFO experiments were conducted with the membrane active layer on the feed solution (FS) side using three different fertilizer draw solutions (DS): potassium chloride (KCl), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), and diammonium phosphate (DAP) due to their different properties (i.e., osmotic pressure, diffusivity, viscosity and solution pH). Using KCl as the DS resulted in both the highest water flux and the highest reverse solute flux (RSF), while MAP and DAP resulted in similar water fluxes with varying RSF. The pH of the FS increased with DAP as the DS due to the reverse diffusion of NH4+ ions from the DS toward the FS, while for MAP and DAP DS, the pH of the FS was not impacted. The OMPs transport behavior (OMPs flux) was evaluated and compared with a simulated OMPs flux obtained via the pore-hindrance transport model to identify the effects of the OMPs structural properties. When MAP was used as DS, the OMPs flux was dominantly influenced by the physicochemical properties (i.e., hydrophobicity and surface charge). Those OMPs with positive charge and more hydrophobic, exhibited higher forward OMP fluxes. With DAP as the DS, the more hydrated FO membrane (caused by increased pH) as well as the enhanced RSF hindered OMPs transport through the FO membrane. With KCl as DS, the structural properties of the OMPs were dominant factors in the OMPs flux, however the higher RSF of the KCl draw solute may likely hamper the OMPs transport through the membrane especially those with higher MW (e.g., atenolol). The pore-hindrance model can be instrumental in understanding the effects of the hydrodynamic properties and the surface properties on the OMPs transport behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjin Kim
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Division of Biological & Environmental Science & Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheng Li
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Division of Biological & Environmental Science & Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Haibin Road #1121, Nansha District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sherub Phuntsho
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Post Box 129, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Ming Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Ho Kyong Shon
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Post Box 129, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Noreddine Ghaffour
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Division of Biological & Environmental Science & Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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Recent developments and concepts of effect-based methods for the detection of endocrine activity and the importance of antagonistic effects. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Xue J, Lai Y, Liu CW, Ru H. Towards Mass Spectrometry-Based Chemical Exposome: Current Approaches, Challenges, and Future Directions. TOXICS 2019; 7:toxics7030041. [PMID: 31426576 PMCID: PMC6789759 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The proposal of the “exposome” concept represents a shift of the research paradigm in studying exposure-disease relationships from an isolated and partial way to a systematic and agnostic approach. Nevertheless, exposome implementation is facing a variety of challenges including measurement techniques and data analysis. Here we focus on the chemical exposome, which refers to the mixtures of chemical pollutants people are exposed to from embryo onwards. We review the current chemical exposome measurement approaches with a focus on those based on the mass spectrometry. We further explore the strategies in implementing the concept of chemical exposome and discuss the available chemical exposome studies. Early progresses in the chemical exposome research are outlined, and major challenges are highlighted. In conclusion, efforts towards chemical exposome have only uncovered the tip of the iceberg, and further advancement in measurement techniques, computational tools, high-throughput data analysis, and standardization may allow more exciting discoveries concerning the role of exposome in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchuan Xue
- Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yunjia Lai
- Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chih-Wei Liu
- Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hongyu Ru
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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De Baat ML, Kraak MHS, Van der Oost R, De Voogt P, Verdonschot PFM. Effect-based nationwide surface water quality assessment to identify ecotoxicological risks. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 159:434-443. [PMID: 31125803 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A large portion of the toxic effects observed in surface waters cannot be attributed to compounds regularly measured by water authorities. Hence, there is an urgent need for an effect-based monitoring strategy that employs bioassays to identify environmental risks. The aim of the present study was to perform an effect-based nationwide water quality assessment to identify ecotoxicological risks in a wide variety of surface waters. At 45 locations silicone rubbers and polar organic chemical integrative samplers were exposed to surface water for 6 weeks. Alongside the passive samplers an in-situ daphnid test was performed. Subsequent to field exposure, accumulated compounds were extracted from the passive samplers after which a battery of in vivo and in vitro bioassays was exposed to the extracts. The bioassay battery was selected such that it could identify the risks posed by a wide range of chemical pollutants and their transformation products, while simultaneously allowing for targeted identification of groups of compounds that cause specific effects. Bioassay responses were compared to effect-based trigger values to identify potential ecotoxicological risks at the investigated locations. Responses were observed in all bioassays, and trigger values were exceeded in 9 out of the 21 applied assays, allowing for ranking of the investigated locations based on ecotoxicological risks. No relationship between land use and the identification of ecotoxicological risks was observed. Based on the results, considerations regarding future improvements of effect-based monitoring are given. It is concluded that effect-based water quality assessment allowed prioritization of sites based on ecotoxicological risks, identified the presence of hazardous compounds regardless of being listed as priority substances, and meanwhile could prevent costly chemical analysis at sites with low ecotoxicological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L De Baat
