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Qi P, Liu X, Li C, Xu Q, Hu L, Duan H, Zhao G, Lin J. Progranulin Protects against Aspergillus fumigatus Keratitis by Attenuating the Inflammatory Response through Enhancing Autophagy. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:2826-2835. [PMID: 38900967 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Fungal keratitis (FK) is a severe corneal condition caused by pathogenic fungi and is associated with the virulence of fungi and an excessive tissue inflammatory response. Progranulin (PGRN), functioning as a multifunctional growth factor, exerts a pivotal influence on the regulation of inflammation and autophagy. The aim of our research was to analyze the role of PGRN in Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis. We found that PGRN expression was increased in the mouse cornea with A. fumigatus keratitis. In our experiments, corneas of mice with FK were treated with 100 ng/mL of PGRN. In vitro, RAW 264.7 cells were treated with 10 ng/mL of PGRN before A. fumigatus stimulation. The findings suggested that PGRN effectively alleviated corneal edema and decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice. In stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, PGRN treatment suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α but promoted the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10. PGRN treatment significantly upregulated the expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3, Beclin-1, and Atg-7. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA, autophagy inhibitor) reversed the regulation of inflammatory cytokines by PGRN. In addition, our study demonstrated that PGRN also enhanced phagocytosis in RAW 264.7 cells. In summary, PGRN attenuated the inflammatory response of A. fumigatus keratitis by increasing autophagy and enhanced the phagocytic activity of RAW 264.7 cells. This showed that PGRN had a protective effect on A. fumigatus keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingli Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Liting Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Huijin Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
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2
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Ek M, Nilvebrant J, Nygren PÅ, Ståhl S, Lindberg H, Löfblom J. An anti-sortilin affibody-peptide fusion inhibits sortilin-mediated progranulin degradation. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1437886. [PMID: 39185427 PMCID: PMC11342335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1437886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the GRN gene are a common cause of frontotemporal dementia. Such mutations lead to decreased plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of progranulin (PGRN), a neurotrophic factor with lysosomal functions. Sortilin is a negative regulator of extracellular PGRN levels and has shown promise as a therapeutic target for frontotemporal dementia, enabling increased extracellular PGRN levels through inhibition of sortilin-mediated PGRN degradation. Here we report the development of a high-affinity sortilin-binding affibody-peptide fusion construct capable of increasing extracellular PGRN levels in vitro. By genetic fusion of a sortilin-binding affibody generated through phage display and a peptide derived from the progranulin C-terminus, an affinity protein (A3-PGRNC15*) with 185-pM affinity for sortilin was obtained. Treating PGRN-secreting and sortilin-expressing human glioblastoma U-251 cells with the fusion protein increased extracellular PGRN levels up to 2.5-fold, with an EC50 value of 1.3 nM. Our results introduce A3-PGRNC15* as a promising new agent with therapeutic potential for the treatment of frontotemporal dementia. Furthermore, the work highlights means to increase binding affinity through synergistic contribution from two orthogonal polypeptide units.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - John Löfblom
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Wei Q, Xu Y, Cui G, Sun J, Su Z, Kou X, Zhao Y, Cao S, Li W, Xu Y, Gao S. Male-pronuclei-specific granulin facilitates somatic cells reprogramming via mitigating excessive cell proliferation and enhancing lysosomal function. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31295. [PMID: 38747637 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Critical reprogramming factors resided predominantly in the oocyte or male pronucleus can enhance the efficiency or the quality of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) induction. However, few reprogramming factors exist in the male pronucleus had been verified. Here, we demonstrated that granulin (Grn), a factor enriched specifically in male pronucleus, can significantly improve the generation of iPSCs from mouse fibroblasts. Grn is highly expressed on Day 1, Day 3, Day 14 of reprogramming induced by four Yamanaka factors and functions at the initial stage of reprogramming. Transcriptome analysis indicates that Grn can promote the expression of lysosome-related genes, while inhibit the expression of genes involved in DNA replication and cell cycle at the early reprogramming stage. Further verification determined that Grn suppressed cell proliferation due to the arrest of cell cycle at G2/M phase. Moreover, ectopic Grn can enhance the lysosomes abundance and rescue the efficiency reduction of reprogramming resulted from lysosomal protease inhibition. Taken together, we conclude that Grn serves as an activator for somatic cell reprogramming through mitigating cell hyperproliferation and promoting the function of lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yanwen Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Guina Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Jiatong Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Zhongqu Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Xiaochen Kou
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhong Zhao
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suyuan Cao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yiliang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Shaorong Gao
- Clinical and Translation Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Tesla R, Guhl C, Werthmann GC, Dixon D, Cenik B, Addepalli Y, Liang J, Fass DM, Rosenthal Z, Haggarty SJ, Williams NS, Posner BA, Ready JM, Herz J. Benzoxazole-derivatives enhance progranulin expression and reverse the aberrant lysosomal proteome caused by GRN haploinsufficiency. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6125. [PMID: 39033178 PMCID: PMC11271458 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the GRN gene are a major cause of hereditary frontotemporal dementia. The mechanisms linking frontotemporal dementia pathogenesis to progranulin deficiency are not well understood, and there is currently no treatment. Our strategy to prevent the onset and progression of frontotemporal dementia in patients with GRN mutations is to utilize small molecule positive regulators of GRN expression to boost progranulin levels from the remaining functional GRN allele, thus restoring progranulin levels back to normal within the brain. This work describes a series of blood-brain-barrier-penetrant small molecules which significantly increase progranulin protein levels in human cellular models, correct progranulin protein deficiency in Grn+/- mouse brains, and reverse lysosomal proteome aberrations, a phenotypic hallmark of frontotemporal dementia, more efficiently than the previously described small molecule suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid. These molecules will allow further elucidation of the cellular functions of progranulin and its role in frontotemporal dementia and will also serve as lead structures for further drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tesla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Charlotte Guhl
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Gordon C Werthmann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Danielle Dixon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Basar Cenik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yesu Addepalli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jue Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daniel M Fass
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zachary Rosenthal
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noelle S Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bruce A Posner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joseph M Ready
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Veeravalli KK. Implications of MMP-12 in the pathophysiology of ischaemic stroke. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2024; 9:97-107. [PMID: 37336584 PMCID: PMC11103161 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2023-002363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This article focuses on the emerging role of matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) in ischaemic stroke (IS). MMP-12 expression in the brain increases dramatically in animal models of IS, and its suppression reduces brain damage and promotes neurological, sensorimotor and cognitive functional outcomes. Thus, MMP-12 could represent a potential target for the management of IS. This article provides an overview of MMP-12 upregulation in the brain following IS, its deleterious role in the post-stroke pathogenesis (blood-brain barrier disruption, inflammation, apoptosis and demyelination), possible molecular interactions and mechanistic insights, its involvement in post-ischaemic functional deficits and recovery as well as the limitations, perspectives, challenges and future directions for further research. Prior to testing any MMP-12-targeted therapy in patients with acute IS, additional research is needed to establish the effectiveness of MMP-12 suppression against IS in older animals and in animals with comorbidities. This article also examines the clinical implications of suppressing MMP-12 alone or in combination with MMP-9 for extending the currently limited tissue plasminogen activator therapy time window. Targeting of MMP-12 is expected to have a profound influence on the therapeutic management of IS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar Veeravalli
- Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois, USA
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Rosenthal ZC, Fass DM, Payne NC, She A, Patnaik D, Hennig KM, Tesla R, Werthmann GC, Guhl C, Reis SA, Wang X, Chen Y, Placzek M, Williams NS, Hooker J, Herz J, Mazitschek R, Haggarty SJ. Epigenetic modulation through BET bromodomain inhibitors as a novel therapeutic strategy for progranulin-deficient frontotemporal dementia. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9064. [PMID: 38643236 PMCID: PMC11032351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder with currently no disease-modifying treatment options available. Mutations in GRN are one of the most common genetic causes of FTD, near ubiquitously resulting in progranulin (PGRN) haploinsufficiency. Small molecules that can restore PGRN protein to healthy levels in individuals bearing a heterozygous GRN mutation may thus have therapeutic value. Here, we show that epigenetic modulation through bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) inhibitors (BETi) potently enhance PGRN protein levels, both intracellularly and secreted forms, in human central nervous system (CNS)-relevant cell types, including in microglia-like cells. In terms of potential for disease modification, we show BETi treatment effectively restores PGRN levels in neural cells with a GRN mutation known to cause PGRN haploinsufficiency and FTD. We demonstrate that BETi can rapidly and durably enhance PGRN in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in a manner dependent upon BET protein expression, suggesting a gain-of-function mechanism. We further describe a CNS-optimized BETi chemotype that potently engages endogenous BRD4 and enhances PGRN expression in neuronal cells. Our results reveal a new epigenetic target for treating PGRN-deficient forms of FTD and provide mechanistic insight to aid in translating this discovery into therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C Rosenthal
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Precision Therapeutics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel M Fass
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Precision Therapeutics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N Connor Payne
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angela She
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Precision Therapeutics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Debasis Patnaik
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Precision Therapeutics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Krista M Hennig
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Precision Therapeutics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Tesla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Gordon C Werthmann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Charlotte Guhl
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Surya A Reis
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Precision Therapeutics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yueting Chen
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Placzek
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Noelle S Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jacob Hooker
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ralph Mazitschek
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Precision Therapeutics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Huang G, Jian J, Liu CJ. Progranulinopathy: A diverse realm of disorders linked to progranulin imbalances. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 76:142-159. [PMID: 37981505 PMCID: PMC10978308 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), encoded by the GRN gene in humans, was originally isolated as a secreted growth factor that implicates in a multitude of processes ranging from regulation of tumorigenesis, inflammation to neural proliferation. Compelling evidence indicating that GRN mutation can lead to various common neuronal degenerative diseases and rare lysosomal storage diseases. These findings have unveiled a critical role for PGRN as a lysosomal protein in maintaining lysosomal function. The phenotypic spectrum of PGRN imbalance has expanded to encompass a broad spectrum of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, metabolic, musculoskeletal and cardiovascular diseases. These diseases collectively referred to as Progranulinopathy- a term encompasses the wide spectrum of disorders influenced by PGRN imbalance. Unlike its known extracellular function as a growth factor-like molecule associated with multiple membrane receptors, PGRN also serves as an intracellular co-chaperone engaged in the folding and traffic of its associated proteins, particularly the lysosomal hydrolases. This chaperone activity is required for PGRN to exert its diverse functions across a broad range of diseases, encompassing both the central nervous system and peripheral systems. In this comprehensive review, we present an update of the emerging role of PGRN in Progranulinopathy, with special focus on elucidating the intricate interplay between PGRN and a diverse array of proteins at various levels, ranging from extracellular fluids and intracellular components, as well as various pathophysiological processes involved. This review seeks to offer a comprehensive grasp of PGRN's diverse functions, aiming to unveil intricate mechanisms behind Progranulinopathy and open doors for future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiwu Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlong Jian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Huang L, Dai Y, Geng Z, He H, Hong F. Granulin in renal tubular epithelia is associated with interstitial inflammation and activates the TLR9-IFN-α pathway in lupus nephritis. Lupus 2024; 33:439-449. [PMID: 38334360 DOI: 10.1177/09612033241232575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the possible role of granulin (GRN) in activating the TLR9-IFN-α pathway in renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) and explore clues that RTECs regulate the micro-environment of inflammatory response in lupus nephritis (LN). METHODS Renal sections from 57 LN patients and 30 non-LN patients were sampled for histological study, and GRN overexpression RTECs were applied for cytological study. RESULTS In the histological study, GRN is highly expressed in LN RTECs with tubulointerstitial inflammation (TII) and well co-localized with TLR9. ROC analysis suggested a potential relationship between GRN expression in RTECs and therapeutic response. Moreover, IFN-α also highly expressed in LN RTECs with TII, and the intensity of IFN-α is positively correlated with the co-localization intensity of GRN and TLR9. In the cytological study, LN serum, especially serum from LN with TII, activates the expression of TLR9 in RTECs, and GRN engages the interaction of TLR9 to activate the expression of IFN-α in RTECs. While TLR9 inhibitors can suppress the expression of IFN-α in RTECs, the degree of inhibition is dose-dependent. CONCLUSION The expression of GRN in RTECs is associated with interstitial inflammation and therapeutic response. GRN may mediate the activation of the TLR9-IFN-α pathway in RTECs and involve in the micro-environment of inflammatory response in LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanting Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yijun Dai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhenbo Geng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongyan He
