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Simental-Mendía LE, Simental-Mendía M, Sahebkar A, Atkin SL, Jamialahmadi T. Effect of Fibrate Treatment on Circulating Adipokine Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Arch Med Res 2024; 55:102957. [PMID: 38266418 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2024.102957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrates are widely used in the treatment of dyslipidemia and associated metabolic abnormalities; however, their effects on adipokines are unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY This meta-analysis of clinical trials aimed to evaluate the effect of fibrates on circulating adipokine levels. METHODS Only randomized controlled trials investigating the impact/effect of fibrate treatment on circulating adipokine levels were included from searches in PubMed-Medline, SCOPUS, ClinicalTrials.gov, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. A random effects model and the generic inverse variance method were used for the meta-analysis. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using the leave-one-out method. RESULTS This meta-analysis of 22 clinical trials showed a significant reduction on/in leptin (WMD: -1.58 ng/mL, 95% CI: -2.96, -0.20, p = 0.02, I2 = 0%), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) (WMD: -13.86 ng/mL, 95% CI: -26.70, -1.03, p = 0.03, I2 = 99%), and visfatin (WMD: -1.52 ng/mL, 95% CI: -2.49, -0.56, p = 0.002, I2 = 0%) after fibrate therapy; no significant effect was observed on adiponectin (WMD: -0.69 µg/ml, 95% CI: -1.40, 0.02, p = 0.06, I2 = 83%) and resistin (WMD: -2.27 ng/mL, 95% CI: -7.11, 2.57, p = 0.36, I2 = 0%). The sensitivity analysis was robust only for visfatin, while the effect size was sensitive to one arm for leptin, four for adiponectin, and two for PAI-1. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis showed that fibrate treatment significantly improves adipokine levels with a decrease in leptin, PAI-1, and visfatin, suggesting potential additional clinical therapeutic benefits through/of fibrate treatment on adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Simental-Mendía
- Biomedical Research Unit, Delegación Durango, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico.
| | - Mario Simental-Mendía
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Hospital Universitario Dr. José E. González, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Stephen L Atkin
- Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Zang L, Liu X, Xie X, Zhou X, Pan Y, Dai J. Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in early pregnancy, risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, potential pathways, and influencing factors in pregnant women: A nested case-control study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 326:121504. [PMID: 36965679 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although previous studies have reported an association between maternal serum perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) exposure and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk, results have been inconsistent. Few studies have focused on the combined effects of emerging and legacy PFASs on glucose homeostasis while humans are always exposed to multiple PFASs simultaneously. Moreover, the potential pathways by which PFAS exposure induces GDM are unclear. A total of 295 GDM cases and 295 controls were enrolled from a prospective cohort of 2700 pregnant women in Shanghai, China. In total, 16 PFASs were determined in maternal spot serum samples in early pregnancy. We used conditional logistic regression, multiple linear regression, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) to examine individual and joint effects of PFAS exposure on GDM risk and oral glucose tolerance test outcomes. The mediating effects of maternal serum biochemical parameters, including thyroid and liver function were further assessed. Maternal perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposure was associated with an increased risk of GDM (odds ratio (OR) = 1.68; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.10, 2.57), consistent with higher concentrations in GDM cases than controls. Based on mediation analysis, an increase in the free triiodothyronine to free thyroxine ratio partially explained the effect of this association. For continuous glycemic outcomes, positive associations were observed between several PFASs and 1-h and 2-h glucose levels. In BKMR, PFAS mixture exposure showed a positive trend with GDM incidence, although the CIs were wide. These associations were more pronounced among women with normal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI). Mixed PFAS congeners may affect glucose homeostasis by increasing 1-h glucose levels, with perfluorononanoic acid found to be a main contributor. Exposure to PFASs was associated with increased risk of GDM and disturbance in glucose homeostasis, especially in normal weight women. The PFAS-associated disruption of maternal thyroid function may alter glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaorui Liu
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xianjing Xie
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xuming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yitao Pan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Profound Modification of Fatty Acid Profile and Endocannabinoid-Related Mediators in PPARα Agonist Fenofibrate-Treated Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010709. [PMID: 36614161 PMCID: PMC9821630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fenofibrate (FBR), an oral medication used to treat dyslipidemia, is a ligand of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), a nuclear receptor that regulates the expression of metabolic genes able to control lipid metabolism and food intake. PPARα natural ligands include fatty acids (FA) and FA derivatives such as palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA), known to have anti-inflammatory and anorexigenic activities, respectively. We investigated changes in the FA profile and FA derivatives by HPLC and LC-MS in male C57BL/6J mice fed a standard diet with or without 0.2% fenofibrate (0.2% FBR) for 21 days. Induction of PPARα by 0.2% FBR reduced weight gain, food intake, feed efficiency, and liver lipids and induced a profound change in FA metabolism mediated by parallel enhanced mitochondrial and peroxisomal β-oxidation. The former effects led to a steep reduction of essential FA, particularly 18:3n3, with a consequent decrease of the n3-highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) score; the latter effect led to an increase of 16:1n7 and 18:1n9, suggesting enhanced hepatic de novo lipogenesis with increased levels of hepatic PEA and OEA, which may activate a positive feedback and further sustain reductions of body weight, hepatic lipids and feed efficiency.
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Azizi M, Bouyeh M, Seidavi A. Effects of different levels of fenofibrate on growth performance, carcase characteristics, abdominal fat, serum constitutes, immune system, caeca and microbial flora of broilers. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2032417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Azizi
- Department of Animal Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Bouyeh
- Department of Animal Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Alireza Seidavi
- Department of Animal Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
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Jones BA, Wang XX, Myakala K, Levi M. Nuclear Receptors and Transcription Factors in Obesity-Related Kidney Disease. Semin Nephrol 2021; 41:318-330. [PMID: 34715962 PMCID: PMC10187996 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Both obesity and chronic kidney disease are increasingly common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although obesity often co-exists with diabetes and hypertension, it has become clear over the past several decades that obesity is an independent cause of chronic kidney disease, termed obesity-related glomerulopathy. This review defines the attributes of obesity-related glomerulopathy and describes potential pharmacologic interventions. Interventions discussed include peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, the farnesoid X receptor, the Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5, and the vitamin D receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce A Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Xiaoxin X Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Komuraiah Myakala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Moshe Levi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC.