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - M H S Kraak
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Van der Oost
- Department of Technology, Research and Engineering, Waternet Institute for the Urban Water Cycle, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P De Voogt
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - P F M Verdonschot
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen, UR, the Netherlands
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Ma XY, Wang Y, Dong K, Wang XC, Zheng K, Hao L, Ngo HH. The treatability of trace organic pollutants in WWTP effluent and associated biotoxicity reduction by advanced treatment processes for effluent quality improvement. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 159:423-433. [PMID: 31121410 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As increasing attention is paid to surface water protection, there has been demand for improvements of domestic wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. This has led to the application of many different advanced treatment processes (ATPs). In this study, the treatability of trace organic pollutants in secondary effluent (SE) and associated biotoxicity reduction by four types of ATPs, including coagulation, granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, ultraviolet (UV) photolysis and photocatalysis, and ozonation, were investigated at the bench-scale. The ATPs showed different removal capacity for the 48 chemicals, which were classified into seven categories. EDCs, herbicides, bactericides and pharmaceuticals were readily degraded, and insecticides, flame retardants, and UV filters were relatively resistant to removal. During these processes, the efficiency of the ATPs in reducing four biological effects were investigated. Of the four biological effects, the estrogenic activity from SE was not detected using the yeast estrogen screen. In contrast with genotoxicity and photosynthesis inhibition, bacterial cytotoxicity posed by SE was the most difficult biological effect to reduce with these ATPs. GAC adsorption and ozonation were the most robust treatment processes for reducing the three detected biotoxicities. UV photolysis and photocatalysis showed comparable efficiencies for the reduction of genotoxicity and photosynthesis inhibition. However, coagulation only performed well in genotoxicity reduction. The effect-based trigger values for the four bioassays, that were derived from the existing environmental quality standards and from HC5 (hazardous concentration for 5% of aquatic organisms), were all used to select and optimize these ATPs for ecological safety. Conducting ATPs in more appropriate ways could eliminate the negative effects of WWTP effluent on receiving water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Y Ma
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Yongkun Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Ke Dong
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Kai Zheng
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Liwei Hao
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE; Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Hinnenkamp V, Balsaa P, Schmidt TC. Quantitative screening and prioritization based on UPLC-IM-Q-TOF-MS as an alternative water sample monitoring strategy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:6101-6110. [PMID: 31278550 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01994-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Suspect and non-target screening based on the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has become more common in water analysis over the past years. However, this only yields lists of features or suspects without quantitative information. To expand the use of HRMS data to a quantitative screening, we have developed and validated a simple and fast method for more than 140 micropollutants using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to traveling wave ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-IM-Q-TOF-MS). Positive findings from suspect and non-target screening can be prioritized and identified by reference standards. The quantitative screening is then performed by additional measurement of calibration standards. This is carried out by means of direct injection and external calibration, without consideration of matrix effects. For all substances, limits of quantification (LOQs) of less or equal than 100 ng/L are achieved. The calibration is carried out in a range of 100 to 1000 ng/L and the results are reported as concentration ranges, in which the concentration of the analyte in the sample is to be expected. All substances were evaluated using quadratic regressions. For the verification of the accuracy, different water matrices (drinking water, groundwater, and surface water) were spiked with five concentration levels (50 ng/L, 300 ng/L, 500 ng/L, 800 ng/L, and 2000 ng/L) and indicate that for the drinking water and groundwater sample, 97% correct assignments were found, whereas for the surface water sample, 88% correct assignments were achieved. A comparative study of water samples of various matrices was accomplished using the quantitative screening analysis method and validated target methods by means of three UPLC tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) methods and two gas chromatography (GC) coupled to MS and MS/MS methods. A total of 510 data could be compared, which showed a good match of both approaches in more than 80% of the results. As an alternative strategy for the monitoring of water samples by UPLC-IM-Q-TOF-MS, this method provides quantitative information about target components, besides tentatively or identified substances from suspect or non-target screening. Depending on the resulting concentration range and reporting requirements, validated target methods can be further used for the previously detected targets. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Hinnenkamp