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fuyuan Hong
- Department of Nephrology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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9
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Long S, Liu Z, Wang Y. Sortilin inhibition in microglial cells cannot alleviate ischemia and hypoxia-induced neuronal injury in co-culture. Neuroreport 2024; 35:320-327. [PMID: 38305117 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000002002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Sortilin is a single-pass type I transmembrane protein which can bind to various cargo proteins, regulating their surface location, secretion, or degradation in lysosomes. In our previous study, we found that sortilin can regulate progranulin expression by transporting it to lysosomes and reduce neuronal cell injury in hypoxia-ischemia, but the expression and function of sortilin in microglial cells during hypoxia-ischemia are unknown. The purpose of this study was to further investigate the function of sortilin in microglial cells and its effect on neuron cells. In rat BV2 microglial cells, sortilin was knocked down by lentivirus. After oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R), expression of sortilin, progranulin (PGRN) and JNK pathway was detected by western blot, immunofluorescence was used to show the localization of PGRN, secretion of TNFα/IL-6 was measured by Elisa. Then co-culture microglial cells with neuron cells during hypoxia-ischemia and detected the neuron injury by CCK-8 and TUNEL. The expression of sortilin, mature and cleaved PGRN were all increased after OGD/R in microglial cells. Furthermore, sortilin inhibition accompany with less PGRN localization in lysosomes and more mature and less cleaved PGRN expression in microglial cells. Sortilin inhibition also can reduce the inflammatory response in microglial cells, but it does not alleviate neuronal injury in co-culture. This study demonstrated that sortilin can regulate the expression of PGRN and reduce the inflammatory response in microglial cells. However, only inhibiting sortilin in microglial cells did not have an impact on the survival of neurons during ischemia-hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Long
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University
| | - Zhao Liu
- Chongqing General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University
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10
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Zhao M, Wang M, Chen X, Gao Y, Chen Q, Wang L, Bao Q, Sun D, Du W, Xu Y, Xie L, Jiang X, Zhang L, Peng L, Zhang B, Yao Y. Targeting progranulin alleviated silica particles-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis via decreasing Il-6 and Tgf-β1/Smad. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133199. [PMID: 38103296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Long term exposure to silica particles leads to various diseases, among which silicosis is of great concern. Silicosis is an interstitial lung disease caused by inhalation of silica particles in production environments. However, the mechanisms underlying silicosis remains unclear. Our previous studies revealed that progranulin (Pgrn) promoted the expression of pro-inflammatory factors in alveolar macrophages treated with silica particles and the secretion of extracellular matrix of pulmonary fibroblasts. Nevertheless, the role of Pgrn in silica particles-induced silicosis in vivo was unknown. This study found that silica particles increased Pgrn expression in silicosis patients. Pgrn deficiency reduced lung inflammation and fibrosis in silica particles-induced silicosis mouse models. Subsequently, based on transcriptional sequencing and interleukin (Il) -6 knockout mouse models, results demonstrated that Pgrn deficiency might decrease silicosis inflammation by reducing the production of Il-6, thereby modulating pulmonary fibrosis in the early stage of silicosis mouse models. Furthermore, another mechanism through which Pgrn deficiency reduced fibrosis in silicosis mouse models was the regulation of the transforming growth factor (Tgf) -β1/Smad signaling pathway. Conclusively, Pgrn contributed to silicosis inflammation and fibrosis induced by silica particles, indicating that Pgrn could be a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manyu Zhao
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Education office, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mengzhu Wang
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Education office, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuxi Chen
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Education office, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Education office, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Education office, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Education office, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qixue Bao
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Education office, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Donglei Sun
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Education office, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wen Du
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Education office, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; West China Occupational Pneumoconiosis Cohort Study (WCOPCS) working group, Research Center For Prevention and Therapy of Occupational Disease, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yunyi Xu
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Education office, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Linshen Xie
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Education office, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; West China Occupational Pneumoconiosis Cohort Study (WCOPCS) working group, Research Center For Prevention and Therapy of Occupational Disease, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xia Jiang
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Education office, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; West China Occupational Pneumoconiosis Cohort Study (WCOPCS) working group, Research Center For Prevention and Therapy of Occupational Disease, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Education office, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; West China Occupational Pneumoconiosis Cohort Study (WCOPCS) working group, Research Center For Prevention and Therapy of Occupational Disease, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lijun Peng
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Education office, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; West China Occupational Pneumoconiosis Cohort Study (WCOPCS) working group, Research Center For Prevention and Therapy of Occupational Disease, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ben Zhang
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Education office, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; West China Occupational Pneumoconiosis Cohort Study (WCOPCS) working group, Research Center For Prevention and Therapy of Occupational Disease, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Departments of Cardiology, Neurology, and Oncology, Hainan General Hospital and Hainan Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570311, China.
| | - Yuqin Yao
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory of Sichuan Provincial Education office, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; West China Occupational Pneumoconiosis Cohort Study (WCOPCS) working group, Research Center For Prevention and Therapy of Occupational Disease, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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11
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Bowhay CR, Hanington PC. Animal granulins: In the GRN scheme of things. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 152:105115. [PMID: 38101714 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Granulins are conserved in nearly all metazoans, with an intriguing loss in insects. These pleiotropic peptides are involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes yet have been overwhelmingly examined in mammalian systems. While work in other animal models has been informative, a richer understanding of the proteins should be obtained by integrating knowledge from all available contexts. The main bodies of work described here include 1) the structure-function relationships of progranulin and its cleavage products, 2) the role of expanded granulin gene families and different isoforms in fish immunology, 3) the release of granulin peptides to promote host angiogenesis by parasitic worms, 4) a diversity of molluscan uses for granulins, including immune activation in intermediate hosts to trematodes, 5) knowledge gained on lysosomal functions from C. elegans and the stress-related activities of granulins. We provide an overview of functional reports across the Metazoa to inform much-needed future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina R Bowhay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Patrick C Hanington
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.
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12
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Keum BR, Kim HJ, Lee J, Lee M, Hong SH, Chang HK, Han JK, Kim S, Chang DG, Kim GH. Heterogeneous osteoimmune profiles via single-cell transcriptomics in osteoporotic patients who fail bisphosphonate treatment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316871121. [PMID: 38346184 PMCID: PMC10895260 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316871121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal osteoporosis arises from imbalanced osteoclast and osteoblast activity, and mounting evidence suggests a role for the osteoimmune system in bone homeostasis. Bisphosphonate (BP) is an antiresorptive agent, but its treatment failure rate can be as high as 40%. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on peripheral immune cells from carefully selected postmenopausal women: non-osteoporotic, osteoporosis improved after BP treatment, and BP-failed cases. We found an increase in myeloid cells in patients with osteoporosis (specifically, T cell receptor+ macrophages). Furthermore, lymphoid lineage cells varied significantly, notably elevated natural killer cells (NKs) in the BP-failed group. Moreover, we provide fruitful lists of biomarkers within the immune cells that exhibit condition-dependent differences. The existence of osteoporotic- and BP-failure-specific cellular information flows was revealed by cell-cell interaction analysis. These findings deepen our insight of the osteoporosis pathology enhancing comprehension of the role of immune heterogeneity in postmenopausal osteoporosis and BP treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Rak Keum
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang37673, Korea
- Research Center for drug development, CYPHARMA Co., Ltd., Daejeon34133, Korea
| | - Hong Jin Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul01757, Korea
| | - Juhun Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang37673, Korea
| | - Minji Lee
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju28119, Korea
| | - Sin-Hyoung Hong
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju28119, Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon34113, Korea
| | - Ha Kyun Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul15355, Korea
| | - Jin-Kwan Han
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang37673, Korea
| | - Sanguk Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang37673, Korea
- Institute of Convergence Science, Yonsei University, Seoul03722, Korea
| | - Dong-Gune Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Seoul01757, Korea
| | - Gun-Hwa Kim
- Research Center for drug development, CYPHARMA Co., Ltd., Daejeon34133, Korea
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju28119, Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon34113, Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon34134, Korea
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13
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Sung W, Noh MY, Nahm M, Kim YS, Ki CS, Kim YE, Kim HJ, Kim SH. Progranulin haploinsufficiency mediates cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregation with lysosomal abnormalities in human microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:47. [PMID: 38347588 PMCID: PMC10863104 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progranulin (PGRN) haploinsufficiency due to progranulin gene (GRN) variants can cause frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with aberrant TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) accumulation. Despite microglial burden with TDP-43-related pathophysiology, direct microglial TDP-43 pathology has not been clarified yet, only emphasized in neuronal pathology. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate TDP-43 pathology in microglia of patients with PGRN haploinsufficiency. METHODS To design a human microglial cell model with PGRN haploinsufficiency, monocyte-derived microglia (iMGs) were generated from FTD-GRN patients carrying pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants (p.M1? and p.W147*) and three healthy controls. RESULTS iMGs from FTD-GRN patients with PGRN deficiency exhibited severe neuroinflammation phenotype and failure to maintain their homeostatic molecular signatures, along with impaired phagocytosis. In FTD-GRN patients-derived iMGs, significant cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregation and accumulation of lipid droplets with profound lysosomal abnormalities were observed. These pathomechanisms were mediated by complement C1q activation and upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides considerable cellular and molecular evidence that loss-of-function variants of GRN in human microglia can cause microglial dysfunction with abnormal TDP-43 aggregation induced by inflammatory milieu as well as the impaired lysosome. Elucidating the role of microglial TDP-43 pathology in intensifying neuroinflammation in individuals with FTD due to PGRN deficiency and examining consequential effects on microglial dysfunction might yield novel insights into the mechanisms underlying FTD and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjae Sung
