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Wang N, Jiang F, Xu L, Cai Y. Profiles, exposure assessment and expanded screening of PAHs and their derivatives in one petroleum refinery facility of China. J Environ Sci (China) 2025; 147:550-560. [PMID: 39003070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated environmental distribution and human exposure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives in one Chinese petroleum refinery facility. It was found that, following with high concentrations of 16 EPA PAHs (∑Parent-PAHs) in smelting subarea of studied petroleum refinery facility, total derivatives of PAHs [named as XPAHs, including nitro PAHs (NPAHs), chlorinated PAHs (Cl-PAHs), and brominated PAHs (Br-PAHs)] in gas (mean= 1.57 × 104 ng/m3), total suspended particulate (TSP) (mean= 4.33 × 103 ng/m3) and soil (mean= 4.37 × 103 ng/g) in this subarea had 1.76-6.19 times higher levels than those from other subareas of this facility, surrounding residential areas and reference areas, indicating that petroleum refining processes would lead apparent derivation of PAHs. Especially, compared with those in residential and reference areas, gas samples in the petrochemical areas had higher ∑NPAH/∑PAHs (mean=2.18), but lower ∑Cl-PAH/∑PAHs (mean=1.43 × 10-1) and ∑Br-PAH/∑PAHs ratios (mean=7.49 × 10-2), indicating the richer nitrification of PAHs than chlorination during petrochemical process. The occupational exposure to PAHs and XPAHs in this petroleum refinery facility were 24-343 times higher than non-occupational exposure, and the ILCR (1.04 × 10-4) for petrochemical workers was considered to be potential high risk. Furthermore, one expanded high-resolution screening through GC Orbitrap/MS was performed for soils from petrochemical area, and another 35 PAHs were found, including alkyl-PAHs, phenyl-PAHs and other species, indicating that profiles and risks of PAHs analogs in petrochemical areas deserve further expanded investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; Resource and Environmental Innovation Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Fengjiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 330106, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistence Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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2
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Tsiodra I, Grivas G, Bougiatioti A, Tavernaraki K, Parinos C, Paraskevopoulou D, Papoutsidaki K, Tsagkaraki M, Kozonaki FA, Oikonomou K, Nenes A, Mihalopoulos N. Source apportionment of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), and their associated long-term health risks in a major European city. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175416. [PMID: 39142411 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Many studies have drawn attention to the associations of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) with harmful health effects, advocating for their systematic monitoring alongside simple PAHs to better understand the aerosol carcinogenic potential in urban areas. To address this need, this study conducted an extensive PM2.5 sampling campaign in Athens, Greece, at the Thissio Supersite of the National Observatory of Athens, from December 2018 to July 2021, aiming to characterize the levels and variability of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), perform source apportionment, and assess health risk. Cumulative OPAH concentrations (Σ-OPAHs) were in the same range as Σ-PAHs (annual average 4.2 and 5.6 ng m-3, respectively). They exhibited a common seasonal profile with enhanced levels during the heating seasons, primarily attributed to residential wood burning (RWB). The episodic impact of biomass burning was also observed during a peri-urban wildfire event in May 2021, when PAH and OPAH concentrations increased by a factor of three compared to the monthly average. The study period also included the winter 2020-2021 COVID-19 lockdown, during which PAH and OPAH levels decreased by >50 % compared to past winters. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) source apportionment, based on a carbonaceous aerosol speciation dataset, identified PAC sources related to RWB, local traffic (gasoline vehicles) and urban traffic (including diesel emissions), as well as an impact of regional organic aerosol. Despite its seasonal character, RWB accounted for nearly half of Σ-PAH and over two-thirds of Σ-OPAH concentrations. Using the estimated source profiles and contributions, the source-specific carcinogenic potency of the studied PACs was calculated, revealing that almost 50 % was related to RWB. These findings underscore the urgent need to regulate domestic biomass burning at a European level, which can provide concrete benefits for improving urban air quality, towards the new stricter EU standards, and reducing long-term health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Tsiodra
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece; Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, GR-26504, Greece
| | - Georgios Grivas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Bougiatioti
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Tavernaraki
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Constantine Parinos
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanography, 190 13 Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece
| | - Despina Paraskevopoulou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Papoutsidaki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Maria Tsagkaraki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Faidra-Aikaterini Kozonaki
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | | | - Athanasios Nenes
- Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, GR-26504, Greece; Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil & Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece.
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Zhang J, Wei C, Han Y, Bandowe BAM, Lei D, Wilcke W. A 150 years record of polycyclic aromatic compounds in the Sihailongwan Maar Lake, Northeast China: impacts of socio-economic developments and pollution control. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:1748-1759. [PMID: 39291851 DOI: 10.1039/d4em00309h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The geochemical composition of sediment cores can serve as a proxy for reconstructing past human and nature-driven environmental and climatic changes. We investigated the temporal variation in the concentrations and fluxes of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) which include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxygenated PAHs, and azaarenes in the Sihailongwan Maar Lake and found that they remained low before 1950. The PAC concentrations and fluxes increased substantially since 1950, which was in good agreement with the fast socio-economic development, industrialization, and associated growth in fossil fuel consumption in China, particularly since the 1980s. After 2010, the PAC fluxes decreased, which was consistent with the implementation of air pollution control policies in China at that time. The concentration ratios of the sums of low to high molecular weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs/HMW-PAHs), benzo[e]pyrene/benzo[a]pyrene, and benzo[a]anthracene-7,12-dione/benzo[a]anthracene all decreased from bottom to top of the sediment core, reflecting the rapidly increasing contribution of emissions derived from high-temperature fossil fuel combustion (energy, transport and industry) to the PAC emissions in recent times at the expense of biomass burning. In addition, these data reflect the increasing local sources of PACs in more recent times because of the enhanced human activities in the area surrounding the Maar lake. Our results demonstrate that PAC fluxes and concentrations in sediment cores reflect the regional and national economic development and the efficiency of pollution control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Shanghai Carbon Data Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yongming Han
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710061, China
| | | | - Dewen Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Loess, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Chen YW, Liu KT, Thi Phuong Thao H, Jian MY, Cheng YH. Insight into the diurnal variations and potential sources of ambient PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during spring in Northern Taiwan. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:134977. [PMID: 38905976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the primary organic pollutants associated with particulate matter (PM), have attracted significant attention due to their carcinogenic and mutagenic potential. However, past studies have lacked exploration into the diurnal variation characteristics of PAHs, primarily due to limited analytical technical capabilities. This study utilized a thermal-desorption device coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) to identify the levels of PAHs in PM2.5 during short periods (3-hr) and aimed to investigate the diurnal variations, possible sources, and potential health risks associated with PM2.5-bound PAHs in northern Taiwan. The mean concentration of total PAHs in PM2.5 was 1.22 ± 0.69 ng m-3 during the sampling period, with high molecular weight PAHs dominating. Source apportionment by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model indicated that industrial emissions and traffic emissions (57.7 %) were the predominant sources of PAHs, with petroleum volatilization and coal/biomass combustion (42.3 %) making a lesser contribution. Diurnal variations of industrial and traffic emissions showed higher concentrations during traffic rush hours, while petroleum volatilization and coal/biomass combustion displayed higher concentrations at noon. Results from the potential source contribution function (PSCF) and the concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) model suggested that industrial emissions and traffic emissions mostly originated from local sources and were concentrated in the vicinity of the sampling site and the coastal area of western Taiwan. Source-attributed excess cancer risk (ECR) showed that industrial and traffic emissions had the highest cancer risks during morning traffic peak hours (1.69 ×10-5), while petroleum volatilization and coal/biomass combustion reached the maximum at noon (4.75 ×10-6). As a result, efforts to reduce PAH emissions from industrial and vehicle exhaust sources, especially during morning traffic hours, can help mitigate their adverse impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Chen
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ting Liu
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan
| | - Ho Thi Phuong Thao
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ying Jian
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Cheng
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan; Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei 243089, Taiwan; Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi, Chiayi 613016, Taiwan.