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476, Muelheim an der Ruhr, Germany.,Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitaetsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Balsaa
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476, Muelheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476, Muelheim an der Ruhr, Germany. .,Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitaetsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
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Völker J, Stapf M, Miehe U, Wagner M. Systematic Review of Toxicity Removal by Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technologies via Ozonation and Activated Carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7215-7233. [PMID: 31120742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Upgrading wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with advanced technologies is one key strategy to reduce micropollutant emissions. Given the complex chemical composition of wastewater, toxicity removal is an integral parameter to assess the performance of WWTPs. Thus, the goal of this systematic review is to evaluate how effectively ozonation and activated carbon remove in vitro and in vivo toxicity. Out of 2464 publications, we extracted 46 relevant studies conducted at 22 pilot or full-scale WWTPs. We performed a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of in vitro (100 assays) and in vivo data (20 species), respectively. Data is more abundant on ozonation (573 data points) than on an activated carbon treatment (162 data points), and certain in vitro end points (especially estrogenicity) and in vivo models (e.g., daphnids) dominate. The literature shows that while a conventional treatment effectively reduces toxicity, residual effects in the effluents may represent a risk to the receiving ecosystem on the basis of effect-based trigger values. In general, an upgrade to ozonation or activated carbon treatment will significantly increase toxicity removal with similar performance. Nevertheless, ozonation generates toxic transformation products that can be removed by a post-treatment. By assessing the growing body of effect-based studies, we identify sensitive and underrepresented end points and species and provide guidance for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Völker
- Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim 7491 , Norway
| | - Michael Stapf
- Berlin Centre of Competence for Water (KWB) , Berlin 10709 , Germany
| | - Ulf Miehe
- Berlin Centre of Competence for Water (KWB) , Berlin 10709 , Germany
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim 7491 , Norway
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Li Z, Liu X, Huang Z, Hu S, Wang J, Qian Z, Feng J, Xian Q, Gong T. Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of disinfection byproducts from chlorination of wastewater effluents in East China. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 157:247-257. [PMID: 30954700 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Effluents containing disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) may be discharged to the receiving water bodies or reused for irrigation, landscaping, and environmental supplies as well as a source to replenish groundwater. Thus the formation and risk of the DBPs in disinfected wastewater effluents should be concerned. In this study, the occurrence of 44 DBPs including 6 trihalomethanes (THMs), 9 haloaceticacids (HAAs), 2 haloketones (HKs), 9 halonitromethanes (HNMs), 9 haloacetonitriles (HANs) and 9 nitrosamines (NAs) was investigated in 12 chlorinated WWTP effluents from five cities of East China. The contribution of each class of DBPs to the total DBPs concentration and additive toxicity was calculated. The average concentrations of the 6 classes of DBPs were ranked as follows: HAAs (47.0 μg/L) > THMs (28.0 μg/L) > HANs (9.9 μg/L) > HNMs (2.9 μg/L) > HKs (0.79 μg/L) > NAs (0.69 μg/L). The significant positive correlations were observed between the formation of THMs and HAAs, THMs and HANs, as well as HAAs and HANs. The results showed that HAAs and THMs were the dominant DBPs on a mass concentration basis and accounted for 54% and 29%, respectively in the total measured DBPs, but they made a minor contribution to the calculated DBP-associated cytotoxicity. HANs and NAs dominated the DBP-associated cytotoxicity, accounting for 50% and 34% on an additive toxicity basis despite the minor contributions to the mass concentration with 10% and 1%, respectively. The risk quotients for three taxonomic groups (fish, daphnid, and green algae) were calculated to assess the ecological risk of DBPs, and the results demonstrated that both HAAs and HANs had high ecological risk for green algae in chlorinated wastewater effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xinyao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhijun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shaoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zongyao Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jianfang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Tingting Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Kar S, Leszczynski J. Exploration of Computational Approaches to Predict the Toxicity of Chemical Mixtures. TOXICS 2019; 7:E15. [PMID: 30893892 PMCID: PMC6468900 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Industrial advances have led to generation of multi-component chemicals, materials and pharmaceuticals which are directly or indirectly affecting the environment. Although toxicity data are available for individual chemicals, generally there is no toxicity data of chemical mixtures. Most importantly, the nature of toxicity of these studied mixtures is completely different to the single components, which makes the toxicity evaluation of mixtures more critical and challenging. Interactions of individual chemicals in a mixture can result in multifaceted and considerable deviations in the apparent properties of its ingredients. It results in synergistic or