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Young Noh
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyeop Nahm
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sung Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Mongkolpathumrat P, Pikwong F, Phutiyothin C, Srisopar O, Chouyratchakarn W, Unnajak S, Nernpermpisooth N, Kumphune S. The secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) in pathophysiology of non-communicable diseases: Evidence from experimental studies to clinical applications. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24550. [PMID: 38312697 PMCID: PMC10835312 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a worldwide health issue because of their prevalence, negative impacts on human welfare, and economic costs. Protease enzymes play important roles in viral and NCD diseases. Slowing disease progression by inhibiting proteases using small-molecule inhibitors or endogenous inhibitory peptides appears to be crucial. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), an inflammatory serine protease inhibitor, maintains protease/antiprotease balance. SLPI is produced by host defense effector cells during inflammation to prevent proteolytic enzyme-induced tissue damage. The etiology of noncommunicable illnesses is linked to SLPI's immunomodulatory and tissue regeneration roles. Disease phases are associated with SLPI levels and activity changes in regional tissue and circulation. SLPI has been extensively evaluated in inflammation, but rarely in NCDs. Unfortunately, the thorough evaluation of SLPI's pathophysiological functions in NCDs in multiple research models has not been published elsewhere. In this review, data from PubMed from 2014 to 2023 was collected, analysed, and categorized into in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. According to the review, serine protease inhibitor (SLPI) activity control is linked to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and other illnesses. Overexpression of the SLPI gene and protein may be a viable diagnostic and therapeutic target for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). SLPI is also cytoprotective, making it a unique treatment. These findings suggest that future research should focus on these pathways using advanced methods, reliable biomarkers, and therapy approaches to assess susceptibility and illness progression. Implications from this review will help pave the way for a new therapeutic target and diagnosis marker for non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Podsawee Mongkolpathumrat
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Technology Program, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine (CICM), Thammasat University (Rangsit Center), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Faprathan Pikwong
- Biomedical Engineering and Innovation Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Mueang Chiang Mai District, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Biomedical Engineering Institute (BMEI), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Chayanisa Phutiyothin
- Biomedical Engineering and Innovation Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Mueang Chiang Mai District, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Biomedical Engineering Institute (BMEI), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Onnicha Srisopar
- Biomedical Engineering and Innovation Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Mueang Chiang Mai District, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Biomedical Engineering Institute (BMEI), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Wannapat Chouyratchakarn
- Biomedical Engineering and Innovation Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Mueang Chiang Mai District, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Biomedical Engineering Institute (BMEI), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Sasimanas Unnajak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
| | - Nitirut Nernpermpisooth
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000 Thailand
| | - Sarawut Kumphune
- Biomedical Engineering and Innovation Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Mueang Chiang Mai District, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Biomedical Engineering Institute (BMEI), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
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15
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Wang AL, Mambou EA, Kao AW. The progranulin cleavage product granulin 3 exerts a dominant negative effect on animal fitness. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:245-253. [PMID: 37903062 PMCID: PMC10800025 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin is an evolutionarily conserved protein that has been implicated in human neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Human progranulin is comprised of multiple cysteine-rich, biologically active granulin peptides. Granulin peptides accumulate with age and stress, however their functional contributions relative to full-length progranulin remain unclear. To address this, we generated C. elegans strains that produced quantifiable levels of both full-length progranulin/PGRN-1 protein and cleaved granulin peptide. Using these strains, we demonstrated that even in the presence of intact PGRN-1, granulin peptides suppressed the activity of the lysosomal aspartyl protease activity, ASP-3/CTSD. Granulin peptides were also dominant over PGRN-1 in compromising animal fitness as measured by progress through development and stress response. Finally, the degradation of human TDP-43 was impaired when the granulin to PGRN-1 ratio was increased, representing a disease-relevant downstream impact of impaired lysosomal function. In summary, these studies suggest that not only absolute progranulin levels, but also the balance between full-length progranulin and its cleavage products, is important in regulating lysosomal biology. Given its relevance in human disease, this suggests that the processing of progranulin into granulins should be considered as part of disease pathobiology and may represent a site of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin L Wang
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Edwina A Mambou
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Aimee W Kao
- Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Bakar Aging Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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16
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Poniatowski ŁA, Woźnica M, Wojdasiewicz P, Mela-Kalicka A, Romanowska-Próchnicka K, Purrahman D, Żurek G, Krawczyk M, Nameh Goshay Fard N, Furtak-Niczyporuk M, Jaroszyński J, Mahmoudian-Sani MR, Joniec-Maciejak I. The Role of Progranulin (PGRN) in the Pathogenesis of Glioblastoma Multiforme. Cells 2024; 13:124. [PMID: 38247816 PMCID: PMC10814625 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents the most common and aggressive malignant form of brain tumour in adults and is characterized by an extremely poor prognosis with dismal survival rates. Currently, expanding concepts concerning the pathophysiology of GBM are inextricably linked with neuroinflammatory phenomena. On account of this fact, the identification of novel pathomechanisms targeting neuroinflammation seems to be crucial in terms of yielding successful individual therapeutic strategies. In recent years, the pleiotropic growth factor progranulin (PGRN) has attracted significant attention in the neuroscience and oncological community regarding its neuroimmunomodulatory and oncogenic functions. This review of the literature summarizes and updates contemporary knowledge about PGRN, its associated receptors and signalling pathway involvement in GBM pathogenesis, indicating possible cellular and molecular mechanisms with potential diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic targets in order to yield successful individual therapeutic strategies. After a review of the literature, we found that there are possible PGRN-targeted therapeutic approaches for implementation in GBM treatment algorithms both in preclinical and future clinical studies. Furthermore, PGRN-targeted therapies exerted their highest efficacy in combination with other established chemotherapeutic agents, such as temozolomide. The results of the analysis suggested that the possible implementation of routine determinations of PGRN and its associated receptors in tumour tissue and biofluids could serve as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of GBM. Furthermore, promising preclinical applications of PGRN-related findings should be investigated in clinical studies in order to create new diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz A. Poniatowski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Klinikum, Salvador-Allende-Straße 30, 17036 Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Michał Woźnica
- Department of Spine Surgery, 7th Navy Hospital, Polanki 117, 80-305 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Piotr Wojdasiewicz
- Department of Biophysics, Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Chałubińskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland (K.R.-P.)
| | - Aneta Mela-Kalicka
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Romanowska-Próchnicka
- Department of Biophysics, Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Chałubińskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland (K.R.-P.)
- Department of Systemic Connective Tissue Diseases, Eleonora Reicher National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Spartańska 1, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daryush Purrahman
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; (D.P.)
| | - Grzegorz Żurek
- Department of Biostructure, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, I. J. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Maciej Krawczyk
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Najmeh Nameh Goshay Fard
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; (D.P.)
| | - Marzena Furtak-Niczyporuk
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Janusz Jaroszyński
- Department of Administrative Proceedings, Faculty of Law and Administration, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University of Lublin, Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 5, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mohammad-Reza Mahmoudian-Sani
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; (D.P.)
| | - Ilona Joniec-Maciejak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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17
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He Y, Bai Y, Huang Q, Xia J, Feng J. Identification of potential biological processes and key genes in diabetes-related stroke through weighted gene co-expression network analysis. BMC Med Genomics 2024; 17:8. [PMID: 38166912 PMCID: PMC10762844 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an established risk factor for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Although there are reports on the correlation of diabetes and stroke, data on its pathogenesis is limited. This study aimed to explore the underlying biological mechanisms and promising intervention targets of diabetes-related stroke. METHODS Diabetes-related datasets (GSE38642 and GSE44035) and stroke-related datasets (GSE16561 and GSE22255) were obtained from the Gene Expression omnibus (GEO) database. The key modules for stroke and diabetes were identified by weight gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes Genomes (KEGG) analyses were employed in the key module. Genes in stroke- and diabetes-related key modules were intersected to obtain common genes for T2DM-related stroke. In order to discover the key genes in T2DM-related stroke, the Cytoscape and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were constructed. The key genes were functionally annotated in the Reactome database. RESULTS By intersecting the diabetes- and stroke-related crucial modules, 24 common genes for T2DM-related stroke were identified. Metascape showed that neutrophil extracellular trap formation was primarily enriched. The hub gene was granulin precursor (GRN), which had the highest connectivity among the common genes. In addition, functional enrichment analysis indicated that GRN was involved in neutrophil degranulation, thus regulating neutrophil extracellular trap formation. CONCLUSIONS This study firstly revealed that neutrophil extracellular trap formation may represent the common biological processes of diabetes and stroke, and GRN may be potential intervention targets for T2DM-related stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- Department of Neurology, Liuyang Jili Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Hematology and Critical Care Medicine, Central South University, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Qin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Jian Xia
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, People's Republic of China.
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18
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McElhanon KE, Huff TC, Hirenallur-Shanthappa D, Miller RA, Christoforou N. Increased circulating progranulin is not sufficient to induce cardiac dysfunction or supraventricular arrhythmia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21541. [PMID: 38057339 PMCID: PMC10700350 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47311-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia, and the incidence of new-onset AF has been increasing over the past two decades. Several factors contribute to the risk of developing AF including age, preexisting cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and obesity. Concurrent with the rise in AF, obesity has followed the same two-decade trend. The contribution of circulating proteins to obesity-related AF is of particular interest in the field. In this study, we investigated the effects of increased circulating levels of the glycoprotein progranulin on the development of supraventricular arrhythmias and changes to cardiac function. AAV8-mediated overexpression of full-length mouse progranulin was used to increase plasma protein levels and determine susceptibility to supraventricular arrhythmias and changes in cardiac structure and function. C57Bl/6N mice were subjected to increased circulating levels of progranulin for 20 weeks. Cardiac conduction was evaluated by surface ECG with and without isoproterenol challenge, and cardiac structure and function were measured by echocardiography after 20 weeks of circulating progranulin overexpression. Increased circulating levels of progranulin were maintained throughout the 20-week study. The cardiac structure and function remained unchanged in mice with increased circulating progranulin. ECG indices (P wave duration, P amplitude, QRS interval) were unaffected by increased progranulin levels and no arrhythmogenic events were observed following the isoproterenol challenge. In our model, increased levels of circulating progranulin were not sufficient to induce changes in cardiac structure and function or elicit ECG abnormalities suggestive of susceptibility to supraventricular arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E McElhanon
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tyler C Huff
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Russell A Miller
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicolas Christoforou
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.