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Zhang C, Yang M, Li J, Wang H, Song L, Shen L, Bai L, Lin Y, Liu J, Wang B. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emissions from biomass-fueled boilers in China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 480:135764. [PMID: 39276733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Biomass serves as a sustainable energy source; however, the environmental risks associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from industrial biomass-fueled boilers are not well understood. This study analyzed 16 priority PAHs in both particulate and gaseous phases from 13 representative real-world industrial biomass-fueled boilers. Flue gas samples were collected from the stacks and analyzed using advanced techniques. Total PAHs concentrations ranged from 1.36 to 8870 μg m-3 (9 % O2 v/v), with benzo[a]pyrene emissions from certain boilers exceeding the allowable emissions standards for the coking chemical and petroleum refining industries in China. PAHs were predominantly found in the gaseous phase, with both gas and particle phases exhibiting similar toxicity. The average emission factor (EFmass) was 9.23 mg kg-1, while the toxicity-equivalent emission factors (EFCEQ, EFMEQ, and EFTEQ) were 1.96 × 10-2, 1.39 × 10-2 and 7.61 × 10-4 mg kg-1, respectively. It is estimated that annual PAH emissions from 2020 to 2050 will significantly decrease if biomass is used as industrial fuel in boilers (0.61 to 1.32 Gg y-1) instead of being openly burned in the field (3.39 to 7.21 Gg y-1). Overall, this study provides a comprehensive evaluation of PAH emissions from industrial biomass combustion, offering valuable data for future research and policy-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Zhang
- College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Quality Science and Management, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Meixue Yang
- College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jiangyong Li
- College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Quality Science and Management, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Lin Song
- College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Liran Shen
- Guangdong Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Li Bai
- Guangdong Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Yujun Lin
- Guangdong Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Guangdong Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Boguang Wang
- College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Air Quality Science and Management, Guangzhou 511443, China
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Pannetier P, Clérandeau C, Le Floch S, Cachot J, Morin B. Toxicity evaluation of water-accommodated fraction of heavy and light oils on the rainbow trout fish cell line RTL-W1. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:49715-49726. [PMID: 39080162 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34458-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Fish are currently used models for the toxicity assessment of chemicals, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Alternative methods including fish cell lines are currently used to provide fast and reliable results on the toxic properties of chemicals while respecting ethical concerns about animal testing. The Rainbow trout liver cell line RTLW1 was used to analyze the effects of two water-accommodated fractions from two crude oils: Arabian Light crude oil (LO) and refined oil from Erika (HO). Several toxicity endpoints were assessed in this study, including cytotoxicity, EROD activity, DNA damage (comet and micronucleus assays), and ROS production. RTL-W1 cells were exposed for 24 h at two or three dilutions of WAF at 1000 µg/L (0.1% (1 μg/L), 1% (10 μg/L), and 10% (100 μg/L)) for cytotoxicity and EROD activity and 1% and 10% for ROS production and genotoxicity). Exposure of RTL-W1 cells to LO WAF induced a significant increase of EROD activity and ROS production and altered DNA integrity as revealed by both the comet assay and the micronucleus test for 10 µg/L of LO. On the other hand, HO WAF exhibited limited toxic effects except for an EROD induction for 1% WAF dilution. These results confirmed the usefulness of RTL-W1 cells for in vitro toxicological assessment of chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Pannetier
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 5805, 33600, Pessac, France.
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Unit Virology, Immunology and Ecotoxicology of Fish, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France.
| | | | - Stéphane Le Floch
- Centre de Documentation, de Recherche Et d'Expérimentations Sur Les Pollutions Accidentelles Des Eaux, CEDRE, 29200, Brest, France
| | - Jérôme Cachot
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 5805, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Bénédicte Morin
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 5805, 33600, Pessac, France
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Kuprijanov I, Buhhalko N, Eriksson U, Sjöberg V, Rotander A, Kolesova N, Lipp M, Buschmann F, Hashmi A, Liblik T, Lehtonen KK. A case study on microlitter and chemical contaminants: Assessing biological effects in the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland (Baltic sea) using the mussel Mytilus trossulus as a bioindicator. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 199:106628. [PMID: 38968804 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Chemical and microlitter (ML) pollution in three Estonian coastal areas (Baltic Sea) was investigated using mussels (Mytilus trossulus). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in mussel tissues were observed in moderate levels with high bioaccumulation factors for the more hydrophilic and low molecular weight PAH (LMW PAH), namely anthracene and fluorene. Tissue concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and cadmium within mussel populations exceeded the Good Environmental Status thresholds by more than 200% and 60%, respectively. Multiple contamination at the Muuga Harbour site by tributyltin, high molecular weight PAH, including the highly toxic benzo[c]fluorene and PBDE, coincided with the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity and a lower condition index of the mussels. The metabolization and removal of bioaccumulated LMW PAH, reflected in the dominance of oxy-PAH such as anthracene-9,10-dione, is likely associated with the increased activity of glutathione S-transferase in caged mussels. Only a few microplastic particles were observed among the ML in mussel tissues, with coloured cellulose-based microfibers being the most prevalent. The average concentration of ML in mussels was significantly higher at the harbour area than at other sites. The integrated biomarker response index values allowed for the differentiation of pollution levels across studied locations representing high, intermediate, and low pollution levels within the studied area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kuprijanov
- Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Tee 15a, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Natalja Buhhalko
- Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Tee 15a, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Ulrika Eriksson
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Grenadjärgatan 8, 703 65, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Viktor Sjöberg
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Grenadjärgatan 8, 703 65, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anna Rotander
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Grenadjärgatan 8, 703 65, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Natalja Kolesova
- Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Tee 15a, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Maarja Lipp
- Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Tee 15a, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Fred Buschmann
- Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Tee 15a, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Arslan Hashmi
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Grenadjärgatan 8, 703 65, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Taavi Liblik
- Department of Marine Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Tee 15a, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kari K Lehtonen
- Marine and Freshwater Solutions Unit, Finnish Environment Institute (Syke), Agnes Sjöbergin Katu 2, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland
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Jeong J, Kim G, Lee JG. A review of food contamination with nitrated and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: toxicity, analysis, occurrence, and risk assessment. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:2261-2274. [PMID: 39145122 PMCID: PMC11319709 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-024-01653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives, particularly nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs), can result in adverse health effects and may carry higher toxicity risks compared to PAHs alone. Various extraction methods have been utilized for PAHs derivatives from food samples. The analytes are then analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography techniques. PAHs derivatives are increasingly being detected in the environment, prompting scrutiny from numerous researchers. Similarly, their presence in food is becoming a significant concern. The elevated levels of PAH derivatives found in smoked food may result in detrimental dietary exposure and pose potential health hazards. Furthermore, investigating the level of exposure to these contaminants in food is imperative, as their consumption by humans carries inherent risks. Consequently, this review concentrates on the toxicity, analysis, occurrence, and risk evaluation of NPAHs and OPAHs present in food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihun Jeong
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, National Seoul University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811 South Korea
| | - Geehyeon Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, National Seoul University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811 South Korea
| | - Joon-Goo Lee
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, National Seoul University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811 South Korea
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Xue C, Du Y, Allinson G, Zeng X, Li X, Fang H. Metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollutants in industrial parks under valley landforms in Tibetan Plateau: Spatial pattern, ecological risk and interaction with soil microorganisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134411. [PMID: 38677117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The spatial patterns of pollutants produced by industrial parks are affected by many factors, but the interactions among polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals, and soil microorganisms in the valley landforms of the Tibetan Plateau are poorly understood. Thus, this study systematically investigated the distribution and pollution of metals and PAHs in soil around an industrial park in the typical valley landform of the Tibetan Plateau and analyzed and clarified the interaction among metals, PAHs, and microorganisms. The results were as follows: metal and PAH concentrations were affected by wind direction, especially WN-ES and S-N winds; Cd (2.86-54.64 mg·kg-1) had the highest soil concentrations of the metals screened, followed by variable concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn; the pollution levels of metals and PAHs in the S-N wind direction were lower than those in the WN-ES wind direction; the Cd content of Avena sativa in the agricultural soil around the factory exceeded its enrichment ability and food safety standards; the closer to the center of the park, the higher the ecological risk of PAHs; and the TEQ and MEQ values of the PAHs were consistent with their concentration distributions. The results of the soil microbial diversity and co-occurrence network in the dominant wind direction showed that metal and PAH pollution weakened the robustness of soil microbial communities. Additionally, the diversity and robustness of soil microbial communities at the S wind site were higher than those at the ES wind site, which might be attributed to the lower metal content of the former than the latter, which plays a negative role in the biodegradation of PAHs. The results of this study provide insights into the site selection, pollutant supervision, and environmental remediation of industrial parks in typical landforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Du
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Xiangfeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Huajun Fang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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10