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Hu N, Chen C, Wang J, Huang J, Yao D, Li C. Atorvastatin Ester Regulates Lipid Metabolism in Hyperlipidemia Rats via the PPAR-signaling Pathway and HMGCR Expression in the Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11107. [PMID: 34681767 PMCID: PMC8538474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atorvastatin ester (Ate) is a structural trim of atorvastatin that can regulate hyperlipidemia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the lipid-lowering effect of Ate. Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were fed a high-fat diet for seven months and used as a hyperlipidemia model. The lipid level and liver function of the hyperlipidemia rats were studied by the levels of TG, TC, LDL, HDL, ALT, and AST in serum after intragastric administration with different doses of Ate. HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of the rat liver and gastrocnemius muscle. The lipid deposits in the liver of rats were observed by staining with ORO. The genes in the rat liver were sequenced by RNA-sequencing. The results of the RNA-sequencing were further examined by qRT-PCR and western blotting. Biochemical test results indicated that Ate could obviously improve the metabolic disorder and reduce both the ALT and AST levels in serum of the hyperlipidemia rats. Pathological results showed that Ate could improve HFD-induced lipid deposition and had no muscle toxicity. The RNA-sequencing results suggested that Ate affected liver lipid metabolism and cholesterol, metabolism in the hyperlipidemia-model rats may vary via the PPAR-signaling pathway. The western blotting and qRT-PCR results demonstrated the Ate-regulated lipid metabolism in the hyperlipidemia model through the PPAR-signaling pathway and HMGCR expression. In brief, Ate can significantly regulate the blood lipid level of the model rats, which may be achieved by regulating the PPAR-signaling pathway and HMGCR gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China;
| | - Chunyun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China;
| | - Jinhui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150000, China; (J.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Jian Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150000, China; (J.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Dahong Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Chunli Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China;
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Morán-Costoya A, Proenza AM, Gianotti M, Lladó I, Valle A. Sex Differences in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Estrogen Influence on the Liver-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:753-774. [PMID: 33736456 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a hepatic and systemic disorder with a complex multifactorial pathogenesis. Owing to the rising incidence of obesity and diabetes mellitus, the prevalence of NAFLD and its impact on global health care are expected to increase in the future. Differences in NAFLD exist between males and females, and among females depending on their reproductive status. Clinical and preclinical data show that females in the fertile age are more protected against NAFLD, and studies in postmenopausal women and ovariectomized animal models support a protective role for estrogens. Recent Advances: An efficient crosstalk between the liver and adipose tissue is necessary to regulate lipid and glucose metabolism, protecting the liver from steatosis and insulin resistance contributing to NALFD. New advances in the knowledge of sexual dimorphism in liver and adipose tissue are providing interesting clues about the sex differences in NAFLD pathogenesis that could inspire new therapeutic strategies. Critical Issues: Sex hormones influence key master regulators of lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in liver and adipose tissue. All these sex-biased metabolic adjustments shape the crosstalk between liver and adipose tissue, contributing to the higher protection of females to NAFLD. Future Directions: The development of novel drugs based on the protective action of estrogens, but without its feminizing or undesired side effects, might provide new therapeutic strategies for the management of NAFLD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 753-774.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Morán-Costoya
- Energy Metabolism and Nutrition Group, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain.,Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Ana M Proenza
- Energy Metabolism and Nutrition Group, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain.,Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research in the Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition Network, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Magdalena Gianotti
- Energy Metabolism and Nutrition Group, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain.,Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research in the Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition Network, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Lladó
- Energy Metabolism and Nutrition Group, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain.,Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research in the Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition Network, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adamo Valle
- Energy Metabolism and Nutrition Group, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain.,Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research in the Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition Network, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
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NMR-Based Metabolomics Approach to Investigate the Effects of Fruits of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus in a High-Fat Diet Induced Mouse Model. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080505. [PMID: 34436446 PMCID: PMC8398628 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is rapidly increasing and is recognized as a serious health problem. To investigate metabolic changes in an obese model after administration of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus, mice were divided into four groups: normal diet, high-fat diet (HFD), HFD with treatment fenofibrate, and A. sessiliflorus fruit extract. The liver tissue of mice was analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry-based metabolomics. In multivariate statistical analyses, the HFD group was discriminated from the normal diet group, and the group fed A. sessiliflorus fruit was discriminated from the HFD group. In biomarker analysis between the HFD group and the group fed A. sessiliflorus fruit, alanine, inosine, formate, pyroglutamate, taurine, and tyrosine, with AUC values of 0.7 or more, were found. The levels of these metabolites were distinguished from the HFD mouse model. Changes in these metabolites were confirmed to act on metabolic pathways related to antioxidant activity.
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Munro MJL, Hulsebosch SE, Marks SL, Gilor C. Efficacy of a micronized, nanocrystal fenofibrate formulation in treatment of hyperlipidemia in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1733-1742. [PMID: 34096101 PMCID: PMC8295657 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Safe, effective, and readily available drug therapies are required for the management of hyperlipidemia and its associated complications in dogs. Objectives To investigate the efficacy of a micronized, nanocrystal formulation of fenofibrate (Tricor) in the treatment of hyperlipidemia in dogs. Animals Ten client‐owned dogs with primary (n = 7) and secondary (n = 3) hyperlipidemia. All dogs had hypertriglyceridemia at baseline; 3 dogs also had hypercholesterolemia. Methods Prospective dose‐escalation study. Dogs were treated with fenofibrate orally once daily in up to 3 cycles of 21 days each. Fenofibrate dose was increased at the end of each cycle if hypertriglyceridemia persisted and adverse effects were not documented. Complete blood count, biochemistry, and urine protein:creatinine ratio were collected serially. Baseline (T0) parameters were compared to time of maximal reduction in serum triglyceride concentrations (T1) and reported as median (range). Results Triglycerides normalized in all dogs (T0 = 662 mg/dL [189‐2391]; T1 = 113 mg/dL [81‐132]; P = .002). Fenofibrate dose at T1 = 6.4 mg/kg PO q24h (range, 2.2‐13.5). T1 was achieved at 3 (n = 4), 6 (n = 4), and 9 (n = 2) weeks. Serum cholesterol concentrations decreased in 9 of 10 dogs. Quiet demeanor and firm stools in 1 dog were the only reported adverse reactions. Fenofibrate administration resulted in a significant reduction in median alkaline phosphatase activity (P = .049). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Over 21 to 63 days, TriCor was effective in the management of primary and secondary hyperlipidemia in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J L Munro
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, California 95616, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Sean E Hulsebosch
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Stanley L Marks
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Chen Gilor
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, USA.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2560 SE 16th Ave., Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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10
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Obesity and aging: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101268. [PMID: 33556548 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The epidemic of obesity is a major challenge for health policymakers due to its far-reaching effects on population health and potentially overwhelming financial burden on healthcare systems. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing acute and chronic diseases, including hypertension, stroke, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Interestingly, the metabolic dysregulation associated with obesity is similar to that observed in normal aging, and substantial evidence suggests the potential of obesity to accelerate aging. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of fat tissue dysfunction in obesity could provide insights into the processes that contribute to the metabolic dysfunction associated with the aging process. Here, we review the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying both obesity and aging, and how obesity and aging can predispose individuals to chronic health complications. The potential of lifestyle and pharmacological interventions to counter obesity and obesity-related pathologies, as well as aging, is also addressed.
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Shin Y, Lee M, Lee D, Jang J, Shin SS, Yoon M. Fenofibrate Regulates Visceral Obesity and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Obese Female Ovariectomized C57BL/6J Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3675. [PMID: 33916086 PMCID: PMC8038108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrates, including fenofibrate, are a class of hypolipidemic drugs that activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), which in-turn regulates the expression of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism genes. We investigated whether fenofibrate can reduce visceral obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via adipose tissue PPARα activation in female ovariectomized (OVX) C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), a mouse model of obese postmenopausal women. Fenofibrate reduced body weight gain (-38%, p < 0.05), visceral adipose tissue mass (-46%, p < 0.05), and visceral adipocyte size (-20%, p < 0.05) in HFD-fed obese OVX mice. In addition, plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, as well as free fatty acids, triglycerides, and total cholesterol, were decreased. Fenofibrate also inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation (-69%, p < 0.05) and infiltration of macrophages (-72%, p < 0.05), while concomitantly upregulating the expression of fatty acid β-oxidation genes targeted by PPARα and decreasing macrophage infiltration and mRNA expression of inflammatory factors in visceral adipose tissue. These results suggest that fenofibrate inhibits visceral obesity, as well as hepatic steatosis and inflammation, in part through visceral adipose tissue PPARα activation in obese female OVX mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 35349, Korea; (Y.S.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Mijeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 35349, Korea; (Y.S.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Dongju Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 35349, Korea; (Y.S.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Joonseong Jang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 35349, Korea; (Y.S.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Soon Shik Shin
- Department of Formula Sciences, College of Korean Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Korea
| | - Michung Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mokwon University, Daejeon 35349, Korea; (Y.S.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (J.J.)