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19
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Gillett DA, Wallings RL, Uriarte Huarte O, Tansey MG. Progranulin and GPNMB: interactions in endo-lysosome function and inflammation in neurodegenerative disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:286. [PMID: 38037070 PMCID: PMC10688479 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02965-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in progranulin (PGRN) expression are associated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). Recently, the loss of PGRN was shown to result in endo-lysosomal system dysfunction and an age-dependent increase in the expression of another protein associated with NDs, glycoprotein non-metastatic B (GPNMB). MAIN BODY It is unclear what role GPNMB plays in the context of PGRN insufficiency and how they interact and contribute to the development or progression of NDs. This review focuses on the interplay between these two critical proteins within the context of endo-lysosomal health, immune function, and inflammation in their contribution to NDs. SHORT CONCLUSION PGRN and GPNMB are interrelated proteins that regulate disease-relevant processes and may have value as therapeutic targets to delay disease progression or extend therapeutic windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew A Gillett
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rebecca L Wallings
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Oihane Uriarte Huarte
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Malú Gámez Tansey
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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20
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Boylan MA, Pincetic A, Romano G, Tatton N, Kenkare-Mitra S, Rosenthal A. Targeting Progranulin as an Immuno-Neurology Therapeutic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15946. [PMID: 37958929 PMCID: PMC10647331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Immuno-neurology is an emerging therapeutic strategy for dementia and neurodegeneration designed to address immune surveillance failure in the brain. Microglia, as central nervous system (CNS)-resident myeloid cells, routinely perform surveillance of the brain and support neuronal function. Loss-of-function (LOF) mutations causing decreased levels of progranulin (PGRN), an immune regulatory protein, lead to dysfunctional microglia and are associated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including frontotemporal dementia caused by the progranulin gene (GRN) mutation (FTD-GRN), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), limbic-predominant age-related transactivation response deoxyribonucleic acid binding protein 43 (TDP-43) encephalopathy (LATE), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Immuno-neurology targets immune checkpoint-like proteins, offering the potential to convert aging and dysfunctional microglia into disease-fighting cells that counteract multiple disease pathologies, clear misfolded proteins and debris, promote myelin and synapse repair, optimize neuronal function, support astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and maintain brain vasculature. Several clinical trials are underway to elevate PGRN levels as one strategy to modulate the function of microglia and counteract neurodegenerative changes associated with various disease states. If successful, these and other immuno-neurology drugs have the potential to revolutionize the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders by harnessing the brain's immune system and shifting it from an inflammatory/pathological state to an enhanced physiological/homeostatic state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Arnon Rosenthal
- Alector, Inc., 131 Oyster Point Blvd, Suite 600, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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21
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Kaplelach AK, Fox SN, Cook AK, Hall JA, Dannemiller RS, Jaunarajs KL, Arrant AE. Regulation of extracellular progranulin in medial prefrontal cortex. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 188:106326. [PMID: 37838007 PMCID: PMC10682954 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin is a secreted pro-protein that has anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic effects and is necessary for maintaining lysosomal function. Mutations in progranulin (GRN) are a major cause of frontotemporal dementia. Most pathogenic GRN mutations cause progranulin haploinsufficiency, so boosting progranulin levels is a promising therapeutic strategy. Progranulin is constitutively secreted, then taken up and trafficked to lysosomes. Before being taken up from the extracellular space, progranulin interacts with receptors that may mediate anti-inflammatory and growth factor-like effects. Modifying progranulin trafficking is a viable approach to boosting progranulin, but progranulin secretion and uptake by cells in the brain is poorly understood and may involve distinct mechanisms from other parts of the body. Understanding the cell types and processes that regulate extracellular progranulin in the brain could provide insight into progranulin's mechanism of action and inform design of progranulin-boosting therapies. To address this question we used microdialysis to measure progranulin in interstitial fluid (ISF) of mouse medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Grn+/- mice had approximately 50% lower ISF progranulin than wild-type mice, matching the reduction of progranulin in cortical tissue. Fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence confirmed that microglia and neurons are the major progranulin-expressing cell types in the mPFC. Studies of conditional microglial (Mg-KO) and neuronal (N-KO) Grn knockout mice revealed that loss of progranulin from either cell type results in approximately 50% reduction in ISF progranulin. LPS injection (i.p.) produced an acute increase in ISF progranulin in mPFC. Depolarizing cells with KCl increased ISF progranulin, but this response was not altered in N-KO mice, indicating progranulin secretion by non-neuronal cells. Increasing neuronal activity with picrotoxin did not increase ISF progranulin. These data indicate that microglia and neurons are the source of most ISF progranulin in mPFC, with microglia likely secreting more progranulin per cell than neurons. The acute increase in ISF progranulin after LPS treatment is consistent with a role for extracellular progranulin in regulating inflammation, and may have been driven by microglia or peripheral immune cells. Finally, these data indicate that mPFC neurons engage in constitutive progranulin secretion that is not acutely changed by neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azariah K Kaplelach
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephanie N Fox
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Anna K Cook
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Justin A Hall
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ryan S Dannemiller
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Karen L Jaunarajs
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Andrew E Arrant
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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22
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Mack KL, Talbott HE, Griffin MF, Parker JBL, Guardino NJ, Spielman AF, Davitt MF, Mascharak S, Downer M, Morgan A, Valencia C, Akras D, Berger MJ, Wan DC, Fraser HB, Longaker MT. Allele-specific expression reveals genetic drivers of tissue regeneration in mice. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:1368-1381.e6. [PMID: 37714154 PMCID: PMC10592051 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
In adult mammals, skin wounds typically heal by scarring rather than through regeneration. In contrast, "super-healer" Murphy Roths Large (MRL) mice have the unusual ability to regenerate ear punch wounds; however, the molecular basis for this regeneration remains elusive. Here, in hybrid crosses between MRL and non-regenerating mice, we used allele-specific gene expression to identify cis-regulatory variation associated with ear regeneration. Analyzing three major cell populations (immune, fibroblast, and endothelial), we found that genes with cis-regulatory differences specifically in fibroblasts were associated with wound-healing pathways and also co-localized with quantitative trait loci for ear wound-healing. Ectopic treatment with one of these proteins, complement factor H (CFH), accelerated wound repair and induced regeneration in typically fibrotic wounds. Through single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we observed that CFH treatment dramatically reduced immune cell recruitment to wounds, suggesting a potential mechanism for CFH's effect. Overall, our results provide insights into the molecular drivers of regeneration with potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya L Mack
- Stanford University, Department of Biology, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Heather E Talbott
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michelle F Griffin
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer B L Parker
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Guardino
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amanda F Spielman
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael F Davitt
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shamik Mascharak
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mauricio Downer
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Annah Morgan
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Caleb Valencia
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Deena Akras
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark J Berger
- Stanford University, Department of Computer Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Derrick C Wan
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hunter B Fraser
- Stanford University, Department of Biology, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Stanford School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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23
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Kwiecinska P, Kwitniewski M, Kwiecien K, Morytko A, Majewski P, Pocalun N, Pastuszczak M, Migaczewski M, Cichy J, Grygier B. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor modulates FcεRI-dependent but not Mrgprb2-dependent mastocyte function in psoriasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 122:110631. [PMID: 37453153 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis, which involves mast cells, is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder whose pathophysiology is still not fully understood. We investigated the role of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), a potential inhibitor of mastocyte serine proteases, on mast cell-dependent processes of relevance to the skin barrier defense in psoriasis. Here, we demonstrate that the dermal mast cells of patients with psoriasis express SLPI but not those of healthy donors. Moreover, SLPI transcripts were found to be markedly upregulated in murine mast cells by mediators derived from psoriasis skin explant cultures. Using mast cells from SLPI-deficient mice and their SLPI+ wild-type controls, we show that SLPI inhibits the activity of serine protease chymase in mastocytes. SLPI was also found to enhance the degranulation of mast cells activated via anti-IgE Abs but not Mrgprb2 ligands. Finally, we demonstrate that the expression and function of Mrgprb2 in mast cells are suppressed by a normal and, to a larger extent, psoriatic skin environment. Together, these findings reveal mechanisms underlying FcεRI- and Mrgprb2-dependent mast cell function that have not been described previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Kwiecinska
- Dept. of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; present address; Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kwitniewski
- Dept. of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamila Kwiecien
- Dept. of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Morytko
- Dept. of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Pawel Majewski
- Dept. of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Pocalun
- Dept. of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Migaczewski
- 2nd Dept. of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Cichy
- Dept. of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Beata Grygier
- Dept. of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; present address; Dept. of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
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24
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Zhang X, Liu SS, Ma J, Qu W. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) in cancer pathophysiology: Mechanisms of action and clinical implications. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154633. [PMID: 37356220 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a multifaceted disorder frequently linked to the dysregulation of several biological processes. The SLPI is a multifunctional protein involved in the modulation of immunological response and the inhibition of protease activities. SLPI acts as an inhibitor of proteases, exerts antibacterial properties, and suppresses the transcription of proinflammatory genes through the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. The role of this protein as a regulatory agent has been implicated in various types of cancer. Recent research has revealed that SLPI upregulation in cancer cells enhances the metastatic capacity of epithelial malignancies, indicating the deleterious effects of this protein. Furthermore, SLPI interacts intricately with other cancer-promoting factors, including matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, the NF-κB and Akt pathways, and the p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA). This review provides an overview of the role of SLPI in cancer pathophysiology, emphasizing its expression in cancer cells and tissues, its potential as a prognostic biomarker, and its therapeutic promise as a target in cancer treatment. The mechanisms of SLPI action in cancer, including its anti-inflammatory effects, regulation of cell proliferation and angiogenesis, and modulation of the tumor microenvironment, have been investigated. The clinical implications of SLPI in cancer have been discussed, including its potential as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker, its role in chemoresistance, and its therapeutic potential in several types of cancer, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), colorectal cancer (CRC), pancreatic cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), ovarian cancer (OvCa), prostate cancer (PC), gastric cancer (GC), breast cancer, and other cancers. In addition, we emphasized the significance of SLPI in cancer, which offers fresh perspectives on potential targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Shan Shan Liu
- Department of General Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China.