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McCarrick S, Delaval MN, Dauter UM, Krais AM, Snigireva A, Abera A, Broberg K, Eriksson AC, Isaxon C, Gliga AR. Toxicity of particles derived from combustion of Ethiopian traditional biomass fuels in human bronchial and macrophage-like cells. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1515-1532. [PMID: 38427118 PMCID: PMC10965653 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The combustion of traditional fuels in low-income countries, including those in sub-Saharan Africa, leads to extensive indoor particle exposure. Yet, the related health consequences in this context are understudied. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro toxicity of combustion-derived particles relevant for Sub-Saharan household environments. Particles (< 2.5 µm) were collected using a high-volume sampler during combustion of traditional Ethiopian biomass fuels: cow dung, eucalyptus wood and eucalyptus charcoal. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP, NIST 2975) served as reference particles. The highest levels of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were found in wood (3219 ng/mg), followed by dung (618 ng/mg), charcoal (136 ng/mg) and DEP (118 ng/mg) (GC-MS). BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells and THP-1 derived macrophages were exposed to particle suspensions (1-150 µg/mL) for 24 h. All particles induced concentration-dependent genotoxicity (comet assay) but no pro-inflammatory cytokine release in epithelial cells, whereas dung and wood particles also induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity (Alamar Blue). Only wood particles induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in macrophage-like cells, while dung particles were unique at increasing secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α). In summary, particles derived from combustion of less energy dense fuels like dung and wood had a higher PAH content and were more cytotoxic in epithelial cells. In addition, the least energy dense and cheapest fuel, dung, also induced pro-inflammatory effects in macrophage-like cells. These findings highlight the influence of fuel type on the toxic profile of the emitted particles and warrant further research to understand and mitigate health effects of indoor air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McCarrick
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mathilde N Delaval
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC), Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike M Dauter
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annette M Krais
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Asmamaw Abera
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Karin Broberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Axel C Eriksson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christina Isaxon
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anda R Gliga
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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11
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Zhang X, Qi A, Wang P, Huang Q, Zhao T, Yang L, Wang W. Influence of oil extraction on concentration distributions, migration, secondary formation and carcinogenic risk of NPAHs and OPAHs in air and soil in an oilfield development area in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:170736. [PMID: 38325475 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Oil extraction leads to environmental pollution from the oilfields and dweller activities, however, knowledge of the concentration distributions, migration, secondary formation and toxicity of nitrated/oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N/OPAHs) in oilfield regions is limited. In this research, atmospheric and soil samples in 7 different location types in an important oil industrial base in China were gathered. The ΣNPAHs and ΣOPAHs in the air ranged from 0.05 to 2.47 ng/m3 and 0.14-22.72 ng/m3, respectively, and in soil ranged from 0.22 to 17.81 ng/g and 9.69-66.86 ng/g, respectively. Both NPAHs and OPAHs in the atmosphere exhibited higher concentrations during winter. The atmospheric NPAH concentrations decreased exponentially with distance from urban area especially in the summer, revealing the impact of vehicles on the air in the Yellow River Delta area. High NPAH and OPAH concentrations were found only in soil near oil extraction facilities, indicating that the impact of oil extraction is limited to the soil near the extraction facilities. The air-soil exchanges of N/OPAHs were assessed through fugacity fraction analysis, and NPAHs were in the equilibrium-deposition state and OPAHs were in the net-deposition state in the winter. Higher incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) occurred at the urban, industrial, and oilfield sites in the atmospheric samples, and the soil samples had the largest ILCR values in the oilfield sites. However, ILCR values for both air and soil did not exceed the threshold of 10-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Anan Qi
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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12
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Ting YC, Zou YX, Pan SY, Ko YR, Ciou ZJ, Huang CH. Sources-attributed contributions to health risks associated with PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during the warm and cold seasons in an urban area of Eastern Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171325. [PMID: 38428604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite the well-established recognition of the health hazards posed by PM2.5-bound PAHs, a comprehensive understanding of their source-specific impact has been lacking. In this study, the health risks associated with PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and source-specific contributions were investigated in the urban region of Taipei during both cold and warm seasons. The levels of PM2.5-bound PAHs and their potential health risks across different age groups of humans were also characterized. Diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization analysis were utilized to identify the sources of PM2.5-bound PAHs. Moreover, potential source contribution function (PSCF), concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) and source regional apportionment (SRA) analyses were employed to determine the potential source regions. Results showed that the total PAHs (TPAHs) concentrations ranged from 0.08 to 2.37 ng m-3, with an average of 0.69 ± 0.53 ng m-3. Vehicular emissions emerged as the primary contributor to PM2.5-bound PAHs, constituting 39.8 % of the TPAHs concentration, followed by industrial emissions (37.6 %), biomass burning (13.8 %), and petroleum/oil volatilization (8.8 %). PSCF and CWT analyses revealed that industrial activities and shipping processes in northeast China, South China Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea, contributed to the occurrence of PM2.5-bound PAHs in Taipei. SRA identified central China as the primary regional contributor of ambient TPAHs in the cold season and Taiwan in the warm season, respectively. Evaluations of incremental lifetime cancer risk demonstrated the highest risk for adults, followed by children, seniors, and adolescents. The assessments of lifetime lung cancer risk showed that vehicular and industrial emissions were the main contributors to cancer risk induced by PM2.5-bound PAHs. This research emphasizes the essential role of precisely identifying the origins of PM2.5-bound PAHs to enhance our comprehension of the related human health hazards, thus providing valuable insights into the mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Ting
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Xuan Zou
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yu Pan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ru Ko
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Jhe Ciou
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Hsiu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Cheng Z, Qiu X, Li A, Chai Q, Shi X, Ge Y, Koenig TK, Zheng Y, Chen S, Hu M, Ye C, Cheung RKY, Modini RL, Chen Q, Shang J, Zhu T. Heterogeneous reactions significantly contribute to the atmospheric formation of nitrated aromatic compounds during the haze episode in urban Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170612. [PMID: 38307269 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs) are key components of air pollution; however, due to the presence of complex mixtures of primary and secondary species, especially in urban environments, their atmospheric formation is poorly understood. Here we conducted a field campaign during a winter haze episode in urban Beijing, China to monitor gaseous and particulate NACs at 2-h time resolution. Through a standard-independent non-targeted approach, a total of 238 NACs were screened, of which 127 species were assigned chemical formula and 25 structures were confirmed. Four main classes were identified: nitrated aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrophenols, oxygenated nitrated aromatic compounds, and nitrated heterocyclic aromatic compounds. Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed disparate temporal variances of diurnal or nocturnal elevation, among which different nitration formations were captured, i.e., daytime photochemical oxidation and nighttime heterogeneous reactions. Isomeric information, particularly the substitution position of the nitro group on biphenyl, further demonstrated a potential heterogeneous mechanism of electrophilic nitration by NO2+. Assisted by source apportionment, we found that nighttime heterogeneous reactions significantly contributed to NAC formation, e.g., 31.3 % and 60.8 %, respectively, to 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene, which were previously considered as classical daytime gas-phase products. This study provides comprehensive information on urban NAC species and highlights the importance of unheeded heterogeneous reactions in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cheng
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
| | - Ailin Li
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Qianqian Chai
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Xiaodi Shi
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yanli Ge
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Theodore K Koenig
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yan Zheng
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Min Hu
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Chunxiang Ye
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Rico K Y Cheung
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Robin L Modini
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Qi Chen
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Jing Shang
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Tong Zhu
- SKL-ESPC and SEPKL-AERM, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
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14
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Mukhopadhyay S, Dutta R, Das P. Greenery planning for urban air pollution control based on biomonitoring potential: Explicit emphasis on foliar accumulation of particulate matter (PM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 355:120524. [PMID: 38461639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
In this study, efficiencies of eight indigenous plants of Baishnabghata Patuli Township (BPT), southeast Kolkata, India, were explored as green barrier species and potentials of plant leaves were exploited for biomonitoring of particulate matter (PM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The present work focused on studying PM capturing abilities (539.32-2766.27 μg cm-2) of plants (T. divaricata, N. oleander and B. acuminata being the most efficient species in retaining PM) along with the estimation of foliar contents of PM adhered to leaf surfaces (total sPM (large + coarse): 526.59-2731.76 μg cm-2) and embedded within waxes (total wPM (large + coarse): 8.73-34.51 μg cm-2). SEM imaging used to analyse leaf surfaces affirmed the presence of innate corrugated microstructures as main drivers for particle capture. Accumulation capacities of PAHs of vehicular origin (total index, TI > 4) were compared among the species based on measured concentrations (159.92-393.01 μg g-1) which indicated T. divaricata, P. alba and N. cadamba as highest PAHs accumulators. Specific leaf area (SLA) of plants (71.01-376.79 cm2 g-1), a measure of canopy-atmosphere interface, had great relevance in PAHs diffusion. Relative contribution (>90%) of 4-6 ring PAHs to total carcinogenic equivalent and potential as well as 5-6 ring PAHs to total mutagenic equivalent and potential had also been viewed with respect to benzo[a]pyrene. In-depth analysis of foliar traits and adoption of plant-based ranking strategies (air pollution tolerance index (APTI) and anticipated performance index (API)) provided a rationale for green belting. Each of the naturally selected plant species showed evidences of adaptations during abiotic stress to maximize survival and filtering effects for reductive elimination of ambient PM and PAHs, allowing holistic management of green spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shritama Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Ratna Dutta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | - Papita Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
