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Grishanova AY, Perepechaeva ML. Kynurenic Acid/AhR Signaling at the Junction of Inflammation and Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6933. [PMID: 39000041 PMCID: PMC11240928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Persistent systemic chronic inflammatory conditions are linked with many pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), a leading cause of death across the globe. Among various risk factors, one of the new possible contributors to CVDs is the metabolism of essential amino acid tryptophan. Proinflammatory signals promote tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine (KYN) pathway (KP), thereby resulting in the biosynthesis of several immunomodulatory metabolites whose biological effects are associated with the development of symptoms and progression of various inflammatory diseases. Some participants in the KP are agonists of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a central player in a signaling pathway that, along with a regulatory influence on the metabolism of environmental xenobiotics, performs a key immunomodulatory function by triggering various cellular mechanisms with the participation of endogenous ligands to alleviate inflammation. An AhR ligand with moderate affinity is the central metabolite of the KP: KYN; one of the subsequent metabolites of KYN-kynurenic acid (KYNA)-is a more potent ligand of AhR. Understanding the role of AhR pathway-related metabolites of the KP that regulate inflammatory factors in cells of the cardiovascular system is interesting and important for achieving effective treatment of CVDs. The purpose of this review was to summarize the results of studies about the participation of the KP metabolite-KYNA-and of the AhR signaling pathway in the regulation of inflammation in pathological conditions of the heart and blood vessels and about the possible interaction of KYNA with AhR signaling in some CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria L. Perepechaeva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Timakova Str. 2, Novosibirsk 630060, Russia;
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Li S, Lin Y, Jones D, Walker DI, Duarte Folle A, Del Rosario I, Yu Y, Zhang K, Keener AM, Bronstein J, Ritz B, Paul KC. Untargeted serum metabolic profiling of diabetes mellitus among Parkinson's disease patients. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:100. [PMID: 38730245 PMCID: PMC11087477 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common comorbidity among Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Yet, little is known about dysregulated pathways that are unique in PD patients with T2DM. We applied high-resolution metabolomic profiling in serum samples of 636 PD and 253 non-PD participants recruited from Central California. We conducted an initial discovery metabolome-wide association and pathway enrichment analysis. After adjusting for multiple testing, in positive (or negative) ion mode, 30 (25) metabolic features were associated with T2DM in both PD and non-PD participants, 162 (108) only in PD participants, and 32 (7) only in non-PD participants. Pathway enrichment analysis identified 17 enriched pathways associated with T2DM in both the PD and non-PD participants, 26 pathways only in PD participants, and 5 pathways only in non-PD participants. Several amino acid, nucleic acids, and fatty acid metabolisms were associated with T2DM only in the PD patient group suggesting a possible link between PD and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Li
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yuyuan Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dean Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aline Duarte Folle
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Irish Del Rosario
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yu Yu
- Center for Health Policy Research, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Keren Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adrienne M Keener
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeff Bronstein
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly C Paul
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Abad C, Karahoda R, Orbisova A, Kastner P, Heblik D, Kucera R, Portillo R, Staud F. Pathological shifts in tryptophan metabolism in human term placenta exposed to LPS or poly I:C†. Biol Reprod 2024; 110:722-738. [PMID: 38145492 PMCID: PMC11017130 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune activation during pregnancy is a risk factor for offspring neuropsychiatric disorders. Among the mechanistic pathways by which maternal inflammation can affect fetal brain development and programming, those involving tryptophan (TRP) metabolism have drawn attention because various TRP metabolites have neuroactive properties. This study evaluates the effect of bacterial (lipopolysaccharides/LPS) and viral (polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid/poly I:C) placental infection on TRP metabolism using an ex vivo model. Human placenta explants were exposed to LPS or poly I:C, and the release of TRP metabolites was analyzed together with the expression of related genes and proteins and the functional activity of key enzymes in TRP metabolism. The rate-limiting enzyme in the serotonin pathway, tryptophan hydroxylase, showed reduced expression and functional activity in explants exposed to LPS or poly I:C. Conversely, the rate-limiting enzyme in the kynurenine pathway, indoleamine dioxygenase, exhibited increased activity, gene, and protein expression, suggesting that placental infection mainly promotes TRP metabolism via the kynurenine (KYN) pathway. Furthermore, we observed that treatment with LPS or poly I:C increased activity in the kynurenine monooxygenase branch of the KYN pathway. We conclude that placental infection impairs TRP homeostasis, resulting in decreased production of serotonin and an imbalance in the ratio between quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid. This disrupted homeostasis may eventually expose the fetus to suboptimal/toxic levels of neuroactive molecules and impair fetal brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cilia Abad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rona Karahoda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Orbisova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kastner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Heblik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kucera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ramon Portillo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Staud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Oxenkrug G, Forester B. Anthranilic Acid, a GPR109A Agonist, and Schizophrenia. Int J Tryptophan Res 2024; 17:11786469241239125. [PMID: 38532858 PMCID: PMC10964450 DOI: 10.1177/11786469241239125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Limited clinical efficiency of current medications warrants search for new antipsychotic agents. Deorphanized G-protein coupled receptor (GPR)109A has not attracted much of attention of schizophrenia researchers. We analyzed literature and our data on endogenous agonists of GPR109A, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), anthranilic (AA), butyric (BA), and nicotinic (NA) acids, in individuals with schizophrenia. Data Sex specific differences: plasma AA levels were 27% higher in female than in male patients and correlated with PANSS before 6 weeks of antipsychotics treatment (r = .625, P < .019, Spearman's test). There was no sex specific differences of plasma AA levels after treatment. AA plasma levels inversely correlated (-.58, P < .005) with PANSS scores in responders to treatment (at least, 50% improvement) but not in nonresponders. Preclinical studies suggested antipsychotic effect of BHB and BA. Clinical studies observed antipsychotic effect of NA; benzoate sodium, an AA precursor; and interventions associated with BHB upregulation (eg, fasting and ketogenic diets). Discussion Upregulation of GPR109A, an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective receptor, inhibits cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), an enzyme that breakdown myelin, lipid-based insulating axonal sheath that protects and promotes nerve conduction. Brain cPLA2 is upregulated in individuals with schizophrenia and subjects at high-risk for development of psychosis. Lower myelin content is associated with cognitive decline in individuals with schizophrenia. Therefore, GPR109A might exert antipsychotic effect via suppression of cPLA2, and, consequently, preservation of myelin integrity. Future research might explore antipsychotic effects of (1) human pegylated kynureninase, an enzyme that catalyzes formation of AA from kynurenine (Kyn); (2) inhibitors of Kyn conversion into kynurenic acid, for example, KYN5356, to patients with already impaired Kyn conversion into 3-hydroxykynurenine; (3) synthetic GPR 109A agonists, for example, MK-1903 and SCH900271 and GSK256073, that underwent clinical trials as anti-dyslipidemia agents. GPR109A expression, that might be a new endophenotype of schizophrenia, especially associated with cognitive impairment, needs thorough assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Oxenkrug
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston MA, USA
| | - Brent Forester
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston MA, USA
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Johansson L, Ringmark S, Bergquist J, Skiöldebrand E, Jansson A. A metabolomics perspective on 2 years of high-intensity training in horses. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2139. [PMID: 38273017 PMCID: PMC10810775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The plasma metabolomic profile of elite harness horses subjected to different training programmes was explored. All horses had the same training programme from 1.5 until 2 years of age and then high-intensity training was introduced, with horses divided into high and low training groups. Morning blood samples were collected at 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3.5 years of age. The plasma was analysed using targeted absolute quantitative analysis and a combination of tandem mass spectrometry, flow-injection analysis and liquid chromatography. Differences between the two training groups were observed at 2 years of age, when 161 metabolites and sums and ratios were lower (e.g. ceramide and several triglycerides) and 51 were higher (e.g. aconitic acid, anserine, sum of PUFA cholesteryl esters and solely ketogenic AAs) in High compared with low horses. The metabolites aconitic acid, anserine, leucine, HArg synthesis and sum of solely ketogenic AAs increased over time, while beta alanine synthesis, ceramides and indole decreased. Therefore high-intensity training promoted adaptations linked to aerobic energy production and amino acid metabolism, and potentially also affected pH-buffering and vascular and insulin responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Johansson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7011, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Ringmark
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7011, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Bergquist
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7011, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry and Neurochemistry, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 599, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E Skiöldebrand
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Jansson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7011, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Hazrati E, Eftekhar SP, Mosaed R, Shiralizadeh Dini S, Namazi M. Understanding the kynurenine pathway: A narrative review on its impact across chronic pain conditions. Mol Pain 2024; 20:17448069241275097. [PMID: 39093627 PMCID: PMC11331475 DOI: 10.1177/17448069241275097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a debilitating symptom with a significant negative impact on the quality of life and socioeconomic status, particularly among adults and the elderly. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) stands out as one of the most important comorbid disorders accompanying chronic pain. The kynurenine pathway serves as the primary route for tryptophan degradation and holds critical significance in various biological processes, including the regulation of neurotransmitters, immune responses, cancer development, metabolism, and inflammation. This review encompasses key research studies related to the kynurenine pathway in the context of headache, neuropathic pain, gastrointestinal disorders, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and MDD. Various metabolites produced in the kynurenine pathway, such as kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid, exhibit neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects, respectively. Recent studies have highlighted the significant involvement of kynurenine and its metabolites in the pathophysiology of pain. Moreover, pharmacological interventions targeting the regulation of the kynurenine pathway have shown therapeutic promise in pain management. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of this pathway presents an opportunity for developing personalized, innovative, and non-opioid approaches to pain treatment. Therefore, this narrative review explores the role of the kynurenine pathway in various chronic pain disorders and its association with depression and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Hazrati
- Trauma and Surgery Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Parsa Eftekhar
- Trauma and Surgery Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mosaed
- Trauma and Surgery Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehrshad Namazi
- Trauma and Surgery Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Clinical Biomechanics and Ergonomics Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Cai L, Xu Z, Luo H, He Q, Diao L, Gui X, Wei L. The association between 5-HT1A binding and temporal lobe epilepsy: A meta-analysis of molecular imaging studies. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 145:109354. [PMID: 37473654 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown conflicting results in the correlation between serotonin-1A (5-HT1A) receptor binding levels in the brain and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). There is a need to systematically evaluate the correlation between the 5-HT1A binding level and TLE from the perspective of the brain using molecular imaging. METHODS Chinese and English databases, such as the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), the China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), WanFang, the Chinese Biomedical Literature Service System (SinoMed), PubMed and Web of Science, were searched. RESULTS Two evaluators independently screened the literature, extracted data, and evaluated the risk of bias in the included studies according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. RevMan 5.4.1 was used to analyze the data. A total of 196 participants were included; of these, 95 had TLE and 131 were healthy controls who had never had a seizure before participating in the study. Meta-analysis results suggested that 1) decreased 5-HT1A binding was found on the affected side of patients with TLE (standard mean difference (SMD) = -1.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) [-2.27, -0.64], Z = 3.48, P = 0.0005); 2) decreased 5-HT1A binding was found in the ipsilateral hippocampus of patients with TLE (SMD = -1.76, 95% CI [-2.51, -1.00], Z = 4.57, P<0.00001); 3) decreased 5-HT1A binding was found in the ipsilateral temporal lobe cortex of patients with TLE (SMD = -0.46, 95% CI [-0.80, -0.12], Z = 2.66, P = 0.008); 4) decreased 5-HT1A binding was found in the ipsilateral amygdala in patients with TLE (SMD = -1.36, 95% CI [-2.48, -0.23], Z = 2.37, P = 0.02); and 5) decreased 5-HT1A binding was found in the frontal lobe of patients with TLE(SMD = -0.75, 95% CI [-1.29, -0.20], Z = 2.67, P = 0.008). CONCLUSION A reduction in 5-HT1A binding in the hippocampus, temporal cortex, amygdala, and frontal lobe was observed on the affected side of patients with TLE. The decrease in 5-HT1A binding can be considered related to TLE. Potentially relevant factors should be considered in future molecular imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Cai
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530023, PR China.