| | - Jingru Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Wei Qu
- Department of General Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
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25
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Davis SE, Cook AK, Hall JA, Voskobiynyk Y, Carullo NV, Boyle NR, Hakim AR, Anderson KM, Hobdy KP, Pugh DA, Murchison CF, McMeekin LJ, Simmons M, Margolies KA, Cowell RM, Nana AL, Spina S, Grinberg LT, Miller BL, Seeley WW, Arrant AE. Patients with sporadic FTLD exhibit similar increases in lysosomal proteins and storage material as patients with FTD due to GRN mutations. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:70. [PMID: 37118844 PMCID: PMC10148425 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01571-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of function progranulin (GRN) mutations are a major autosomal dominant cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Patients with FTD due to GRN mutations (FTD-GRN) develop frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 pathology type A (FTLD-TDP type A) and exhibit elevated levels of lysosomal proteins and storage material in frontal cortex, perhaps indicating lysosomal dysfunction as a mechanism of disease. To investigate whether patients with sporadic FTLD exhibit similar signs of lysosomal dysfunction, we compared lysosomal protein levels, transcript levels, and storage material in patients with FTD-GRN or sporadic FTLD-TDP type A. We analyzed samples from frontal cortex, a degenerated brain region, and occipital cortex, a relatively spared brain region. In frontal cortex, patients with sporadic FTLD-TDP type A exhibited similar increases in lysosomal protein levels, transcript levels, and storage material as patients with FTD-GRN. In occipital cortex of both patient groups, most lysosomal measures did not differ from controls. Frontal cortex from a transgenic mouse model of TDP-opathy had similar increases in cathepsin D and lysosomal storage material, showing that TDP-opathy and neurodegeneration can drive these changes independently of progranulin. To investigate these changes in additional FTLD subtypes, we analyzed frontal cortical samples from patients with sporadic FTLD-TDP type C or Pick's disease, an FTLD-tau subtype. All sporadic FTLD groups had similar increases in cathepsin D activity, lysosomal membrane proteins, and storage material as FTD-GRN patients. However, patients with FTLD-TDP type C or Pick's disease did not have similar increases in lysosomal transcripts as patients with FTD-GRN or sporadic FTLD-TDP type A. Based on these data, accumulation of lysosomal proteins and storage material may be a common aspect of end-stage FTLD. However, the unique changes in gene expression in patients with FTD-GRN or sporadic FTLD-TDP type A may indicate distinct underlying lysosomal changes among FTLD subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skylar E Davis
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Anna K Cook
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Justin A Hall
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yuliya Voskobiynyk
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nancy V Carullo
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nicholas R Boyle
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ahmad R Hakim
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kristian M Anderson
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kierra P Hobdy
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Derian A Pugh
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Charles F Murchison
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Laura J McMeekin
- Department of Neuroscience, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Micah Simmons
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Rita M Cowell
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alissa L Nana
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Salvatore Spina
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew E Arrant
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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26
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Du H, Yang C, Nana AL, Seeley WW, Smolka M, Hu F. Progranulin inhibits phospholipase sPLA2-IIA to control neuroinflammation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.06.535844. [PMID: 37066328 PMCID: PMC10104136 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.06.535844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the granulin (GRN) gene, resulting in haploinsufficiency of the progranulin (PGRN) protein, are a leading cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and PGRN polymorphisms are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). PGRN is a key regulator of microglia-mediated inflammation but the mechanism is still unknown. Here we report that PGRN interacts with sPLA2-IIA, a secreted phospholipase involved in inflammatory responses, to downregulate sPLA2-IIA activities and levels. sPLA2-IIA expression modifies PGRN deficiency phenotypes in mice and sPLA2-IIA inhibition rescues inflammation and lysosomal abnormalities in PGRN deficient mice. Furthermore, FTLD patients with GRN mutations show increased levels of sPLA2-IIA in astrocytes. Our data support sPLA2-IIA as a critical target for PGRN and a novel therapeutic target for FTLD-GRN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Du
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Cha Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Alissa L. Nana
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - William W. Seeley
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Marcus Smolka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Fenghua Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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27
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Xu SM, Xiao HY, Hu ZX, Zhong XF, Zeng YJ, Wu YX, Li D, Song T. GRN is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltration in glioma: A study based on TCGA data. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1162983. [PMID: 37091137 PMCID: PMC10117795 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1162983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAmong primary brain tumors, gliomas are associated with a poor prognosis and a median survival that varies depending on the tumor grade and subtype. As the most malignant form of glioma, glioblastoma (GBM) constitutes a significant health concern. Alteration in granulin(GRN) has been proved to be accountable for several diseases. However, the relationship between GRN and GBM remains unclear. We evaluated the role of GRN in GBM through The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databaseMethodsFirst, we assessed the relationship between GRN and GBM through the GEPIA database. Next, the relationship between GRN and GBM prognosis was analyzed by logistic regression and multivariate cox methods. Using CIBERSORT and the GEPIA correlation module, we also investigated the link between GRN and immune infiltrates in cancer. Using the TCGA data, a gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed. We also employed Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) to examine the data set of GRN expression and immune infiltration level in GBM and investigate the cumulative survival in GBM. We also validated tissues from GBM patients by Western blotting, RT-qPCR, and immunohistochemistry.ResultsIncreased GRN expression was shown to have a significant relationship to tumor grade in a univariate study utilizing logistic regression. Furthermore, multivariate analysis disclosed that GRN expression down-regulation is an independent predictive factor for a favorable outcome. GRN expression level positively correlates with the number of CD4+ T cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) that infiltrate a GBM. The GSEA also found that the high GRN expression phenotype pathway was enriched for genes involved in immune response molecular mediator production, lymphocyte-mediated immunity, cytokine-mediated signaling pathway, leukocyte proliferation, cell chemotaxis, and CD4+ alpha beta T cell activation. Differentially enriched pathways in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) include lysosome, apoptosis, primary immunodeficiency, chemokine signaling pathway, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and B cell receptor signaling pathway. Validated result showed that GRN was upregulated in GBM tissues. These results suggested that GRN was a potential indicator for the status of GBM.ConclusionGRN is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltrates in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Mei Xu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hai-Yan Xiao
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhong-Xu Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xue-Feng Zhong
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - You-Jie Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - You-Xuan Wu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dai Li
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Dai Li, ; Tao Song,
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Dai Li, ; Tao Song,
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Hembasat T, Chaiyadet S, Ittiprasert W, Smout MJ, Young ND, Loukas A, Brindley PJ, Laha T. Peptide derived from progranulin of the carcinogenic liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini stimulates cell hyperproliferation and proinflammatory cytokine production. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2586058. [PMID: 36993607 PMCID: PMC10055533 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2586058/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Progranulin (PGRN) is a secreted glycoprotein growth factor with roles in wound healing, inflammation, angiogenesis and malignancy. An orthologue of the gene encoding human PGRN was identified in the carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. Methods Sequence structure, general characteristics and possible function of O. viverrini PGRN was analyzed using bioinformatics. Expression profiles were investigated with quantitative RT-PCR, western blot and immunolocalization. A specific peptide of Ov-PGRN was used to investigate a role for this molecule in pathogenesis. Results The structure of the gene coding for O. viverrini PGRN was 36,463 bp in length, and comprised of 13 exons, 12 introns, and a promoter sequence. The Ov-pgrn mRNA is 2,768 bp in length and encodes an 846 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 91.61 kDa. Ov-PGRN exhibited one half and seven complete granulin domains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Ov-PGRN formed its closest relationship with PGRN of liver flukes in the Opisthorchiidae. Transcripts of Ov-pgrn were detected in several developmental stages, with highest expression in the metacercaria, indicating that Ov-PGRN may participate as a growth factor in the early development of O. viverrini. Western blot analysis revealed the presence of detected Ov-PGRN in both soluble somatic or excretory/secretory products, and immunolocalization indicated high levels of expression in the tegument and parenchyma of the adult fluke. Co-culture of a human cholangiocyte cell line and a peptide fragment of Ov-PGRN stimulated proliferation of cholangiocytes and upregulation of expression of the cytokines IL6 and IL8. Conclusion Ov-PGRN is expressed throughout the life cycle of liver fluke, and likely plays a key role in development and growth.
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Ventura E, Ducci G, Benot Dominguez R, Ruggiero V, Belfiore A, Sacco E, Vanoni M, Iozzo RV, Giordano A, Morrione A. Progranulin Oncogenic Network in Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061706. [PMID: 36980592 PMCID: PMC10046331 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin is a pleiotropic growth factor with important physiological roles in embryogenesis and maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis. While-progranulin deficiency is associated with a broad range of pathological conditions affecting the brain, such as frontotemporal dementia and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, progranulin upregulation characterizes many tumors, including brain tumors, multiple myeloma, leiomyosarcoma, mesothelioma and epithelial cancers such as ovarian, liver, breast, bladder, adrenal, prostate and kidney carcinomas. The increase of progranulin levels in tumors might have diagnostic and prognostic significance. In cancer, progranulin has a pro-tumorigenic role by promoting cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness, anchorage-independent growth and resistance to chemotherapy. In addition, progranulin regulates the tumor microenvironment, affects the function of cancer-associated fibroblasts, and modulates tumor immune surveillance. However, the molecular mechanisms of progranulin oncogenic function are not fully elucidated. In bladder cancer, progranulin action relies on the activation of its functional signaling receptor EphA2. Notably, more recent data suggest that progranulin can also modulate a functional crosstalk between multiple receptor-tyrosine kinases, demonstrating a more complex and context-dependent role of progranulin in cancer. Here, we will review what is currently known about the function of progranulin in tumors, with a focus on its molecular mechanisms of action and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ventura
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (A.M.); Tel.: +1-215-204-2450 (A.M.)
| | - Giacomo Ducci
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
- SYSBIO (Centre of Systems Biology), ISBE (Infrastructure Systems Biology Europe), 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Reyes Benot Dominguez
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Valentina Ruggiero
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Master Program in Pharmaceutical Biotechnologies, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit, University of Catania, Garibaldi-Nesima Hospital, 95122 Catania, Italy
| | - Elena Sacco
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
- SYSBIO (Centre of Systems Biology), ISBE (Infrastructure Systems Biology Europe), 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Vanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
- SYSBIO (Centre of Systems Biology), ISBE (Infrastructure Systems Biology Europe), 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Morrione
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (A.M.); Tel.: +1-215-204-2450 (A.M.)
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Leiba J, Özbilgiç R, Hernández L, Demou M, Lutfalla G, Yatime L, Nguyen-Chi M. Molecular Actors of Inflammation and Their Signaling Pathways: Mechanistic Insights from Zebrafish. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020153. [PMID: 36829432 PMCID: PMC9952950 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark of the physiological response to aggressions. It is orchestrated by a plethora of molecules that detect the danger, signal intracellularly, and activate immune mechanisms to fight the threat. Understanding these processes at a level that allows to modulate their fate in a pathological context strongly relies on in vivo studies, as these can capture the complexity of the whole process and integrate the intricate interplay between the cellular and molecular actors of inflammation. Over the years, zebrafish has proven to be a well-recognized model to study immune responses linked to human physiopathology. We here provide a systematic review of the molecular effectors of inflammation known in this vertebrate and recapitulate their modes of action, as inferred from sterile or infection-based inflammatory models. We present a comprehensive analysis of their sequence, expression, and tissue distribution and summarize the tools that have been developed to study their function. We further highlight how these tools helped gain insights into the mechanisms of immune cell activation, induction, or resolution of inflammation, by uncovering downstream receptors and signaling pathways. These progresses pave the way for more refined models of inflammation, mimicking human diseases and enabling drug development using zebrafish models.