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15
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Loive J, Strandberg B, Christensen K, Hagvall L. Indoor air levels of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) in public buildings with creosote impregnated constructions - A pilot case study using passive samplers. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141240. [PMID: 38266881 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Creosote has been used in Sweden as a wood preservative in buildings since the 19th century. These buildings can function as workplaces, homes, and cultural buildings to which the public has access. Creosote contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) which are well known carcinogens. To understand exposure and risks in an indoor environment, it is important to determine air levels of parent PAHs as well as the more toxic nitrated and oxygenated PAH derivatives (NPAH, OPAH). This study aims to investigate indoor air levels of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) e.g., PAH, NPAH, OPAH and dibenzothiophenes in buildings containing creosote sources and whether these levels pose a health risk. Four cultural buildings were studied, all located within a radius of 130 m. Two were known to have creosote sources, and two had not. Polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) were used to indicate possible point sources. PUF-PAS measurements were performed for one month in each building winter and summer. Simultaneously, PAC outdoor level measurements were performed. Buildings with creosote impregnated constructions had notably higher indoor air levels of PAC (31-1200 ng m-3) compared to the two buildings without creosote sources (14-45 ng m-3). The PAH cancer potency (sum of benzo[a]pyrene equivalents (BaPeq)) was more than one order of magnitude higher in the buildings containing creosote impregnated wood compared to reference buildings. The highest value was 5.1 BaPeq ng m-3 which was significantly higher than the outdoor winter measurement (1.3 BaPeq ng m-3). Fluoranthene and phenanthrene, with significant distribution in gas phase, but also several particulate NPAHs contributed significantly to the total cancer risk. Thus, creosote containing buildings can still contaminate the indoor air with PACs despite being over a hundred years old. The PUF-PAS was shown to be a good tool providing quantitative/semiquantitative measures of PACs exposure in indoor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Loive
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Skåne, Lund, SE-223 81, Sweden
| | - Bo Strandberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Skåne, Lund, SE-223 81, Sweden
| | - Karen Christensen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Skåne, Lund, SE-223 81, Sweden
| | - Lina Hagvall
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Skåne, Lund, SE-223 81, Sweden.
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16
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Vo LHT, Yoneda M, Nghiem TD, Sekiguchi K, Fujitani Y, Vu DN, Nguyen THT. Characterisation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with indoor PM 0.1 and PM 2.5 in Hanoi and implications for health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123138. [PMID: 38097160 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with indoor PM pose a high risk to human health because of their toxicity. A total of 160 daily samples of indoor PM2.5 and PM0.1 were collected in Hanoi and analysed for 15 PAHs. In general, the concentrations of carcinogenic PAHs (car-PAHs) accounted for 21% ± 2%, 19.1% ± 2%, and 26% ± 3% of the concentrations of 15 PAHs in PM2.5, PM0.1-2.5, and PM0.1, respectively. Higher percentages of car-PAHs were found in smaller fractions (PM0.1), which can be easily deposited deep in the pulmonary regions of the human respiratory tract. The concentrations of 15 PAHs were higher in winter than in summer. The most abundant PAH species were naphthalene and phenanthrene, accounting for 11%-21% and 19%-23%, respectively. The PAH content in PM0.1 was almost twice as high as those in PM2.5 and PM0.1-2.5. Principal component analysis found that vehicle emissions and the combustion of biomass and coal were the main outdoor sources of PAHs, whereas indoor sources included cooking activities, the combustion of incense, scented candles, and domestic uses in houses. According to the results, 60%-90% of the PM0.1-bound BaP(eq) was deposited in the alveoli region, whereas 63%-75% of the PM2.5-bound BaP(eq) was deposited in head airways (HA), implying that most of the particles deposited in the HA region were PM0.1-2.5. The contributions of dibenz[a,h]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene were dominant and contributed from 36% to 51% and 31%-50%, respectively, to the carcinogenic potential, whereas benzo[a]pyrene contributed from 30% to 49% to the mutagenic potential for both size fractions. The incremental lifetime cancer risk, simulated by Monte Carlo simulation, was within the limits set by the US EPA, indicating an acceptable risk for the occupants. These results provide an additional scientific basis for protecting human health from exposure to indoor PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Ha T Vo
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 1 Dai Co Viet, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Minoru Yoneda
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Trung-Dung Nghiem
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 1 Dai Co Viet, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam.
| | - Kazuhiko Sekiguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura, Saitama, 338- 8570, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujitani
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Duc Nam Vu
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Thu-Hien T Nguyen
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 1 Dai Co Viet, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
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17
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He X, Huang XH, Ma Y, Huang C, Yu JZ. Unambiguous Analysis and Systematic Mapping of Oxygenated Aromatic Compounds in Atmospheric Aerosols Using Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1880-1889. [PMID: 38253570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Compositional analysis of organic aerosols (OAs) at the molecular level has been a long-standing challenge in field and laboratory studies. In this work, we applied different extraction protocols to aerosol samples collected from the ambient atmosphere and biomass burning sources, followed by Orbitrap mass spectrometric analysis with a soft electrospray ionization source operating in both positive and negative ionization modes. To systematically map the distribution of mono- and dioxygenated aromatic compounds (referred to as aromatic CHO1 and CHO2 formulas) in OA, we developed a unique two-dimensional Kendrick mass defect (2D KMD) framework. Our analysis unveiled a total of (76, 64, 70) aromatic CHO1 formulas and (103, 110, 106) CHO2 formulas, corresponding to samples obtained from ambient air, rice straw burning, and sugarcane leaf burning, respectively. These results reveal a significant number of additional distinct formulas exclusively present in ambient samples, suggesting a significant chemical transformation of OAs in the atmosphere. The analytical approach can be further extended to incorporate multiple layers of 2D KMD, enabling systematic mapping of the unexplored chemical space for complex environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao He
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaohui Hilda Huang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yingge Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
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18
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Skiba A, Styszko K, Furman P, Szramowiat-Sala K, Samek L, Gorczyca Z, Wideł D, Kasper-Giebl A, Różański K. Source apportionment of suspended particulate matter (PM 1, PM 2.5 and PM 10) collected in road and tram tunnels in Krakow, Poland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:14690-14703. [PMID: 38280167 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32000-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Here, we present the results of a comprehensive study of air quality in two tunnels located in the city of Krakow, southern Poland. The study comprised three PM fractions of suspended particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5 and PM10) sampled during campaigns lasting from March 14 to April 24, 2016 and from June 28 to July 18, 2016, in the road tunnel and the tram tunnel, respectively. The collected samples had undergone comprehensive chemical, elemental and carbon isotope analyses. The results of these analyses gave the basis for better characterization of urban transport as a source of air pollution in the city. The concentrations of particulate matter varied, depending on the analysed PM fraction and the place of sampling. For the tram tunnel, the average concentrations were 53.2 µg·m-3 (PM1), 73.8 µg·m-3 (PM2.5), 96.5 µg·m-3 (PM10), to be compared with 44.2 µg·m-3, 137.7 µg·m-3, 221.5 µg·m-3, respectively, recorded in the road tunnel. The isotope-mass balance calculations carried out separately for the road and tram tunnel and for each PM fraction, revealed that 60 to 79% of carbon present in the samples collected in the road tunnel was associated with road transport, to be compared with 15-33% obtained in the tram tunnel. The second in importance were biogenic emissions (17-21% and 41-49% in the road and tram tunnel, respectively. Sixteen different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been identified in the analysed samples. As expected, much higher concentrations of PAHs were detected in the road tunnel when compared to the tram tunnel. Based on the analysed PAHs concentrations, health risk assessment was determined using 3 different types of indicators: carcinogenic equivalent (CEQ), mutagenic equivalent (MEQ) and toxic equivalent (TEQ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Skiba
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Styszko
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Furman
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Lucyna Samek
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Gorczyca
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dariusz Wideł
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka 7 Street, 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | - Anne Kasper-Giebl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU-Wien, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kazimierz Różański
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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Cecinato A, Romagnoli P, Cerasa M, Perilli M, Balducci C. Organic toxicants and emerging contaminants in hospital interiors before and during the SARS-CoV2 pandemic: alkanes and PAHs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:9713-9731. [PMID: 38194174 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Indoor pollution and deposition dust (DD), in particular, are acquiring concern, due to long exposure time and importance of intake by humans through contact and ingestion. Hospitals look a special category of sites, owing to peculiar contaminants affecting them and to presence of people prone to adverse effects induced by toxicants. Four in-field campaigns aimed at understanding the chemical composition of DD were performed in five Italian hospitals. Measurements were performed before (autumn 2019), during (spring 2021), and after (winter 2022) the peak of SARS-CoV2 and when restrictions caused by pandemic were revoked (winter 2023). Parallel measurements were made outdoors (2022), as well as in a university and a dwelling. Targeted contaminants were n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), while iso- and anteiso-alkanes were analyzed to assess the impact of tobacco smoking. Total n-alkanes ranged from 3.9 ± 2.3 to 20.5 ± 4.2 mg/g, with higher percentages of short chain homologs in 2019. PAHs ranged from 0.24 ± 0.22 to 0.83 ± 0.50 mg/g, with light congeners (≤ 228 a.m.u.) always exceeding the heavy ones (≥ 252 a.m.u.). According to carbon preference indexes, alkanes originated overall from anthropogenic sources. Microorganisms resulted to affect a hospital, and tobacco smoke accounted for ~ 4-20‰ of DD mass. As for PAH sources, the diagnostic concentration ratios suggested the concourse of biological matter burning and vehicle emission. Benzo[a]pyrene equivalent carcinogenic and mutagenic potencies of depositions at hospitals ranged ~ 9-39 μg/g and ~ 15-76 μg/g, respectively, which seems of concern for health. DD composition in hospitals was different from that outside the premises, as well as that found at university and at dwelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Cecinato
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria Km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy.
