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Sasser J, Doane LD, Su J, Grimm KJ. Stress and diurnal cortisol among Latino/a college students: A multi-risk model approach. Dev Psychopathol 2024; 36:719-735. [PMID: 36734230 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The transition to college is a time of increased opportunity and stress spanning multiple domains. Adolescents who encounter significant stress during this transition may be vulnerable to adverse outcomes due to a "wear and tear" of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. Latino/a students may be particularly at-risk for heightened stress exposure due to experiences of both minority-specific and general life stress. Despite this, little is known regarding the cumulative impact of multiple stressors on Latino/a students' HPA axis functioning. The present study employed a "multi-risk model" approach to examine additive, common, and cumulative effects of multiple stress forms (general, academic, social, financial, bicultural, ethnic/racial discrimination) on diurnal cortisol in a sample of first-year Latino/a college students (N = 196; 64.4% female; Mage = 18.95). Results indicated that no stress forms were additively associated with the cortisol awakening response (CAR), but general stress was associated with a flatter diurnal cortisol slope (DCS) and bicultural stress was linked with a steeper DCS. A college stress latent factor was associated with a lower CAR, whereas a latent factor of discrimination was not associated with diurnal cortisol. Cumulative risk was linked with a lower CAR. Findings highlight the physiological correlates of various stressors experienced by Latino/a college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeri Sasser
- Arizona State University, Department of Psychology, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Leah D Doane
- Arizona State University, Department of Psychology, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jinni Su
- Arizona State University, Department of Psychology, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Kevin J Grimm
- Arizona State University, Department of Psychology, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Rahman T, Rogers CJ, Albers LD, Forster M, Unger JB. Adverse Childhood Experiences, Acculturation, and Risky Sexual Behaviors in Hispanic Young Adults: Findings from Project RED. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2024; 61:105-118. [PMID: 36877805 PMCID: PMC10480355 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2023.2184762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
While adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are well-documented predictors of maladaptive behaviors in adulthood, including risky sexual behaviors (RSB), the influence of acculturation in this association remains unknown. Although Hispanics are a rapidly growing population in the United States and are disproportionately affected by adverse sexual health outcomes, there is a paucity of research examining the interplay of ACE, acculturation, and RSB in this population. We observed the ACE-RSB association and how this relationship varies across U.S. and Hispanic acculturation levels, in a sample of Hispanic young adults (n = 715). Data for this study were from Project RED, a longitudinal study of Hispanic health. We ran regression models to test associations between ACE (0, 1-3, 4+) and several RSB (e.g., early sexual initiation (≤14 years), condomless sex, lifetime sexual partners, and alcohol/drug use before intercourse), and assessed moderation by U.S./Hispanic acculturation. Compared with those without ACE, individuals with 4 + ACE had higher odds of early sexual initiation (AOR: 2.23), alcohol/drug use before last intercourse (AOR: 2.31), and condomless sex (AOR: 1.66), as well as a higher number of lifetime sexual partners (β: 0.60). For those reporting 4 + ACE, high U.S. acculturation was protective in the association between ACE and using alcohol/drugs before intercourse. Future research implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahsin Rahman
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Christopher J. Rogers
- Department of Health Sciences, California State University, Northridge, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Larisa D. Albers
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Myriam Forster
- Department of Health Sciences, California State University, Northridge, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jennifer B. Unger
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
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Mozooni M, Pereira G, Preen DB, Pennell CE. The influence of acculturation on the risk of preterm birth and low birthweight in migrant women residing in Western Australia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285568. [PMID: 37163540 PMCID: PMC10171663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of preterm birth (PTB) and low birthweight (LBW) may change over time the longer that immigrants reside in their adopted countries. We aimed to study the influence of acculturation on the risk of these outcomes in Australia. METHODS A retrospective cohort study using linked health data for all non-Indigenous births from 2005-2013 in Western Australia was undertaken. Acculturation was assessed through age on arrival, length of residence, interpreter use and having an Australian-born partner. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for term-LBW and PTB (all, spontaneous, medically-indicated) were calculated using multivariable logistic regression in migrants from six ethnicities (white, Asian, Indian, African, Māori, and 'other') for different levels of acculturation, compared to the Australian-born population as the reference. RESULTS The least acculturated migrant women, those from non-white non-Māori ethnic backgrounds who immigrated at age ≥18 years, had an overseas-born partner, lived in Australia for < 5 years and used a paid interpreter, had 58% (aOR 1.58, 95% CI 1.15-2.18) higher the risk of term-LBW and 40% (aOR 0.60, 95% CI 0.45-0.80) lower risk of spontaneous PTB compared to the Australian-born women. The most acculturated migrant women, those from non-white non-Māori ethnic backgrounds who immigrated at age <18 years, had an Australian-born partner, lived in Australia for > 10 years and did not use an interpreter, had similar risk of term-LBW but 43% (aOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.14-1.78) higher risk of spontaneous PTB than the Australian-born women. CONCLUSION Acculturation is an important factor to consider when providing antenatal care to prevent PTB and LBW in migrants. Acculturation may reduce the risk of term-LBW but, conversely, may increase the risk of spontaneous PTB in migrant women residing in Western Australia. However, the effect may vary by ethnicity and warrants further investigation to fully understand the processes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mozooni
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gavin Pereira
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Fertility and Health (CeFH), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - David Brian Preen
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Craig Edward Pennell
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Hauck F, Romero Gibu L, Jansen S, Rohleder N. Differences in acute stress responses depending on first or second language in a Hispanic-American sample. Stress 2022; 25:313-322. [PMID: 36003059 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2022.2110466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a second language is a daily experience for many people today, among them many migrants. To determine whether speaking a second language induces a stronger cortisol or alpha-amylase (sAA) response than first language, we tested a Hispanic-American sample in two Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) conditions: First (Spanish) and second (German) language. Thirty-two participants (64.5% female) between the age of 19 and 53 years (mean = 30.68) from Latin America were tested (15 in Spanish, 17 in German). Participants were randomized to a German or Spanish version of the TSST, gave six saliva samples and completed questionnaires on perceived threat and stress, positive and negative affect as well as state-anxiety. A significantly higher stress response was found in the German condition for salivary cortisol, but not for sAA. Self-report showed significantly higher perceived threat and negative affect after the TSST for the German compared to the first language condition. Speaking a second compared to first language in a challenging situation appeared to be more stressful and threatening for participants. Further, reported increases in state-anxiety appeared to be higher in the German condition, even though group differences did not reach significance. A more detailed investigation of underlying, stress inducing mechanisms should be considered in future studies as well as associations with language proficiency and improvements over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Hauck
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lucía Romero Gibu
- Department of Romance Studies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silke Jansen
- Department of Romance Studies, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Rohleder
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Acculturation and biological stress markers: A systematic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 132:105349. [PMID: 34246155 PMCID: PMC8527572 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of acculturation with health among immigrant populations is believed to be mediated, in part, by acculturation-related stress and stress biology. OBJECTIVES To review and qualitatively synthesize empirical findings on the relationship of acculturation with stress-related inflammatory and endocrine biomarkers and composite allostatic load (AL) scores. METHODS A literature search was performed in the PubMed and PsycInfo databases. Article titles, abstracts or full-texts were screened and checked for match with the search criteria. Studies were eligible if they empirically tested the relationship between acculturation and inflammatory/endocrine stress biomarkers or composite AL scores, and were published in the English language. RESULTS Among the 41 articles identified as relevant and included in this review, the majority were published after 2010, included adult Hispanic U.S.-based populations, used cross-sectional study designs, operationalized acculturation as a unidimensional construct, and varied considerably in the selection of covariates in the analyses. Acculturation was significantly associated with stress biomarkers in 29 studies, but the direction of effects varied across studies. Specifically, acculturation, operationalized as a higher orientation towards the host culture, was associated with inflammatory biomarkers in 10 of 14 studies, with endocrine stress biomarkers in 12 of 20 studies, and with composite AL scores in 7 of 8 studies. Overall, language-based proxy measures of acculturation were related to higher levels of stress-related inflammatory and endocrine biomarkers and to lower levels of AL scores, whereas nativity-, generation status- and length of stay-based proxy measures of acculturation were related to higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers and AL score. DISCUSSION The majority of studies reported associations between measures of acculturation and stress biomarkers, however the directions of effects varied across studies. We suggest this heterogeneity may, in part, be a function of limitations imposed by cross-sectional research designs and unidimensional measures of acculturation measures, and we highlight the need for longitudinal studies and use of multidimensional measures of acculturation to better uncover the biobehavioral mechanisms and pathways linking acculturation with health outcomes.