| | - Zihao Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530023, PR China.
| | - Huazheng Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530023, PR China.
| | - Qianchao He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530023, PR China.
| | - Limei Diao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530023, PR China.
| | - Xiongbin Gui
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530023, PR China.
| | - Liping Wei
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530023, PR China.
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Sun Y, Wang S, Liu B, Hu W, Zhu Y. Host-Microbiome Interactions: Tryptophan Metabolism and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Receptors after Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10820. [PMID: 37445997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury refers to the damage caused to intracranial tissues by an external force acting on the head, leading to both immediate and prolonged harmful effects. Neuroinflammatory responses play a critical role in exacerbating the primary injury during the acute and chronic phases of TBI. Research has demonstrated that numerous neuroinflammatory responses are mediated through the "microbiota-gut-brain axis," which signifies the functional connection between the gut microbiota and the brain. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) plays a vital role in facilitating communication between the host and microbiota through recognizing specific ligands produced directly or indirectly by the microbiota. Tryptophan (trp), an indispensable amino acid in animals and humans, represents one of the key endogenous ligands for AhR. The metabolites of trp have significant effects on the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) through activating AHR signalling, thereby establishing bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and the brain. These interactions are mediated through immune, metabolic, and neural signalling mechanisms. In this review, we emphasize the co-metabolism of tryptophan in the gut microbiota and the signalling pathway mediated by AHR following TBI. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of these mechanisms on the underlying processes involved in traumatic brain injury, while also addressing potential future targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Bingwei Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
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Zhang L, Zhou Y, Wu B, Zhang S, Zhu K, Liu CH, Yu X, Alfano RR. A Handheld Visible Resonance Raman Analyzer Used in Intraoperative Detection of Human Glioma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061752. [PMID: 36980638 PMCID: PMC10046110 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is still a lack of reliable intraoperative tools for glioma diagnosis and to guide the maximal safe resection of glioma. We report continuing work on the optical biopsy method to detect glioma grades and assess glioma boundaries intraoperatively using the VRR-LRRTM Raman analyzer, which is based on the visible resonance Raman spectroscopy (VRR) technique. A total of 2220 VRR spectra were collected during surgeries from 63 unprocessed fresh glioma tissues using the VRR-LRRTM Raman analyzer. After the VRR spectral analysis, we found differences in the native molecules in the fingerprint region and in the high-wavenumber region, and differences between normal (control) and different grades of glioma tissues. A principal component analysis–support vector machine (PCA-SVM) machine learning method was used to distinguish glioma tissues from normal tissues and different glioma grades. The accuracy in identifying glioma from normal tissue was over 80%, compared with the gold standard of histopathology reports of glioma. The VRR-LRRTM Raman analyzer may be a new label-free, real-time optical molecular pathology tool aiding in the intraoperative detection of glioma and identification of tumor boundaries, thus helping to guide maximal safe glioma removal and adjacent healthy tissue preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Air Force Medical Center, Beijing 100142, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Binlin Wu
- Physics Department and CSCU Center for Nanotechnology, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT 06515, USA
| | | | - Ke Zhu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Cheng-Hui Liu
- Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Department of Physics, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Xinguang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School of Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Robert R. Alfano
- Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Department of Physics, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
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10
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Gurdita A, Kwiecien JM, Choh V. Development of a new surgical technique to infuse kynurenic acid to optic nerves in chickens for studying loss of myelination. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14361. [PMID: 36938412 PMCID: PMC10020079 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged infusion of a high dose of kynurenic acid (KYNA) reduces the myelin content in the rat spinal cord with preservation of the axonal integrity and without inducing an inflammatory response. We hypothesized that subdural infusion of a high concentration of KYNA can induce myelin loss in the optic nerves (ONs) of chickens. However, existing methods to deliver agents to the ON are inefficient, unlocalized and provide only acute exposure. Thus, we developed a surgical approach for sustained delivery of KYNA to the chicken ON. In brief, the novel surgical technique, which does not include excision of the extraocular muscles, involves incision of the skin and underlying fascial sheath to access the optic nerve within the muscle cone, implantation of a catheter in the dura of the optic nerve, the other end of which exits the orbit under the skin. The catheter runs under the skin near the lateral canthus, over the ears to the back of the neck, where a second incision is made to both implant the osmotic pump and to attach the catheter to the osmotic pump. India ink was used to confirm prolonged sustained administration to the optic nerves and across the chiasm. This surgical model was used to investigate KYNA's effect(s) on myelin loss in the ON. ONs of 7-day old chickens were infused with 50 mM KYNA or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for seven days. Analysis of KYNA-infused contralateral ON g-ratios and protein levels indicated a reduction in myelin. These findings demonstrate the utility of our surgical approach for sustained delivery of KYNA into the ON and suggest a role for KYNA in modulating CNS myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Gurdita
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Jacek M. Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Vivian Choh
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Corresponding author. University of Waterloo, 200 Columbia St W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1
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11
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Lauriola M, Farré R, Evenepoel P, Overbeek SA, Meijers B. Food-Derived Uremic Toxins in Chronic Kidney Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020116. [PMID: 36828430 PMCID: PMC9960799 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a higher cardiovascular risk compared to the average population, and this is partially due to the plasma accumulation of solutes known as uremic toxins. The binding of some solutes to plasma proteins complicates their removal via conventional therapies, e.g., hemodialysis. Protein-bound uremic toxins originate either from endogenous production, diet, microbial metabolism, or the environment. Although the impact of diet on uremic toxicity in CKD is difficult to quantify, nutrient intake plays an important role. Indeed, most uremic toxins are gut-derived compounds. They include Maillard reaction products, hippurates, indoles, phenols, and polyamines, among others. In this review, we summarize the findings concerning foods and dietary components as sources of uremic toxins or their precursors. We then discuss their endogenous metabolism via human enzyme reactions or gut microbial fermentation. Lastly, we present potential dietary strategies found to be efficacious or promising in lowering uremic toxins plasma levels. Aligned with current nutritional guidelines for CKD, a low-protein diet with increased fiber consumption and limited processed foods seems to be an effective treatment against uremic toxins accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Lauriola
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ricard Farré
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Evenepoel
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Björn Meijers
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16-344-580
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12
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Mingoti MED, Bertollo AG, de Oliveira T, Ignácio ZM. Stress and Kynurenine-Inflammation Pathway in Major Depressive Disorder. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1411:163-190. [PMID: 36949310 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent disorders and causes severe damage to people's quality of life. Lifelong stress is one of the major villains in triggering MDD. Studies have shown that both stress and MDD, especially the more severe conditions of the disorder, are associated with inflammation and neuroinflammation and the relationship to an imbalance in tryptophan metabolism towards the kynurenine pathway (KP) through the enzymes indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which is mainly stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) which is activated primarily by glucocorticoids. Considering that several pathophysiological mechanisms of MDD underlie or interact with biological processes from KP metabolites, this chapter addresses and discusses the function of these mechanisms. Activities triggered by stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and immune and inflammatory processes, in addition to epigenetic phenomena and the gut-brain axis (GBA), are addressed. Finally, studies on the function and mechanisms of physical exercise in the KP metabolism and MDD are pointed out and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiqueli Eduarda Dama Mingoti
- Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Amanda Gollo Bertollo
- Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Tácio de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Zuleide Maria Ignácio
- Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
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13
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Osik NA, Zelentsova EA, Sharshov KA, Tsentalovich YP. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced (NADH) is a natural UV filter of certain bird lens. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16850. [PMID: 36207404 PMCID: PMC9546832 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we for the first time report the identification of UV filters in the bird eye lens. We found that lenses of some raptors (black kite, common buzzard) and waterfowl (birds from Podicipedidae family) contain unusually high levels of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)—a compound with high absorption in the UV-A range with a maximum at 340 nm. The lens metabolome of these birds also features an extremely low [NAD +]/[NADH] ratio. Chemometric analysis demonstrates that the differences between the metabolomic compositions of lenses with low and high NADH abundances should be attributed to the taxonomic features of bird species rather to the influence of the low [NAD +]/[NADH] ratio. We attributed this observation to the low metabolic activity in lens fiber cells, which make up the bulk of the lens tissue. Photochemical measurements show that properties of NADH as a UV filter are as good as that of UV filters in the human lens, including strong absorption in the UV-A spectral region, high photostability under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, low yields of triplet state, fluorescence, and radicals under irradiation. Lenticular UV filters protect the retina and the lens from photo-induced damages and improve the visual acuity by reducing chromatic aberrations; therefore, the results obtained contribute to our understanding of the extremely high acuity of the raptor vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya A Osik
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya 3a, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | | | - Kirill A Sharshov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Timakova 2, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia
| | - Yuri P Tsentalovich
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya 3a, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
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14
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Fathi M, Vakili K, Yaghoobpoor S, Tavasol A, Jazi K, Hajibeygi R, Shool S, Sodeifian F, Klegeris A, McElhinney A, Tavirani MR, Sayehmiri F. Dynamic changes in metabolites of the kynurenine pathway in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease: A systematic Review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:997240. [PMID: 36263032 PMCID: PMC9574226 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.997240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tryptophan (TRP) is an essential amino acid that must be provided in the diet. The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the main route of TRP catabolism into nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide (NAD+), and metabolites of this pathway may have protective or degenerative effects on the nervous system. Thus, the KP may be involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Objectives The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the changes in KP metabolites such as TRP, kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), Anthranilic acid (AA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HANA) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Huntington’s disease (HD) patients compared to the control group. Methods We conducted a literature search using PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and EMBASE electronic databases to find articles published up to 2022. Studies measuring TRP, KYN, KYNA, AA, 3-HK, 5-HIAA, 3-HANA in AD, PD, or HD patients and controls were identified. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were used to determine the differences in the levels of the KP metabolites between the two groups. Results A total of 30 studies compromising 689 patients and 774 controls were included in our meta-analysis. Our results showed that the blood levels of TRP was significantly lower in the AD (SMD=-0.68, 95% CI=-0.97 to -0.40, p=0.000, I2 = 41.8%, k=8, n=382), PD (SMD=-0.77, 95% CI=-1.24 to -0.30, p=0.001, I2 = 74.9%, k=4, n=352), and HD (SMD=-0.90, 95% CI=-1.71 to -0.10, p=0.028, I2 = 91.0%, k=5, n=369) patients compared to the controls. Moreover, the CSF levels of 3-HK in AD patients (p=0.020) and the blood levels of KYN in HD patients (p=0.020) were lower compared with controls. Conclusion Overall, the findings of this meta-analysis support the hypothesis that the alterations in the KP may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD, PD, and HD. However, additional research is needed to show whether other KP metabolites also vary in AD, PD, and HD patients. So, the metabolites of KP can be used for better diagnosing these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobina Fathi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Vakili
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Yaghoobpoor
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arian Tavasol
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Jazi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Qom, Qom, Iran
| | - Ramtin Hajibeygi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Shool
- Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sodeifian
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Alyssa McElhinney
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani, ; Fatemeh Sayehmiri,
| | - Fatemeh Sayehmiri
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mostafa Rezaei Tavirani, ; Fatemeh Sayehmiri,
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15
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Tryptophan Challenge in Healthy Controls and People with Schizophrenia: Acute Effects on Plasma Levels of Kynurenine, Kynurenic Acid and 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15081003. [PMID: 36015151 PMCID: PMC9416551 DOI: 10.3390/ph15081003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The pivotal tryptophan (TRP) metabolite kynurenine is converted to several neuroactive compounds, including kynurenic acid (KYNA), which is elevated in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of people with schizophrenia (SZ) and may contribute to cognitive abnormalities in patients. A small proportion of TRP is metabolized to serotonin and further to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Notably, KP metabolism is readily affected by immune stimulation. Here, we assessed the acute effects of an oral TRP challenge (6 g) on peripheral concentrations of kynurenine, KYNA and 5-HIAA, as well as the cytokines interferon-γ, TNF-α and interleukin-6, in 22 participants with SZ and 16 healthy controls (HCs) using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. TRP raised the levels of kynurenine, KYNA and 5-HIAA in a time-dependent manner, causing >20-fold, >130-fold and 1.5-fold increases in kynurenine, KYNA and 5-HIAA concentrations, respectively, after 240 min. According to multivariate analyses, neither baseline levels nor the stimulating effects of TRP differed between participants with SZ and HC. Basal cytokine levels did not vary between groups, and remained unaffected by TRP. Although unlikely to be useful diagnostically, measurements of circulating metabolites following an acute TRP challenge may be informative for assessing the in vivo efficacy of drugs that modulate the neosynthesis of KYNA and other products of TRP degradation.
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16
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The N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Blocker REL-1017 (Esmethadone) Reduces Calcium Influx Induced by Glutamate, Quinolinic Acid, and Gentamicin. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070882. [PMID: 35890179 PMCID: PMC9319291 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
REL-1017 (esmethadone) is a novel N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist and promising rapid antidepressant candidate. Using fluorometric imaging plate reader (FLIPR) assays, we studied the effects of quinolinic acid (QA) and gentamicin, with or without L-glutamate and REL-1017, on intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]in) in recombinant cell lines expressing human GluN1-GluN2A, GluN1-GluN2B, GluN1-GluN2C, and GluN1-GluN2D NMDAR subtypes. There were no effects of QA on [Ca2+]in in cells expressing GluN1-GluN2C subtypes. QA acted as a low-potency, subtype-selective, NMDAR partial agonist in GluN1-GluN2A, GluN1-GluN2B, and GluN1-GluN2D subtypes. REL-1017 reduced [Ca2+]in induced by QA. In cells expressing the GluN1-GluN2D subtype, QA acted as an agonist in the presence of 0.04 μM L-glutamate and as an antagonist in the presence of 0.2 μM L-glutamate. REL-1017 reduced [Ca2+]in induced by L-glutamate alone and with QA in all cell lines. In the absence of L-glutamate, gentamicin had no effect. Gentamicin was a positive modulator for GluN1-GluN2B subtypes at 10 μM L-glutamate, for GluN1-GluN2A at 0.2 μM L-glutamate, and for GluN1-GluN2A, GluN1-GluN2B, and GluN1-GluN2D at 0.04 μM L-glutamate. No significant changes were observed with GluN1-GluN2C NMDARs. REL-1017 reduced [Ca2+]in induced by the addition of L-glutamate in all NMDAR cell lines in the presence or absence of gentamicin. In conclusion, REL-1017 reduced [Ca2+]in induced by L-glutamate alone and when increased by QA and gentamicin. REL-1017 may protect cells from excessive calcium entry via NMDARs hyperactivated by endogenous and exogenous molecules.