antagonistic effects as opposed to the ideal case of additive behavior i.e., concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA). The CA and IA are leading models for the assessment of joint activity supported by pharmacology literature. Animal models for toxicity testing are time- and money-consuming as well as unethical. Thus, computational approaches are already proven efficient alternatives for assessing the toxicity of chemicals by regulatory authorities followed by industries. In silico methods are capable of predicting toxicity, prioritizing chemicals, identifying risk and assessing, followed by managing, the risk. In many cases, the mechanism behind the toxicity from species to species can be understood by in silico methods. Until today most of the computational approaches have been employed for single chemical's toxicity. Thus, only a handful of works in the literature and methods are available for a mixture's toxicity prediction employing computational or in silico approaches. Therefore, the present review explains the importance of evaluation of a mixture's toxicity, the role of computational approaches to assess the toxicity, followed by types of in silico methods. Additionally, successful application of in silico tools in a mixture's toxicity predictions is explained in detail. Finally, future avenues towards the role and application of computational approaches in a mixture's toxicity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratik Kar
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
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Jin L, Xie J, Wong CKC, Chan SKY, Abbaszade G, Schnelle-Kreis J, Zimmermann R, Li J, Zhang G, Fu P, Li X. Contributions of City-Specific Fine Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) to Differential In Vitro Oxidative Stress and Toxicity Implications between Beijing and Guangzhou of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2881-2891. [PMID: 30730710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Growing literature has documented varying toxic potencies of source- or site-specific fine particulate matter (PM2.5), as opposed to the practice that treats particle toxicities as independent of composition given the incomplete understanding of the toxicity of the constituents. Quantifying component-specific contribution is the key to unlocking the geographical disparities of particle toxicity from a mixture perspective. In this study, we performed integrated mixture-toxicity experiments and modeling to quantify the contribution of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), two default culprit component groups of PM2.5 toxicity, to in vitro oxidative stress caused by wintertime PM2.5 from Beijing and Guangzhou, two megacities in China. PM2.5 from Beijing exhibited greater toxic potencies at equal mass concentrations. The targeted chemical analysis revealed higher burden of metals and PAHs per unit mass of PM2.5 in Beijing. These chemicals together explained 38 and 24% on average of PM2.5-induced reactive oxygen species in Beijing and Guangzhou, respectively, while >60% of the effects remained to be resolved in terms of contributing chemicals. PAHs contributed approximately twice the share of the PM2.5 mixture effects as metals. Fe, Cu, and Mn were the dominant metals, constituting >80% of the metal-shared proportion of the PM2.5 effects. Dibenzo[ a, l]pyrene alone explained >65% of the PAH-shared proportion of the PM2.5 toxicity effects. The significant contribution from coal combustion and vehicular emissions in Beijing suggested the major source disparities of toxicologically active PAHs between the two cities. Our study provided novel quantitative insights into the role of varying toxic component profiles in shaping the differential toxic potencies of city-specific PM2.5 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Kowloon , Hong Kong
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518057 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawen Xie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Kowloon , Hong Kong
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518057 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chris K C Wong
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology , Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong
| | - Serena K Y Chan
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology , Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong
| | - Gülcin Abbaszade
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics , Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU/CMA) , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics , Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU/CMA) , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics , Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU/CMA) , 85764 Neuherberg , Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry , University of Rostock (UR/IC) , 18059 Rostock , Germany
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510640 , People's Republic of China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510640 , People's Republic of China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hung Hom, Kowloon , Hong Kong
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518057 , People's Republic of China
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Pedrazzani R, Bertanza G, Brnardić I, Cetecioglu Z, Dries J, Dvarionienė J, García-Fernández AJ, Langenhoff A, Libralato G, Lofrano G, Škrbić B, Martínez-López E, Meriç S, Pavlović DM, Papa M, Schröder P, Tsagarakis KP, Vogelsang C. Opinion paper about organic trace pollutants in wastewater: Toxicity assessment in a European perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:3202-3221. [PMID: 30463169 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pedrazzani
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38 and University Research Center "Integrated Models for Prevention and Protection in Environmental and Occupational Health", University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Bertanza
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 43 and University Research Center "Integrated Models for Prevention and Protection in Environmental and Occupational Health", University of Brescia, 25123, Italy.