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Reid BM, DePasquale CE, Donzella B, Leneman KB, Taylor H, Gunnar MR. Pubertal transition with current life stress and support alters longitudinal diurnal cortisol patterns in adolescents exposed to early life adversity. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22146. [PMID: 34053063 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Current and early life stress (ELS) are associated with diurnal cortisol patterns, which themselves are associated with mental and physical health. The pubertal recalibration hypothesis suggests that the social environment can impact dysregulated cortisol patterns for previously ELS-exposed youth as they transition through puberty. This study examined longitudinal change in cortisol awakening response (CAR) and diurnal slope (DS) across puberty as a function of ELS in infancy, current stress, and social support (N = 290, 7-17 years). The CAR and DS were examined thrice annually with an accelerated longitudinal design with nurse-assessed puberty to assess associations between diurnal cortisol and pubertal recalibration with ELS and the current social environment. Exposure to ELS was associated with less steep DS but not changes in CAR, and no evidence of pubertal calibration was found. The DS became less steep for youth in later pubertal stages and as youth progressed through puberty. The CAR was steeper for youth in later pubertal stages. Across the cohort, current life stress and support were associated with changes in the DS and the CAR through the pubertal transition. The pubertal stage and the peripubertal and pubertal social environment may have important implications for adrenocortical functioning with or without exposure to ELS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brie M Reid
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Carrie E DePasquale
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Bonny Donzella
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Keira B Leneman
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Heather Taylor
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Megan R Gunnar
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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Antunes DF, Reyes-Contreras M, Glauser G, Taborsky B. Early social experience has life-long effects on baseline but not stress-induced cortisol levels in a cooperatively breeding fish. Horm Behav 2021; 128:104910. [PMID: 33309816 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In cooperatively breeding cichlid fish, the early social environment has lifelong effects on the offspring's behaviour, life-history trajectories and brain gene expression. Here, we asked whether the presence or absence of parents and subordinate helpers during early life also shapes fluctuating levels of cortisol, the major stress hormone in the cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher. To non-invasively characterize baseline and stress-induced cortisol levels, we adapted the 'static' holding-water method often used to collect waterborne steroid hormones in aquatic organisms by including a flow-through system allowing for repeated sampling without handling of the experimental subjects. We used 8-year-old N. pulcher either raised with (+F) or without (-F) parents and helpers in early life. We found that N. pulcher have a peak of their circadian cortisol cycle in the early morning, and that they habituated to the experimental procedure after four days. Therefore, we sampled the experimental fish in the afternoon after four days of habituation. -F fish had significantly lower baseline cortisol levels, whereas stress-induced cortisol levels did not differ between treatments. Thus, we show that the early social environment has life-long effects on aspects of the physiological stress system of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Interrenal (HPI) axis. We discuss how these differences in physiological state may have contributed to the specialization in different social and life-history trajectories of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo F Antunes
- Behavioural Ecology Division, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Maria Reyes-Contreras
- Behavioural Ecology Division, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Taborsky
- Behavioural Ecology Division, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Monteleone AM, Cascino G, Marciello F, D'Agostino G, Caivano V, Monteleone P, Maj M. Clinical and neuroendocrine correlates of childhood maltreatment history in adults with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2020; 22:749-756. [PMID: 32365252 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Childhood maltreatment has been associated to an increased risk of developing bipolar disorder (BD). A role of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in mediating trauma-related risk for adult psychopathology has been suggested but scarcely investigated in BD. Therefore, we explored the impact of childhood maltreatment on clinical features of BD and on the activity of the HPA axis. METHODS One hundred and six patients participated in the study. On the basis of their history of childhood trauma, as assessed by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), they were divided into a group with a history of childhood maltreatment (CM+) and a group without (CM-). Twenty-nine participants (16 with a history of childhood trauma and 13 without) underwent the cortisol awakening response (CAR) test. RESULTS Sixty-two patients had a history of childhood maltreatment and 44 had not. Maltreatment was significantly more frequent in females than males. CM+ patients showed a significant higher body mass index, a significant higher number of suicide attempts, and more severe mania symptoms than CM- ones. Logistic regression indicated a significant association between lifetime suicide attempts and any type of childhood maltreatment and between emotional abuse and the presence of psychotic symptoms or mixed mood episodes. CM+ individuals with BD exhibited a significantly reduced CAR with respect to CM- ones. DISCUSSION Our results add to literature findings showing a worse clinical course in BD patients with a history of childhood maltreatments and show for the first time that childhood trauma exposure is associated to an impaired CAR in adults with BD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giammarco Cascino
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', Section of Neurosciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Francesca Marciello
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', Section of Neurosciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giulia D'Agostino
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', Section of Neurosciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Vito Caivano
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Palmiero Monteleone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', Section of Neurosciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Mario Maj
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Sladek MR, Doane LD, Gonzales NA, Grimm KJ, Luecken LJ. Latino adolescents' cultural values associated with diurnal cortisol activity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 109:104403. [PMID: 31437786 PMCID: PMC6842693 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity has been identified as a mechanism through which daily life stress contributes to health problems and racial/ethnic health disparities. Stress-related changes in neuroendocrine function are evident as early as adolescence, but the ways in which promotive cultural factors may also contribute to variation in diurnal HPA activity have received little empirical attention. Grounded in cultural models of resilience, dual dimensions of Latino adolescents' cultural values (ethnic heritage and U.S. mainstream) were examined as promotive and protective factors in relation to their diurnal salivary cortisol patterns using ecological momentary assessment (N = 209; Mage = 18.10; 64.4% female). Participants provided 5 daily saliva samples for 3 days while completing corresponding electronic diary reports and using time-sensitive compliance devices (track caps, actigraphs). Results from 3-level growth curve models indicated that higher U.S. mainstream cultural values (e.g., self-reliance, competition, material success) were associated with higher average waking cortisol levels and a more rapid rate of diurnal cortisol decline (i.e., "steeper" slope). Regarding situational deviations from the diurnal rhythm (within-person differences), cortisol levels were higher in relation to diary-reported ongoing stress (vs. completed). Accounting for these situational differences in stress timing, a cross-level interaction (i.e., between-person difference in within-person process) indicated that higher perceived stress than usual was associated with lower cortisol levels for adolescents with stronger alignment to Latino ethnic heritage values (e.g., familism, respect, religiosity), compared to relatively higher cortisol levels for those with less alignment to these values. Results were consistent adjusting for participants' sex, immigrant generation, parents' education level, depressive symptoms, medication use, sleep duration, and other self-reported health behaviors. These findings join the growing science of cultural neurobiology by demonstrating the promotive and potentially regulating influence of cultural values in the daily HPA functioning of Latino adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Sladek
- Corresponding Author, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871104, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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Perceived stress and cortisol reactivity among immigrants to the United States: The importance of bicultural identity integration. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 107:201-207. [PMID: 31150965 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Migration experiences are inherently stressful and may negatively affect the health of immigrants. Bicultural identity integration (BII), individuals' views of their multiple cultures as compatible and complementary, and their ability to easily integrate these cultures into their daily lives, has been linked with health outcomes. The main goal of the present study was to determine whether perceived stress and cortisol, a hormone of the HPA axis implicated in the biopsychological pathway linking stress and disease, are associated with BII. The sample consisted of 127 male and female, primarily Latino (68.3%) university and community college students (M = 20.4 yrs, SD = 2.1) who were either foreign-born or had at least one foreign-born parent. Regression analyses indicate that individuals scoring low on the cultural harmony subscale of the BII reported more perceived stress, overall model, F(2,126) = 18.04, p < .001, and had higher salivary cortisol levels following a standardized laboratory stressor (Trier Social Stress Test), as indicated by a more pronounced cortisol mean increase, F(2,111) = 5.11, p = .01, and a larger cortisol area under the curve with respect to ground, F(2,108) = 5.85, p = .004, controlling for neuroticism. Our findings link perceived stress and cortisol reactivity with the BII cultural harmony subscale, above and beyond the known effects of neuroticism, suggesting that this construct is important to consider in biopsychosocical studies of immigrant stress and health.