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17
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Almulla AF, Supasitthumrong T, Amrapala A, Tunvirachaisakul C, Jaleel AKKA, Oxenkrug G, Al-Hakeim HK, Maes M. The Tryptophan Catabolite or Kynurenine Pathway in Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 88:1325-1339. [PMID: 35786655 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by progressive brain dysfunction and memory loss, is one of the most significant global health concerns for older adults. Neuroinflammation and increased oxidative stress contribute to the pathophysiology of AD, thereby presumably inducing tryptophan (TRP) degradation through the TRP catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway. OBJECTIVE To delineate the activity of the TRYCAT pathway along with levels of TRP and tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs) in AD patients. METHODS We used PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and SciFinder during the month of January 2022 to gather the pertinent publications. We found 19 eligible articles which involved 738 patients and 665 healthy controls. RESULTS Our results revealed a significant difference (p = 0.008) in the kynurenine (KYN)/TRP ratio (standardized mean difference, SMD = 0.216, 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.057; 0.376), and a significant decrease in TRP in AD patients (SMD = -0.520, 95% CI: -0.738; -0.302, p < 0.0001). Moreover, we also found a significant increase in the central nervous system (CNS), brain, and cerebrospinal fluid kynurenic acid (KA)/KYN ratio but not in peripheral blood, as well as a significant decrease in plasma KA and xanthurenic acid in the CNS and blood. CONCLUSION AD is characterized by TRP depletion but not by an overactivity of the TRYCAT pathway. IDO-induced production of neurotoxic TRYCATs is not a key factor in the pathophysiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas F Almulla
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | | | - Arisara Amrapala
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Al-Karrar Kais Abdul Jaleel
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Gregory Oxenkrug
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.,Department of Psychiatry, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Ala M, Eftekhar SP. The Footprint of Kynurenine Pathway in Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Tryptophan Res 2022; 15:11786469221096643. [PMID: 35784899 PMCID: PMC9248048 DOI: 10.1177/11786469221096643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kynurenine pathway is the main route of tryptophan metabolism and produces several metabolites with various biologic properties. It has been uncovered that several cardiovascular diseases are associated with the overactivation of kynurenine pathway and kynurenine and its metabolites have diagnostic and prognostic value in cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, it was found that several kynurenine metabolites can differently affect cardiovascular health. For instance, preclinical studies have shown that kynurenine, xanthurenic acid and cis-WOOH decrease blood pressure; kynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid prevent atherosclerosis; kynurenic acid supplementation and kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) inhibition improve the outcome of stroke. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) overactivity and increased kynurenine levels improve cardiac and vascular transplantation outcomes, whereas exacerbating the outcome of myocardial ischemia, post-ischemic myocardial remodeling, and abdominal aorta aneurysm. IDO inhibition and KMO inhibition are also protective against viral myocarditis. In addition, dysregulation of kynurenine pathway is observed in several conditions such as senescence, depression, diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD), cirrhosis, and cancer closely connected to cardiovascular dysfunction. It is worth defining the exact effect of each metabolite of kynurenine pathway on cardiovascular health. This narrative review is the first review that separately discusses the involvement of kynurenine pathway in different cardiovascular diseases and dissects the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Parsa Eftekhar
- Student Research Committee, Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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19
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Chowdhury R. Eosin-Y/Cu(OAc) 2-catalyzed aerobic oxidative coupling reactions of glycine esters in the dark. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5387-5392. [PMID: 35748811 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00678b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic aerobic oxidative coupling reactions of glycine esters with β-keto acids, indoles, naphthols, and pyrrole have been realized at ambient temperature via the manipulation of the ground state reactivity of eosin-Y in the presence of Cu(OAc)2 in the dark. This method delivers structurally diverse unnatural amino acid derivatives under mild reaction conditions. UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and control experiments were performed to formulate a plausible mechanistic pathway. The step economy, broad substrate scope, use of air as a green oxidant, and operationally simple set-up make this protocol highly appealing for both academic and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghunath Chowdhury
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India. .,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktingar, Mumbai-94, India
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20
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Steiner J, Dobrowolny H, Guest PC, Bernstein HG, Fuchs D, Roeser J, Summergrad P, Oxenkrug G. Gender-specific elevation of plasma anthranilic acid in schizophrenia: Protection against glutamatergic hypofunction? Schizophr Res 2022; 243:483-485. [PMID: 35151533 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johann Steiner
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Dobrowolny
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Paul C Guest
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Hans-Gert Bernstein
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocentre of the Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julien Roeser
- Charles River Laboratories, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul Summergrad
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry and Inflammation Program, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory Oxenkrug
- Psychiatry and Inflammation Program, Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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21
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Zhuravlev AV, Shchegolev BF, Zakharov GA, Ivanova PN, Nikitina EA, Savvateeva-Popova EV. 3-Hydroxykynurenine as a Potential Ligand for Hsp70 Proteins and Its Effects on Drosophila Memory After Heat Shock. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1862-1871. [PMID: 35029786 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02704-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kynurenine products of tryptophan metabolism are modifiers of the nervous activity and oxidative processes in mammals and invertebrates. 3-Hydroxykynurenine (3HOK) in moderate concentrations is a lipid peroxidation inhibitor. However, its accumulation and oxidative auto-dimerization lead to oxidative stress development manifested in age-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) and neurological disorders provoked by acute stress. Different forms of stress, the mostly studied being heat shock response, rely on functioning of heat shock proteins of the Hsp70 superfamily. Since kynurenines are called "kids of stress," we performed computational estimation of affinity of 3HOK and other kynurenines binding to predicted ATP site of Drosophila melanogaster Hsp cognate 71 protein (Dhsp71) using AutoDock Vina. The binding energy of 3HOK dimer is - 9.4 kcal/mol; its orientation within the active site is close to that of ATP. This might be a new mechanism of producing a competitive inhibitor of Hsp70 chaperones that decreases organism ability to adapt to heat shock. We also showed that the Drosophila cardinal (cd1) mutant with 3HOK excess, serving as a model for Huntington's disease (HD), manifests severe defects of short-term memory after heat shock applied either in adults or at the prepupal stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr V Zhuravlev
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Boris F Shchegolev
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Gennadii A Zakharov
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina N Ivanova
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Nikitina
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Pavlov Institute of Physiology RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Human and Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, St. Petersburg, Russia
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22
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Sudar-Milovanovic E, Gluvic Z, Obradovic M, Zaric B, Isenovic ER. Tryptophan Metabolism in Atherosclerosis and Diabetes. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:99-113. [PMID: 34269660 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210714153649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp) undergoes catabolism through several pathways, producing biologically active metabolites that significantly impact physiological processes. The metabolic pathway responsible for the majority of Trp catabolism is the kynurenine synthesis pathway (KP). Serotonin and melatonin are among the most essential Trp pathways degradation products. It has emerged that a strong relationship exists between alterations in Trp metabolism and the onset and progression of atherosclerosis and diabetes. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the small and medium arteries wall caused by maladaptive local immune responses, which underpins several cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Systemic low-grade immune-mediated inflammation is implicated in atherosclerosis where pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ), play a significant role. IFN-γ upregulates the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), decreasing serum levels of the Trp and increasing metabolite levels of kynurenine. Increased IDO expression and activity could accelerate the atherosclerosis process. Therefore, activated IDO inhibition could offer possible treatment options regarding atherosclerosis management. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia that, over time, leads to severe damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and peripheral nerves. Trp serum levels and lower activity of IDO were higher in future type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients. This article reviews recent findings on the link between mammalian Trp metabolism and its role in atherosclerosis and diabetes and outlines the intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emina Sudar-Milovanovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Zoran Gluvic
- Clinic for Internal Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Zemun Clinical Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Milan Obradovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Bozidarka Zaric
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade,Serbia
| | - Esma R Isenovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade,Serbia
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23
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Peripheral kynurenines as biomarkers and targets for prevention and treatment of psychiatric conditions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. PERSONALIZED MEDICINE IN PSYCHIATRY 2021. [PMCID: PMC8461219 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmip.2021.100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Whole-blood metabolomics of dementia patients reveal classes of disease-linked metabolites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022857118. [PMID: 34493657 PMCID: PMC8449400 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022857118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a slowly progressing, chronic, and usually irreversible decline in cognitive function. Mechanistic causes and definitive treatments remain elusive. Using comprehensive metabolomics, we identified five groups of 33 metabolites (A to E), 13 of them previously reported, possibly useful for diagnosis and therapy of forms of dementia, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Seven A compounds may act as neurotoxins, whereas B to E compounds may protect the nervous system against oxidative stress, maintain energy reserves, supply nutrients and neuroprotective factors. Five metabolites, ergothioneine, S-methyl-ergothioneine, trimethyl-histidine, methionine, and tryptophan, overlap with those reported for frailty. Interventions for cognitive diseases involving these dementia metabolomic markers may be accomplished either by inhibiting A compounds or by supplementing B to E compounds in patients. Dementia is caused by factors that damage neurons. We quantified small molecular markers in whole blood of dementia patients, using nontargeted liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy (LC-MS). Thirty-three metabolites, classified into five groups (A to E), differed significantly in dementia patients, compared with healthy elderly subjects. Seven A metabolites present in plasma, including quinolinic acid, kynurenine, and indoxyl-sulfate, increased. Possibly they act as neurotoxins in the central nervous system (CNS). The remaining 26 compounds (B to E) decreased, possibly causing a loss of support or protection of the brain in dementia. Six B metabolites, normally enriched in red blood cells (RBCs), all contain trimethylated ammonium moieties. These metabolites include ergothioneine and structurally related compounds that have scarcely been investigated as dementia markers, validating the examination of RBC metabolites. Ergothioneine, a potent antioxidant, is significantly decreased in various cognition-related disorders, such as mild cognitive impairment and frailty. C compounds also include some oxidoreductants and are normally abundant in RBCs (NADP+, glutathione, adenosine triphosphate, pantothenate, S-adenosyl-methionine, and gluconate). Their decreased levels in dementia patients may also contribute to depressed brain function. Twelve D metabolites contains plasma compounds, such as amino acids, glycerophosphocholine, dodecanoyl-carnitine, and 2-hydroxybutyrate, which normally protect the brain, but their diminution in dementia may reduce that protection. Seven D compounds have been identified previously as dementia markers. B to E compounds may be critical to maintain the CNS by acting directly or indirectly. How RBC metabolites act in the CNS and why they diminish significantly in dementia remain to be determined.