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Li H, Zhang Y, Li C, Ning P, Sun H, Wei F. Tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomics analysis reveals the new regulatory mechanism of progranulin in influenza virus infection. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1090851. [PMID: 36713155 PMCID: PMC9877624 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1090851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) plays an important role in influenza virus infection. To gain insight into the potential molecular mechanisms by which PGRN regulates influenza viral replication, proteomic analyzes of whole mouse lung tissue from wild-type (WT) versus (vs) PGRN knockout (KO) mice were performed to identify proteins regulated by the absence vs. presence of PGRN. Our results revealed that PGRN regulated the differential expression of ALOX15, CD14, CD5L, and FCER1g, etc., and also affected the lysosomal activity in influenza virus infection. Collectively these findings provide a panoramic view of proteomic changes resulting from loss of PGRN and thereby shedding light on the functions of PGRN in influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoning Li
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Chengye Li
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Peng Ning
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hailiang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanhua Wei
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China,*Correspondence: Fanhua Wei, ✉
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Ingannato A, Bessi V, Chiari A, Salvatori D, Bagnoli S, Bedin R, Ferrari C, Sorbi S, Nacmias B. GRN Missense Variants and Familial Alzheimer's Disease: Two Case Reports. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:767-775. [PMID: 37899057 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progranulin protein (GRN) is a growth factor, encoded by the GRN (Granulin precursor) gene, involved in several functions including inflammation, wound repair, signal transduction, proliferation, and tumorigenesis. Mutations in GRN gene are usually the genetic etiology of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but different studies reported GRN mutations in Alzheimer 's disease (AD) patients. OBJECTIVE Here, we analyzed FTD linked gene GRN in 23 patients with a clinical diagnosis of AD and a family history of AD (FAD), not carrying mutations in AD candidate genes (PSEN 1, PSEN 2, and APP). In addition, Microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) gene was studied too. All patients underwent an extensive neuropsychological battery. METHODS Genetic analyses were performed thought PCR assay and sequencing. Variants were annotated with ANNOVAR and allele frequency was checked on population databases. In silico prediction tools were consulted to check nonsynonymous variants and their effect on protein function and structure. The clinical data were retrospectively collected from medical records. RESULTS Genetic screening of MAPT and GRN in 23 FAD patients highlighted two rare different variants in two probands (2/23 = 8,7%) located in GRN gene: R433W (p.Arg433Trp) and C521Y (p.Cys521Tyr). The R433W and C521Y are variants with uncertain significant, that are predicted to affect GRN protein structure and function, with a possible damaging effect. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide evidence of the importance of GRN genetic analysis also in the study of familial AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Ingannato
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Bessi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Annalisa Chiari
- U.O. Neurologia, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Davide Salvatori
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Silvia Bagnoli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberta Bedin
- U.O. Neurologia, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Camilla Ferrari
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Benedetta Nacmias
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
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Wang J, Lai S, Zhou T, Xia Z, Li W, Sha W, Liu J, Chen Y. Progranulin from different gliocytes in the nucleus accumbens exerts distinct roles in FTD- and neuroinflammation-induced depression-like behaviors. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:318. [PMID: 36581897 PMCID: PMC9798954 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is well known to influence the progression of depression. However, the molecular mechanisms triggering NAc neuroinflammation in depression have not been fully elucidated. Progranulin (PGRN) is a multifunctional growth factor that is linked to the innate immune response and inflammation, and PGRN plays a key role in neurodegenerative diseases such as frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Here, the purpose of this study was to validate whether PGRN was involved in the NAc neuroinflammation-promoted depressive-like phenotype. METHODS A NAc neuroinflammation-relevant depression-like model was established using wild-type (WT) and PGRN-knockout (KO) mice after NAc injection with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and various behavioral tests related to cognition, social recognition, depression and anxiety were performed with WT and PGRNKO mice with or without NAc immune challenge. RT‒PCR, ELISA, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were used to determine the expression and function of PGRN in the neuroinflammatory reaction in the NAc after LPS challenge. The morphology of neurons in the NAc from WT and PGRNKO mice under conditions of NAc neuroinflammation was analyzed using Golgi-Cox staining, followed by Sholl analyses. The potential signaling pathways involved in NAc neuroinflammation in PGRNKO mice were investigated by western blotting. RESULTS Under normal conditions, PGRN deficiency induced FTD-like behaviors in mice and astrocyte activation in the NAc, promoted the release of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 and increased dendritic complexity and synaptic protein BDNF levels in the NAc. However, NAc neuroinflammation enhanced PGRN expression, which was located in astrocytes and microglia within the NAc, and PGRN deficiency in mice alleviated NAc neuroinflammation-elicited depression-like behaviors, seemingly inhibiting astrocyte- and microglia-related inflammatory reactions and neuroplasticity complexity in the NAc via the p38 and nuclear factor of kappa (NF-κB) signaling pathways present in the NAc after neuroinflammation. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that PGRN exerts distinct function on different behaviors, showing protective roles in the FTD-like behavior and detrimental effects on the neuroinflammation-related depression-like behavior, resulting from mediating astrocyte and microglial functions from the NAc in different status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Simin Lai
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihao Xia
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Weina Li
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqi Sha
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjie Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjiong Chen
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China.
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Giannos P, Prokopidis K, Isanejad M, Wright HL. Markers of immune dysregulation in response to the ageing gut: insights from aged murine gut microbiota transplants. BMC Gastroenterol 2022; 22:533. [PMID: 36544093 PMCID: PMC9773626 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-022-02613-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perturbations in the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota are accompanied by a decline in immune homeostasis during ageing, characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation and enhanced innate immunity. Genetic insights into the interaction between age-related alterations in the gut microbiota and immune function remain largely unexplored. METHODS We investigated publicly available transcriptomic gut profiles of young germ-free mouse hosts transplanted with old donor gut microbiota to identify immune-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Literature screening of the Gene Expression Omnibus and PubMed identified one murine (Mus musculus) gene expression dataset (GSE130026) that included small intestine tissues from young (5-6 weeks old) germ-free mice hosts that were compared following 8 weeks after transplantation with either old (~ 24-month old; n = 5) or young (5-6 weeks old; n = 4) mouse donor gut microbiota. RESULTS A total of 112 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and used to construct a gut network of encoded proteins, in which DEGs were functionally annotated as being involved in an immune process based on gene ontology. The association between the expression of immune-process DEGs and abundance of immune infiltrates from gene signatures in normal colorectal tissues was estimated from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. The analysis revealed a 25-gene signature of immune-associated DEGs and their expression profile was positively correlated with naïve T-cell, effector memory T-cell, central memory T-cell, resident memory T-cell, exhausted T-cell, resting Treg T-cell, effector Treg T-cell and Th1-like colorectal gene signatures. Conclusions These genes may have a potential role as candidate markers of immune dysregulation during gut microbiota ageing. Moreover, these DEGs may provide insights into the altered immune response to microbiota in the ageing gut, including reduced antigen presentation and alterations in cytokine and chemokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Giannos
- Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Konstantinos Prokopidis
- Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, UK.,Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Masoud Isanejad
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Helen L Wright
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
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Progranulin in Musculoskeletal Inflammatory and Degenerative Disorders, Focus on Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus and Intervertebral Disc Disease: A Systematic Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121544. [PMID: 36558994 PMCID: PMC9782117 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a glycoprotein formed by 593 amino acids encoded by the GRN gene. It has an important role in immunity and inflammatory response, as well as in tissue recovery. Its role in musculoskeletal inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and intervertebral disc degeneration disease (IVDD), is, nowadays, an important target to investigate. The objective of this review is to systematically sum up all the recent findings concerning PGRN as a target in the development and resolution of the inflammatory diseases. PubMed was examined with the terms combinations (Progranulin) AND (Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic), (Progranulin) AND (Arthritis, Rheumatoid), and (Progranulin) AND (Intervertebral Disc Degeneration). PubMed was examined with the terms combinations (Atsttrin) AND (Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic), (Atsttrin) AND (Arthritis, Rheumatoid), and (Atsttrin) AND (Intervertebral Disc Degeneration). Moreover, research through Web of Science was performed searching the same items. The inclusion criteria were: studies whose main topic were progranulin, or atsttrin, with emphasis on the three selected diseases. On the other hand, the exclusion criteria were studies that only focused on diseases not related to RA, lupus or IVDD, in addition to the previous published literature reviews. Since few results were obtained, we did not filter by year. The records assessed for eligibility were 23, including all the studies with the information in state of art of progranulin and its capability to be a potential target or treatment for each one of the selected diseases. As these results are descriptive and not clinical trials, we did not perform risk of bias methods. Within these results, many studies have shown an anti-inflammatory activity of PGRN in RA. PGRN levels in serum and synovial fluids in RA patients were reported higher than controls. On the other hand, serum levels were directly correlated with SLE disease activity index, suggesting an important role of PGRN as a player in the progression of inflammatory diseases and a therapeutical approach for the recovery. This review has some limitations due to the small number of studies in this regard; therefore, we highlight the importance and the necessity of further investigation. No external funding was implicated in this systematical review.
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TDP-43 condensates and lipid droplets regulate the reactivity of microglia and regeneration after traumatic brain injury. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:1608-1625. [PMID: 36424432 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Decreasing the activation of pathology-activated microglia is crucial to prevent chronic inflammation and tissue scarring. In this study, we used a stab wound injury model in zebrafish and identified an injury-induced microglial state characterized by the accumulation of lipid droplets and TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43)+ condensates. Granulin-mediated clearance of both lipid droplets and TDP-43+ condensates was necessary and sufficient to promote the return of microglia back to the basal state and achieve scarless regeneration. Moreover, in postmortem cortical brain tissues from patients with traumatic brain injury, the extent of microglial activation correlated with the accumulation of lipid droplets and TDP-43+ condensates. Together, our results reveal a mechanism required for restoring microglia to a nonactivated state after injury, which has potential for new therapeutic applications in humans.
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Adem S, Abbas DB, Lavin CV, Fahy EJ, Griffin M, Diaz Deleon NM, Borrelli MR, Mascharak S, Shen AH, Patel RA, Longaker MT, Nazerali RS, Wan DC. Decellularized Adipose Matrices Can Alleviate Radiation-Induced Skin Fibrosis. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2022; 11:524-536. [PMID: 34346243 PMCID: PMC9354001 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2021.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Radiation therapy is commonplace for cancer treatment but often results in fibrosis and atrophy of surrounding soft tissue. Decellularized adipose matrices (DAMs) have been reported to improve these soft tissue defects through the promotion of adipogenesis. These matrices are decellularized by a combination of physical, chemical, and enzymatic methods to minimize their immunologic effects while promoting their regenerative effects. In this study, we aimed at exploring the regenerative ability of a DAM (renuva®; MTF biologics, Edison, NJ) in radiation-induced soft tissue injury. Approach: Fresh human lipoaspirate or DAM was injected into the irradiated scalp of CD-1 nude mice, and volume retention was monitored radiographically over 8 weeks. Explanted grafts were histologically assessed, and overlying skin was examined histologically and biomechanically. Irradiated human skin was also evaluated from patients after fat grafting or DAM injection. However, integrating data between murine and human skin in all cohorts is limited given the genetic variability between the two species. Results: Volume retention was found to be greater with fat grafts, though DAM retention was, nonetheless, appreciated at irradiated sites. Improvement in both mouse and human irradiated skin overlying fat and DAM grafts was observed in terms of biomechanical stiffness, dermal thickness, collagen density, collagen fiber networks, and skin vascularity. Innovation: This is the first demonstration of the use of DAMs for augmenting the regenerative potential of irradiated mouse and human skin. Conclusions: These findings support the use of DAMs to address soft tissue atrophy after radiation therapy. Morphological characteristics of the irradiated skin can also be improved with DAM grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Adem
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Darren B. Abbas
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Christopher V. Lavin
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Evan J. Fahy
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michelle Griffin
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nestor M. Diaz Deleon
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mimi R. Borrelli
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shamik Mascharak
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Abra H. Shen
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ronak A. Patel
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael T. Longaker
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Rahim S. Nazerali
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Derrick C. Wan
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Shafqat A, Abdul Rab S, Ammar O, Al Salameh S, Alkhudairi A, Kashir J, Alkattan K, Yaqinuddin A. Emerging role of neutrophil extracellular traps in the complications of diabetes mellitus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:995993. [PMID: 36082273 PMCID: PMC9445264 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.995993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune dysfunction is widely regarded as one of the central tenants underpinning the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. When discussing immunity, the role of neutrophils must be accounted for: neutrophils are the most abundant of the circulating immune cells and are the first to be recruited to sites of inflammation, where they contribute to host defense via phagocytosis, degranulation, and extrusion of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs are composed of DNA associated with nuclear and cytosolic neutrophil proteins. Although originally reported as an antimicrobial strategy to prevent microbial dissemination, a growing body of evidence has implicated NETs in the pathophysiology of various autoimmune and metabolic disorders. In these disorders, NETs propagate a pathologic inflammatory response with consequent tissue injury and thrombosis. Many diabetic complications—such as stroke, retinopathy, impaired wound healing, and coronary artery disease—involve these mechanisms. Therefore, in this review, we discuss laboratory and clinical data informing our understanding of the role of NETs in the development of these complications. NET markers, including myeloperoxidase, citrullinated histone H3, neutrophil elastase, and cell-free double-stranded DNA, can easily be measured in serum or be detected via immunohistochemical/immunocytochemical staining of tissue specimens. Therefore, NET constituents potentially constitute reliable biomarkers for use in the management of diabetic patients. However, no NET-targeting drug is currently approved for the treatment of diabetic complications; a candidate drug will require the outcomes of well-designed, robust clinical trials assessing whether NET inhibition can benefit patients in terms of morbidity, quality of life, health expenditures, and mortality. Therefore, much work remains to be done in translating these encouraging pieces of data into clinical trials for NET-targeting medications to be used in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areez Shafqat
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Areez Shafqat
| | | | - Osama Ammar
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Anas Alkhudairi
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Junaid Kashir
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Alkattan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Sun R, Wang D, Song Y, Li Q, Su P, Pang Y. Granulin as an important immune molecule involved in lamprey tissue repair and regeneration by promoting cell proliferation and migration. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:64. [PMID: 35907821 PMCID: PMC9338584 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is an autocrine growth factor that regulates cell proliferation, migration, wound healing, and tissue repair in mammals. Lamprey is the most primitive of the extant vertebrates and is regarded as the survivor of a once flourishing group of paleozoic vertebrates, with a history of more than 500 million years. To date, the evolutionary dynamics and the underlying function of the PGRNs remain largely unclear in lamprey. Here, we screened four genes encoding PGRNs from the genomes of Lethenteron reissneri and Petromyzon marinus, including one long form (named Lr-PGRN-L) and three short forms (named Lr-PGRN-S1, Lr-PGRN-S2, and Lr-PGRN-S3), and performed phylogenetic tree, functional domain, and synteny analyses to identify the evolutionary history of the four Lr-PGRNs. In addition, the expressions of the four Lr-pgrn family genes and the immune response against various pathogenic challenges were also investigated. We found that these genes were widely distributed in various tissues of lamprey and performed a variety of functions. Moreover, our results suggest that Lr-PGRN-S1 induces cell migration and proliferation, and is involved in repair after skin and spinal cord injury under appropriate conditions. Our findings are valuable because they improve the understanding of the evolutionary relationship of vertebrate pgrn genes, as well as providing new insights into the diverse and important roles of Lr-PGRNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixiang Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.,Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Dong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.,Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Yuxuan Song
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.,Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Qingwei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.,Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Peng Su
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China. .,Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China.