| | - Paola Romagnoli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria Km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Marina Cerasa
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria Km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Mattia Perilli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria Km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Catia Balducci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria Km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
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20
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Zhang L, Ma Y, Cai M, Zhong Y, Zhang Z, Li S. Chemodynamics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Alkylated and Nitrated Derivatives in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20292-20303. [PMID: 37867381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of continuously released polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marginal seas is regulated by hydrological and biogeochemical processes; however, scarce knowledge is about their derivatives in marine environments. In this study, the dissolved and particulate PAHs and their alkylated/nitrated derivatives (A-PAHs/N-PAHs) in surface seawater of the southwestern Yellow Sea (YS) and northwestern East China Sea (ECS) during September 2022 were comprehensively discussed. Results confirm higher levels of Σ26PAHs (9.3-70 ng/L) and Σ43A-PAHs (13-76 ng/L) than Σ20N-PAHs (0.80-6.6 ng/L). The spatial heterogeneity of contaminants was regulated by substantial riverine runoff and ocean currents. Lagrangian Coherent Structure analysis further revealed the existence of a transport barrier at the shelf break of the southwestern YS where contaminants hardly crossed and tended to accumulate. The relationship between dissolved compounds and chlorophyll a indicated both biodegradation and the biological pump contributed to the depletion of PAHs and A-PAHs from surface seawater while the biological pump was the major driver for N-PAHs, despite their complicated water-particle partition behavior due to variations in physicochemical properties in the presence of nitro groups. Source identification demonstrated that pyrogenic and petrogenic sources dominated the YS and ECS, respectively, while photochemical transformations appeared more active in the YS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Zhang
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yuxin Ma
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Key Laboratory of Polar Science, Ministry of Natural Resources, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Minghong Cai
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Key Laboratory of Polar Science, Ministry of Natural Resources, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Yisen Zhong
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Shuangzhao Li
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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21
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Tala W, Kraisitnitikul P, Chantara S. Impact of Atmospheric Conditions and Source Identification of Gaseous Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) during a Smoke Haze Period in Upper Southeast Asia. TOXICS 2023; 11:990. [PMID: 38133391 PMCID: PMC10748124 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were measured in northern Thailand. No previous studies have provided data on gaseous PAHs until now, so this study determined the gaseous PAHs during two sampling periods for comparison, and then they were used to assess the correlation with meteorological conditions, other pollutants, and their sources. The total concentrations of 8-PAHs (i.e., NAP, ACY, ACE, FLU, PHE, ANT, FLA, and PYR) were 125 ± 22 ng m-3 and 111 ± 21 ng m-3, with NAP being the most pronounced at 67 ± 18 ng m-3 and 56 ± 17 ng m-3, for morning and afternoon, respectively. High temperatures increase the concentrations of four-ring PAHs, whereas humidity and pressure increase the concentrations of two- and three-ring PAHs. Moreover, gaseous PAHs were estimated to contain more toxic derivatives such as nitro-PAH, which ranged from 0.02 ng m-3 (8-Nitrofluoranthene) to 10.46 ng m-3 (1-Nitronaphthalene). Therefore, they could be one of the causes of local people's health problems that have not been reported previously. Strong correlations of gaseous PAHs with ozone indicated that photochemical oxidation influenced four-ring PAHs. According to the Pearson correlation, diagnostic ratios, and principal component analysis, mixed sources including coal combustion, biomass burning, and vehicle emissions were the main sources of these pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wittaya Tala
- Environmental Science Research Center (ESRC), Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.K.); (S.C.)
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory (ECRL), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pavidarin Kraisitnitikul
- Environmental Science Research Center (ESRC), Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.K.); (S.C.)
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Somporn Chantara
- Environmental Science Research Center (ESRC), Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.K.); (S.C.)
- Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory (ECRL), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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22
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Wen L, Yoshinaga K, Imasaka T, Imasaka T. Trace analysis of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons based on two-color femtosecond laser ionization mass spectrometry. Talanta 2023; 265:124807. [PMID: 37327661 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) are suspected to be highly carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds that are present in the environment. Gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is the most frequently used technique for trace analysis. The electron ionization techniques that are currently used in MS, however, typically do not result in the formation of a molecular ion, thus making the determination of these compounds more difficult. In this study, we report on the use of a compact highly-repetitive (low-pulse-energy) ultraviolet (UV) femtosecond laser as the ionization source in combination with a miniature time-of-flight mass analyzer and a time-correlated ion counting system. The UV laser pulses emitted at 343, 257, and 206 nm were produced by harmonic generations of a femtosecond Yb laser emitting at 1030 nm and were utilized for single-color multiphoton ionization. A combination of the 343-nm and 257-nm pulses was further employed to achieve two-color two-photon ionization. This technique was found to be more useful for sensitive detection and also resulted in the formation of a molecular ion. A pump-and-probe technique using these pulses was examined in a proof-of-concept study to measure the femtosecond lifetimes of the nitro-PAHs separated by GC, providing additional information for use in the characterization of the analyte. The developed technique was applied in the analysis of an authentic sample, an organic solvent extract from diesel exhaust particulates. The nitro-PAHs contained in a standard reference material (SRM1975) were determined on a two-dimensional GC-MS display, suggesting that this technique would be useful for the practical trace analysis of nitro-PAHs in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wen
- Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1, Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540: 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yoshinaga
- Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1, Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540: 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Totaro Imasaka
- Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan; Hikari Giken, Co., 2-10-30, Sakurazaka, Chuou-ku, Fukuoka, 810-0024, Japan
| | - Tomoko Imasaka
- Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1, Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540: 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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23
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Gu Y, Xu H, Feng R, Zhang B, Gao M, Sun J, Shen Z, Qu L, Ho SSH, Cao J. Insight into personal exposure characteristics and health effects of PM 2.5 and PM 0.25-bound PAHs and their derivatives with different heating ways in the Fenwei Plain, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 338:122699. [PMID: 37802290 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Personal exposure (PE) to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives in particulate matter with two aerodynamic sizes of 2.5 and 0.25 μm (PM2.5 and PM0.25) from rural housewives was studied in the Fenwei Plain, China. A total of 15 households were divided into five different groups based on the type of solid fuel and heating device used, including biomass briquette-furnace (BBF), biomass-elevated Kang (BEK), outdoor lump coal-boiler (OLC), indoor briquette coal-stove (IBC), and electricity (ELE). The PE concentrations of the PAHs and biomarkers in urine collected from the participants were determined. The results showed that the PE concentrations of total quantified PAHs in the biomass group (i.e., BBF and BEK) were 2.2 and 2.0 times higher than those in the coal groups (i.e., OLC and IBC) in PM2.5 and PM0.25, respectively. The housewives who used biomass as fuel suffered from higher potential health impacts than the coal fuel users. The incremental lifetime cancer risk for the PAHs in PM2.5 in the BBF and BEK groups exceeded the international safety threshold. Furthermore, the PE concentrations of oxygenated PAH (o-PAHs) in PM2.5 and PM0.25 in the biomass groups and the nitrated PAHs (n-PAHs) in PM0.25 in the coal groups showed strong correlations with the biomarkers. The results of this study proved the associations between exposure to the different classes of PAHs and health hazards. The findings could also serve as a guideline in establishing efficient measures for using solid fuels for cooking and household warming in northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxuan Gu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Rong Feng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; Shaanxi Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV89512, United States
| | - Junji Cao
- SKLLQG, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
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24
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Singh A, Banerjee T, Latif MT, Ramanathan S, Suradi H, Othman M, Murari V. Molecular distribution, sources and potential health risks of fine particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during high pollution episodes in a subtropical urban city. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139943. [PMID: 37625487 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Abundance of fine particulate-bound 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated to ascertain its sources and potential carcinogenic health risks in Varanasi, India. The city represents a typical urban settlement of South Asia having particulate exposure manyfold higher than standard with reports of pollution induced mortalities and morbidities. Fine particulates (PM2.5) were monitored from October 2019 to May 2020, with 32% of monitoring days accounting ≥100 μgm-3 of PM2.5 concentration, frequently from November to January (99% of monitoring days). The concentration of 16 priority PAHs varied from 24.1 to 44.6 ngm-3 (mean: 33.1 ± 3.2 ngm-3) without much seasonal deviations. Both low (LMW, 56%) and high molecular weight (HMW, 44%) PAHs were abundant, with Fluoranthene (3.9 ± 0.4ngm-3) and Fluorene (3.5 ± 0.3ngm-3) emerged as most dominating PAHs. Concentration of Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P, 0.5 ± 0.1ngm-3) was lower than the national standard as it contributed 13% of total PAHs mass. Diagnostic ratios of PAH isomers indicate predominance of pyrogenic sources including emissions from biomass burning, and both from diesel and petrol-driven vehicles. Source apportionment using receptor model revealed similar observation of major PAHs contribution from biomass burning and fuel combustion (54% of source contribution) followed by coal combustion for residential heating and cooking purposes (44%). Potential toxicity of B[a]P equivalence ranged from 0.003 to 1.365 with cumulative toxicity of 2.13ngm-3. Among the PAH species, dibenzo[h]anthracene contributed maximum toxicity followed by B[a]P, together accounting 86% of PAH induced carcinogenicity. Incremental risk of developing cancer through lifetime exposure (ILCR) of PAHs was higher in children (3.3 × 10-4) with 56% contribution from LMW PAHs, primarily through ingestion and dermal contact. Adults in contrast, were more exposed to inhale airborne PAHs with cumulative ILCR of 2.2 × 10-4. However, ILCR to PM2.5 exposure is probably underestimated considering unaccounted metal abundance thus, require source-specific control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Singh