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Zhang L, Zhou Y, Wu B, Zhang S, Zhu K, Liu CH, Yu X, Alfano RR. Intraoperative detection of human meningioma using a handheld visible resonance Raman analyzer. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:1311-1319. [PMID: 34365551 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To report for the first time the preliminary results for the evaluation of a VRR-LRR™ analyzer based on visible resonance Raman technique to identify human meningioma grades and margins intraoperatively. Unprocessed primary and recurrent solid human meningeal tissues were collected from 33 patients and underwent Raman analysis during surgeries. A total of 1180 VRR spectra were acquired from fresh solid tissues using a VRR-LRR™ analyzer. A confocal HR Evolution (HORIBA, France SAS) Raman system with 532-nm excitation wavelength was also used to collect data for part of the ex vivo samples after they were thawed from - 80 °C for comparison. The preliminary analysis led to the following observations. (1) The intensity ratio of VRR peaks of protein to fatty acid (I2934/I2888) decreased with the increase of meningioma grade. (2) The ratio of VRR peaks of phosphorylated protein to amid I (I1588/I1639) decreased for the higher grade of meningioma. (3) Three RR vibration modes at 1378, 3174, and 3224 cm-1 which were related to the molecular vibrational bands of oxy-hemeprotein, amide B, and amide A protein significantly changed in peak intensities in the two types of meningioma tissues compared to normal tissue. (4) The changes in the intensities of VRR modes of carotenoids at 1156 and 1524 cm-1 were also found in the meningioma boundary. The VRR-LRR™ analyzer demonstrates a new approach for label-free, rapid, and objective identification of primary human meningioma in quasi-clinical settings. The accuracy for detecting meningioma tissues using support vector machines (SVMs) was over 70% based on Raman peaks of key biomolecules and up to 100% using principal component analysis (PCA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Medical School of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Air Force Medical Center, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Binlin Wu
- Physics Department and CSCU Center for Nanotechnology, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, 06515, USA
| | | | - Ke Zhu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), PO Box 603, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Cheng-Hui Liu
- Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Department of Physics, The City College of the City University of New York, NY, 10031, New York, USA
| | - Xinguang Yu
- Medical School of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Robert R Alfano
- Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Department of Physics, The City College of the City University of New York, NY, 10031, New York, USA
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Li J, Daniliuc CG, Matern J, Fernández G, Kehr G, Erker G. Multi-component synthesis of dihydro-1,3-azaborinine derived oxindole isosteres. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7689-7692. [PMID: 34259251 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02557k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis of the first examples of 1,3-azaborinine derived oxindole systems, the BN-isosteres of the important compound class of the oxindoles. Hydroboration of terminal aryl acetylenes with FmesBH2, followed by treatment with 2 equiv. of a glycine ester derived isonitrile gave a small series of 1,3-azaborinine derived oxindoles. The new BN-oxindoles show interesting photophysical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Jonas Matern
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraβe 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Hoffman WH, Whelan SA, Lee N. Tryptophan, kynurenine pathway, and diabetic ketoacidosis in type 1 diabetes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254116. [PMID: 34280211 PMCID: PMC8289002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of complete insulin deficiency and insulin resistance in Type 1 diabetes (T1D). This results in the body producing high levels of serum ketones in an attempt to compensate for the insulin deficiency and decreased glucose utilization. DKA's metabolic and immunologic dysregulation results in gradual increase of systemic and cerebral oxidative stress, along with low grade systemic and cerebral inflammation and the development of pretreatment subclinical BE. During treatment the early progression of oxidative stress and inflammation is hypothesized to advance the possibility of occurrence of crisis of clinical brain edema (BE), which is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric DKA. Longitudinal neurocognitive studies after DKA treatment show progressive and latent deficits of cognition and emphasize the need for more effective DKA treatment of this long-standing conundrum of clinical BE, in the presence of systemic osmotic dehydration, metabolic acidosis and immune dysregulation. Candidate biomarkers of several systemic and neuroinflammatory pathways prior to treatment also progress during treatment, such as the neurotoxic and neuroprotective molecules in the well-recognized tryptophan (TRP)/kynurenine pathway (KP) that have not been investigated in DKA. We used LC-MS/MS targeted mass spectrometry analysis to determine the presence and initiation of the TRP/KP at three time points: A) 6-12 hours after initiation of treatment; B) 2 weeks; and C) 3 months following DKA treatment to determine if they might be involved in the pathogenesis of the acute vasogenic complication of DKA/BE. The Trp/KP metabolites TRP, KYN, quinolinic acid (QA), xanthurnenic acid (XA), and picolinic acid (PA) followed a similar pattern of lower levels in early treatment, with subsequent increases. Time point A compared to Time points B and C were similar to the pattern of sRAGE, lactate and pyruvic acid. The serotonin/melatonin metabolites also followed a similar pattern of lower quantities at the early stages of treatment compared to 3 months after treatment. In addition, glutamate, n-acetylglutamate, glutamine, and taurine were all lower at early treatment compared to 3 months, while the ketones 3-hydroxybutaric acid and acetoacetate were significantly higher in the early treatment compared to 3 months. The two major fat metabolites, L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) changed inversely, with ALC significantly decreasing at 2 weeks and 3 months compared to the early stages of treatment. Both anthranilic acid (AA) and 3-OH-anthranilic acid (3OH-AA) had overall higher levels in the early stages of treatment (A) compared to Time points (B and C). Interestingly, the levels of AA and 3OH-AA early in treatment were higher in Caucasian females compared to African American females. There were also differences in the metabolite levels of QA and kynurenic acid (KA) between genders and between races that may be important for further development of custom targeted treatments. We hypothesize that the TRP/KP, along with the other inflammatory pathways, is an active participant in the metabolic and immunologic pathogenesis of DKA's acute and chronic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H. Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WHH); (SAW)
| | - Stephen A. Whelan
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Instrumentation Center (CIC), Boston University, Boston Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WHH); (SAW)
| | - Norman Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Instrumentation Center (CIC), Boston University, Boston Massachusetts, United States of America
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Limana da Silveira T, Lopes Machado M, Bicca Obetine Baptista F, Farina Gonçalves D, Duarte Hartmann D, Marafiga Cordeiro L, Franzen da Silva A, Lenz Dalla Corte C, Aschner M, Antunes Soares FA. Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for studies on quinolinic acid-induced NMDAR-dependent glutamatergic disorders. Brain Res Bull 2021; 175:90-98. [PMID: 34271120 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Quinolinic acid (QUIN) is an agonist of the neurotransmitter glutamate (Glu) capable of binding to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) increasing glutamatergic signaling. QUIN is known for being an endogenous neurotoxin, able to induce neurodegeneration. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the mechanism by which QUIN induces behavioral and metabolic toxicity has not been fully elucidated. The effects of QUIN on behavioral and metabolic parameters in nmr-1 and nmr-2 NMDA receptors in transgenic and wild-type (WT) worms were performed to decipher the pathway by which QUIN exerts its toxicity. QUIN increased locomotion parameters such as wavelength and movement amplitude medium, as well as speed and displacement, without modifying the number of body bends in an NMDAR-dependent-manner. QUIN increased the response time to the chemical stimulant 1-octanol, which is modulated by glutamatergic neurotransmission in the ASH neuron. Brood size increased after exposure to QUIN, dependent upon nmr-2/NMDA-receptor, with no change in lifespan. Oxygen consumption, mitochondrial membrane potential, and the flow of coupled and unbound electrons to ATP production were reduced by QUIN in wild-type animals, but did not alter citrate synthase activity, altering the functionality but the mitochondrial viability. Notably, QUIN modified fine locomotor and chemosensory behavioral parameters, as well as metabolic parameters, analogous to previously reported effects in mammals. Our results indicate that QUIN can be used as a neurotoxin to elicit glutamatergic dysfunction in C. elegans in a way analogous to other animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tássia Limana da Silveira
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Lopes Machado
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Bicca Obetine Baptista
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Débora Farina Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Diane Duarte Hartmann
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul
| | - Larissa Marafiga Cordeiro
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Franzen da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Lenz Dalla Corte
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Felix Alexandre Antunes Soares
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Novel Synthetic Cannabinoid 5F-APINAC and Its Influence on Metabolites Associated with Neurotransmission in Rabbit Plasma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070668. [PMID: 34358094 PMCID: PMC8308683 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The strong psychoactive effects of synthetic cannabinoids raise the need for the deeper studying of their neurometabolic effects. The pharmacokinetic properties of 5F-APINAC and its influence on metabolomics profiles associated with neurotransmission were investigated in rabbit plasma. Twelve rabbits divided into three groups received 1-mL 5F-APINAC at 0.1, 1 and 2 mg/kg. The intervention groups were compared with the controls. Sampling was performed at nine time points (0–24 h). Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used. The pharmacokinetics were dose-dependent (higher curve at a higher dose) with a rapid biotransformation, followed by gradual elimination within 24 h. The tryptophan concentrations abruptly decreased (p < 0.05) in all tested groups, returning to the basal levels after 6 h. 5-hydroxylindole acetic acid increased (p < 0.05) in the controls, but this trend was absent in the treated groups. The aspartic acid concentrations were elevated (p < 0.001) in the treated groups. L-kynurenine was elevated (p < 0.01) in the intervention groups receiving 1 mg/kg to 2 mg/kg. Dose-dependent elevations (p < 0.01) were found for kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid and quinolinic acid (p < 0.01), whereas the anthranilic acid trends were decreased (p < 0.01). The indole-3-propionic acid and indole-3-carboxaldehyde trends were elevated (p < 0.05), whereas the indole-3-lactic acid trajectories were decreased (p < 0.01) in the intervention groups. 5F-APINAC administration had a rapid biotransformation and gradual elimination. The metabolites related to the kynurenine and serotonergic system/serotonin pathways, aspartic acid innervation system and microbial tryptophan catabolism were altered.