| | - Yue Pang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China. .,Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China.
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Nasser AH, Gendy AM, El-Yamany MF, El-Tanbouly DM. Upregulation of neuronal progranulin mediates the antinociceptive effect of trimetazidine in paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy: Role of ERK1/2 signaling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 448:116096. [PMID: 35662665 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal progranulin (PGRN) overexpression is an endogenous adaptive pain defense following nerve injury. It allows the survival of injured neurons to block enhanced nociceptive responses. Trimetazidine (TMZ) is widely used by cardiac patients as an anti-anginal drug, reflecting its anti-ischemic property. TMZ promotes axonal regeneration of sciatic nerves after crush injury. This study explored the interplay between PGRN and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) to address mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain alleviation following paclitaxel (PTX) administration. Rats were given four injections of PTX (2 mg/kg, i.p.) every other day. Two days after the last dose, rats received TMZ (25 mg/kg) with or without the ERK inhibitor, PD98059, daily for 21 days. TMZ preserved the integrity of myelinated nerve fibers, as evidenced by an obvious reduction in axonal damage biomarkers. Accordingly, it alleviated PTX-evoked thermal, cold, and mechanical hyperalgesia/allodynia. TMZ also promoted ERK1/2 phosphorylation with a profound upsurge in PGRN content. These effects were associated with a substantial increase in Notch1 receptor gene expression and a prominent anti-inflammatory effect with a marked increase in mRNA expression of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor. Further, TMZ decreased oxidative stress and caspase-3 activity in the sciatic nerve. Conversely, co-administration of PD98059 completely abolished these beneficial effects. Thus, the robust antinociceptive effect of TMZ is largely attributed to upregulating PGRN and Notch1 receptors via ERK1/2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa H Nasser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdallah M Gendy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohammed F El-Yamany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia M El-Tanbouly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Pan Y, Yang Y, Fan M, Chen C, Jiang R, Liang L, Xian M, Kuang B, Geng N, Feng N, Deng L, Zheng W, Zhang F, Li X, Guo F. Progranulin regulation of autophagy contributes to its chondroprotective effect in osteoarthritis. Genes Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Association of Progranulin Gene Expression from Dyspeptic Patients with Virulent Helicobacter pylori Strains; In Vivo Model. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050998. [PMID: 35630441 PMCID: PMC9145319 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Gastric cancer, the fourth most common cause of death from tumors in the world, is closely associated with Helicobacter pylori. Timely diagnosis, therefore, is essential to achieve a higher survival rate. In Chile, deaths from gastric cancer are high, mainly due to late diagnosis. Progranulin has reflected the evolution of some cancers, but has been poorly studied in gastric lesions. Aiming to understand the role of progranulin in H. pylori infection and its evolution in development of gastric lesions, we evaluated the genic expression of progranulin in gastric tissue from infected and non-infected patients, comparing it according to the epithelial status and virulence of H. pylori strains. (2) Methods: The genic expression of progranulin by q-PCR was quantified in gastric biopsies from Chilean dyspeptic patients (n = 75) and individuals who were uninfected (n = 75) by H. pylori, after receiving prior informed consent. Bacteria were grown on a medium Columbia agar with equine-blood 7%, antibiotics (Dent 2%, OxoidTM), in a microaerophilic environment, and genetically characterized for the ureC, vacA, cagA, and iceA genes by PCR. The status of the tissue was determined by endoscopic observation. (3) Results: Minor progranulin expression was detected in atrophic tissue, with a sharp drop in the tissue colonized by H. pylori that carried greater virulence, VacAs1m1+CagA+IceA1+. (4) Conclusions: Progranulin shows a differential behavior according to the lesions and virulence of H. pylori, affecting the response of progranulin against gastric inflammation.
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Autoantibodies against interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a multicentre, retrospective, cohort study. THE LANCET RHEUMATOLOGY 2022; 4:e329-e337. [PMID: 35368387 PMCID: PMC8963770 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(22)00064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare but serious complication of infection with SARS-CoV-2. A possible involvement of pathogenetically relevant autoantibodies has been discussed. Recently, neutralising autoantibodies against inflammatory receptor antagonists progranulin and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) were found in adult patients with critical COVID-19. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of such autoantibodies in MIS-C. Methods In this multicentre, retrospective, cohort study, plasma and serum samples were collected from patients (0–18 years) with MIS-C (as per WHO criteria) treated at five clinical centres in Germany and Spain. As controls, we included plasma or serum samples from children with Kawasaki disease, children with inactive systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and children with suspected growth retardation (non-inflammatory control) across four clinical centres in Germany and Spain (all aged ≤18 years). Serum samples from the CoKiBa trial were used as two further control groups, from healthy children (negative for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies) and children with previous mild or asymptomatic COVID-19 (aged ≤17 years). MIS-C and control samples were analysed for autoantibodies against IL-1Ra and progranulin, and for IL-1Ra concentrations, by ELISA. Biochemical analysis of plasma IL-1Ra was performed with native Western blots and isoelectric focusing. Functional activity of the autoantibodies was examined by an in vitro IL-1β-signalling reporter assay. Findings Serum and plasma samples were collected between March 6, 2011, and June 2, 2021. Autoantibodies against IL-1Ra could be detected in 13 (62%) of 21 patients with MIS-C (11 girls and ten boys), but not in children with Kawasaki disease (n=24; nine girls and 15 boys), asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 (n=146; 72 girls and 74 boys), inactive systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (n=10; five girls and five boys), suspected growth retardation (n=33; 13 girls and 20 boys), or in healthy controls (n=462; 230 girls and 232 boys). Anti-IL-1Ra antibodies in patients with MIS-C belonged exclusively to the IgG1 subclass, except in one patient who had additional IL-1Ra-specific IgM antibodies. Autoantibodies against progranulin were only detected in one (5%) patient with MIS-C. In patients with MIS-C who were positive for anti-IL-1Ra antibodies, free plasma IL-1Ra concentrations were reduced, and immune-complexes of IL-1Ra were detected. Notably, an additional, hyperphosphorylated, transiently occurring atypical isoform of IL-1Ra was observed in all patients with MIS-C who were positive for anti-IL-1Ra antibodies. Anti-IL-1Ra antibodies impaired IL-1Ra function in reporter cell assays, resulting in amplified IL-1β signalling. Interpretation Anti-IL-1Ra autoantibodies were observed in a high proportion of patients with MIS-C and were specific to these patients. Generation of these autoantibodies might be triggered by an atypical, hyperphosphorylated isoform of IL-1Ra. These autoantibodies impair IL-1Ra bioactivity and might thus contribute to increased IL-1β-signalling in MIS-C. Funding NanoBioMed fund of the University of Saarland, José Carreras Center for Immuno and Gene Therapy, Dr Rolf M Schwiete Stiftung, Staatskanzlei Saarland, German Heart Foundation, Charity of the Blue Sisters, Bavarian Ministry of Health, the Center for Interdisciplinary Clinical Research at University Hospital Münster, EU Horizon 2020.
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Alyahya AM. The role of progranulin in ischemic heart disease and its related risk factors. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 175:106215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bhopatkar AA, Dhakal S, Abernathy HG, Morgan SE, Rangachari V. Charge and Redox States Modulate Granulin-TDP-43 Coacervation Toward Phase Separation or Aggregation. Biophys J 2022; 121:2107-2126. [PMID: 35490297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic inclusions containing aberrant proteolytic fragments of TDP-43 are associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and other related pathologies. In FTLD, TDP-43 is translocated into the cytoplasm and proteolytically cleaved to generate a prion-like domain (PrLD) containing C-terminal fragments (C25 and C35) that form toxic inclusions. Under stress, TDP-43 partitions into membraneless organelles called stress granules (SGs) by coacervating with RNA and other proteins. To glean into the factors that influence the dynamics between these cytoplasmic foci, we investigated the effects of cysteine-rich granulins (GRNs 1-7), which are the proteolytic products of progranulin, a protein implicated in FTLD, on TDP-43. We show that extracellular GRNs, typically generated during inflammation, internalize and colocalize with PrLD as puncta in the cytoplasm of neuroblastoma cells but show less likelihood of their presence in SGs. In addition, we show GRNs and PrLD coacervate to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) or form gel- or solid-like aggregates. Using charge patterning and conserved cysteines among the wild-type GRNs as guides, along with specifically engineered mutants, we discover that the negative charges on GRNs drive LLPS while the positive charges and the redox state of cysteines modulate these phase transitions. Furthermore, RNA and GRNs compete and expel one another from PrLD condensates, providing a basis for GRN's absence in SGs. Together, the results help uncover potential modulatory mechanisms by which extracellular GRNs, formed during chronic inflammatory conditions, could internalize, and modulate cytoplasmic TDP-43 inclusions in proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anukool A Bhopatkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg MS 39406
| | - Shailendra Dhakal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg MS 39406
| | - Hannah G Abernathy
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg MS 39406
| | - Sarah E Morgan
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg MS 39406
| | - Vijay Rangachari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg MS 39406;; Center for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg MS 39406;.