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Tirthankar Banerjee
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; DST-Mahamana Centre of Excellence in Climate Change Research, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | - Mohd T Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Sharanya Ramanathan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hamidah Suradi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Murnira Othman
- Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Vishnu Murari
- Centre for Education, Research and Innovation in Energy Environment, IMT Nord, Douai, France
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25
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Qi A, Wang P, Lv J, Zhao T, Huang Q, Wang Y, Zhang X, Wang M, Xiao Y, Yang L, Ji Y, Wang W. Distributions of PAHs, NPAHs, OPAHs, BrPAHs, and ClPAHs in air, bulk deposition, soil, and water in the Shandong Peninsula, China: Urban-rural gradient, interface exchange, and long-range transport. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 265:115494. [PMID: 37742577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study of the movement of PAHs (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and their derivatives through air, soil, and water is key to understanding the exchange and transport mechanisms of these pollutants in the environment and for ultimately improving environmental quality. PAHs and their derivatives, such as nitrated PAHs (NPAHs), oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), brominated PAHs (BrPAHs) and chlorinated PAHs (ClPAHs), were analyzed in air, bulk deposition, soil, and water samples collected from urban, rural, field, and background sites on the eastern coast of China. The goal was to investigate and discuss their spatiotemporal variations, exchange fluxes, and transport potential. The concentrations of PAHs and their derivatives in the air and bulk deposition displayed distinct seasonal patterns, with higher concentrations observed during the winter and spring and lower concentrations during the summer and autumn. NPAHs exhibited the opposite trend. Significant urban-rural gradients were observed for most of the PAHs and their derivatives. According to the air-soil fugacity calculations, 2-3 ring PAHs, BrPAHs, and ClPAHs were found to volatilize from the soil into the air, while 4-7 ring PAHs, OPAHs, and NPAHs deposited from the air into the soil. The air-water fugacity of the PAHs and their derivatives indicated that surface water was an important source for the ambient atmosphere in Qingdao. The characteristic travel distances (CTDs) and persistence (Pov) for atmospheric transport were much lower than that for the water samples, which may be due to the longer half-lives of PAHs and their derivatives in water. NPAHs and ClPAHs with long transport distances and strong persistence in water could lead to a significant impact on marine pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anan Qi
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jianhua Lv
- Qingdao Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Qingdao Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiongfei Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Miao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
| | - Yaqin Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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26
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Liu X, Wang X, Xue Q, Tian Y, Feng Y. Inhalation bioaccessibility and risk assessment for PM-bound organic components: Co-effects of component physicochemical properties, PM properties, and sources. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132291. [PMID: 37591173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation bioaccessibility and deposition in respiratory tracts of organic components in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) are key factors for accurately estimating health risks and understanding human exposures. This study evaluated the in-vitro inhalation bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PAH derivatives, phthalic acid esters (PAEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in size-resolved PM from a Chinese megacity. The bioaccessibility ranged from 0.2% to 77.8% in the heating period (HP), and from 0.7% to 94.2% in the non-heating period (NHP). Result suggests that less hydrophobic organics might be more bioaccessible. Bioaccessibility of medium logKow organics in sizes > 0.65 µm was significantly inhibited by high carbon fractions, indicating the co-effects. Then, this is the first study to explore effects of sources on inhalation bioaccessibility of organics. Coal and biomass combustion in HP and traffic emission in NHP negatively correlated with bioaccessibility. Secondary particles also negatively correlated with bioaccessibility of medium logKow organics. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and non-cancer risk (HQ) for all measured components in PM10 were estimated after considering the bioaccessibility and deposition efficiencies and the HQ and ILCR were within the acceptable range. BaP and DEHP were strong contributors to HQ and ILCR, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Liu
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qianqian Xue
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yingze Tian
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yinchang Feng
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research, Tianjin 300350, China
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27
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do Nascimento RDKS, Carvalho JS, Miranda RR, Lima MA, Rocha FV, Zucolotto V, Lynch I, Urban RC. In vitro toxicity and lung cancer risk: Atmospheric particulate matter from a city in southeastern Brazil impacted by biomass burning. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139484. [PMID: 37442389 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The effects of PM10 on human health were investigated using samples collected in São Carlos city (São Paulo state), by the determination of the concentrations of PAHs and derivatives, together with evaluations of cytotoxicity and the formation of ROS in in vitro tests. In 2016, the mean concentrations of PM10, ΣPAHs, Σoxy-PAHs, Σnitro-PAHs, Σsaccharides, and Σions were 21.12 ± 9.90 μg m-3, 1.47 ± 1.70 ng m-3, 0.37 ± 0.31 ng m-3, 0.84 ng m-3, 119.91 ± 62.14 ng m-3, and 5.66 ± 4.52 μg m-3, respectively. The PM10 concentrations did not exceed the limit thresholds set by national legislation, however, the annual lung cancer risk calculated was 2.59 ± 1.22 cases per 100,000 people, in the dry season, which accounts for the annual risk (April to September). Moreover, the carcinogenic activities of the PAHs mixture were more than 1000-fold higher in the dry season (dry season: BaPeq = 0.30 ng m-3; wet season BaPeq = 0.02 ng m-3). The concentrations of most analytes were also higher during the dry season, as had already been demonstrated in the same city. This was due to reductions in precipitation, relative humidity and air temperature, and increased biomass burning, which was the main source of PM10 in the city in 2016 (contribution rate of more than 50%). Toxicological results also showed the negative impacts of PM10, exposure to PM10 extracts for 72 h reduced the viability of A549 and MRC5 cells, and the formation of ROS was observed. The cellular responses obtained using combined and individual extracts of PM10 differed and were sometimes associated with specific compounds. These demonstrate the importance of monitoring PM toxicity using different approaches and the main anthropogenic sources' contribution. Therefore, to improve air quality and human health, existing legislation needs to be modified to incorporate these tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonatas S Carvalho
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata R Miranda
- Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, São Carlos Physics Institute, University of São Paulo, 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauro A Lima
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fillipe V Rocha
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Valtencir Zucolotto
- Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology Group, São Carlos Physics Institute, University of São Paulo, 13566-590, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Roberta C Urban
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Holme JA, Vondráček J, Machala M, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Vogel CFA, Le Ferrec E, Sparfel L, Øvrevik J. Lung cancer associated with combustion particles and fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) - The roles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 216:115801. [PMID: 37696458 PMCID: PMC10543654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is the leading cause of lung cancer after tobacco smoking, contributing to 20% of all lung cancer deaths. Increased risk associated with living near trafficked roads, occupational exposure to diesel exhaust, indoor coal combustion and cigarette smoking, suggest that combustion components in ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), may be central drivers of lung cancer. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) induces expression of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XMEs) and increase PAH metabolism, formation of reactive metabolites, oxidative stress, DNA damage and mutagenesis. Lung cancer tissues from smokers and workers exposed to high combustion PM levels contain mutagenic signatures derived from PAHs. However, recent findings suggest that ambient air PM2.5 exposure primarily induces lung cancer development through tumor promotion of cells harboring naturally acquired oncogenic mutations, thus lacking typical PAH-induced mutations. On this background, we discuss the role of AhR and PAHs in lung cancer development caused by air pollution focusing on the tumor promoting properties including metabolism, immune system, cell proliferation and survival, tumor microenvironment, cell-to-cell communication, tumor growth and metastasis. We suggest that the dichotomy in lung cancer patterns observed between smoking and outdoor air PM2.5 represent the two ends of a dose-response continuum of combustion PM exposure, where tumor promotion in the peripheral lung appears to be the driving factor at the relatively low-dose exposures from ambient air PM2.5, whereas genotoxicity in the central airways becomes increasingly more important at the higher combustion PM levels encountered through smoking and occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørn A Holme
- Department of Air Quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dominique Lagadic-Gossmann
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Christoph F A Vogel
- Department of Environmental Toxicology and Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Eric Le Ferrec
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Lydie Sparfel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway.