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MacDonald D, Wetherell MA. Competition Stress Leads to a Blunting of the Cortisol Awakening Response in Elite Rowers. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1684. [PMID: 31379693 PMCID: PMC6657667 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Anticipation of forthcoming demands is often met with biological up-regulation, for example, levels of the stress hormone cortisol are typically elevated immediately prior to an anticipated event. Similarly, the cortisol awakening response (CAR), a surge in cortisol in the period following waking, is elevated on days of anticipated demand and this is viewed as an adaptive response in the preparation for challenge. This study assessed the effects of competition as an anticipated challenge in elite rowers. Methods: Elite rowers (N = 8) were assessed during two training and two competition weekends. Each assessment involved the measurement of self-reported competitive (cognitive and somatic) anxiety and salivary diurnal cortisol across 2 days representing a preparation day prior to either a training or competition day. Competitive anxiety was measured each morning and saliva samples were provided immediately upon waking and 30 min post waking (CAR) and before bed. Results: Self-reported cognitive and somatic anxiety levels were significantly greater during the competition phase compared with training. Additionally, levels of cognitive anxiety were greater on the day of competition compared with the preparation day. CAR magnitude was significantly reduced during the competition phase compared with training; however, there were no differences between preparation and event days. Conclusions: Reduced or blunted CARs are typically observed in chronically stressed populations and are characteristic of burnout and fatigue. While an increased CAR during competition may represent an adaptive response to challenge, blunted CARs and the concomitant increases in competitive anxiety observed here indicate maladaptive responding during a period where maximized functioning is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas MacDonald
- Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Scottish Canoe Association, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Wetherell
- Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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12
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Cortisol levels before and after cognitive behavioural therapy in patients with eating disorders reporting childhood abuse: A follow-up study. Psychiatry Res 2019; 275:269-275. [PMID: 30952070 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of eating disorders (EDs) is complex and still not well understood. Biological, psychological and environmental factors (e.g. childhood abuse) have all been considered to be involved in the onset and the persistence of EDs. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a relevant biological factor capable of influencing the onset and the course of EDs and not many information are available about the impact of a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on cortisol changes in EDs. The HPA-axis functioning has been evaluated before and after CBT in a group of patients with Anorexia Nervosa (n = 34) and Bulimia Nervosa (n = 35) according to the presence/absence of a history of sexual/physical abuse. At baseline, only patients reporting childhood abuse showed lower morning cortisol levels as compared with other patients of the same diagnostic group and Healthy Controls. After CBT, a variation of cortisol levels has been found only in patients without abuse, suggesting a role of childhood adversities in the persistence of HPA-axis alterations in Eating Disorders.
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DePasquale CE, Donzella B, Gunnar MR. Pubertal recalibration of cortisol reactivity following early life stress: a cross-sectional analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2019; 60:566-575. [PMID: 30357830 PMCID: PMC6458083 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children adopted from orphanages or other such institutions tend to display blunted reactivity to stressors - even years after arriving in their generally supportive and highly resourced postadoption homes. Puberty, a proposed sensitive period for environmental influences on stress-mediating systems, may provide an opportunity for postinstitutionalized children to recalibrate stress response systems in accordance with their now more supportive living situations. METHODS This cross-sectional study examined the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA)-axis reactivity of 280 children ages 7 through 14 years; 122 children were adopted from institutions in 14 countries between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, after spending an average of 95% of their lives in institutional care, and 158 children of similarly high socioeconomic status in their biological families served as the nonadopted comparison group. All of the children were assessed by nurses for Tanner stage and, on a different day, completed the Trier Social Stress Test for Children. RESULTS Using a linear mixed-effects model and seven measures of salivary cortisol, results indicated that early-pubertal postinstitutionalized children showed blunted HPA axis reactivity compared to nonadopted children, but mid/late-pubertal postinstitutionalized children displayed higher reactivity similar to the nonadopted comparison children. CONCLUSIONS This is the first evidence of possible pubertal recalibration of HPA axis reactivity to a psychosocial stressor in postinstitutionalized children, which provides a promising avenue for future research regarding the protective factors of the postadoption environment and subsequent physiological, behavioral, and psychopathological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie E. DePasquale
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, 51 E. River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Bonny Donzella
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, 51 E. River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Megan R. Gunnar
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, 51 E. River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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14
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The role of bicultural adaptation, familism, and family conflict in Mexican American adolescents' cortisol reactivity. Dev Psychopathol 2018; 30:1571-1587. [PMID: 30295207 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418001116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Scarce research has examined stress responsivity among Latino youths, and no studies have focused on the role of acculturation in shaping cortisol stress response in this population. This study assessed Mexican American adolescents' Mexican and Anglo cultural orientations and examined prospective associations between their patterns of bicultural orientation and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal cortisol reactivity to an adapted Trier Social Stress Test. The sample included 264 youths from a longitudinal birth cohort study who completed the Trier Social Stress Test and provided saliva samples at age 14. The youths completed assessments of cultural orientation at age 12, and family conflict and familism at age 14. Analyses testing the interactive effects of Anglo and Mexican orientation showed significant associations with cortisol responsivity, including the reactivity slope, peak levels, and recovery, but these associations were not mediated by family conflict nor familism values. Findings revealed that bicultural youth (high on both Anglo and Mexican orientations) showed an expected pattern of high cortisol responsivity, which may be adaptive in the context of a strong acute stressor, whereas individuals endorsing only high levels of Anglo orientation had a blunted cortisol response. Findings are discussed in relation to research on biculturalism and the trade-offs and potential recalibration of a contextually responsive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis for acculturating adolescents.