| | - Ivan Brnardić
- Faculty of Metallurgy, University of Zagreb, Aleja narodnih heroja 3, 44103 Sisak, Croatia.
| | - Zeynep Cetecioglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jan Dries
- Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Salesianenlaan 90, 2660 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Jolanta Dvarionienė
- Kaunas University of Technology, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Gedimino str. 50, 44239 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Antonio J García-Fernández
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Campus of Espinardo, Spain.
| | - Alette Langenhoff
- Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708, WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Giovanni Libralato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia ed. 7, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giusy Lofrano
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Biljana Škrbić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Emma Martínez-López
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Campus of Espinardo, Spain.
| | - Süreyya Meriç
- Çorlu Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Namik Kemal University, Çorlu, 59860, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
| | - Dragana Mutavdžić Pavlović
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Matteo Papa
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 43 and University Research Center "Integrated Models for Prevention and Protection in Environmental and Occupational Health", University of Brescia, 25123, Italy.
| | - Peter Schröder
- Helmholtz-Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Konstantinos P Tsagarakis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Vas. Sofias 12, 67100 Xanthi, Greece.
| | - Christian Vogelsang
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
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Guo J, Deng D, Wang Y, Yu H, Shi W. Extended suspect screening strategy to identify characteristic toxicants in the discharge of a chemical industrial park based on toxicity to Daphnia magna. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:10-17. [PMID: 30195126 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With an increasing amount of industrial wastewater being discharged and the numerous chemicals existed in, methods to identify toxicants in such complex matrices are urgently needed for source control and quality management. In vivo toxicity to Daphnia magna was evaluated in the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). An extended suspect screening strategy was performed by bioassay-directed fractionation, accompanied with suspect screening of 228 suspect chemicals in toxic fractions based on their mass characteristics and chromatography characteristics. A toxicity evaluation of the original samples, organic components extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and the filtered samples showed that organic compounds extracted by SPE were the main toxic components. Four of the 26 fractions of the organic extracts exhibited a toxic unit (TU) > 1.0, with hydrophobic organic compounds contributing most to the toxicity. Twenty-eight of the 228 suspects were identified in four toxic fractions, with 53.6% of the suspects elucidated by spectrum interpretation based on mass characteristics and 53.8% more false positive suspects removed based on chromatography characteristics. Finally, 6 pollutants, including imazalil, prometryn, propiconazole, tebuconazole, buprofezin and diazinon, were further confirmed and explained 48.79% of the observed toxicity. With 2.48 times more of the toxicity explained and 90% of the labor saved, the extended suspect screening strategy enabled more efficient and reliable identification compared to traditional quantitative analysis and non-target screening, especially for identification of characteristic toxicants in complex environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Dongyang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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44
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Blackwell BR, Ankley GT, Bradley PM, Houck KA, Makarov SS, Medvedev AV, Swintek J, Villeneuve DL. Potential Toxicity of Complex Mixtures in Surface Waters from a Nationwide Survey of United States Streams: Identifying in Vitro Bioactivities and Causative Chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:973-983. [PMID: 30548063 PMCID: PMC6467772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