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12
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Lu X, Zhong R, Hu L, Huang L, Chen L, Cheng W, Zheng B, Liang P. DHA-enriched phospholipids from large yellow croaker roe regulate lipid metabolic disorders and gut microbiota imbalance in SD rats with a high-fat diet. Food Funct 2021; 12:4825-4841. [PMID: 33949580 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00747e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Large yellow croaker roe phospholipids (LYCRPLs) have great nutritional value because they are rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA). In previous research, we studied the effect of LYCRPLs on the inhibition of triglyceride accumulation at the cellular level. However, its lipid regulation effect in rats on a high-fat diet and its influence on the gut microbiota has not yet been clarified. In this study, a high-fat diet was used to induce the lipid metabolism disorder in SD rats, and simvastatin, low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose LYCRPLs were given by intragastric administration for 8 weeks. The rats' body weight, food intake, organ index, blood biochemical indicators, epididymal fat tissue and liver histopathology were compared and analyzed. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology and bioinformatics analysis technology were also used to analyze the diversity of gut microbiota in rats. We found that LYCRPLs can significantly regulate lipid metabolism, and improve the gut microbiota disorder induced in rats by a high-fat diet. These results can lay a foundation for the study of the regulation mechanism of LYCRPLs lipid metabolism, and also provide a theoretical basis for the development of LYCRPLs as functional food additives and excipients with hypolipidemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Lu
- Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, P.R. China. and College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, P.R. China and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Rongbin Zhong
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Ling Hu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Luyao Huang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Lijiao Chen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Wenjian Cheng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Baodong Zheng
- Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, P.R. China. and College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, P.R. China and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Peng Liang
- Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, P.R. China. and College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, P.R. China
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Zubrzycki A, Wrońska A, Kotulak-Chrząszcz A, Wierzbicki PM, Kmieć Z. Fenofibrate impairs liver function and structure more pronounced in old than young rats. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2020; 91:104244. [PMID: 32927318 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2020.104244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since old animals are known to accumulate lipids in some organs, we compared effects of fenofibrate (FN) on systemic lipid metabolism, activity of liver marker enzymes and structure in young and old rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Young and old rats were fed chow supplemented with 0.1 % or 0.5 % FN. After 30 days, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) was performed, and blood and liver samples were collected. RESULTS In young rats, 0.1 % FN, but not 0.5 % FN, decreased serum Chol by 74 %, and did not affect TG levels at either doses. In old rats, 0.5 % FN, but not 0.1 % FN, decreased Chol and TG level by 56 % and 49 %, respectively. In young rats, 0.1 % and 0.5 % FN increased serum activity of ALP by 227 % and 260 %, respectively, and did not affect AST and ALT activities. In old rats, only 0.5 % FN increased serum ALP activity by 150 %, respectively. In old rats, neither dose of FN affected serum AST activity, and only 0.5 % FN increased serum ALT activity by 200 %. The histological examination of liver structure revealed that both doses of FN impaired lobular architecture, expansion of bile canaliculi, and degeneration of parenchymal cells with the presence of cells containing fat droplets; administration of FN increased area occupied by collagen fibers. CONCLUSIONS Although 0.5 % FN decreased serum Chol concentration, it increased serum ALP activity and impaired liver structure in both in both age groups of rats. Thus, FN treatment should be under the control of liver function, especially in older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Zubrzycki
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Agata Wrońska
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | | | - Zbigniew Kmieć
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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14
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Abdelmoneim D, El-Adl M, El-Sayed G, El-Sherbini ES. Protective effect of fenofibrate against high-fat-high-fructose diet induced non-obese NAFLD in rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2020; 35:379-388. [PMID: 32757283 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the protective effects of fenofibrate on liver function, oxidant-antioxidant balance, and insulin resistance (IR) in rats fed high-fat-high-fructose diet (HFFD). Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats (110-130 gm) were allocated into four equal groups (n = 6). Rats in group I were fed a normal diet for 4 weeks. Rats in group II were fed a normal diet with fenofibrate at 50 mg/kg/day orally for four weeks. Rats in group III were fed a normal diet mixed with 25% palm oil and given 60% fructose solution orally for 4 weeks. Rats in group IV were fed a normal diet mixed with 25% palm oil, 60% oral fructose solution, and fenofibrate at 50 mg/kg/day orally for four weeks. After experimental induction, serum and liver tissue samples were collected to determine lipid profiles, glycemic status, antioxidant status, oxidative and stress markers, and histopathology of liver tissues. The results of the present study revealed that fenofibrate prevents the occurrence of fatty liver, enhancing glycemic status, decreasing oxidative stress, and improving antioxidant status. It can be concluded that fenofibrate has a lipotropic and antidiabetic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Abdelmoneim
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, P.O. 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Adl
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, P.O. 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Gehad El-Sayed
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, P.O. 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - El Said El-Sherbini
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, P.O. 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
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15
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Dávalos-Salas M, Mariadason JM, Watt MJ, Montgomery MK. Molecular regulators of lipid metabolism in the intestine - Underestimated therapeutic targets for obesity? Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 178:114091. [PMID: 32535104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes continues to rise across the globe necessitating the need to identify new therapeutic approaches to manage these diseases. In this review, we explore the potential for therapeutic interventions focussed on the intestinal epithelium, by targeting the role of this tissue in lipid uptake, lipid-mediated cross talk and lipid oxidation. We focus initially on ongoing strategies to manage obesity by targeting the essential role of the intestinal epithelium in lipid uptake, and in mediating tissue cross talk to regulate food intake. Subsequently, we explore a previously underestimated capacity of intestinal epithelial cells to oxidize fatty acids. In this context, we describe recent findings which have unveiled a key role for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family of nuclear receptors and histone deacetylases (HDACs) in the regulation of lipid oxidation genes in enterocytes and how targeted genetic manipulation of these factors in enterocytes reduces weight gain, identifying intestinal PPARs and HDACs as potential therapeutic targets in the management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Dávalos-Salas
- Olivia Newton John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John M Mariadason
- Olivia Newton John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew J Watt
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Magdalene K Montgomery
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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16
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Franco ME, Fernandez-Luna MT, Ramirez AJ, Lavado R. Metabolomic-based assessment reveals dysregulation of lipid profiles in human liver cells exposed to environmental obesogens. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 398:115009. [PMID: 32353385 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Significant attention has been given to the potential of environmental chemicals to disrupt lipid homeostasis at the cellular level. These chemicals, classified as obesogens, are abundantly used in a wide variety of consumer products. However, there is a significant lack of information regarding the mechanisms by which environmental exposure can contribute to the onset of obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Several studies have described the interaction of potential obesogens with lipid-related peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR). However, no studies have quantified the degree of modification to lipidomic profiles in relevant human models, making it difficult to directly link PPAR agonists to the onset of lipid-related diseases. A quantitative metabolomic approach was used to examine the dysregulation of lipid metabolism in human liver cells upon exposure to potential obesogenic compounds. The chemicals rosiglitazone, perfluorooctanoic acid, di-2-ethylexylphthalate, and tributyltin significantly increased total lipids in liver cells, being diglycerides, triglycerides and phosphatidylcholines the most prominent. Contrarily, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and the pharmaceutical fenofibrate appeared to lower total lipid concentrations, especially those belonging to the acylcarnitine, ceramide, triglyceride, and phosphatidylcholine groups. Fluorescence microscopy analysis for cellular neutral lipids revealed significant lipid bioaccumulation upon exposure to obesogens at environmentally relevant concentrations. This integrated omics analysis provides unique mechanistic insight into the potential of these environmental pollutants to promote diseases like obesity and NAFLD. Furthermore, this study provides a significant contribution to advance the understanding of molecular signatures related to obesogenic chemicals and to the development of alternatives to in vivo experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco E Franco
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | | | - Alejandro J Ramirez
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Ramon Lavado
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America.
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17
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Arika WM, Kibiti CM, Njagi JM, Ngugi MP. Anti-obesity effects of dichloromethane leaf extract of Gnidia glauca in high fat diet-induced obese rats. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02800. [PMID: 31844729 PMCID: PMC6895710 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by increased adipose tissue mass due to positive energy balance. Prescription of anti-obesity drugs can be useful adjuncts to diet and exercise for obese patients who have failed to achieve weight loss. However, these drugs are ineffective and are associated with adverse effects. In recent times, medicinal plants have drawn a sharp focus owing to their biocompatibility and effectiveness. Attempts to determine the therapeutic effects and identification of bio-active principles from herbal prescriptions have become the prime focus in the validation of their folkloric usage and in drug discovery programs. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the anti-obesity effects of Dichloromethane leaf extract of Gnidia glauca in high-fat-diet-induced obese rats. METHODS Obesity was induced experimentally in white albino Wistar rats by feeding them with prepared high-fat-diet and water ad libitum for a period of 12 weeks. The in-vivo anti-obesity effects were determined by oral administration of Gnidia glauca at dosage levels of 200, 250 and 300 mg/kg body weight from the 6th to 12th week of study. Phytochemical analysis of Gnidia glauca was conducted using gas chromatography linked to mass spectrophotometer. RESULTS The results indicated that Gnidia glauca exhibited potent anti-obesity effects. It significantly reduced the body weight, organ weights, organo-somatic indices, anthropometric indices, the total fat content, adiposity index, atherogenic index as well as various lipid profiles. It also decreased the total feed intake. However, it significantly increased levels of high-density lipoproteins and rectal body temperature of rats. Quantitative phytochemical analysis also revealed the presence of various phytocompounds that have shown to be associated with anti-obesity effects. CONCLUSION The anti-obesity effects of Gnidia glauca maybe attributed to the phytochemicals present. The present study, therefore, scientifically validates the traditional use of Gnidia glauca as a potential candidate for the synthesis of new effective anti-obesity supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wycliffe Makori Arika
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cromwell Mwiti Kibiti
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, P.O. Box 90420 - 80100, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Joan Murugi Njagi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Environmental Sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mathew Piero Ngugi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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18
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The metabolic regulation of fenofibrate is dependent on dietary protein content in male juveniles of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Br J Nutr 2019; 122:648-656. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519001594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe fenofibrate functions in mammals could be affected by many factors such as dietary nutrient levels and physiological status. However, this phenomenon has not been well studied in fish. The goal of our study was to investigate the effect of dietary protein contents on metabolic regulation of fenofibrate in Nile tilapia. An 8-week experiment was conducted to feed fish with four diets at two protein levels (28 and 38 %) with or without the supplementation of fenofibrate (200 mg/kg body weight per d). After the trial, the body morphometric parameters, plasma biochemical parameters and quantitative PCR data were examined. These results showed that fenofibrate significantly reduced the feeding intake and weight gain rate, increased the oxidative stress (increased plasma methane dicarboxylic aldehyde) and liver : body ratio (increased hepatosomatic index) in the low protein (LP)-fed fish. In contrast, fenofibrate exhibited a lipid-lowering (reduced hepatic lipid) effect and up-regulated the expressions of the genes related to lipid catabolism, transport and anabolic metabolism in the high protein (HP)-fed fish. The present study suggested that lipid-lowering effect of fenofibrate would be strengthened in the fish fed with the HP diet containing high energy, but in the fish fed with the LP diet containing low energy, the fenofibrate treatment would cause adverse effects for metabolism. Taking together, our study showed that the metabolic regulation of fenofibrate in Nile tilapia was dependent not only on feed energy content but also on dietary nutrient composition, such as dietary protein and/or lipid levels.