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Abstract
The gut microbiota is known to play a role in various disease states through inflammatory, immune and endocrinologic response. Parkinson's Disease is of particular interest as gastrointestinal involvement is one of the earlier features seen in this disease. This paper examines the relationship between gut microbiota and Parkinson's Disease, which has a growing body of literature. Inflammation caused by gut dysbiosis is thought to increase a-synuclein aggregation and worsen motor and neurologic symptoms of Parkinson's disease. We discuss potential treatment and supplementation to modify the microbiota. Some of these treatments require further research before recommendations can be made, such as cord blood transplant, antibiotic use, immunomodulation and fecal microbiota transplant. Other interventions, such as increasing dietary fiber, polyphenol and fermented food intake, can be made with few risks and may have some benefit for symptom relief and speed of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Gallop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, 7547Saint Louis University, MO, USA
| | - James Weagley
- Division of Biological Sciences, 7548Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Saif-Ur-Rahman Paracha
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, 7547Saint Louis University, MO, USA
| | - George Grossberg
- Samuel W. Fordyce Professor and Director of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, 7547Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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Tanaka M, Tóth F, Polyák H, Szabó Á, Mándi Y, Vécsei L. Immune Influencers in Action: Metabolites and Enzymes of the Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolic Pathway. Biomedicines 2021; 9:734. [PMID: 34202246 PMCID: PMC8301407 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tryptophan (TRP)-kynurenine (KYN) metabolic pathway is a main player of TRP metabolism through which more than 95% of TRP is catabolized. The pathway is activated by acute and chronic immune responses leading to a wide range of illnesses including cancer, immune diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. The presence of positive feedback loops facilitates amplifying the immune responses vice versa. The TRP-KYN pathway synthesizes multifarious metabolites including oxidants, antioxidants, neurotoxins, neuroprotectants and immunomodulators. The immunomodulators are known to facilitate the immune system towards a tolerogenic state, resulting in chronic low-grade inflammation (LGI) that is commonly present in obesity, poor nutrition, exposer to chemicals or allergens, prodromal stage of various illnesses and chronic diseases. KYN, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid and cinnabarinic acid are aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands that serve as immunomodulators. Furthermore, TRP-KYN pathway enzymes are known to be activated by the stress hormone cortisol and inflammatory cytokines, and genotypic variants were observed to contribute to inflammation and thus various diseases. The tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases and the kynurenine-3-monooxygenase are main enzymes in the pathway. This review article discusses the TRP-KYN pathway with special emphasis on its interaction with the immune system and the tolerogenic shift towards chronic LGI and overviews the major symptoms, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and toxic and protective KYNs to explore the linkage between chronic LGI, KYNs, and major psychiatric disorders, including depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, substance use disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Tanaka
- MTA-SZTE—Neuroscience Research Group, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (M.T.); (F.T.)
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (H.P.); (Á.S.)
| | - Fanni Tóth
- MTA-SZTE—Neuroscience Research Group, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (M.T.); (F.T.)
| | - Helga Polyák
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (H.P.); (Á.S.)
| | - Ágnes Szabó
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (H.P.); (Á.S.)
| | - Yvette Mándi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - László Vécsei
- MTA-SZTE—Neuroscience Research Group, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (M.T.); (F.T.)
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (H.P.); (Á.S.)
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Lima VSS, Mariano DOC, Vigerelli H, Janussi SC, Baptista TVL, Claudino MA, Pimenta DC, Sciani JM. Effects of Kynurenic Acid on the Rat Aorta Ischemia-Reperfusion Model: Pharmacological Characterization and Proteomic Profiling. Molecules 2021; 26:2845. [PMID: 34064778 PMCID: PMC8150825 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is derived from tryptophan, formed by the kynurenic pathway. KYNA is being widely studied as a biomarker for neurological and cardiovascular diseases, as it is found in ischemic conditions as a protective agent; however, little is known about its effect after ischemia-reperfusion in the vascular system. We induced ischemia for 30 min followed by 5 min reperfusion (I/R) in the rat aorta for KYNA evaluation using functional assays combined with proteomics. KYNA recovered the exacerbated contraction induced by phenylephrine and relaxation induced by acetylcholine or sodium nitroprussiate in the I/R aorta, with vessel responses returning to values observed without I/R. The functional recovery can be related to the antioxidant activity of KYNA, which may be acting on the endothelium-injury prevention, especially during reperfusion, and to proteins that regulate neurotransmission and cell repair/growth, expressed after the KYNA treatment. These proteins interacted in a network, confirming a protein profile expression for endothelium and neuron repair after I/R. Thus, the KYNA treatment had the ability to recover the functionality of injured ischemic-reperfusion aorta, by tissue repairing and control of neurotransmitter release, which reinforces its role in the post-ischemic condition, and can be useful in the treatment of such disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Soares Souza Lima
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar em Pesquisa, Universidade São Francisco, 12916-900 Bragança Paulista, Brazil; (V.S.S.L.); (S.C.J.); (T.V.L.B.); (M.A.C.)
| | | | - Hugo Vigerelli
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Sabrina Cardoso Janussi
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar em Pesquisa, Universidade São Francisco, 12916-900 Bragança Paulista, Brazil; (V.S.S.L.); (S.C.J.); (T.V.L.B.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Thayz Vanalli Lima Baptista
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar em Pesquisa, Universidade São Francisco, 12916-900 Bragança Paulista, Brazil; (V.S.S.L.); (S.C.J.); (T.V.L.B.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Mário Angelo Claudino
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar em Pesquisa, Universidade São Francisco, 12916-900 Bragança Paulista, Brazil; (V.S.S.L.); (S.C.J.); (T.V.L.B.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Daniel Carvalho Pimenta
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 São Paulo, Brazil; (D.O.C.M.); (D.C.P.)
| | - Juliana Mozer Sciani
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar em Pesquisa, Universidade São Francisco, 12916-900 Bragança Paulista, Brazil; (V.S.S.L.); (S.C.J.); (T.V.L.B.); (M.A.C.)
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A sensitive electrochemical method for indole based on the signal amplification strategy by gold/iron-oxide composite nanoparticles. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1142:56-64. [PMID: 33280704 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Indole is a major metabolite of tryptophan, which plays an important role in the intestinal microecological balance and human physiological activities. The determination of indole becomes important for its researches. So, it is urgent to establish a sensitive and cost-effective method for indole detection. Herein, a sensitive electrochemical method was constructed to determine the concentration of indole using screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) with the signal amplification strategy by gold/iron-oxide composite nanoparticles (Au/Fe3O4). Au/Fe3O4 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized under the irradiation by high-energy electron beams. 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) was connected to Au/Fe3O4 via Au-S bond. And then NaNO2 reacted with 4-ATP to form the azo bond, which could form the final product of Au/Fe3O4@ATP-azo-indole by the coupling reaction. Thus, the concentration of indole was detected by the electrochemical signal produced by Au/Fe3O4@ATP-azo-indole indirectly. The detection sensitivity was greatly improved by the large specific surface area provided by Au/Fe3O4 after the modification. The linear range of indole was from 0.50 to 120.00 μg L-1 and the limit of detection (LOD) was as low as 0.10 μg L-1 (S/N = 3). Furthermore, the developed method exhibited acceptable intra-day and inter-day precisions with the coefficient of variations (CV) less than 4.9% and 8.2%, respectively. And the recoveries were from 97.2% to 105.4%. An innovative, sensitive, cost-effective method was established for indole determination in human plasma matrix in this manuscript, which provides a promising way for indole detection in conventional laboratories.
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Kynurenic Acid Electrochemical Immunosensor: Blood-Based Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11010020. [PMID: 33445512 PMCID: PMC7827041 DOI: 10.3390/bios11010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by a functional deterioration of the brain. Currently, there are selected biomarkers for its diagnosis in cerebrospinal fluid. However, its extraction has several disadvantages for the patient. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a detection method using sensitive and selective blood-based biomarkers. Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is a potential biomarker candidate for this purpose. The alteration of the KYNA levels in blood has been related with inflammatory processes in the brain, produced as a protective function when neurons are damaged. This paper describes a novel electrochemical immunosensor for KYNA detection, based on successive functionalization multi-electrode array. The resultant sensor was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The proposed biosensor detects KYNA within a linear calibration range from 10 pM to 100 nM using CA and EIS, obtaining a limit of detection (LOD) of 16.9 pM and 37.6 pM in buffer, respectively, being the lowest reported LOD for this biomarker. Moreover, to assess our device closer to the real application, the developed immunosensor was also tested under human serum matrix, obtaining an LOD of 391.71 pM for CA and 278.8 pM for EIS with diluted serum.
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Venkatesan D, Iyer M, Narayanasamy A, Siva K, Vellingiri B. Kynurenine pathway in Parkinson's disease-An update. eNeurologicalSci 2020; 21:100270. [PMID: 33134567 PMCID: PMC7585940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ensci.2020.100270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex multi-factorial neurodegenerative disorder where various altered metabolic pathways contribute to the progression of the disease. Tryptophan (TRP) is a major precursor in kynurenine pathway (KP) and it has been discussed in various in vitro studies that the metabolites quinolinic acid (QUIN) causes neurotoxicity and kynurenic acid (KYNA) acts as neuroprotectant respectively. More studies are also focused on the effects of other KP metabolites and its enzymes as it has an association with ageing and PD pathogenesis. Until now, very few studies have targeted the role of genetic mutations in abnormal KP metabolism in adverse conditions of PD. Therefore, the present review gives an updated research studies on KP in connection with PD. Moreover, the review emphasizes on the urge for the development of biomarkers and also this would be an initiative in generating an alternative therapeutic approach for PD.