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15
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Leneman KB, Donzella B, Desjardins CD, Miller BS, Gunnar MR. The slope of cortisol from awakening to 30 min post-wake in post-institutionalized children and early adolescents. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 96:93-99. [PMID: 29920425 PMCID: PMC7459437 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the association between early life adversity, in the form of early rearing in an institution (orphanage), and the slope of cortisol in the first thirty minutes after waking in 277 children, aged 7 through 15 years old, who had either been adopted between 6 and 60 months of age into well-resourced homes in the United States or born into similar homes. The adopted youth were divided at the median (age 16 months) into those adopted earlier (earlier-adopted, EA) and later (later-adopted, LA). The purpose of this study was to examine the post-waking slope in cortisol in post-institutionalized youth, predicting that it would be blunted, especially in later-adopted youth, when compared to the non-adopted (NA) youth. A secondary goal was to examine whether there would be some evidence of less blunting of the first 30 min of the cortisol awakening response among the children further along in pubertal development (i.e., Pubertal Recalibration Hypothesis). Pubertal stage was determined by nurse exam. Salivary cortisol was assessed at 0 and 30-min post-awakening on three days. The results showed that LA children had a blunted wake-30 min cortisol slope relative to NA and EA children. Neither the age by group nor pubertal stage by group analyses were significant. However, the majority of the sample were in early stages of puberty (56% in stages 1 & 2), thus the power was low for detecting such an interaction. This is the first year of a cohort-sequential longitudinal study examining early experiences and pubertal influences on the HPA axis, so it will be important to re-examine this question as the sample ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keira B Leneman
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota 51 E. River Rd., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bonny Donzella
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota 51 E. River Rd., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Christopher D Desjardins
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota 51 E. River Rd., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bradley S Miller
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 8952D, MB671 East Building, 2450 Riverside Ave., Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Megan R Gunnar
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota 51 E. River Rd., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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16
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Garcia AF, Wilborn K, Mangold DL. The Cortisol Awakening Response Mediates the Relationship Between Acculturative Stress and Self-Reported Health in Mexican Americans. Ann Behav Med 2018; 51:787-798. [PMID: 28337601 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-017-9901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The assessment of acculturative stress as synonymous with acculturation level overlooks the dynamic, interactive, and developmental nature of the acculturation process. An individual's unique perception and response to a range of stressors at each stage of the dynamic process of acculturation may be associated with stress-induced alterations in important biological response systems that mediate health outcomes. Evidence suggests the cortisol awakening response (CAR) is a promising pre-clinical biomarker of stress exposure that may link acculturative stress to self-reported health in Mexican Americans. PURPOSE The aim of the current study was to examine whether alterations in the CAR mediate the relationship between acculturative stress and self-reported health in Mexican Americans. METHODS Salivary cortisol samples were collected at awakening, 30, 45, and 60 min thereafter, on two consecutive weekdays from a sample of adult Mexican Americans. Acculturative stress and self-reported health were assessed. Data were aggregated and analyzed (n = 89) using a mixed effects regression model and path analysis. RESULTS Poorer self-reported health was associated with attenuated CAR profiles (primarily due to a diminished post-awakening rise in cortisol) predicted by both moderate and high levels of exposure to acculturative stress. Stress-induced alterations in the CAR mediated the relationship between exposure to acculturative stressors and self-reported health. CONCLUSIONS Findings demonstrate that different levels of acculturative stress are associated with distinct CAR profiles and suggest the CAR is one possible biological pathway through which exposure to culturally unique stressors may be linked to health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio F Garcia
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | | | - Deborah L Mangold
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
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17
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Thomas JC, Magel C, Tomfohr-Madsen L, Madigan S, Letourneau N, Campbell TS, Giesbrecht GF. Adverse childhood experiences and HPA axis function in pregnant women. Horm Behav 2018; 102:10-22. [PMID: 29630895 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna C Thomas
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Chantelle Magel
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Lianne Tomfohr-Madsen
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Sheri Madigan
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Nicole Letourneau
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Faculty of Nursing, & Cumming School of Medicine (Pediatrics, Psychiatry & Community Health Sciences), University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Tavis S Campbell
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Gerald F Giesbrecht
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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18
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Klaus K, Butler K, Gutierrez H, Durrant SJ, Pennington K. Interactive effects of early life stress and CACNA1C genotype on cortisol awakening response. Biol Psychol 2018; 136:22-28. [PMID: 29733866 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The rs1006737 (A/G) single nucleotide polymorphism within the gene encoding the Cav1.2 subunit of the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel (CACNA1C) has been strongly implicated in psychiatric disorders. In addition, calcium channels are sensitive to the effects of glucocorticoids and functional variation may contribute to altered stress responsivity. This study aimed to investigate the role of early life stress (ELS) and its interaction with CACNA1C rs1006737 in affecting the cortisol awakening response (CAR), an indicator of HPA-axis function. Salivary cortisol was measured in 103 healthy adult males (aged 21-63) on two consecutive days at awakening and 30 min later. The ELS measure investigated self-reported adverse life events prior to age 17. The results revealed a marginally significant main effect of CACNA1C, a significant main effect of ELS, and a significant genotype-by-ELS interaction on the CAR, whereby non-risk allele carriers (GG) who had experienced early adversity showed higher CAR compared to the other groups. Further exploratory analyses showed that this interaction may have arisen from individuals who had experienced ELS before adolescence (prior to age 13). This study is the first to provide evidence that the effect of ELS on CAR may be partially moderated via CACNA1C rs1006737 genotype, whereby the heightened CAR in the GG-ELS group may be an indicator of mental health resilience in response to ELS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Klaus
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Brayford Wharf, Lincoln, LN5 7AT, UK
| | - K Butler
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Brayford Wharf, Lincoln, LN5 7AT, UK
| | - H Gutierrez
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN7 6TS, UK
| | - S J Durrant
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Brayford Wharf, Lincoln, LN5 7AT, UK
| | - K Pennington
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Brayford Wharf, Lincoln, LN5 7AT, UK.
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19
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Monteleone AM, Monteleone P, Volpe U, De Riso F, Fico G, Giugliano R, Nigro M, Maj M. Impaired cortisol awakening response in eating disorder women with childhood trauma exposure: evidence for a dose-dependent effect of the traumatic load. Psychol Med 2018; 48:952-960. [PMID: 28847330 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717002409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood trauma is a non specific risk factor for adult eating disorders (ED), and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis seems to mediate such a risk. Here we explored the impact of different types of childhood trauma and of traumatic load on the cortisol awakening response (CAR) of women with anorexia nervosa (AN) or bulimia nervosa (BN). METHODS Saliva samples were collected at awakening and after 15, 30, 60 min to measure cortisol levels by 121 women (44 AN patients, 36 BN patients and 41 healthy women). Participants filled in the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. RESULTS AN and BN patients with childhood maltreatment exhibited an attenuated CAR compared with non-maltreated ones. In the whole ED patient group, the CAR showed a progressive impairment with the increasing number of reported trauma types. Although significant negative correlations emerged between the type or the number of traumas and the CAR, only the number of traumas remained significantly associated with the CAR in a stepwise multiple regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS Present findings confirm that childhood trauma is associated with an impaired CAR in adult AN and BN patients and demonstrate for the first time a negative dose-dependent effect of the traumatic load on HPA axis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Monteleone