While chemical analysis of contaminant mixtures remains an essential component of environmental monitoring, bioactivity-based assessments using in vitro systems increasingly are used in the detection of biological effects. Historically, in vitro assessments focused on a few biological pathways, for example, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) or estrogen receptor (ER) activities. High-throughput screening (HTS) technologies have greatly increased the number of biological targets and processes that can be rapidly assessed. Here we screened extracts of surface waters from a nationwide survey of United States streams for bioactivities associated with 69 different end points using two multiplexed HTS assays. Bioactivity of extracts from 38 streams was evaluated and compared with concentrations of over 700 analytes to identify chemicals contributing to observed effects. Eleven primary biological end points were detected. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) and AhR-mediated activities were the most commonly detected. Measured chemicals did not completely account for AhR and PXR responses. Surface waters with AhR and PXR effects were associated with low intensity, developed land cover. Likewise, elevated bioactivities frequently associated with wastewater discharges included endocrine-related end points ER and glucocorticoid receptor. These results underscore the value of bioassay-based monitoring of environmental mixtures for detecting biological effects that could not be ascertained solely through chemical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R. Blackwell
- US EPA, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, USA 55804
- Corresponding author: 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804; ; T: (218) 529-5078; Fax: (218) 529-5003
| | - Gerald T. Ankley
- US EPA, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, USA 55804
| | - Paul M. Bradley
- US Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, 720 Gracern Rd, Columbia, SC, USA 29210
| | - Keith A. Houck
- US EPA, National Center for Computational Toxicology, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA 27711
| | | | | | - Joe Swintek
- Badger Technical Services, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, USA 55804
| | - Daniel L. Villeneuve
- US EPA, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, USA 55804
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45
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Cunha DL, Mendes MP, Marques M. Environmental risk assessment of psychoactive drugs in the aquatic environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:78-90. [PMID: 30397754 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3556-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of psychoactive pharmaceuticals has increased worldwide, and wastewater treatment plants are not able to eliminate them from the effluent. An extensive review was carried out to assess the environmental risk (ERA model) based on secondary data about potential impacts on non-target organisms of seven psychoactive drugs consumed worldwide (alprazolam, bromazepam, citalopram, clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam, and oxazepam). Risk quotients (RQs) were calculated according to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) on ERA of Medicinal Products For Human Use based on (i) the predicted and measured environmental concentrations (PEC and MEC, respectively) of the psychoactive drug in surface water, groundwater, and wastewater effluent and (ii) the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) derived from ecotoxicological assays or ECOSAR software. Furthermore, this study reviews and discusses non-standardized ecotoxicity assays, such as sublethal and behavioral effects on different organisms. In total, 903 MEC entries of psychoactive drugs and 162 data on ecotoxicological assays were gathered from the literature survey addressing behavioral effects (115), acute/chronic effects (35), and sublethal effects (12). Citalopram and diazepam were the only substances that are likely to pose an environmental risk (RQ > 1) to surface waters. Even though there is considerable amount of data on behavioral effects of psychoactive drugs to aquatic species, results are currently not integrated into the EMA risk assessment framework. The large amount of data on psychoactive drug concentrations and effects on non-target organisms collected, interpreted, and discussed in the present study should be used as a baseline for future improvement of ERA strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deivisson L Cunha
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), R. São Francisco Xavier, 524, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20550-900, Brazil.