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19
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Beta-caryophyllene protects against diet-induced dyslipidemia and vascular inflammation in rats: Involvement of CB2 and PPAR-γ receptors. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 297:16-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Bougarne N, Weyers B, Desmet SJ, Deckers J, Ray DW, Staels B, De Bosscher K. Molecular Actions of PPARα in Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:760-802. [PMID: 30020428 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a nuclear receptor of clinical interest as a drug target in various metabolic disorders. PPARα also exhibits marked anti-inflammatory capacities. The first-generation PPARα agonists, the fibrates, have however been hampered by drug-drug interaction issues, statin drop-in, and ill-designed cardiovascular intervention trials. Notwithstanding, understanding the molecular mechanisms by which PPARα works will enable control of its activities as a drug target for metabolic diseases with an underlying inflammatory component. Given its role in reshaping the immune system, the full potential of this nuclear receptor subtype as a versatile drug target with high plasticity becomes increasingly clear, and a novel generation of agonists may pave the way for novel fields of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bougarne
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Laboratory, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Basiel Weyers
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Laboratory, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie J Desmet
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Laboratory, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie Deckers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
| | - David W Ray
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bart Staels
- Université de Lille, U1011-European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France
- INSERM, U1011, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Laboratory, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
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21
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Kumar D, Goand UK, Gupta S, Shankar K, Varshney S, Rajan S, Srivastava A, Gupta A, Vishwakarma AL, Srivastava AK, Gaikwad AN. Saroglitazar reduces obesity and associated inflammatory consequences in murine adipose tissue. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 822:32-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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22
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Frias FDT, Rocha KCE, de Mendonça M, Murata GM, Araujo HN, de Sousa LGO, de Sousa É, Hirabara SM, Leite NDC, Carneiro EM, Curi R, Silveira LR, Rodrigues AC. Fenofibrate reverses changes induced by high-fat diet on metabolism in mice muscle and visceral adipocytes. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3515-3528. [PMID: 28926107 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of fenofibrate on the metabolism of skeletal muscle and visceral white adipose tissue of diet-induced obese (DIO) mice was investigated. C57BL/6J male mice were fed either a control or high-fat diet for 8 weeks. Fenofibrate (50 mg/Kg BW, daily) was administered by oral gavage during the last two weeks of the experimental period. Insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism in soleus muscles, glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, indirect calorimetry, lipolysis of visceral white adipose tissue, expression of miR-103-3p in adipose tissue, and miR-1a, miR-133a/b, miR-206, let7b-5p, miR-23b-3p, miR-29-3p, miR-143-3p in soleus muscle, genes related to glucose and fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue and soleus muscle, and proteins (phospho-AMPKα2, Pgc1α, Cpt1b), intramuscular lipid staining, and activities of fatty acid oxidation enzymes in skeletal muscle were investigated. In DIO mice, fenofibrate prevented weight gain induced by HFD feeding by increasing energy expenditure; improved whole body glucose homeostasis, and in skeletal muscle, increased insulin dependent glucose uptake, miR-1a levels, reduced intramuscular lipid accumulation, and phospho-AMPKα2 levels. In visceral adipose tissue of obese mice, fenofibrate decreased basal lipolysis rate and visceral adipocytes hypertrophy, and induced the expression of Glut-4, Irs1, and Cav-1 mRNA and miR-103-3p suggesting a higher insulin sensitivity of the adipocytes. The evidence is presented herein that beneficial effects of fenofibrate on body weight, glucose homeostasis, and muscle metabolism might be related to its action in adipose tissue. Moreover, fenofibrate regulates miR-1a-3p in soleus and miR-103-3p in adipose tissue, suggesting these microRNAs might contribute to fenofibrate beneficial effects on metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia de T Frias
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina C E Rocha
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana de Mendonça
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilson M Murata
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hygor N Araujo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís G O de Sousa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Érica de Sousa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro M Hirabara
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Science, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nayara de C Leite
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Everardo M Carneiro
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Science, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo R Silveira
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alice C Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Pemafibrate, a novel selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulator, improves the pathogenesis in a rodent model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42477. [PMID: 28195199 PMCID: PMC5307366 DOI: 10.1038/srep42477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α-agonists (e.g., fibrates) against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in humans is not known. Pemafibrate is a novel selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α modulator that can maximize the beneficial effects and minimize the adverse effects of fibrates used currently. In a phase-2 study, pemafibrate was shown to improve liver dysfunction in patients with dyslipidaemia. In the present study, we first investigated the effect of pemafibrate on rodent models of NASH. Pemafibrate efficacy was assessed in a diet-induced rodent model of NASH compared with fenofibrate. Pemafibrate and fenofibrate improved obesity, dyslipidaemia, liver dysfunction, and the pathological condition of NASH. Pemafibrate improved insulin resistance and increased energy expenditure significantly. To investigate the effects of pemafibrate, we analysed the gene expressions and protein levels involved in lipid metabolism. We also analysed uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) expression. Pemafibrate stimulated lipid turnover and upregulated UCP3 expression in the liver. Levels of acyl-CoA oxidase 1 and UCP3 protein were increased by pemafibrate significantly. Pemafibrate can improve the pathogenesis of NASH by modulation of lipid turnover and energy metabolism in the liver. Pemafibrate is a promising therapeutic agent for NAFLD/NASH.