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Key Words
- 3-HAA, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid
- 3-HK, 3-hydroxykynurenine
- 6-OHDA, 6-hydroxydopamine
- AA, anthranilic acid
- ACMSD, amino-carboxymuconatesemialdehyde decarboxylase
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Ageing
- AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- Biomarkers
- CNS, central nervous system
- CSF, cerebrospinal fluid
- DA, dopaminergic
- FAM, formamidase
- IDO-1, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenases
- IFN-γ, interferon-γ
- KATs, kynurenine aminotransferases
- KMO, kynurenine −3-monooxygenase
- KP, Kynurenine pathway
- KYN, kynurenine
- KYNA, kynurenic acid
- Kynurenine pathway (KP)
- L-DOPA, L-dopamine
- LID, L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia
- MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine
- NAD+, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NFK, N′-formylkynurenine
- NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartate
- PA, picolinic acid
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- Parkinson's disease (PD)
- QUIN, quinolinic acid
- RBCs, red blood cells
- SNpc, substantianigra pars compacta
- TDO, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase
- TRP, tryptophan
- Therapeutics
- XA, xanthurenic acid
- ZNS, zonisamide
- α-synuclein, αSyn
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya Venkatesan
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641 043, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arul Narayanasamy
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kamalakannan Siva
- National Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi 110054, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
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Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Jakubczyk K, Maciejewska-Markiewicz D, Janda K, Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka K, Kaczmarczyk M, Łoniewski I, Marlicz W. Gut Biofactory-Neurocompetent Metabolites within the Gastrointestinal Tract. A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3369. [PMID: 33139656 PMCID: PMC7693392 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota have gained much scientific attention recently. Apart from unravelling the taxonomic data, we should understand how the altered microbiota structure corresponds to functions of this complex ecosystem. The metabolites of intestinal microorganisms, especially bacteria, exert pleiotropic effects on the human organism and contribute to the host systemic balance. These molecules play key roles in regulating immune and metabolic processes. A subset of them affect the gut brain axis signaling and balance the mental wellbeing. Neurotransmitters, short chain fatty acids, tryptophan catabolites, bile acids and phosphatidylcholine, choline, serotonin, and L-carnitine metabolites possess high neuroactive potential. A scoping literature search in PubMed/Embase was conducted up until 20 June 2020, using three major search terms "microbiota metabolites" AND "gut brain axis" AND "mental health". This review aimed to enhance our knowledge regarding the gut microbiota functional capacity, and support current and future attempts to create new compounds for future clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.S.-Ż.); (K.J.); (D.M.-M.); (K.J.)
| | - Karolina Jakubczyk
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Dominika Maciejewska-Markiewicz
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.S.-Ż.); (K.J.); (D.M.-M.); (K.J.)
| | - Katarzyna Janda
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.S.-Ż.); (K.J.); (D.M.-M.); (K.J.)
| | | | - Mariusz Kaczmarczyk
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Igor Łoniewski
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.S.-Ż.); (K.J.); (D.M.-M.); (K.J.)
| | - Wojciech Marlicz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
- The Centre for Digestive Diseases Endoklinika, 70-535 Szczecin, Poland
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Li W, Jiao FW, Wang JQ, Shi J, Wang TT, Khan S, Jiao RH, Tan RX, Ge HM. Unguisin G, a new kynurenine-containing cyclic heptapeptide from the sponge-associated fungus Aspergillus candidus NF2412. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Solvent front position extraction with semi-automatic device as a powerful sample preparation procedure to quantitatitation of tryptophan in human plasma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15063. [PMID: 32934323 PMCID: PMC7493889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71846-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the paper the results of the tryptophan determination in human plasma samples prepared with the novel Solvent Front Position Extraction (SFPE) technique are presented. The SFPE procedure is used for preparation of real biological sample for the first time. The results obtained using SFPE are compared with those using the classical sample preparation procedure. Under the optimal conditions, tryptophan and its internal standard were separated from other plasma compounds (matrix) as a small common zone/spot on a chromatographic plate using semiautomatic device equipped with moving pipet, which distributed developing solvent on the adsorbent layer. Tryptophan and the internal standard were evenly distributed within the small common zone from that the both substances were extracted and the solution obtained was transferred to quantitation with LC–MS and MS techniques. The determination results are satisfactory, the percentage values of relative error and RSD relative standard deviation do not exceed 5%. The procedure is characterized by simplicity, high analysis throughput, very good sample purification and seems to be easy applicable to other biological samples with these advantages mentioned.
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Yamashita M. Potential Role of Neuroactive Tryptophan Metabolites in Central Fatigue: Establishment of the Fatigue Circuit. Int J Tryptophan Res 2020; 13:1178646920936279. [PMID: 32647476 PMCID: PMC7325545 DOI: 10.1177/1178646920936279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Central fatigue leads to reduced ability to perform mental tasks, disrupted social life, and impaired brain functions from childhood to old age. Regarding the neurochemical mechanism, neuroactive tryptophan metabolites are thought to play key roles in central fatigue. Previous studies have supported the “tryptophan-serotonin enhancement hypothesis” in which tryptophan uptake into extensive brain regions enhances serotonin production in the rat model of exercise-induced fatigue. However, serotonin was transiently released after 30 minutes of treadmill running to exhaustion, but this did not reflect the duration of fatigue. In addition, as the vast majority of tryptophan is metabolized along the kynurenine pathway, possible involvement of the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the mechanism of central fatigue induction has been pointed out. More recently, our study demonstrated that uptake of tryptophan and kynurenine derived from the peripheral circulation into the brain enhances kynurenic acid production in rat brain in sleep deprivation–induced central fatigue, but without change in serotonin activity. In particular, dynamic change in glial-neuronal interactive processes within the hypothalamus-hippocampal circuit causes central fatigue. Furthermore, increased tryptophan-kynurenine pathway activity in this circuit causes reduced memory function. This indicates a major potential role for the endogenous tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in central fatigue, which supports the “tryptophan-kynurenine enhancement hypothesis.” Here, we review research on the basic neuronal mechanism underlying central fatigue induced by neuroactive tryptophan metabolites. Notably, these basic findings could contribute to our understanding of latent mental problems associated with central fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Yamashita
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Biernacki T, Sandi D, Bencsik K, Vécsei L. Kynurenines in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061564. [PMID: 32604956 PMCID: PMC7349747 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, an increasing amount of evidence has emerged in support of the kynurenine pathway’s (KP) pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative, psychiatric, vascular and autoimmune diseases. Different neuroactive metabolites of the KP are known to exert opposite effects on neurons, some being neuroprotective (e.g., picolinic acid, kynurenic acid, and the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), while others are toxic to neurons (e.g., 3-hydroxykynurenine, quinolinic acid). Not only the alterations in the levels of the metabolites but also disturbances in their ratio (quinolinic acid/kynurenic acid) have been reported in several diseases. In addition to the metabolites, the enzymes participating in the KP have been unearthed to be involved in modulation of the immune system, the energetic upkeep of neurons and have been shown to influence redox processes and inflammatory cascades, revealing a sophisticated, intertwined system. This review considers various methods through which enzymes and metabolites of the kynurenine pathway influence the immune system, the roles they play in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases based on current evidence with a focus on their involvement in multiple sclerosis, as well as therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Biernacki
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (D.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Dániel Sandi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (D.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Krisztina Bencsik
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (D.S.); (K.B.)
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (D.S.); (K.B.)