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Naples SUN,Naples,Italy
| | - P Monteleone
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Naples SUN,Naples,Italy
| | - U Volpe
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Naples SUN,Naples,Italy
| | - F De Riso
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Naples SUN,Naples,Italy
| | - G Fico
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Naples SUN,Naples,Italy
| | - R Giugliano
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Naples SUN,Naples,Italy
| | - M Nigro
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Naples SUN,Naples,Italy
| | - M Maj
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Naples SUN,Naples,Italy
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20
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Shi X, Sun X, Yao Z, Yuan Y, Wu J, Clow A. The cortisol awakening response predicts response inhibition in the afternoon of the same day. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 89:23-29. [PMID: 29306774 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cortisol awakening response (CAR) is the rapid increase of cortisol levels 30-45 min after awakening in the morning. Numerous studies have indicated the relationship between the CAR and cognition. However, little is known about daily variation in the CAR and cognitive function in healthy adults. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the CAR predicted the response inhibition function on the same day in both behaviour and the dynamic time course of brain processing. The saliva samples of 47 healthy men were collected at three time points: immediately on awakening, 30 min and 45 min post-awakening in the morning. Participants performed a Go/NoGo task while electroencephalograms (EEG) were recorded in the afternoon of the same day. The results showed that a greater CAR was associated with a stronger N2. In the sub-group of CAR responders (n = 33) the CAR was negatively related to the false alarm rate of NoGo-trials. Our findings suggested that the CAR was predictive of the function of response inhibition in both the earlier cognitive step (i.e., conflict monitoring) and the behavioural performance of response inhibition on the same day in healthy men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuxi Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiran Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Angela Clow
- Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, London, UK
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21
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Fogelman N, Canli T. Early life stress and cortisol: A meta-analysis. Horm Behav 2018; 98:63-76. [PMID: 29289660 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Given the high prevalence of early life stress (ELS) and the potential physiological dysregulation such experiences can lead to, this meta-analysis tested the relationship between ELS and cortisol. Search terms related to ELS and cortisol were entered in to PsycINFO and PubMed. Effect sizes were extracted for four outcomes variables: cortisol awakening response (CAR), baseline cortisol (cortisol at one time point), non-stressed cortisol over time (cortisol captured at two or more time points), and cortisol reactivity to an acute stressor. The articles were additionally coded for potential confounding variables, population-related, ELS-related and cortisol-related moderators. There was no significant relationship between ELS and the CAR (g=0.19, p=0.268), ELS and baseline cortisol (g=-0.072, p=0.328), ELS and non-stressed cortisol over time (g=0.09, p=0.292) or ELS and cortisol reactivity (g=-0.089, p=0.363). However, there was a significant amount of heterogeneity amongst relationships. Within the ELS-CAR relationship, in those who had experienced ELS that was sexually, physically or emotionally abusive, the CAR was heightened. Within the ELS-Baseline relationship, if blood samples were collected the ELS was associated with a blunting effect of cortisol. The non-significant main effects challenge the commonly held belief in the literature that ELS affects cortisol later in life. However, the high degree of heterogeneity uncovered by this analysis and significant moderators suggest that the literature may benefit from consistent operationalizations of ELS and standardized methods of how cortisol is measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nia Fogelman
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Turhan Canli
- Department of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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22
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Novak NL, Wang X, Clarke PJ, Hajat A, Needham BL, Sánchez BN, Rodriguez CJ, Seeman TE, Castro-Diehl C, Golden SH, Diez Roux AV. Diurnal salivary cortisol and nativity/duration of residence in Latinos: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 85:179-189. [PMID: 28886460 PMCID: PMC5623131 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Latino immigrants have lower prevalence of depression, obesity and cardiovascular disease than US-born Latinos when they are recently arrived in the US, but this health advantage erodes with increasing duration of US residence. Cumulative exposure to psychosocial stress and its physiological sequelae may mediate the relationship between nativity and duration of US residence and poor health. We used data from Latino cohort study participants ages 45-84 to examine cross-sectional (n=558) and longitudinal (n=248) associations between nativity and duration of US residence and features of the diurnal cortisol curve including: wake-up cortisol, cortisol awakening response (CAR, wake-up to 30min post-awakening), early decline (30min to 2h post-awakening) and late decline (2h post-awakening to bed time), wake-to-bed slope, and area under the curve (AUC). In cross-sectional analyses, US-born Latinos had higher wake-up cortisol than immigrants with fewer than 30 years of US residence. In the full sample, over 5 years the CAR and early decline became flatter and AUC became larger. Over 5 years, US-born Latinos had greater increases in wake-up cortisol and less pronounced flattening of the early diurnal cortisol decline than immigrants with fewer than 30 years of US residence. Immigrants with 30 or more years of US residence also had less pronounced flattening of the early decline relative to more recent immigrants, and also had a less pronounced increase in AUC. In sum, we saw limited cross-sectional evidence that US-born Latinos have more dysregulated cortisol than recently-arrived Latino immigrants, but over time US-born Latinos had slower progression of cortisol dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Novak
- Department of Epidemiology and Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
| | - Xu Wang
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, 3215 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Philippa J Clarke
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 S. Thompson St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Anjum Hajat
- University of Washington School of Public Health Department of Epidemiology, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 303, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - Belinda L Needham
- Department of Epidemiology and Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
| | - Brisa N Sánchez
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, SPH II, Room 4164, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Carlos J Rodriguez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Teresa E Seeman
- Division of Geriatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10945 Le Conte Avenue, Suite 2339, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Cecilia Castro-Diehl
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and Mailman School of Public Health, 630 West 168th Street PH9 105, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Sherita Hill Golden
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes,and Metabolism, 1830 E. Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Ana V Diez Roux
- Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, 3215 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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23
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Boggero IA, Hostinar CE, Haak EA, Murphy MLM, Segerstrom SC. Psychosocial functioning and the cortisol awakening response: Meta-analysis, P-curve analysis, and evaluation of the evidential value in existing studies. Biol Psychol 2017; 129:207-230. [PMID: 28870447 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol levels rise immediately after awakening and peak approximately 30-45min thereafter. Psychosocial functioning influences this cortisol awakening response (CAR), but there is considerable heterogeneity in the literature. The current study used p-curve and meta-analysis on 709 findings from 212 studies to test the evidential value and estimate effect sizes of four sets of findings: those associating worse psychosocial functioning with higher or lower cortisol increase relative to the waking period (CARi) and to the output of the waking period (AUCw). All four sets of findings demonstrated evidential value. Psychosocial predictors explained 1%-3.6% of variance in CARi and AUCw responses. Based on these effect sizes, cross-sectional studies assessing CAR would need a minimum sample size of 617-783 to detect true effects with 80% power. Depression was linked to higher AUCw and posttraumatic stress to lower AUCw, whereas inconclusive results were obtained for predictor-specific effects on CARi. Suggestions for future CAR research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Boggero
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 125 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506, United States.
| | - Camelia E Hostinar
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, 103 Young Hall, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Eric A Haak
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 125 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506, United States.
| | - Michael L M Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| | - Suzanne C Segerstrom
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 125 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506, United States.