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24
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Ning LJ, He AY, Lu DL, Li JM, Qiao F, Li DL, Zhang ML, Chen LQ, Du ZY. Nutritional background changes the hypolipidemic effects of fenofibrate in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Sci Rep 2017; 7:41706. [PMID: 28139735 PMCID: PMC5282496 DOI: 10.1038/srep41706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferation activated receptor α (PPARα) is an important transcriptional regulator of lipid metabolism and is activated by high-fat diet (HFD) and fibrates in mammals. However, whether nutritional background affects PPARα activation and the hypolipidemic effects of PPARα ligands have not been investigated in fish. In the present two-phase study of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), fish were first fed a HFD (13% fat) or low-fat diet (LFD; 1% fat) diet for 10 weeks, and then fish from the first phase were fed the HFD or LFD supplemented with 200 mg/kg body weight fenofibrate for 4 weeks. The results indicated that the HFD did not activate PPARα or other lipid catabolism-related genes. Hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation increased significantly in the HFD and LFD groups after the fenofibrate treatment, when exogenous substrates were sufficiently provided. Only in the HFD group, fenofibrate significantly increased hepatic PPARα mRNA and protein expression, and decreased liver and plasma triglyceride concentrations. This is the first study to show that body fat deposition and dietary lipid content affects PPARα activation and the hypolipidemic effects of fenofibrate in fish, and this could be due to differences in substrate availability for lipid catabolism in fish fed with different diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Ning
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - An-Yuan He
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Liang Lu
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Min Li
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Qiao
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Liang Li
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Qiao Chen
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Environmental Health (LANEH), School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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25
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Boyle KE, Friedman JE, Janssen RC, Underkofler C, Houmard JA, Rasouli N. Metabolic Inflexibility with Obesity and the Effects of Fenofibrate on Skeletal Muscle Fatty Acid Oxidation. Horm Metab Res 2017; 49:50-57. [PMID: 28103623 PMCID: PMC6771427 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-111517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate mechanisms of lipid metabolic inflexibility in human obesity and the ability of fenofibrate (FENO) to increase skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in primary human skeletal muscle cell cultures (HSkMC) exhibiting metabolic inflexibility. HSkMC from 10 lean and 10 obese, insulin resistant subjects were treated with excess fatty acid for 24 h (24hFA) to gauge lipid-related metabolic flexibility. Metabolically inflexible HSkMC from obese individuals were then treated with 24hFA in combination with FENO to determine effectiveness for increasing FAO. Mitochondrial enzyme activity and FAO were measured in skeletal muscle from subjects with prediabetes (n=11) before and after 10 weeks of fenofibrate in vivo. 24hFA increased FAO to a greater extent in HSkMC from lean versus obese subjects (+49% vs. +9%, for lean vs. obese, respectively; p<0.05) indicating metabolic inflexibility with obesity. Metabolic inflexibility was not observed for measures of cellular respiration in permeabilized cells using carbohydrate substrate. Fenofibrate co-incubation with 24hFA, increased FAO in a subset of HSkMC from metabolically inflexible, obese subjects (p<0.05), which was eliminated by PPARα antagonist. In vivo, fenofibrate treatment increased skeletal muscle FAO in a subset of subjects with prediabetes but did not affect gene transcription or mitochondrial enzyme activity. Lipid metabolic inflexibility observed in HSkMC from obese subjects is not due to differences in electron transport flux, but rather upstream decrements in lipid metabolism. Fenofibrate increases the capacity for FAO in human skeletal muscle cells, though its role in skeletal muscle metabolism in vivo remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E. Boyle
- Division of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Jacob E. Friedman
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Rachel C. Janssen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Chantal Underkofler
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Joseph A. Houmard
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC USA
| | - Neda Rasouli
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO USA
- Veterans Administration Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, CO USA
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Potential involvement of PPAR α activation in diminishing the hepatoprotective effect of fenofibrate in NAFLD: Accuracy of non- invasive panel in determining the stage of liver fibrosis in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 85:68-78. [PMID: 27930988 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Fenofibrate (FF) is a hypolipedmic drug and one of the PPARα agonists which is a drug target for non alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD), no studies had investigated its potential hepatic effects in such cases. AIM To compare between the effect of FF and Gemfibrozil (GF) on the prognosis of NAFLD in rats. METHODS Sixty four rats were used and classified into two main groups. Group I (treated for 6 weeks): naïve, FF, GF groups and Group II (treated for 14 weeks and drugs were added at the last 6 weeks): Control, high fat diet (HFD) untreated, HFD+FF, HFD+FF+folic acid (FA) and HFD+GF groups. Body weight (BW), liver index (LI), renal perfusion test (RPT), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), serum creatinine (S.cr), plasma homocysteine (Hcy), liver function, non invasive markers of fibrosis and histopathology were done. RESULTS HFD produced significant increase (P<0.05) in BW, LI, S.cr, plasma Hcy, lipid profile and liver enzymes. It showed significant (P<0.05) decrease in GFR and RPT. These findings were correlated to the histopathology. FF through its effect on GFR and renal function induced significant increase in plasma Hcy and that decreased its effectiveness in managing NAFLD associated with hyperlipidemia. The addition of FA improved significantly its hypolipidemic and hepatotoxic effects.GF showed none of the above FF effects and this may be due to its low affinity to PPAR α. CONCLUSIONS There is preference of adding FA to FF or using GF instead in cases of NAFLD. Moreover, this work implies the enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) panel diagnostic performance in diagnosis of any and moderate degree of fibrosis in rats with NAFLD.
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Lin SY, Huang GC, Hsieh YY, Lin YS, Han CH, Wen CL, Chang CI, Hou WC. Vitis thunbergii var. taiwaniana Extracts and Purified Compounds Ameliorate Obesity in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9286-9294. [PMID: 26448517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of obesity continues to gain more attention worldwide. In this study, diet-induced obese mice were used to evaluate the antiobesity effects of extracts, fractions, and purified compounds from Vitis thunbergii var. taiwaniana (VTT). The C57BL/6J mice were fed a 5-week high-fat diet (HF) concurrently with ethanol extracts (Et-ext, 80 mg/kg) from roots (R), stems (S), and leaves (L) by oral gavage daily. Only R-Et-ext interventions showed significant weight reduction in mice compared with those in the HF group; however, mouse plasma contents of total cholesterols (TC), total triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) of all three Et-ext intervened groups showed significant reductions compared with those in the HF group. Furthermore, intervention with the ethyl acetate-partitioned fraction (EA-fra, 60 mg/kg) from R-Et-ext but not the n-butanol-partitioned fraction or water fraction from R-Et-ext showed significant weight reduction in mice compared with those in the HF group. The same molecular weights of three resveratrol tetramers, (+)-hopeaphenol, (+)-vitisin A, and (-)-vitisin B, were isolated from the EA-fra of VTT-R. The (+)-vitisin A and fenofibrate (25 mg/kg) but not the (+)-hopeaphenol and (-)-vitisin B interventions showed significant weight reduction in mice compared with those in the HF group. The total feed intake among the HF groups with or without interventions showed no significant differences. The mouse plasma contents of TC, TG, LDL, free fatty acid, and plasma lipase activity of the three resveratrol tetramer-intervened groups showed reductions in the mice compared with those in the HF group. It was proposed that the lipase inhibitory activities of VTT extracts and purified resveratrol tetramers might contribute in part to the antiobesity effect, and these results suggested that VTT may be developed as functional food for achieving antiobesity objectives and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyr-Yi Lin
- Department of General Medicine, Taipei Medical University , and Department of Primary Care Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Cheng Huang
- Division of Hemato-oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yuan's General Hospital , Kaohsiung 80249, Taiwan
- Department of Leisure and Recreation Industry Management, College of Humanities and Management, Fooyin University , Kaohsiung 831, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ying Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University , Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Shiou Lin
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University , Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Hsiao Han
- Department of Health and Creative Vegetarian Science, Fo Guang University , Yilan 262, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Luan Wen
- Taiwan Seed Improvement and Propagation Station, Council of Agriculture , Taichung 426, Taiwan
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital , Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chi-I Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology , Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Hou
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University , Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital , Taipei 110, Taiwan
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Anti-hyperlipidemic and fat pad lowering effect of standardized tea seed cake extract in mice fed high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-014-0487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Lin CH, Kuo YH, Shih CC. Effects of Bofu-Tsusho-San on diabetes and hyperlipidemia associated with AMP-activated protein kinase and glucose transporter 4 in high-fat-fed mice. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:20022-44. [PMID: 25375187 PMCID: PMC4264153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151120022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to examine the effect and mechanism of Bofu-tsusho-san formula (BO) on hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia and in mice fed with a high-fat (HF) diet. The C57BL/6J mice were received control/HF diet for 12 weeks, and oral administration of BO (at three doses) or rosiglitazone (Rosi) or vehicle for the last 4 weeks. Blood, skeletal muscle and tissues were examined by means of measuring glycaemia and dyslipidaemia-associated events. BO treatment effectively prevented HF diet-induced increases in the levels of triglyceride (TG), free fatty acid (FFA) and leptin (p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.01, respectively). BO treatment exhibited reduced both visceral fat mass and hepatic triacylglycerol content; moreover, BO treatment displayed significantly decreased both the average area of the cut of adipocytes and ballooning of hepatocytes. BO treatment exerted increased the protein contents of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in skeletal muscle, and caused lowered blood glucose levels. BO treatment displayed increased levels of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in both skeletal muscle and liver tissue. Furthermore, BO reduced the hepatic expression of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and phosphenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose production. Therefore, it is possible that the activation of AMPK by BO leads to diminished gluconeogenesis in liver tissue. BO increased hepatic expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), whereas down-regulating decreasing expressions of fatty acid synthesis, including sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) and fatty acid synthase (FAS), resulting in a decrease in circulating triglycerides. This study originally provides the evidence that amelioration of dyslipidemic and diabetic state by BO in HF-fed mice occurred by regulation of GLUT4, SREBP1c, FAS, PPARα, adiponectin and AMPK phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsiu Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Feng-Yuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Fengyuan District, Taichung City 42055, Taiwan.
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Ching Shih
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Health Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 666, Buzih Road, Beitun District, Taichung City 40601, Taiwan.