- MTA—SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-545-356; Fax: +36-62-545-597
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41
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Erickson JT. Central serotonin and autoresuscitation capability in mammalian neonates. Exp Neurol 2020; 326:113162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Sharma A, Kazim SF, Larson CS, Ramakrishnan A, Gray JD, McEwen BS, Rosenberg PA, Shen L, Pereira AC. Divergent roles of astrocytic versus neuronal EAAT2 deficiency on cognition and overlap with aging and Alzheimer's molecular signatures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21800-21811. [PMID: 31591195 PMCID: PMC6815169 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903566116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) is the major glutamate transporter in the brain expressed predominantly in astrocytes and at low levels in neurons and axonal terminals. EAAT2 expression is reduced in aging and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients' brains. The role EAAT2 plays in cognitive aging and its associated mechanisms remains largely unknown. Here, we show that conditional deletion of astrocytic and neuronal EAAT2 results in age-related cognitive deficits. Astrocytic, but not neuronal EAAT2, deletion leads to early deficits in short-term memory and in spatial reference learning and long-term memory. Neuronal EAAT2 loss results in late-onset spatial reference long-term memory deficit. Neuronal EAAT2 deletion leads to dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway, and astrocytic EAAT2 deficiency results in dysfunction of innate and adaptive immune pathways, which correlate with cognitive decline. Astrocytic EAAT2 deficiency also shows transcriptomic overlaps with human aging and AD. Overall, the present study shows that in addition to the widely recognized astrocytic EAAT2, neuronal EAAT2 plays a role in hippocampus-dependent memory. Furthermore, the gene expression profiles associated with astrocytic and neuronal EAAT2 deletion are substantially different, with the former associated with inflammation and synaptic function similar to changes observed in human AD and gene expression changes associated with inflammation similar to the aging human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Syed Faraz Kazim
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Chloe S Larson
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Aarthi Ramakrishnan
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Jason D Gray
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Bruce S McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065;
| | - Paul A Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology and the F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Li Shen
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ana C Pereira
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029;
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
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Zhou YF, Feng L, Liu XM, Tao X, Wang LS, Zhang MD, Wang Z, Chen SG, Chang Q. Urinary metabolic disturbance in the olfactory bulbectomized rats and the modulatory effects of fluoxetine. Life Sci 2019; 234:116751. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zhou Y, Liu CH, Wu B, Yu X, Cheng G, Zhu K, Wang K, Zhang C, Zhao M, Zong R, Zhang L, Shi L, Alfano RR. Optical biopsy identification and grading of gliomas using label-free visible resonance Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-12. [PMID: 31512439 PMCID: PMC6997631 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.9.095001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioma is one of the most refractory types of brain tumor. Accurate tumor boundary identification and complete resection of the tumor are essential for glioma removal during brain surgery. We present a method based on visible resonance Raman (VRR) spectroscopy to identify glioma margins and grades. A set of diagnostic spectral biomarkers features are presented based on tissue composition changes revealed by VRR. The Raman spectra include molecular vibrational fingerprints of carotenoids, tryptophan, amide I/II/III, proteins, and lipids. These basic in situ spectral biomarkers are used to identify the tissue from the interface between brain cancer and normal tissue and to evaluate glioma grades. The VRR spectra are also analyzed using principal component analysis for dimension reduction and feature detection and support vector machine for classification. The cross-validated sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy are found to be 100%, 96.3%, and 99.6% to distinguish glioma tissues from normal brain tissues, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the classification is about 1.0. The accuracies to distinguish normal, low grade (grades I and II), and high grade (grades III and IV) gliomas are found to be 96.3%, 53.7%, and 84.1% for the three groups, respectively, along with a total accuracy of 75.1%. A set of criteria for differentiating normal human brain tissues from normal control tissues is proposed and used to identify brain cancer margins, yielding a diagnostic sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 71%. Our study demonstrates the potential of VRR as a label-free optical molecular histopathology method used for in situ boundary line judgment for brain surgery in the margins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- PLA Air Force Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Hui Liu
- City University of New York, Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Department of Physics of the City College, New York, United States
| | - Binlin Wu
- Southern Connecticut State University, CSCU Center for Nanotechnology, Physics Department, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Xinguang Yu
- PLA General Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing, China
| | - Gangge Cheng
- PLA Air Force Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Zhu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physics, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Jilin University, State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Changchun, China
| | - Chunyuan Zhang
- City University of New York, Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Department of Physics of the City College, New York, United States
| | - Mingyue Zhao
- PLA Air Force Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zong
- PLA General Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- City University of New York, Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Department of Physics of the City College, New York, United States
| | - Lingyan Shi
- University of California San Diego, Department of Bioengineering, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Robert R. Alfano
- City University of New York, Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Department of Physics of the City College, New York, United States
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Dehhaghi M, Kazemi Shariat Panahi H, Guillemin GJ. Microorganisms, Tryptophan Metabolism, and Kynurenine Pathway: A Complex Interconnected Loop Influencing Human Health Status. Int J Tryptophan Res 2019; 12:1178646919852996. [PMID: 31258331 PMCID: PMC6585246 DOI: 10.1177/1178646919852996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway is important in cellular energy generation and limiting cellular ageing as it degrades about 90% of dietary tryptophan into the essential co-factor NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). Prior to the production of NAD+, various intermediate compounds with neuroactivity (kynurenic acid, quinolinic acid) or antioxidant activity (3-hydroxykynurenine, picolinic acid) are synthesized. The kynurenine metabolites can participate in numerous neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington disease, and Parkinson disease) or other diseases such as AIDS, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, and irritable bowel syndrome. Recently, the role of gut in affecting the emotional and cognitive centres of the brain has attracted a great deal of attention. In this review, we focus on the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain, known as the gut-brain axis. The interaction of components of this axis, namely, the gut, its microbiota, and gut pathogens; tryptophan; the kynurenine pathway on tryptophan availability; the regulation of kynurenine metabolite concentration; and diversity and population of gut microbiota, has been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Dehhaghi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Centre of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hamed Kazemi Shariat Panahi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Centre of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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46
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Chitturi J, Li Y, Santhakumar V, Kannurpatti SS. Consolidated Biochemical Profile of Subacute Stage Traumatic Brain Injury in Early Development. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:431. [PMID: 31130841 PMCID: PMC6509949 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in general has varied neuropathological consequences depending upon the intensity and biomechanics of the injury. Furthermore, in pediatric TBI, intrinsic developmental changes add further complexity, necessitating a biochemical dimension for improved TBI characterization. In our earlier study investigating the subacute stage TBI metabolome (72 h post-injury) in a developmental rat model, significant ipsilateral brain biochemical changes occurred across 25 metabolite sets as determined by metabolite set enrichment analysis (MSEA). The broad metabolic perturbation was accompanied by behavioral deficits and neuronal loss across the ipsilateral hemisphere containing the injury epicenter. In order to obtain a consolidated biochemical profile of the TBI assessment, a subgrouping of the 190 identified brain metabolites was performed. Metabolites were divided into seven major subgroups: oxidative energy/mitochondrial, glycolysis/pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid, amino acid, neurotransmitters/neuromodulators, one-carbon/folate and other metabolites. Subgroups were based on the chemical nature and association with critically altered biochemical pathways after TBI as obtained from our earlier untargeted analysis. Each metabolite subgroup extracted from the ipsilateral sham and TBI brains were modeled using multivariate partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) with the model accuracy used as a measurable index of TBI neurochemical impact. Volcano plots of each subgroup, corrected for multiple comparisons, determined the TBI neurochemical specificity. The results provide a ranked biochemical profile along with specificity of changes after developmental TBI, enabling a consolidated biochemical template for future classification of different TBI intensities and injury types in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothsna Chitturi
- Department of Radiology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Vijayalakshmi Santhakumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Sridhar S Kannurpatti
- Department of Radiology, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
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Rojewska E, Ciapała K, Mika J. Kynurenic acid and zaprinast diminished CXCL17-evoked pain-related behaviour and enhanced morphine analgesia in a mouse neuropathic pain model. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:139-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Xu K, He Y, Chen X, Tian Y, Cheng K, Zhang L, Wang Y, Yang D, Wang H, Wu Z, Li Y, Lan T, Dong Z, Xie P. Validation of the targeted metabolomic pathway in the hippocampus and comparative analysis with the prefrontal cortex of social defeat model mice. J Neurochem 2019; 149:799-810. [PMID: 30520040 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Neurology Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Chongqing China
| | - Yong He
- Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Chongqing China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Neurology Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Chongqing China
| | - Yu Tian
- Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Chongqing China
- Department of Neurology the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University ChongqingChina
| | - Ke Cheng
- Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Chongqing China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Chongqing China
| | - Deyu Yang
- Department of Neurology Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Chongqing China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Chongqing China
| | - Zhonghao Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Chongqing China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Chongqing China
| | - Tianlan Lan
- Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Chongqing China
| | - Zhifang Dong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Institute of Neuroscience and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science Chongqing Medical University Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology Chongqing China
- Department of Neurology the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University ChongqingChina
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Denihan NM, Kirwan JA, Walsh BH, Dunn WB, Broadhurst DI, Boylan GB, Murray DM. Untargeted metabolomic analysis and pathway discovery in perinatal asphyxia and hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:147-162. [PMID: 28840775 PMCID: PMC6311668 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17726502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating metabolic effects of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) may reveal early biomarkers of injury and new treatment targets. This study uses untargeted metabolomics to examine early metabolic alterations in a carefully defined neonatal population. Infants with perinatal asphyxia who were resuscitated at birth and recovered (PA group), those who developed HIE (HIE group) and healthy controls were all recruited at birth. Metabolomic analysis of cord blood was performed using direct infusion FT-ICR mass spectrometry. For each reproducibly detected metabolic feature, mean fold differences were calculated HIE vs. controls (ΔHIE) and PA vs. controls (ΔPA). Putative metabolite annotations were assigned and pathway analysis was performed. Twenty-nine putatively annotated metabolic features were significantly different in ΔPA after false discovery correction ( q < 0.05), with eight of these also significantly altered in ΔHIE. Altered putative metabolites included; melatonin, leucine, kynurenine and 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid which differentiated between infant groups (ΔPA and ΔHIE); and D-erythrose-phosphate, acetone, 3-oxotetradecanoic acid and methylglutarylcarnitine which differentiated across severity grades of HIE. Pathway analysis revealed ΔHIE was associated with a 50% and 75% perturbation of tryptophan and pyrimidine metabolism, respectively. We have identified perturbed metabolic pathways and potential biomarkers specific to PA and HIE, which measured at birth, may help direct treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M Denihan
- 1 Neonatal Brain Research Group, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,2 Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Brian H Walsh
- 4 Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,5 Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Warwick B Dunn
- 3 School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,6 Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David I Broadhurst
- 7 School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, Australia
| | - Geraldine B Boylan
- 1 Neonatal Brain Research Group, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,2 Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Deirdre M Murray
- 1 Neonatal Brain Research Group, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,2 Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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50
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Liu Y, Liu Z, Wei M, Hu M, Yue K, Bi R, Zhai S, Pi Z, Song F, Liu Z. Pharmacodynamic and urinary metabolomics studies on the mechanism of Schisandra polysaccharide in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Food Funct 2019; 10:432-447. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02067a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the antagonism of SCP in Aβ25–35-induced AD rats by intervening in neurotransmitters and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Zhongying Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130021
- China
| | - Mengying Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130021
- China
| | - Mingxin Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130021
- China
| | - Kexin Yue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130021
- China
| | - Rongbing Bi
- Institute of special animal and plant sciences of CAAS
- Changchun 130112
- China
| | - Shan Zhai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130021
- China
| | - Zifeng Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Fengrui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- National Center of Mass Spectrometry in Changchun
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
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