| | - Maíra P Mendes
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Marcia Marques
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), R. São Francisco Xavier, 524, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20550-900, Brazil
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46
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de Baat ML, Bas DA, van Beusekom SAM, Droge STJ, van der Meer F, de Vries M, Verdonschot PFM, Kraak MHS. Nationwide screening of surface water toxicity to algae. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:780-787. [PMID: 30031336 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
According to the European Water Framework Directive (WFD), chemical water quality is assessed by monitoring 45 priority substances. However, observed toxic effects can often not be attributed to these priority substances, and therefore there is an urgent need for an effect-based monitoring strategy that employs bioassays to identify environmental risk. Algal photosynthesis is a sensitive process that can be applied to identify the presence of hazardous herbicides in surface water. Therefore, the aim of this study was to employ an algal photosynthesis bioassay to assess surface water toxicity to algae and to identify the compounds causing the observed effects. To this purpose, Raphidocelis subcapitata was exposed to surface water samples and after 4.5 h photosynthetic efficiency was determined using PAM fluorometry. In this rapid high throughput bioassay, algal photosynthesis was affected by surface water from only one of 39 locations. Single compounds toxicity confirmation elucidated that the observed effect could be solely attributed to the herbicide linuron, which occurred at 110 times the EQS concentration and which is not included in the WFD priority substances list. In conclusion, applying the algal photosynthesis bioassay enables more efficient and effective assessment of toxicity to primary producers because it: (i) identifies the presence of herbicides that would be overlooked by routine chemical WFD monitoring, and (ii) avoids redundant chemical analyses by focusing only on (non-)target screening in samples with demonstrated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L de Baat
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - D A Bas
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S A M van Beusekom
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - S T J Droge
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - F van der Meer
- Wetterskip Fryslân, Fryslânplein 3, 8914 BZ Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.
| | - M de Vries
- Wetterskip Fryslân, Fryslânplein 3, 8914 BZ Leeuwarden, the Netherlands.
| | - P F M Verdonschot
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Freshwater Ecology, Wageningen Environmental Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - M H S Kraak
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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47
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Jahnke A, Sobek A, Bergmann M, Bräunig J, Landmann M, Schäfer S, Escher BI. Emerging investigator series: effect-based characterization of mixtures of environmental pollutants in diverse sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:1667-1679. [PMID: 30346461 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00401c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether cell-based bioassays were suitable to characterize profiles of mixture effects of hydrophobic pollutants in multiple sediments covering remote Arctic and tropical sites to highly populated sites in Europe and Australia. The total contamination was determined after total solvent extraction and the bioavailable contamination after silicone-based passive equilibrium sampling. In addition to cytotoxicity, we observed specific responses in cell-based reporter gene bioassays: activation of metabolic enzymes (arylhydrocarbon receptor: AhR, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma: PPARγ) and adaptive stress responses (oxidative stress response: AREc32). No mixture effects were found for effects on the estrogen, androgen, progesterone and glucocorticoid receptors, or they were masked by cytotoxicity. The bioanalytical equivalent concentrations (BEQ) spanned several orders of magnitude for each bioassay. The bioavailable BEQs (passive equilibrium sampling) typically were 10-100 times and up to 420 times lower than the total BEQ (solvent extraction) for the AhR and AREc32 assays, indicating that the readily desorbing fraction of the bioactive chemicals was substantially lower than the fraction bound strongly to the sediment sorptive phases. Contrarily, the bioavailable BEQ in the PPARγ assay was within a factor of five of the total BEQ. We identified several hotspots of contamination in Europe and established background contamination levels in the Arctic and Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Jahnke
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, DE-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Prediction of the Toxicity of Binary Mixtures by QSAR Approach Using the Hypothetical Descriptors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113423. [PMID: 30384505 PMCID: PMC6274693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic compounds are often exposed to the environment, and have an adverse effect on the environment and human health in the form of mixtures, rather than as single chemicals. In this paper, we try to establish reliable and developed classical quantitative structure⁻activity relationship (QSAR) models to evaluate the toxicity of 99 binary mixtures. The derived QSAR models were built by forward stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) and nonlinear radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs) using the hypothetical descriptors, respectively. The statistical parameters of the MLR model provided were N (number of compounds in training set) = 79, R² (the correlation coefficient between the predicted and observed activities)= 0.869, LOOq² (leave-one-out correlation coefficient) = 0.864, F (Fisher's test) = 165.494, and RMS (root mean square) = 0.599 for the training set, and Next (number of compounds in external test set) = 20, R² = 0.853, qext2 (leave-one-out correlation coefficient for test set)= 0.825, F = 30.861, and RMS = 0.691 for the external test set. The RBFNN model gave the statistical results, namely N = 79, R² = 0.925, LOOq² = 0.924, F = 950.686, RMS = 0.447 for the training set, and Next = 20, R² = 0.896, qext2 = 0.890, F = 155.424, RMS = 0.547 for the external test set. Both of the MLR and RBFNN models were evaluated by some statistical parameters and methods. The results confirm that the built models are acceptable, and can be used to predict the toxicity of the binary mixtures.