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Unraveling the complex relationship triad between lipids, obesity, and inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:502749. [PMID: 25258478 PMCID: PMC4166426 DOI: 10.1155/2014/502749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity today stands at the intersection between inflammation and metabolic disorders causing an aberration of immune activity, and resulting in increased risk for diabetes, atherosclerosis, fatty liver, and pulmonary inflammation to name a few. Increases in mortality and morbidity in obesity related inflammation have initiated studies to explore different lipid mediated molecular pathways of attempting resolution that uncover newer therapeutic opportunities of anti-inflammatory components. Majorly the thromboxanes, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lipoxins, and so forth form the group of lipid mediators influencing inflammation. Of special mention are the omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids that regulate inflammatory mediators of interest in hepatocytes and adipocytes via the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. They also exhibit profound effects on eicosanoid production. The inflammatory cyclooxygenase pathway arising from arachidonic acid is a critical step in the progression of inflammatory responses. New oxygenated products of omega-3 metabolism, namely, resolvins and protectins, behave as endogenous mediators exhibiting powerful anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory actions via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). In this review we attempt to discuss the complex pathways and links between obesity and inflammation particularly in relation to different lipid mediators.
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BrahmaNaidu P, Nemani H, Meriga B, Mehar SK, Potana S, Ramgopalrao S. Mitigating efficacy of piperine in the physiological derangements of high fat diet induced obesity in Sprague Dawley rats. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 221:42-51. [PMID: 25087745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
An increased risk of obesity has become a common public health concern as it is associated with hypertension, diabetes, osteoarthritis, heart diseases, liver steatosis etc. Pharmacological intervention with natural product-based drugs is considered a healthier alternative to treat obesity. This study was aimed to evaluate anti-obesity effects of piperine on high fat diet (HFD) induced obesity in rats. Piperine was isolated from methanolic extract of Piper nigrum by using column chromatography and confirmed by LC-MS analysis. Male SD rats were fed HFD initially for 15weeks to induce obesity. After induction of obesity, piperine was supplemented in different doses (20, 30 and 40mg/kgb.wt) through HFD for 42days to experimental rats. HFD induced changes in body weight, body composition, fat percentage, adiposity index, blood pressure, plasma levels of glucose, insulin resistance, leptin, adiponectin, plasma and tissue lipid profiles, liver antioxidants were explained. The activities of lipase, amylase and lipid metabolic marker enzymes such as HMG-CoA reductase, carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT), fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were assessed in experimental rats. Supplementation of piperine at a dose of 40mg/kgb.wt has significantly (p<0.05) reversed the HFD-induced alterations in experimental rats in a dose dependant manner, the maximum therapeutic effect being noted at a dose of 40mg/kgb.wt. Our study concludes that piperine can be well considered as an effective bioactive molecule to suppress of body weight, improve insulin and leptin sensitivity, ultimately leading to regulate obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parim BrahmaNaidu
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Harishankar Nemani
- National Center for Laboratory Animal Sciences, National Institute of Nutrition (Indian Council of Medical Research), Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Balaji Meriga
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Santosh Kumar Mehar
- Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sailaja Potana
- National Center for Laboratory Animal Sciences, National Institute of Nutrition (Indian Council of Medical Research), Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sajjalaguddam Ramgopalrao
- Department of Biotechnology, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Lee MR, Begum S, Oh DS, Wee AJ, Yun BS, Sung CK. Ameliorating Effect of Mycoleptodonoides aitchisonii on High-fat Diet-induced Obese Mice. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2014; 19:69-74. [PMID: 25054104 PMCID: PMC4103730 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2014.19.2.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the anti-obesity effects of Mycoleptodonoides aitchisonii (MA) in mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet. Two groups were fed either a normal control diet or an HF (45% kcal fat) diet for 12 weeks and three groups were fed an HF diet supplemented with powdered MA (MAP, 1%, 3%, and 5%) for 12 weeks. The anti-obesity effects of MAP supplementation on body weight, fat mass development, and lipid-related markers were assessed. Consumption of an HF diet resulted in increased body weight, serum lipids, relative adipose tissues weight, and liver fat accumulation. However, administration of MAP significantly decreased body weight gain, food intake, food efficiency ratio, hepatic cholesterol level, and adipose tissue weight in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, treatment with MAP significantly reduced the occurrence of fatty liver deposits and steatosis, and inhibited an HF diet-induced increase in adipocyte size. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with MAP exerts anti-obesity effects and indicate that MAP could be used as a functional food to control obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ra Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Shahnaz Begum
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Deuk Sil Oh
- Jeollanam-do Forest Resource Research Institute, Jeonnam 520-833, Korea
| | - An Jin Wee
- Jeollanam-do Forest Resource Research Institute, Jeonnam 520-833, Korea
| | - Byung Sun Yun
- Jeollanam-do Forest Resource Research Institute, Jeonnam 520-833, Korea
| | - Chang Keun Sung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
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Chen M, Deng D, Fang Z, Xu M, Hu H, Luo L, Wang Y. Fenofibrate increases serum vaspin by upregulating its expression in adipose tissue. Endocrine 2014; 45:409-21. [PMID: 23918212 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-0023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fenofibrate is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α that has been clinically used to treat dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying fenofibrate action, we investigated whether fenofibrate affects serum levels of vaspin, an adipocytokine that has recently been shown to link obesity and insulin resistance. Fenofibrate treatment significantly increased serum vaspin levels of dyslipidemic patients, which correlated with reduced body weight and increased insulin sensitivity. To elucidate the biochemical mechanisms of fenofibrate action, we investigated the effect of fenofibrate on vaspin mRNA and protein expressions in obese rats. Fenofibrate greatly increased vaspin mRNA and protein levels in visceral adipose tissue consisting of retroperitoneal, mesenteric, and periepididymal adipose tissue but not in the subcutaneous adipose tissue, which correlated with increased serum vaspin levels and increased insulin sensitivity in obese rats. Consistent with a direct effect on vaspin expression, fenofibrate treatment significantly increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of vaspin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Together, our results demonstrate for the first time that fenofibrate upregulates vaspin expression in dyslipidemic human subjects and suggest that upregulation of vaspin expression in adipocytes may provide a mechanism by which fenofibrate improves insulin sensitivity in dyslipidemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Chen
- Institute of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
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Greene-Schloesser D, Payne V, Peiffer AM, Hsu FC, Riddle DR, Zhao W, Chan MD, Metheny-Barlow L, Robbins ME. The peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α agonist, fenofibrate, prevents fractionated whole-brain irradiation-induced cognitive impairment. Radiat Res 2014; 181:33-44. [PMID: 24397438 DOI: 10.1667/rr13202.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that dietary administration of the peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor α agonist, fenofibrate, to young adult male rats would prevent the fractionated whole-brain irradiation (fWBI)-induced reduction in cognitive function and neurogenesis and prevent the fWBI-induced increase in the total number of activated microglia. Eighty 12-14-week-old young adult male Fischer 344 × Brown Norway rats received either: (1) sham irradiation, (2) 40 Gy of fWBI delivered as two 5 Gy fractions/week for 4 weeks, (3) sham irradiation + dietary fenofibrate (0.2% w/w) starting 7 days prior to irradiation, or (4) fWBI + fenofibrate. Cognitive function was measured 26-29 weeks after irradiation using: (1) the perirhinal cortex (PRh)-dependent novel object recognition task; (2) the hippocampal-dependent standard Morris water maze (MWM) task; (3) the hippocampal-dependent delayed match-to-place version of the MWM task; and (4) a cue strategy preference version of the MWM to distinguish hippocampal from striatal task performance. Neurogenesis was assessed 29 weeks after fWBI in the granular cell layer and subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus using a doublecortin antibody. Microglial activation was assessed using an ED1 antibody in the dentate gyrus and hilus of the hippocampus. A significant impairment in perirhinal cortex-dependent cognitive function was measured after fWBI. In contrast, fWBI failed to alter hippocampal-dependent cognitive function, despite a significant reduction in hippocampal neurogenesis. Continuous administration of fenofibrate prevented the fWBI-induced reduction in perirhinal cortex-dependent cognitive function, but did not prevent the radiation-induced reduction in neurogenesis or the radiation-induced increase in activated microglia. These data suggest that fenofibrate may be a promising therapeutic for the prevention of some modalities of radiation-induced cognitive impairment in brain cancer patients.