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24
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Kawai T, Kuwano Y, Masuda K, Fujita K, Tanaka H, Nishikawa T, Rokutan K, Nishida K. Adverse parenting is associated with blunted salivary cortisol awakening response and altered expression of glucocorticoid receptor β and β2-adrenergic receptor mRNAs in leukocytes in Japanese medical students. Stress 2017; 20:159-166. [PMID: 28285561 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1297415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse parenting is associated with an increased risk for the development of mood and behavioral disorders. In this study, we assessed the perceived parental bonding of 232 medical students using the parental bonding instrument (PBI) and extracted 22 students who reported their parents' rearing attitudes as affectionless control (LOW; low care, high overprotection). Using the 28-item general health questionnaire, the Zung self-rating depression scale (Zung-SDS), the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), and the Spielberger state-trait-anxiety-inventory (STAI), physical and mental state of the LOW students were compared with those of 30 students who reported their parental bonding as optimal (OPT; high care and low overprotection). These questionnaire measurements demonstrated significantly higher anxiety and depressive mood in the LOW students versus the OPT students. Compared with the OPT students, the LOW students also exhibited a significantly reduced salivary cortisol awakening response (CAR) without changes across the rest of the diurnal salivary cortisol profile. Among glucocorticoid-related genes examined (GR, ADRB2, IκBα, IL10, IL1R2, IL1RN, MR, MC2R, TGFB1, TGFB2 and FASLG), real-time reverse transcription-PCR showed that the LOW students significantly increased expression of a dominant negative glucocorticoid receptor β (GRβ) mRNA and decreased β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) mRNA levels in circulating leukocytes. These results suggest that negative perception of parents' child-rearing attitudes may be associated with anxiety and depressive mood and altered glucocorticoid signaling even in healthy young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kawai
- a Department of Pathophysiology , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Yuki Kuwano
- a Department of Pathophysiology , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Masuda
- a Department of Pathophysiology , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Kinuyo Fujita
- a Department of Pathophysiology , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- a Department of Pathophysiology , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishikawa
- a Department of Pathophysiology , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Kazuhito Rokutan
- a Department of Pathophysiology , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Kensei Nishida
- a Department of Pathophysiology , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
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25
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Monteleone AM, Monteleone P, Serino I, Scognamiglio P, Di Genio M, Maj M. Childhood trauma and cortisol awakening response in symptomatic patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:615-21. [PMID: 25808182 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to trauma during childhood is a risk factor for eating disorders (EDs) in adulthood. The biological mechanisms underlying such increased risk seem to involve the endogenous stress response system (i.e., the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal [HPA] axis), which undergoes trauma-induced functional changes that may persist later in life. In the present study, we examined the effects of childhood trauma experiences on HPA-axis activity, comparing saliva cortisol awakening response (CAR) in adult patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) or bulimia nervosa (BN) with CAR in adult healthy controls. METHOD Twenty-three patients with symptomatic AN, 21 patients with symptomatic BN, and 29 healthy women collected saliva samples at awakening and again after 15, 30, and 60 min. Participants also completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and eating-related psychopathological rating scales. RESULTS According to the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, 13 individuals with AN and 12 individuals with BN, but none of the healthy women, reported childhood maltreatment. Compared with the control group, the non-maltreated AN patient group exhibited an enhanced CAR, whereas the group of non-maltreated BN patients showed a normal CAR. Moreover, both AN and BN patient groups with childhood maltreatment exhibited statistically significant blunting of CAR compared with non-maltreated groups. DISCUSSION The present findings add to the evidence supporting the concept that there is a dysregulation of HPA-axis activity in symptomatic patients with EDs and suggest that childhood trauma exposure may contribute to such dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Palmiero Monteleone
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy.,Neurosciences Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Ismene Serino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Monica Di Genio
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Maj
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy
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Neural Correlates of the Cortisol Awakening Response in Humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2278-85. [PMID: 25781268 PMCID: PMC4613622 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The cortisol rise after awakening (cortisol awakening response, CAR) is a core biomarker of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation related to psychosocial stress and stress-related psychiatric disorders. However, the neural regulation of the CAR has not been examined in humans. Here, we studied neural regulation related to the CAR in a sample of 25 healthy human participants using an established psychosocial stress paradigm together with multimodal functional and structural (voxel-based morphometry) magnetic resonance imaging. Across subjects, a smaller CAR was associated with reduced grey matter volume and increased stress-related brain activity in the perigenual ACC, a region which inhibits HPA axis activity during stress that is implicated in risk mechanisms and pathophysiology of stress-related mental diseases. Moreover, functional connectivity between the perigenual ACC and the hypothalamus, the primary controller of HPA axis activity, was associated with the CAR. Our findings provide support for a role of the perigenual ACC in regulating the CAR in humans and may aid future research on the pathophysiology of stress-related illnesses, such as depression, and environmental risk for illnesses such as schizophrenia.
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Fox M, Entringer S, Buss C, DeHaene J, Wadhwa PD. Intergenerational transmission of the effects of acculturation on health in Hispanic Americans: a fetal programming perspective. Am J Public Health 2015; 105 Suppl 3:S409-23. [PMID: 25905831 PMCID: PMC4455494 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2015.302571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We propose a transdisciplinary, life span framework for examining the underlying cause of the observed intergenerational decline in health among Hispanic Americans. We focus on acculturation, and we posit that acculturation-related processes in first-generation Hispanic immigrant mothers may affect the intrauterine development of an unborn child, via the process of fetal programming, to produce phenotypic effects that may alter the susceptibility for noncommunicable chronic diseases. In this manner, an intergenerational cascade of perpetuation may become established. Our framework may shed light on the biological, behavioral, and social causes of intergenerational cycles of vulnerability among immigrant minority groups, with public health and policy implications for primary prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Fox
- Molly Fox is with the Early Human and Lifespan Development Program and the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine. Sonja Entringer and Claudia Buss are with the UCI Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, and the Department of Medical Psychology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany. Jessica DeHaene and Pathik D. Wadhwa are with the UCI Development, Health, and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine
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Quesada AA, Tristão RM, Pratesi R, Wolf OT. Hyper-responsiveness to acute stress, emotional problems and poorer memory in former preterm children. Stress 2014; 17:389-99. [PMID: 25089937 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2014.949667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of preterm birth (PTB) is high worldwide, especially in developing countries like Brazil. PTB is marked by a stressful environment in intra- as well as extrauterine life, which can affect neurodevelopment and hormonal and physiological systems and lead to long-term negative outcomes. Nevertheless, little is known about PTB and related outcomes later on in childhood. Thus, the goals of the current study were threefold: (1) comparing cortisol and alpha-amylase (sAA) profiles, including cortisol awakening response (CAR), between preterm and full-term children; (2) evaluating whether preterm children are more responsive to acute stress and (3) assessing their memory skills and emotional and behavioral profiles. Basal cortisol and sAA profiles, including CAR of 30 preterm children, aged 6 to 10 years, were evaluated. Further, we assessed memory functions using the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning, and we screened behavior/emotion using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. The results of preterm children were compared to an age- and sex-matched control group. One week later, participants were exposed to a standardized laboratory stressor [Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C)], in which cortisol and sAA were measured at baseline, 1, 10 and 25 min after stressor exposure. Preterm children had higher cortisol concentrations at awakening, a flattened CAR and an exaggerated response to TSST-C compared to full-term children. These alterations were more pronounced in girls. In addition, preterm children were characterized by more emotional problems and poorer memory performance. Our findings illustrate the long-lasting and in part sex-dependent effects of PTB on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, internalizing behavior and memory. The findings are in line with the idea that early adversity alters the set-point of the HPA axis, thereby creating a more vulnerable phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A Quesada
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum , Germany
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29
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Inflammatory biomarker profiles of mental disorders and their relation to clinical, social and lifestyle factors. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2014; 49:841-9. [PMID: 24789456 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-014-0887-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, mental health research has increasingly provided evidence supporting the role of inflammation in pathogenesis, course and treatment of mental disorders. With such a steep incline of research, resulting in a wealth of emerged findings, it has become difficult to follow developments within the field. The present review sets out to present the recent developments and to give an overview of the inflammatory profiles of depression, psychosis and bipolar disorder, as well as variations within these disorders. Moreover, mediating factors such as social environment and childhood experience are discussed, both in terms of their potential in elucidating the complex interface between the inflammation and other closely related biological systems, as well as the possibly confounding impact of various lifestyle factors. Whilst many issues in this fascinating area of research remain to be fully understood and elaborated, all current evidence suggests that inflammation plays a key role in mental disorders and may open up novel avenues for clinical treatment.
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The Interface of Stress and the HPA Axis in Behavioural Phenotypes of Mental Illness. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2014; 18:13-24. [PMID: 24652609 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2014_304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function are one of the most consistent biological findings across several mental disorders, but many of the mechanisms underlying this abnormality as well as the potential contribution to behavioural phenotypes remain only partially understood. Interestingly, evidence suggests a U-curve, with dysregulation of the HPA axis towards both hyper- or hypoactivity manifesting as a risk to mental wellbeing. This review will elaborate on both the clinical and molecular role of the neuroendocrine stress system in depressive, psychotic and post-traumatic stress disorders and present some of the most recent findings that have shed light on the complex interface between environmental stressors, molecular mechanisms and clinical presentation. Crucially, plasticity of the HPA axis confers both vulnerability to adverse events, particularly so in early developmental stages, as well as hope for the treatment of mental disorder, as evidenced by changes in HPA functioning associated with remission of symptoms.