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Ondaro J, Hernandez-Eguiazu H, Garciandia-Arcelus M, Loera-Valencia R, Rodriguez-Gómez L, Jiménez-Zúñiga A, Goikolea J, Rodriguez-Rodriguez P, Ruiz-Martinez J, Moreno F, Lopez de Munain A, Holt IJ, Gil-Bea FJ, Gereñu G. Defects of Nutrient Signaling and Autophagy in Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:836196. [PMID: 35419363 PMCID: PMC8996160 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.836196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are post-mitotic cells that allocate huge amounts of energy to the synthesis of new organelles and molecules, neurotransmission and to the maintenance of redox homeostasis. In neurons, autophagy is not only crucial to ensure organelle renewal but it is also essential to balance nutritional needs through the mobilization of internal energy stores. A delicate crosstalk between the pathways that sense nutritional status of the cell and the autophagic processes to recycle organelles and macronutrients is fundamental to guarantee the proper functioning of the neuron in times of energy scarcity. This review provides a detailed overview of the pathways and processes involved in the balance of cellular energy mediated by autophagy, which when defective, precipitate the neurodegenerative cascade of Parkinson’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Ondaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Haizea Hernandez-Eguiazu
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maddi Garciandia-Arcelus
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Loera-Valencia
- Department of Neurology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Rodriguez-Gómez
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Jiménez-Zúñiga
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julen Goikolea
- Department of Neurology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patricia Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Javier Ruiz-Martinez
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Fermín Moreno
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Adolfo Lopez de Munain
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ian James Holt
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gil-Bea
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gorka Gereñu
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Leioa, Spain
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Dembic Z. Defending and Integrating an Organism by the Immune System. Scand J Immunol 2022; 95:e13172. [PMID: 35416326 PMCID: PMC9285719 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Integrity model proposes that the adaptive immune response defends, protects and keeps vigilance over the unity of an organism. These functions conceptually rely on three signals that can explain them. All signals have a dual character. The signal‐1 is the recognition of antigen or peptide/MHC ligand. The signal‐2 comprises either help and costimulation or suppression and coinhibition. Lastly, the signal‐3 signals tissues' condition, state or integrity. A part overlaps with the Danger‐associated molecular patterns, and the other part should be detected by putative cell‐surface molecules, intracellular factors or epigenetic events. They are called the Integrity‐associated molecular patterns (IAMPs). The IAMPs originate from damaged (positive signal‐3) or undamaged (negative signal‐3) tissues. The positive signal‐3 would induce costimulatory signal‐2, whereas the negative signal‐3 would induce coinhibitory signal‐2 in APCs. However, in analogue reality, we might more likely encounter a range of signals supposedly sensed by a group of responder cells and integrated overtime (quorum sensing). The predominant option would sway the decision of the immune system to perform either defence or protection (active tolerance). Thus, the quorum sensing supposedly delivers two qualitative thresholds for T (and B) cells' decisions to defend or suppress. If these were not attained, the vigilance (anergy) of adaptive immunocytes for T‐dependent antigens would ensue. These functions provide defence against pathogens and preservation of unity/integrity of an organism, which in turn permits protection of commensals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlatko Dembic
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Norway
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Liu Y, Jiang P, An L, Zhu M, Li J, Wang Y, Huang Q, Xiang Y, Li X, Shi Q, Weng Y. The role of neutrophil elastase in aortic valve calcification. J Transl Med 2022; 20:167. [PMID: 35397552 PMCID: PMC8994374 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most commonly valvular disease in the western countries initiated by inflammation and abnormal calcium deposition. Currently, there is no clinical drug for CAVD. Neutrophil elastase (NE) plays a causal role in inflammation and participates actively in cardiovascular diseases. However, the effect of NE on valve calcification remains unclear. So we next explore whether it is involved in valve calcification and the molecular mechanisms involved. Methods NE expression and activity in calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVD) patients (n = 58) and healthy patients (n = 30) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Porcine aortic valve interstitial cells (pVICs) were isolated and used in vitro expriments. The effects of NE on pVICs inflammation, apoptosis and calcification were detected by TUNEL assay, MTT assay, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot. The effects of NE knockdown and NE activity inhibitor Alvelestat on pVICs inflammation, apoptosis and calcification under osteogenic medium induction were also detected by RT-PCR, western blot, alkaline phosphatase staining and alizarin red staining. Changes of Intracellular signaling pathways after NE treatment were measured by western blot. Apolipoprotein E−/− (APOE−/−) mice were employed in this study to establish the important role of Alvelestat in valve calcification. HE was used to detected the thickness of valve. IHC was used to detected the NE and α-SMA expression in APOE−/− mice. Echocardiography was employed to assess the heat function of APOE−/− mice. Results The level and activity of NE were evaluated in patients with CAVD and calcified valve tissues. NE promoted inflammation, apoptosis and phenotype transition in pVICs in the presence or absence of osteogenic medium. Under osteogenic medium induction, NE silencing or NE inhibitor Alvelestat both suppressed the osteogenic differentiation of pVICs. Mechanically, NE played its role in promoting osteogenic differentiation of pVICs by activating the NF-κB and AKT signaling pathway. Alvelestat alleviated valve thickening and decreased the expression of NE and α-SMA in western diet-induced APOE−/− mice. Alvelestat also reduced NE activity and partially improved the heart function of APOE−/−mice. Conclusions Collectively, NE is highly involved in the pathogenesis of valve calcification. Targeting NE such as Alvelestat may be a potential treatment for CAVD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-022-03363-1.
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Caballero-Solares A, Umasuthan N, Xue X, Katan T, Kumar S, Westcott JD, Chen Z, Fast MD, Skugor S, Taylor RG, Rise ML. Interacting Effects of Sea Louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) Infection and Formalin-Killed Aeromonas salmonicida on Atlantic Salmon Skin Transcriptome. Front Immunol 2022; 13:804987. [PMID: 35401509 PMCID: PMC8987027 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.804987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lepeophtheirus salmonis (sea lice) and bacterial co-infection threatens wild and farmed Atlantic salmon performance and welfare. In the present study, pre-adult L. salmonis-infected and non-infected salmon were intraperitoneally injected with either formalin-killed Aeromonas salmonicida bacterin (ASAL) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Dorsal skin samples from each injection/infection group (PBS/no lice, PBS/lice, ASAL/no lice, and ASAL/lice) were collected at 24 h post-injection and used for transcriptome profiling using a 44K salmonid microarray platform. Microarray results showed no clear inflammation gene expression signatures and revealed extensive gene repression effects by pre-adult lice (2,189 down and 345 up-regulated probes) in the PBS-injected salmon (PBS/lice vs. PBS/no lice), which involved basic cellular (e.g., RNA and protein metabolism) processes. Lice repressive effects were not observed within the group of ASAL-injected salmon (ASAL/lice vs. ASAL/no lice); on the contrary, the observed skin transcriptome changes –albeit of lesser magnitude (82 up and 1 down-regulated probes)– suggested the activation in key immune and wound healing processes (e.g., neutrophil degranulation, keratinocyte differentiation). The molecular skin response to ASAL was more intense in the lice-infected (ASAL/lice vs. PBS/lice; 272 up and 11 down-regulated probes) than in the non-infected fish (ASAL/no lice vs. PBS/no lice; 27 up-regulated probes). Regardless of lice infection, the skin’s response to ASAL was characterized by the putative activation of both antibacterial and wound healing pathways. The transcriptomic changes prompted by ASAL+lice co-stimulation (ASAL/lice vs. PBS/no lice; 1878 up and 3120 down-regulated probes) confirmed partial mitigation of lice repressive effects on fundamental cellular processes and the activation of pathways involved in innate (e.g., neutrophil degranulation) and adaptive immunity (e.g., antibody formation), as well as endothelial cell migration. The qPCR analyses evidenced immune-relevant genes co-stimulated by ASAL and lice in an additive (e.g., mbl2b, bcl6) and synergistic (e.g., hampa, il4r) manner. These results provided insight on the physiological response of the skin of L. salmonis-infected salmon 24 h after ASAL stimulation, which revealed immunostimulatory properties by the bacterin with potential applications in anti-lice treatments for aquaculture. As a simulated co-infection model, the present study also serves as a source of candidate gene biomarkers for sea lice and bacterial co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Caballero-Solares
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- *Correspondence: Albert Caballero-Solares,
| | | | - Xi Xue
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Tomer Katan
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Surendra Kumar
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | | | - Zhiyu Chen
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Mark D. Fast
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Stanko Skugor
- Cargill Aqua Nutrition, Cargill, Sea Lice Research Center (SLRC), Sandnes, Norway
| | | | - Matthew L. Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada
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Kwiecinska P, Grygier B, Morytko A, Sanecka‐Duin A, Majchrzak‐Gorecka M, Kwitniewski M, Kapinska‐Mrowiecka M, Porebski G, Cichy J. Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor regulates nerve reflex‐mediated skin barrier function in psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36:1266-1274. [PMID: 35279880 PMCID: PMC9546283 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), a ~12 kDa protein is an important regulator of innate and adaptive immunity and a component of tissue regenerative programmes. SLPI expression is markedly elevated in chronically inflamed skin, including that of individuals suffering from psoriasis. However, the role of SLPI in these diseases remains elusive. Objectives The poor understanding of the early stages of the development of psoriasis is a major obstacle to successful intervention in the skin pathology. We hypothesized that SLPI and peripheral nerves that might be activated early in the progression of the disease likely form a functional relationship to maintain skin barrier homeostasis and respond to a variety of threats. Methods We used skin biopsies of healthy donors and individuals with psoriasis to show expression pattern of SLPI. A role of SLPI in psoriasis was mechanistically assessed using SLPI‐deficient mice and an imiquimod (IMQ)‐induced experimental model of psoriasis. Results We show that mice lacking SLPI had exaggerated skin alterations that extended beyond the treatment site in an imiquimod‐induced psoriasis. The spatiotemporally distinct skin responses in SLPI‐deficient mice, compared to their wild‐type littermates, resulted from a compromised skin barrier function that manifested itself in heightened transepidermal water loss through the larger skin area surrounding the IMQ‐challenged skin. The increased pathogenic skin changes in the absence of SLPI were reversible through pharmacological treatment that blocks a nerve‐reflex arc. Conclusions Together, these data indicate that SLPI plays a protective role in psoriasis through preventing skin dryness, inherent in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and that this SLPI action depends on neuronal input operating in a reflex manner. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism that maintains cutaneous homeostasis, which involves a crosstalk between the nervous system and a protein anatomically poised to fortify the epidermal permeability barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Kwiecinska
- Department of Immunology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - B. Grygier
- Department of Immunology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - A. Morytko
- Department of Immunology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | - A. Sanecka‐Duin
- Department of Immunology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
- Ardigen Krakow Poland
| | - M. Majchrzak‐Gorecka
- Department of Immunology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
- Ardigen Krakow Poland
| | - M. Kwitniewski
- Department of Immunology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
| | | | - G. Porebski
- Department of Clinical and Environmental Allergology Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
| | - J. Cichy
- Department of Immunology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
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