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Bhandari U, Chaudhari HS, Bisnoi AN, Kumar V, Khanna G, Javed K. Anti-obesity effect of standardized ethanol extract of Embelia ribes in murine model of high fat diet-induced obesity. PHARMANUTRITION 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Benz V, Kintscher U, Foryst-Ludwig A. Sex-specific differences in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and dyslipidemia therapy: PPAR agonists. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2013:387-410. [PMID: 23027460 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30726-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The influence of sex on the development of obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), and dyslipidemia is well documented, although the molecular mechanism underlying those differences reminds elusive. Ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are used as oral antidiabetics (PPARgamma agonists: thiazolidinediones, TZDs), or for the treatment of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases, due to their lipid-lowering properties (PPARalpha agonists: fibrates), as PPARs control transcription of a set of genes involved in the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Given a high prevalence of those metabolic disorders, and thus a broad use of PPAR agonists, the present review will discuss distinct aspects of sex-specific differences in antiobesity treatment using those groups of PPAR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Benz
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Myricetin Increases Hepatic Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Protein Expression and Decreases Plasma Lipids and Adiposity in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:787152. [PMID: 22474525 PMCID: PMC3310287 DOI: 10.1155/2012/787152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the antiobesity and antihyperlipidaemic effects of myricetin. Myricetin exhibited a significant concentration-dependent decrease in the intracellular accumulation of triglyceride in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats were dosed orally with myricetin or fenofibrate, once daily for eight weeks. Myricetin (300 mg kg−1 per day) displayed similar characteristics to fenofibrate (100 mg kg−1 per day) in reducing lowered body weight (BW) gain, visceral fat-pad weights and plasma lipid levels of HFD-fed rats. Myricetin also reduced the hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol contents, as well as lowered hepatic lipid droplets accumulation and epididymal adipocyte size in HFD-fed rats. Myricetin and fenofibrate reversed the HFD-induced down-regulation of the hepatic peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)α. HFD-induced decreases of the hepatic protein level of acyl-CoA oxidase and cytochrome P450 isoform 4A1 were up-regulated by myricetin and fenofibrate. The elevated expressions of hepatic sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) of HFD-fed rats were lowered by myricetin and fenofibrate. These results suggest that myricetin suppressed BW gain and body fat accumulation by increasing the fatty acid oxidation, which was likely mediated via up-regulation of PPARα and down-regulation of SREBP expressions in the liver of HFD-fed rats.
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Ferreira ES, Silva MA, Demonte A, Neves VA. β-conglycinin combined with fenofibrate or rosuvastatin have exerted distinct hypocholesterolemic effects in rats. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:11. [PMID: 22243700 PMCID: PMC3285525 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing interest in non-pharmacological control of cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the plasma and diet-drug association represent an important area of studies. The objective of this study was to observe the hypocholesterolemic effect of soybean β-conglycinin (7S protein) alone and combined with fenofibrate and rosuvastatin, two hypolipidemic drugs. METHODS The protein and drugs were administered orally once a day to rats and the effects were evaluated after 28 days. Wistar rats were divided into six groups (n = 9): hypercholesterolemic diet (HC), HC+7S protein (300 mg.kg-1 day-1) (HC-7S), HC+fenofibrate (30 mg.kg-1 day-1)(HC-FF), HC+rosuvastatin (10 mg.kg-1 day-1)(HC-RO), HC+7S+fenofibrate (HC-7S-FF) and HC+7S+rosuvastatin (HC-7S-RO). RESULTS Animals in HC-7S, HC-FF and HC-RO exhibited reductions of 22.9, 35.8 and 18.8% in total plasma cholesterol, respectively. In HC-7S-FF, animals did not show significant alteration of the level in HC+FF while the group HC-7S-RO showed a negative effect in comparison with groups taking only protein (HC-7S) or drug (HC-RO). The administration of the protein, fenofibrate and rosuvastatin alone caused increases in the plasma HDL-C of the animals, while the protein-drug combinations led to an increase compared to HC-FF and HC-RO. The plasma concentration of triacylgycerides was significantly reduced in the groups without association, while HC-7S-FF showed no alteration and HC-7S-RO a little reduction. CONCLUSION The results of our study indicate that conglycinin has effects comparable to fenofibrate and rosuvastatin on the control of plasma cholesterol, HDL-C and triacylglycerides, when given to hypercholesterolemic rats, and suggests that the association of this protein with rosuvastatin alters the action of drug in the homeostasis of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ederlan S Ferreira
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University -UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Maraiza A Silva
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University -UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Aureluce Demonte
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University -UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Valdir A Neves
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University -UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Quercetin/adenosine combination may induce insulin resistance in high fat diet-fed mice. Obes Res Clin Pract 2012; 6:e1-e90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Vinegar-Baked Radix Bupleuri Regulates Lipid Disorders via a Pathway Dependent on Peroxisome-Proliferator-Activated Receptor-α in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obese Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2012:827278. [PMID: 22253647 PMCID: PMC3255461 DOI: 10.1155/2012/827278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the antiobesity and antihyperlipidemic effects of vinegar-baked Radix Bupleuri (VBRB) on high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced obese rats. After being fed HFD for two weeks, rats were dosed orally with VBRB or fenofibrate, once daily for further twelve weeks. VBRB (1.0 g kg−1 per day) produced effects similar to fenofibrate (100 mg kg−1) in reducing body weight (BW) gain, visceral fat-pad weights, plasma lipid levels, as well as hepatic TG and cholesterol content of HFD-fed rats. VBRB also lowered hepatic lipid droplet accumulation and the size of epididymal adipocytes in HFD-fed rats. VBRB and fenofibrate reversed the HFD-induced downregulation of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α. HFD-induced reductions in the hepatic levels of acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO) and cytochrome P450 isoform 4A1 (CYP4A1) proteins were reversed by VBRB and fenofibrate. The elevated expression of hepatic sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) in HFD-fed rats was lowered by VBRB and fenofibrate. The results of this study show that VBRB suppresses BW gain and body fat accumulation by increasing fatty acid oxidation, an effect which is likely mediated via upregulation of PPARα and downregulation of SREBP expression in the liver of HFD-fed rats.
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Stienstra R, Duval C, Müller M, Kersten S. PPARs, Obesity, and Inflammation. PPAR Res 2011; 2007:95974. [PMID: 17389767 PMCID: PMC1783744 DOI: 10.1155/2007/95974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of obesity and related metabolic disorders is rising rapidly, increasing the burden on our healthcare system. Obesity is often accompanied by excess fat storage in tissues other than adipose tissue, including liver and skeletal muscle, which may lead to local insulin resistance and may stimulate inflammation, as in steatohepatitis. In addition, obesity changes the morphology and composition of adipose tissue, leading to changes in protein production and secretion. Some of these secreted proteins, including several proinflammatory mediators, may be produced by macrophages resident in the adipose tissue. The changes in inflammatory status of adipose tissue and liver with obesity feed a growing recognition that obesity represents a state of chronic low-level inflammation. Various molecular mechanisms have been implicated in obesity-induced inflammation, some of which are modulated by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). PPARs are ligand-activated transcription factors involved in the regulation of numerous biological processes, including lipid and glucose metabolism, and overall energy homeostasis. Importantly, PPARs also modulate the inflammatory response, which makes them an interesting therapeutic target to mitigate obesity-induced inflammation and its consequences. This review will address the role of PPARs in obesity-induced inflammation specifically in adipose tissue, liver, and the vascular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinke Stienstra
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group and Nutrigenomics Consortium, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Duval
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group and Nutrigenomics Consortium, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Müller
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group and Nutrigenomics Consortium, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group and Nutrigenomics Consortium, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
- *Sander Kersten:
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Abstract
Consumption of fruits and vegetables has been investigated for their role in the prevention of many chronic conditions. Among the fruits, mango provides numerous bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, vitamin C and phenolic compounds, which have been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study examined the effects of dietary supplementation of freeze-dried mango pulp, in comparison with the hypolipidaemic drug, fenofibrate, and the hypoglycaemic drug, rosiglitazone, in reducing adiposity and alterations in glucose metabolism and lipid profile in mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet. Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into six treatment groups (eight to nine/group): control (10 % energy from fat); HF (60 % energy from fat); HF+1 or 10 % freeze-dried mango (w/w); HF+fenofibrate (500 mg/kg diet); HF+rosiglitazone (50 mg/kg diet). After 8 weeks of treatment, mice receiving the HF diet had a higher percentage body fat (P = 0·0205) and epididymal fat mass (P = 0·0037) compared with the other treatment groups. Both doses of freeze-dried mango, similar to fenofibrate and rosiglitazone, prevented the increase in epididymal fat mass and the percentage of body fat. Freeze-dried mango supplementation at the 1 % dose improved glucose tolerance as shown by approximately 35 % lower blood glucose area under the curve compared with the HF group. Moreover, freeze-dried mango lowered insulin resistance, as indicated by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, to a similar extent as rosiglitazone and modulated NEFA. The present findings demonstrate that incorporation of freeze-dried mango in the diet of mice improved glucose tolerance and lipid profile and reduced adiposity associated with a HF diet.