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Rudolph KE, Wand GS, Stuart EA, Glass TA, Marques AH, Duncko R, Merikangas KR. The association between cortisol and neighborhood disadvantage in a U.S. population-based sample of adolescents. Health Place 2014; 25:68-77. [PMID: 24367996 PMCID: PMC3913161 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The association between neighborhood conditions and cortisol is rarely studied in children or adolescents and has been hampered by small sample size and racial/ethnic and geographic homogeneity. Our objective was to estimate the association between neighborhood disadvantage and salivary cortisol levels in a large, geographically and racially/ethnically diverse sample of adolescents from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement. Salivary cortisol was collected before and after an interview administered in the adolescent's home. We used a propensity score approach to match adolescents living in disadvantaged neighborhoods with those in non-disadvantaged neighborhoods to create two similar groups based on the time and day of cortisol collection as well as demographic characteristics. Adolescents living in disadvantaged neighborhoods had higher pre-interview cortisol levels and steeper rates of decline in cortisol levels over the course of the interview than similar adolescents in non-disadvantaged neighborhoods. This bolsters the evidence base suggesting that place may influence the stress response system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara E Rudolph
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Gary S Wand
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Stuart
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 824 N. Broadway Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Thomas A Glass
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Andrea H Marques
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, 35 Convent Dr., MSC#3720, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Roman Duncko
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Kathleen R Merikangas
- Genetic Epidemiology Research Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, 35 Convent Dr., MSC#3720, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Golden SH, Sánchez BN, Wu M, Champaneri S, Diez Roux AV, Seeman T, Wand GS. Relationship between the cortisol awakening response and other features of the diurnal cortisol rhythm: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:2720-8. [PMID: 23890985 PMCID: PMC3812410 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cumulative cortisol burden is known to influence neuropsychiatric and metabolic disorders. To better understand the relationship between daily cortisol exposure and measures of the diurnal circadian cortisol rhythm, we examined the cross-sectional association of the cortisol awakening response (CAR) with wake-up cortisol, bedtime cortisol, diurnal slope, and total cortisol area under the curve (AUC). Up to 18 salivary cortisol samples were collected over 3 days from 935 White, Hispanic, and Black individuals (mean age 65 ± 9.8 years) in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Outcome measures included awakening cortisol, CAR (awakening to 30 min post-awakening), early decline (30 min to 2h post-awakening), late decline (2h post-awakening to bedtime), and the corresponding AUCs. Total cortisol AUC was a summary measure of cumulative cortisol exposure. Higher CAR was associated with significantly lower wake-up cortisol (β=-0.56; 95% CI: -0.59 to -0.53) and a higher early decline AUC (β=0.38; 95% CI: 0.34-0.42) but was not associated with total cortisol AUC (β=0.04; 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.09), or other diurnal cortisol curve components following multivariable adjustment. Total cortisol AUC was significantly and positively associated with wake-up cortisol (β=0.36; 95% CI: 0.32-0.40), bedtime cortisol (β=0.61; 95% CI: 0.58-0.64), and other AUC measures, following multivariable adjustment. Associations were similar by sex, race/ethnicity, and age categories. We conclude that bedtime cortisol showed the strongest correlation with total cortisol AUC, suggesting it may be a marker of daily cortisol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherita Hill Golden
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brisa N. Sánchez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
,Corresponding author at: Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Rm 4164, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. .
| | - Meihua Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shivam Champaneri
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ana V. Diez Roux
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Teresa Seeman
- Division of Geriatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gary S. Wand
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Blunted cortisol awakening response in men with first episode psychosis: relationship to parental bonding. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:229-40. [PMID: 22770984 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Early life adversity has been associated with an increased risk for the development of mental health problems, including psychotic disorders, perhaps mediated by a changed regulation of the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) axis. Aim of the present study was to confirm our previous finding of an attenuated cortisol awakening response (CAR) in men with first episode psychosis (FEP) and to explore a possible link between a blunted CAR and early adversity as indicated by perceived parental bonding. Fifty-eight patients (38 men, 20 women; mean age 23.25±3.86) with a FEP and 33 healthy community controls (16 men, 17 women; mean age 22.91±3.64) participated in the study. Saliva samples for assessment of the CAR were collected immediately, 30 and 60min after awakening. Complete cortisol samples were available in a reduced sample of 56 patients (37 men) and 30 controls (13 men). Parental bonding during the first 16 years of life was assessed retrospectively with the Parental Bonding Inventory. Results showed a significantly blunted CAR in male compared to female patients, confirming our previously reported findings. We also found a lower CAR in the total FEP group compared to controls, which failed to reach significance after controlling for time of awakening. A significantly lower percentage of patients than controls reported optimal maternal parenting. Within the patient group, significantly fewer male than female patients reported optimal maternal and paternal parenting. Only in patients, unfavorable paternal parenting was related to a blunted CAR. Dysregulation of the HPA axis in male patients might be a consequence of non-optimal parenting and contribute to the less favorable course of psychosis in men compared to women.
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Gender Differences in Acculturation, Stress, and Salivary Cortisol Response Among Former Soviet Immigrants. J Immigr Minor Health 2012; 15:540-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10903-012-9752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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Squires EC, McClure HH, Martinez CR, Eddy JM, Jiménez RA, Isiordia LE, Snodgrass JJ. Diurnal cortisol rhythms among Latino immigrants in Oregon, USA. J Physiol Anthropol 2012; 31:19. [PMID: 22738123 PMCID: PMC3541162 DOI: 10.1186/1880-6805-31-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most commonly used stress biomarkers is cortisol, a glucocorticoid hormone released by the adrenal glands that is central to the physiological stress response. Free cortisol can be measured in saliva and has been the biomarker of choice in stress studies measuring the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Chronic psychosocial stress can lead to dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function and results in an abnormal diurnal cortisol profile. Little is known about objectively measured stress and health in Latino populations in the United States, yet this is likely an important factor in understanding health disparities that exist between Latinos and whites. The present study was designed to measure cortisol profiles among Latino immigrant farmworkers in Oregon (USA), and to compare quantitative and qualitative measures of stress in this population. Our results indicate that there were no sex differences in average cortisol AUCg (area under the curve with respect to the ground) over two days (AvgAUCg; males = 1.38, females = 1.60; P = 0.415). AUCg1 (Day 1 AUCg) and AvgAUCg were significantly negatively associated with age in men (P<0.05). AUCg1 was negatively associated with weight (P<0.05), waist circumference (P<0.01) and waist-to-stature ratio (P<0.05) in women, which is opposite of the expected relationship between cortisol and waist-to-stature ratio, possibly indicating hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation. Among men, more time in the United States and immigration to the United States at older ages predicted greater AvgAUCg. Among women, higher lifestyle incongruity was significantly related to greater AvgAUCg. Although preliminary, these results suggest that chronic psychosocial stress plays an important role in health risk in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica C Squires
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
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Martin CG, Bruce J, Fisher PA. Racial and ethnic differences in diurnal cortisol rhythms in preadolescents: the role of parental psychosocial risk and monitoring. Horm Behav 2012; 61:661-8. [PMID: 22414445 PMCID: PMC3419379 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Racial/ethnic minorities experience persistent health disparities due in part to their exposure to chronic SES and psychosocial risk. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and its hormonal end product, cortisol, are believed to mediate the associations between chronic stress and poor health. In this study, racial/ethnic differences in diurnal salivary cortisol rhythms in 179 preadolescent youths and the contributing roles of SES risk, psychosocial risk, perceived discrimination, harsh parenting, and parental monitoring were examined. The analyses revealed racial/ethnic differences in diurnal cortisol rhythms, with African Americans having significantly flatter morning-to-evening cortisol slopes than Caucasians and with Latinos having significantly lower evening cortisol levels than Caucasians. Greater psychosocial risk and less parental monitoring were associated with flatter cortisol slopes. Racial/ethnic differences on the cortisol measures persisted when controlling for SES, psychosocial risk, and parenting quality. The need to assess chronic risk across the lifespan and disentangle possible genetic from environmental contributors is discussed.