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Wang D, Wu S, Gong X, Ding T, Lei Y, Sun J, Shen Z. Characterization and Risk Assessment of PM 2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and their Derivatives Emitted from a Typical Pesticide Factory in China. TOXICS 2023; 11:637. [PMID: 37505602 PMCID: PMC10385953 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives have received extensive attention due to their negative effects on the environment and on human health. However, few studies have performed comprehensive assessments of PAHs emitted from pesticide factories. This study assessed the concentration, composition, and health risk of 52 PM2.5-bound PAHs during the daytime and nighttime in the vicinity of a typical pesticide factory. The total concentration of 52 PAHs (Σ52PAHs) ranged from 53.04 to 663.55 ng/m3. No significant differences were observed between daytime and nighttime PAH concentrations. The average concentrations of twenty-two parent PAHs, seven alkylated PAHs, ten oxygenated PAHs, and twelve nitrated PAHs were 112.55 ± 89.69, 18.05 ± 13.76, 66.13 ± 54.79, and 3.90 ± 2.24 ng/m3, respectively. A higher proportion of high-molecular-weight (4-5 rings) PAHs than low-molecular-weight (2-3 rings) PAHs was observed. This was likely due to the high-temperature combustion of fuels. Analysis of diagnostic ratios indicated that the PAHs were likely derived from coal combustion and mixed sources. The total carcinogenic equivalent toxicity ranged from 15.93 to 181.27 ng/m3. The incremental lifetime cancer risk from inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact with the PAHs was 2.33 × 10-3 for men and 2.53 × 10-3 for women, and the loss of life expectancy due to the PAHs was 11,915 min (about 0.023 year) for men and 12,952 min (about 0.025 year) for women. These results suggest that long-term exposure to PM2.5 emissions from a pesticide factory has significant adverse effects on health. The study results support implementing the characterization of PAH emissions from pesticide factories and provides a scientific basis for optimizing the living environment around pesticide factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control of Pesticides for Environmental Protection, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecological Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Shengmin Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control of Pesticides for Environmental Protection, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecological Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xuesong Gong
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Tao Ding
- The State Key Laboratory of Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control of Pesticides for Environmental Protection, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecological Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Yali Lei
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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Ma T, Kong J, Li W, Cheng X, Zhang Y, Kong D, Yang S, Li S, Zhang L, He H. Inventory, source and health risk assessment of nitrated and parent PAHs in agricultural soils over a rural river in Southeast China. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 329:138688. [PMID: 37059199 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) have become a concerning topic because of their widespread occurrence and carcinogenicity. However, studies on NPAHs in soils, especially in agricultural soils, are still limited. In this study, a systematic monitoring campaign of 15 NPAHs and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was performed in agricultural soils from the Taige Canal basin in 2018, which is a typical agricultural activity area of the Yangtze River Delta. The total concentration of NPAHs and PAHs ranged from 14.4 to 85.5 ng g-1 and 118-1108 ng g-1, respectively. Among the target analytes, 1,8-dinitropyrene and fluoranthene were the most predominant congeners accounting for 35.0% of ∑15NPAHs and 17.2% of ∑16PAHs, respectively. Four-ring NPAHs and PAHs were predominant, followed by three-ring NPAHs and PAHs. NPAHs and PAHs had a similar spatial distribution pattern with high concentrations in the northeastern Taige Canal basin. The soil mass inventory of ∑16PAHs and ∑15NPAHs was evaluated to be 31.7 and 2.55 metric tons, respectively. Total organic carbon had a significant impact on the distribution of PAHs in soils. The correlation between PAH congeners in agricultural soils was higher than that between NPAH congeners. Based on diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis-multiple linear regression model, vehicle exhaust emission, coal combustion, and biomass combustion were the predominant sources of these NPAHs and PAHs. According to the lifetime incremental carcinogenic risk model, the health risk posed by NPAHs and PAHs in agricultural soils of the Taige Canal basin was virtually negligible. The total health risk in soils of the Taige Canal basin to adults was slightly higher than that to children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environment and Ecology of China, Nanjing, 210042, PR China; School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China
| | - Jijie Kong
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Weidi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210036, PR China
| | - Xinying Cheng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Yueqing Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environment and Ecology of China, Nanjing, 210042, PR China
| | - Deyang Kong
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environment and Ecology of China, Nanjing, 210042, PR China.
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; Green Economy Development Institute, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, 354300, PR China.
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Barhoumi B, Guigue C, Touil S, Johnson-Restrepo B, Driss MR, Tedetti M. Hydrocarbons in the atmospheric gas phase of a coastal city in Tunisia: Levels, gas-particle partitioning, and health risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:162986. [PMID: 36958548 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have focused on aliphatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs and PAHs) in different environmental compartments, especially atmospheric particles (aerosols), due to their adverse effects on the environment and human health. However, much less information is currently available on the content of AHs and PAHs in the atmospheric gas phase, which is a major reservoir of volatile and photoreactive compounds. Here, for the first time, we assessed the levels, gas-particle partitioning, human health risks and seasonal variations of AHs and PAHs in the atmospheric gas-phase of Bizerte city (Tunisia, North Africa) over a one-year period (March 2015-January 2016). Σ34PAH concentration in the gas phase over the period ranged from 6.7 to 90.6 ng m-3 and on average was 2.5 times higher in the cold season than in the warm season. Σ28AH concentration in the gas phase over the period ranged from 14.0 to 35.9 ng m-3, with no clear seasonal variations. In the gas phase, hydrocarbons were dominated by low-molecular-weight (LMW) compounds, i.e. 3- and 4-ring for PAHs and < n-C24 for AHs. Gas-phase concentrations of PAHs and AHs accounted for up to 80 % of the total (gas + particle phases) atmospheric concentrations of PAHs and AHs. Further analysis of gas-particle partitioning showed that LMW hydrocarbons preferential accumulated in the gas phase, and that gas-particle partitioning was not in equilibrium but dominated by absorption processes into the aerosol organic matter. Benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalency quotient (BaP-TEQ) in the gas phase represented on average 37 % of the total atmospheric BaP-TEQ concentration, which was always higher in the cold season. Atmospheric gas is a significant factor in the risks of cancer associated with inhalation of ambient air. The Monte Carlo simulation-based exposure assessment model predicted that outdoor air exposure to PAHs does not pose a cancer risk to infants, but the children, adolescent, and adult populations may face a lower cancer risk during the warm season and a higher risk in the cold season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia; Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France.