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El Kochairi I, Montagner A, Rando G, Lohmann C, Matter CM, Wahli W. Beneficial effects of combinatorial micronutrition on body fat and atherosclerosis in mice. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 91:732-41. [PMID: 21622975 PMCID: PMC3156909 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS More than two billion people worldwide are deficient in key micronutrients. Single micronutrients have been used at high doses to prevent and treat dietary insufficiencies. Yet the impact of combinations of micronutrients in small doses aiming to improve lipid disorders and the corresponding metabolic pathways remains incompletely understood. Thus, we investigated whether a combination of micronutrients would reduce fat accumulation and atherosclerosis in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Lipoprotein receptor-null mice fed with an original combination of micronutrients incorporated into the daily chow showed reduced weight gain, body fat, plasma triglycerides, and increased oxygen consumption. These effects were achieved through enhanced lipid utilization and reduced lipid accumulation in metabolic organs and were mediated, in part, by the nuclear receptor PPARα. Moreover, the micronutrients partially prevented atherogenesis when administered early in life to apolipoprotein E-null mice. When the micronutrient treatment was started before conception, the anti-atherosclerotic effect was stronger in the progeny. This finding correlated with decreased post-prandial triglyceridaemia and vascular inflammation, two major atherogenic factors. CONCLUSION Our data indicate beneficial effects of a combination of micronutritients on body weight gain, hypertriglyceridaemia, liver steatosis, and atherosclerosis in mice, and thus our findings suggest a novel cost-effective combinatorial micronutrient-based strategy worthy of being tested in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhem El Kochairi
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of Lausanne, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Wang L, Bang CY, Choung SY. Anti-Obesity and Hypolipidemic Effects of Boussingaultia gracilis Miers var. pseudobaselloides Bailey in Obese Rats. J Med Food 2011; 14:17-25. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2010.1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Young Bang
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Young Choung
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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β-Conglycinin (7S) and glycinin (11S) exert a hypocholesterolemic effect comparable to that of fenofibrate in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. J Funct Foods 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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PPARα in Obesity: Sex Difference and Estrogen Involvement. PPAR Res 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20871824 PMCID: PMC2943125 DOI: 10.1155/2010/584296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily and is well known to act as the molecular target for lipid-lowering drugs of the fibrate family. At the molecular level, PPARα regulates the transcription of a number of genes critical for lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. PPARα activators are further shown to reduce body weight gain and adiposity, at least in part, due to the increase of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and the decrease in levels of circulating triglycerides responsible for adipose cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia. However, these effects of the PPARα ligand fenofibrate on obesity are regulated with sexual dimorphism and seem to be influenced by the presence of functioning ovaries, suggesting the involvement of ovarian steroids in the control of obesity by PPARα. In female ovariectomized mice, 17β-estradiol inhibits the actions of fenofibrate on obesity through its suppressive effects on the expression of PPARα target genes, and these processes may be mediated by inhibiting the coactivator recruitment of PPARα. Thus, it is likely that PPARα functions on obesity may be enhanced in estrogen-deficient states.
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Han Y, Do MH, Kim MS, Seo E, Park MK, Kim DK, Lee HJ, Seo SY. Fenofibrate Reduces Age-related Hypercholesterolemia in Normal Rats on a Standard Diet. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 14:77-81. [PMID: 20473378 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2010.14.2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Plasma cholesterol is increased in normal aging in both rodents and humans. This is associated with reduced elimination of cholesterol and decreased receptor-mediated clearance of plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. The aims of this study were: (1) to determine age-related changes in plasma lipid profiles, and (2) to determine the effect of fenofibrate, an activator of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha), on plasma lipid profiles in normal rats on a standard diet. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (n=15) were fed standard chow and water from 10 to 25 weeks of age. During that period, we measured daily food intake, body weight, fasting and random blood glucose levels, plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and free fatty acid (FFA) levels. At 20 weeks of age, all rats were randomly divided into two groups: a fenofibrate group (in which rats were gavaged with 300 mg/kg/day of fenofibrate) and a control group (gavaged with water). Fenofibrate treatment lasted 5 weeks. There were no significant changes in daily food intake, blood glucose, and plasma TG level with age. Body weight, plasma TC, and FFA levels were significantly increased with age. Fenofibrate significantly decreased plasma concentrations of TC and FFA, which had been increased with age. However, fenofibrate did not influence the plasma concentration of TG, which had not increased with age. These results suggest that fenofibrate might have a novel role in preventing age-related hypercholesterolemia in SD rats on a normal diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Medical Science Research Center, Busan 602-714, Korea
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Perreault M, Will S, Panza D, Gareski T, Harding K, Kubasiak D, Jalenak M, Gartrell K, Wang S, Bollag G, Artis DR, Ibrahim PN, Womack P, Lin JJ, Saiah E, Mansour TS, Vlasuk GP, Erbe DV, Tobin JF. Modulation of nutrient sensing nuclear hormone receptors promotes weight loss through appetite suppression in mice. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010; 12:234-45. [PMID: 20152000 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. Three isoforms of PPARs have been identified with different tissue distribution and biological functions. Although the pharmacology of each receptor is well studied, the physiological effect of simultaneous activation of PPARalpha, gamma and delta is only starting to emerge. We sought to determine the biological effects of a novel PPAR pan activator and elucidate the physiological mechanisms involved. METHODS Ob/ob, diet-induced obese (DIO) or PPARalpha knockout mice were administered a novel agonist that activates all PPARs to various degrees to determine the effect on body weight, body composition, food intake and energy expenditure. In addition, serum parameters including glucose, insulin, triglycerides and ketone bodies as well as tissue acylcarnitine were evaluated. The effect of the novel agonist on liver and skeletal muscle histopathology was also studied. RESULTS We report that simultaneous activation of all PPARs resulted in substantial weight loss in ob/ob and DIO mice. Consistent with known PPAR pharmacology, we observed that agonist treatment increased lipid oxidation, although appetite suppression was mainly responsible for the weight loss. Agonist-induced weight loss was completely absent in PPARalpha knockout mice suggesting that PPARalpha pharmacology was the major contributor to weight regulation in mice. CONCLUSIONS Our work provides evidence that simultaneous activation of PPARalpha, gamma and delta decreases body weight by regulating appetite. These effects of the pan agonist were completely absent in PPARalpha knockout mice, suggesting that PPARalpha pharmacology was the major contributor to weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Perreault
- Metabolic Disease and Hemophilia Research, Wyeth Research, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
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Motawi TMK, Hashem RM, Rashed LA, El-Razek SMA. Comparative study between the effect of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α ligands fenofibrate and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on activation of 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase-α1 in high-fat fed rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.10.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Obesity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus. It results from an energy imbalance in which energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. The cellular fuel gauge 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a heterotrimeric protein consisting of one catalytic subunit (α) and two non-catalytic subunits (β and γ), and approximately equal levels of α1 and α2 complexes are present in the liver. AMPK regulates metabolic pathways in response to metabolic stress and in particular ATP depletion to switch on energy-producing catabolic pathways such as β-oxidation of fatty acids and switch off energy-depleting processes such as synthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol. A high-fat diet alters AMPK-α1 gene expression in the liver and skeletal muscle of rats and results in body weight gain and hyperglycaemia. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the potential effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α agonists fenofibrate and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in modulation of AMPK-α1 activity in liver and skeletal muscle of high-fat diet fed rats.
Methods
Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction was used for determination of AMPK-α1 in liver and soleus muscle and both PPAR-α and CPT-1 in hepatic tissues. Serum, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, fatty acid and fasting blood glucose were determined colorimetrically.
Key findings
Both PPAR-α agonists, fenofibrate and n-3 PUFA, increased the mRNA expression of AMPK-α1 activity in liver and skeletal muscle of obese diabetic rats. Fenofibrate was superior in its activation of hepatic mRNA expression of AMPK-α 1 to exert more lipolytic effect and body weight reduction, as estimated through the decrease of triacylglycerol output and serum levels of fatty acid on the one hand and the increase in CPT-1 mRNA expression, the key enzyme in β-oxidation of fatty acid, on the other hand. n-3 PUFA activated AMPK-α1 mRNA expression in skeletal muscle much more than fenofibrate to reveal more hypoglycaemic effect.
Conclusions
The PPAR-α agonists fenofibrate and n-3 PUFA could efficiently activate AMPK-α1 mRNA expression in liver and skeletal muscle to exert body weight reduction and hypoglycaemic effect, respectively.
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Del Carmen Gonzalez M, Vidal H, Herrera E, Bocos C. Fenofibrate reduces adiposity in pregnant and virgin rats but through different mechanisms. BMB Rep 2009; 42:679-84. [DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2009.42.10.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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