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Zeiders KH, Doane LD, Roosa MW. Perceived discrimination and diurnal cortisol: examining relations among Mexican American adolescents. Horm Behav 2012; 61:541-8. [PMID: 22342577 PMCID: PMC3319173 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Perceived discrimination remains a salient and significant environmental stressor for ethnic and racial minority youth. Although many studies have examined the impact of racial/ethnic discrimination on mental health symptomatology and physical health, little is known of the potential physiological processes underlying such experiences, especially during adolescence. In an attempt to understand how varying perceptions of discrimination relate to functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis), the current study examined the relation between Mexican American adolescents' (N = 100, M(age) = 15.3 years old) perceptions of discrimination and aspects of their diurnal cortisol profiles. Three salivary samples (wakeup, +30 waking, bedtime) were collected across 3 days (total of 9 samples). Utilizing multi-level modeling, results revealed that adolescents' perceived discrimination related to greater overall cortisol output (area under the curve; AUC) after controlling for other life stressors, depressive symptoms, family income, acculturation level, daily stress levels and daily behaviors. Findings also revealed that perceived discrimination was marginally related to a steeper cortisol awakening response (CAR). Together, these findings suggest that perceived discrimination is a salient and impactful stressor for Mexican American adolescents. Understanding the physiological correlates of discrimination can provide insight into larger health disparities among ethnic and racial minority individuals.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of acculturation on cortisol, a biological correlate of maternal psychological distress, and perinatal infant outcomes, specifically gestational age at birth and birth weight. METHODS Fifty-five pregnant women of Mexican descent were recruited from a community hospital, and their saliva samples were collected at home for 3 days during pregnancy at 15 to 18 weeks (early), 26 to 32 weeks (mid), and more than 32 weeks (late) of gestation and once in the postpartum period (4-12 weeks). These values were used to determine the diurnal cortisol slope at each phase of pregnancy. Mothers also completed an acculturation survey and gave permission for a medical chart review to obtain neonate information. RESULTS Multiple regression analyses determined that greater acculturation levels significantly predicted earlier infant gestational age at birth (R(2) = 0.09, p = .03). Results from t tests revealed that mothers of low-birth-weight infants (<2500 g) had significantly higher acculturation scores than mothers of infants with birth weight greater than 2500 g (t = -2.95, p = .005). A blunted maternal cortisol slope during pregnancy was also correlated with low birth weight (r = -0.29, p = .05) but not gestational age (r = -0.08, p = .59). In addition, more acculturated women had a flatter diurnal cortisol slope late in pregnancy (R(2) = 0.21, p = .01). Finally, diurnal maternal cortisol rhythms were identified as a potential mediator between increased acculturation and birth weight. CONCLUSIONS This study associated increased acculturation with perinatal outcomes in the US Mexican population. This relationship may be mediated by prenatal maternal diurnal cortisol, which can program the health of the fetus leading to several adverse perinatal outcomes.
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Mangold D, Mintz J, Javors M, Marino E. Neuroticism, acculturation and the cortisol awakening response in Mexican American adults. Horm Behav 2012; 61:23-30. [PMID: 21983226 PMCID: PMC3264834 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuroticism is associated with greater susceptibility to the adverse effects of stress and greater exposure to the stressors associated with acculturation in U.S. born Mexican Americans. Neuroticism and acculturation have been associated with injury to crucial stress response systems and are known risk factors for certain mood and anxiety disorders. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of neuroticism, and acculturation on the cortisol awakening response (CAR) in healthy Mexican-American adults. Salivary cortisol samples were collected at awakening and 30, 45, and 60 min thereafter, on two consecutive weekdays from 59 healthy Mexican American adult males (26) and females (33), ages 18 to 38 years. Participants were assessed for level of neuroticism and acculturation. Data were analyzed using a mixed effects regression model with repeated measures at four time points. Results showed a significant Neuroticism×Acculturation×Time interaction. The CAR was virtually eliminated in highly acculturated Mexican Americans with greater Anglo orientation and high neuroticism compared with less acculturated Mexican Americans with greater Mexican orientation and lower neuroticism. Findings suggest that some Mexican Americans with high levels of neuroticism may be particularly susceptible to certain challenges and stressors associated with acculturation leading over time to the development of allostatic load, desensitization of the Hypothalamic CRF system and attenuation of the CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Mangold
- The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
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Abstract
Stress has long been suggested to be an important correlate of uncontrolled drinking and relapse. An important hormonal response system to stress-the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis-may be involved in this process, particularly stress hormones known as glucocorticoids and primarily cortisol. The actions of this hormone system normally are tightly regulated to ensure that the body can respond quickly to stressful events and return to a normal state just as rapidly. The main determinants of HPA axis activity are genetic background, early-life environment, and current life stress. Alterations in HPA axis regulation are associated with problematic alcohol use and dependence; however, the nature of this dysregulation appears to vary with respect to stage of alcohol dependence. Much of this research has focused specifically on the role of cortisol in the risk for, development of, and relapse to chronic alcohol use. These studies found that cortisol can interact with the brain's reward system, which may contribute to alcohol's reinforcing effects. Cortisol also can influence a person's cognitive processes, promoting habit-based learning, which may contribute to habit formation and risk of relapse. Finally, cortisol levels during abstinence may be useful clinical indicators of relapse vulnerability in alcohol-dependent people.
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Mangold D, Marino E, Javors M. The cortisol awakening response predicts subclinical depressive symptomatology in Mexican American adults. J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45:902-9. [PMID: 21300376 PMCID: PMC3270584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
While childhood trauma appears to be a risk factor for the onset of depression and subclinical depressive symptomatology in Mexican Americans, the specific physiological mechanisms contributing to this relationship remain to be clarified. Stress-induced dysregulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis is associated with depressive symptomatology in non-Hispanics. The current study assessed the extent to which the cortisol awakening response (CAR) predicts subclinical depressive symptomatology beyond the influence of childhood trauma in a sample of 55 Mexican American males and females ages 18-38 years, without a diagnosis of clinical depression. Participants were assessed for exposure to early trauma and current depressive symptomatology. Salivary cortisol samples were collected on two consecutive days at awakening, 30, 45, and 60 min thereafter, and again at 3 p.m., 6 p.m. and 9 p.m. Data were analyzed using general linear models with repeated measures at four morning time points, and again, at three afternoon and evening time points. Results indicated a significant Symptoms×Time interaction for the CAR(p<0.05). The Symptom×Time interaction was not significant for afternoon and evening cortisol concentrations. Moreover, subclinical symptomatology was associated with attenuation of the initial rise in CAR, after controlling for the total frequency of exposure to childhood traumas. Hierarchical analyses show attenuation of the initial rise in the CAR was the best predictor of greater subclinical depressive symptomatology beyond the influence of trauma, and independent of a current diagnosis of major depression in a sample of adult Mexican Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Mangold
- The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249,Corresponding Author Deborah L. Mangold, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, HSS 4.04.21, 6900 North Loop 1604 West, San Antonio, Texas 78249, Tele: (210) 458-7405, Fax: (210) 458-5728,
| | - E. Marino
- The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249
| | - M. Javors
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
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Quevedo K, Johnson A, Loman M, Lafavor T, Gunnar M. The Confluence of Adverse Early Experience and Puberty on the Cortisol Awakening Response. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2011; 36:19-28. [PMID: 22383860 DOI: 10.1177/0165025411406860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Associations between early deprivation/neglect in the form of institutional care with the cortisol awakening response (CAR) were examined as a function of pubertal status among 12- and 13-year-old post-institutionalized youth. CARs indexed hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical reactivity. Post-institutionalized youth were compared to youth adopted internationally from foster care (adoption control) and to nonadopted youth reared in families comparable in parental education and income to the adoptive families. Post-institutionalized youth exhibited a blunted CAR if they were at earlier but not if they were at later stages of puberty. Similarly, for both groups of internationally adopted youth combined, earlier but not later stages of puberty were associated with more blunted CARs at higher but not lower levels of parent-reported pre-adoption physical and social neglect.
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