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49
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Li Q, Pan F, Li W, Li D, Xu H, Xia D, Li A. Enhanced Adsorption of Bisphenol A from Aqueous Solution with 2-Vinylpyridine Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10101136. [PMID: 30961062 PMCID: PMC6403956 DOI: 10.3390/polym10101136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel 2-vinylpyridine functionalized magnetic nanoparticle (Mag-PVP) was successfully prepared. The prepared Mag-PVP was characterized by transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and was used for the adsorption of bisphenol A (BPA) from aqueous solutions. Mag-PVP, which is composed of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and poly divinylbenzene-2-vinylpyridine (with a thickness of 10 nm), exhibited magnetic properties (Ms = 44.6 emu/g) and thermal stability. The maximum adsorption capacity (Qm) of Mag-PVP for BPA obtained from the Langmuir isotherm was 115.87 mg/g at 20 °C, which was more than that of Fe3O4 nanospheres. In the presence of NaCl, the improved adsorption capacity of Mag-PVP was probably attributed to the screening effect of Mag-PVP surface charge and salting-out effect. In the presence of CaCl2 and humic acid (HA), the adsorption capacity of BPA decreased due to competitive adsorption. The adsorption of BPA by Mag-PVP increased slightly with the increase in pH from 3.0 to 5.0 and obtained the largest adsorption amount at pH 5.0, which was probably attributed to hydrogen bonding interactions. Moreover, in actual water, Mag-PVP still showed excellent adsorption performance in removing BPA. The high adsorption capacity and excellent reusability performance in this work indicated that Mag-PVP was an effective adsorbent for removing BPA from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Clean Production of Textile Dyeing and Printing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430073, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Fei Pan
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Wentao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Dongya Li
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Haiming Xu
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Dongsheng Xia
- School of Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Clean Production of Textile Dyeing and Printing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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50
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Ma XY, Li Q, Wang XC, Wang Y, Wang D, Ngo HH. Micropollutants removal and health risk reduction in a water reclamation and ecological reuse system. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 138:272-281. [PMID: 29614455 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As reclaimed water use is increasing, its safety attracts growing attention, particularly with respect to the health risks associated with the wide range of micropollutants found in the reclaimed water. In this study, sophisticated analysis was conducted for water samples from a water reclamation and ecological reuse system where domestic wastewater was treated using an anaerobic-anoxic-oxic unit followed by a membrane bioreactor (A2O-MBR), and the reclaimed water was used for replenishing a landscape lake. A total of 58 organic micropollutants were detected in the system, consisting of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 16 phenols, 3 pesticides, and 26 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). After treatment by the A2O-MBR process, effective removal of pesticides and phenols was achieved, while when the reclaimed water entered the landscape lake, PPCPs were further removed. From the physicochemical properties of micropollutants, it could be inferred that phenols and dichlorphos (the only pesticide with considerable concentration in the influent) would have been mainly removed by biodegradation and/or volatilization in the biological treatment process. Additionally, it is probable that sludge adsorption also contributed to the removal of dichlorphos. For the predominant PPCP removal in the landscape lake, various actions, such as adsorption, biodegradation, photolysis, and ecologically mediated processes (via aquatic plants and animals), would have played significant roles. However, according to their logKoc, logKow and logD (pH = 8) values, it could be concluded that adsorption by suspended solids might be an important action. Although carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks associated with all the detected micropollutants were at negligible levels, the hazard quotients (HQs) of PPCPs accounted for 92.03%-97.23% of the HQTotal. With the significant removal of PPCPs through the ecological processes in the landscape lake, the safety of reclaimed water use could be improved. Therefore, the introduction of ecological unit into the water reclamation and reuse system could be an effective measure for health risk reduction posed by micropollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Y Ma
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR, China
| | - Qiyuan Li
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR, China.
| | - Yongkun Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Engineering Technology Research Center for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Shaanxi Province, Key Lab of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR, China
| | - Donghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR, China
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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