| | - Catherine Guigue
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Soufiane Touil
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Boris Johnson-Restrepo
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University Campus of San Pablo, University of Cartagena, Zaragocilla, Carrera 50 No. 24-99, Cartagena, 130015, Colombia
| | - Mohamed Ridha Driss
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Marc Tedetti
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
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Zhang X, Qi A, Wang P, Huang Q, Zhao T, Yan C, Yang L, Wang W. Spatial Distribution, Sources, Air-Soil Exchange, and Health Risks of Parent PAHs and Derivative-Alkylated PAHs in Different Functional Areas of an Oilfield Area in the Yellow River Delta, North China. TOXICS 2023; 11:540. [PMID: 37368640 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of the spatial distribution, sources, and air-soil exchange of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in an oilfield area is essential to the development of effective control practices of PAC pollution. In this study, 48 passive air samples and 24 soil samples were collected during 2018-2019 in seven functional areas (e.g., urban, oil field, suburban, industrial, agricultural, near pump units, and background) in the Yellow River Delta (YRD) where the Shengli Oilfield is located, and 18 parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and five alkylated-PAHs (APAHs) were analyzed from all the air and soil samples. The ΣPAHs in the air and soil ranged from 2.26 to 135.83 ng/m3 and 33.96 to 408.94 ng/g, while the ΣAPAHs in the atmosphere and soil ranged from 0.04 to 16.31 ng/m3 and 6.39 to 211.86 ng/g, respectively. There was a downward trend of atmospheric ΣPAH concentrations with increasing the distance from the urban area, while both ΣPAH and ΣAPAH concentrations in the soil decreased with distance from the oilfield area. PMF analyses show that for atmospheric PACs, coal/biomass combustion was the main contributor in urban, suburban, and agricultural areas, while crude production and processing source contributes more in the industrial and oilfield area. For PACs in soil, densely populated areas (industrial, urban, and suburban) are more affected by traffic sources, while oilfield and near-pump unit areas are under the impact of oil spills. The fugacity fraction (ff) results indicated that the soil generally emitted low-molecular-weight PAHs and APAHs and act as a sink for high-molecular-weight PAHs. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of Σ(PAH+APAH) in both the air and soil, were below the threshold (≤10-6) set by the US EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Anan Qi
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Caiqing Yan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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33
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Alshaheen AS, Al-Naiema IM, Tuama DM, Al-Mosuwi WH. Characterization, risk assessment, and source estimation of PM 10-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during wintertime in the ambient air of Basrah City, Iraq. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 326:138444. [PMID: 36958500 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the concentration and structure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with the ambient PM10 in Basrah City, Iraq have been investigated for the first time. From December 2021 to February 2022, PM10 samples were collected on quartz fiber filters, extracted using an optimized extraction protocol, and analyzed for the sixteen US EPA priority PAHs. The results indicated that 4- and 5-ring PAHs represent 52% of the total detected PAHs. The most abundant PAHs over the study period were chrysene (1.2 ± 1.5 ng m-3), fluorene (0.9 ± 1.4 ng m-3), and benzo[b]fluoranthene (0.7 ± 0.9 ng m-3). Source identification suggested that PM10-bound PAHs primarily originated from pyrogenic and petrogenic activities in Basrah City. In addition, the cancer risk associated to PAH exposure was assessed based on benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentration and was found ranging from 0.07 to 6.32 ng m-3; hence, it exceeded the threshold limit of 1.0 ng m-3 established by the European legislation (EU, 2014). Benzo[a]pyrene was determined to be main contributor to total carcinogenic power of the detected PAHs, accounting for 50.3%, followed by dibenz[a,h]anthracene (22.3%). Similarly, benzo[a]pyrene represented a major contributor to PAH associated mutagenicity, accounting for 43.5% of the total.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Alshaheen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Basrah, Basrah City, 61004, Iraq
| | - Ibrahim M Al-Naiema
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Basrah, Basrah City, 61004, Iraq.
| | - Dhaferah M Tuama
- Directorate of protect and improve the environment in the southern region of Iraq, Basrah City, 61004, Iraq
| | - Waleed H Al-Mosuwi
- Directorate of protect and improve the environment in the southern region of Iraq, Basrah City, 61004, Iraq
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Qian Y, Yuan K, Hong X, Xu Z, Liang H. Contamination characteristics of alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in dust and topsoil collected from Huaibei Coalfield, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:2935-2948. [PMID: 36121570 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01365-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (APAHs) are more toxic and persistent than their parent compounds. In this study, the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in dust, topsoil and coal gangue from Huaibei Coal mine, China were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, confirming APAHs were the dominant pollutants. The mean concentrations of APAHs were substantially higher than those of 16 PAHs in both dust and topsoil. The mean concentration of APAHs in dust was 9197 µg kg-1, accounting for 80% of the total mean concentration of PACs. The mean concentration of APAHs in topsoil was 2835 µg kg-1, accounting for 77% of the mean concentration of PACs. Alkyl naphthalenes and alkyl phenanthrenes were the primary pollutants in APAHs. Their mean concentrations in dust and topsoil were 7782 µg kg-1 and 2333 µg kg-1, respectively. This accounted for 85% and 82% of the concentration of APAHs, respectively. Additionally, low-molecular-weight APAHs dominated the PACs of the coal mine, exhibiting petrogenic characteristics; distribution of C1-C4 NAP and C1-C4 PHE exhibited "bell shape" pattern indicated as petrogenic source. Source identification indicated that the PACs were mainly derived from petrogenic sources and vehicle emissions, followed by biomass and coal burning. Fingerprinting information of dust and topsoil were consistent with coal gangue, indicating that PACs are most likely derived from coal gangue. Coalfields comparable to our study area are widely distributed in China. Therefore, investigating PAC pollution derived from coal gangue warrants further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Keyue Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiuping Hong
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, China.
| | - Zhenpeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Handong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China.
- College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
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35
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Ololade IA, Alabi BA, Oladoja NA, Ololade OO, Apata AO. Occurrence and probabilistic risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in blood and urine of auto-mechanics in Akure Metro, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:727. [PMID: 37227527 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study provides baseline data on the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in blood and urine samples of auto-mechanics, using Nigeria as a case study. Eighteen auto-mechanics participated in the study excluding two controls. The concentrations for the ΣPAHs across all participants (excluding control) ranged from 1.67 to 3.30 (2.17 ± 0.58) in blood with a significantly higher (P < 0.05) range of 7.61 to 10.76 (8.69 ± 1.00) in urine. The high molecular weight PAHs (4-6 rings) dominated the PAH profile in both blood (≥ 92%) and urine (≥ 87%) across all locations. Dibenz(a)anthracene was the most distributed PAH, while acenaphthene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene were the least distributed. The dermal route constituted approximately 99% of the total chronic exposure, followed by ingestion, and the least via inhalation. The hazard index (HI) was below the safe thresholds (HI = 1), suggesting non-carcinogenic PAH effects. However, all the participants including control samples had carcinogenic risk (CR) values above the acceptable level of 10-6 in both blood and urine samples. The carcinogenic and mutagenic potencies were higher in urine than in blood. The results suggest less acute toxicity and more potential chronic effects. The computed elimination ratio (> 1) suggests low excretion in urine and a potentially harmful trend. Molecular diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis suggest mixed PAH sources. The study revealed biomonitoring solely dependent on blood analysis may greatly underestimate health risks due to PAH exposure. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to provide levels of PAHs in the blood and urine of Nigerian mechanics. Findings herein will support policymakers at all levels in re-focusing attention to the less prioritized professions that pre-disposes people to PAHs and other emerging pollutants in society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Ayodele Ololade
- Environmental Monitoring Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, PMB 001, AkungbaAkoko, Ondo-State, Nigeria.
| | - Bosede Adenike Alabi
- Environmental Monitoring Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, PMB 001, AkungbaAkoko, Ondo-State, Nigeria
| | - Nurudeen Abiola Oladoja
- Hydrochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, AkungbaAkoko, Nigeria
| | - Oluwaranti Olubunmi Ololade
- Environmental Monitoring Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, PMB 001, AkungbaAkoko, Ondo-State, Nigeria
| | - Abiodun Oyewumi Apata
- Environmental Monitoring Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, PMB 001, AkungbaAkoko, Ondo-State, Nigeria
- Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, 1400 Farragut Street, Bremerton, WA, 98314, USA
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Sujitha SB, Lopez-Hernandez JF, García-Alamilla P, Morales-García SS, Márquez-Rocha FJ. Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of Balsas River Mouth, Pacific Coast, Mexico: Sources, risks, and genotoxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 332:138898. [PMID: 37169094 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were assessed in sediments (n = 7) collected from the mouth of the Balsas River, Pacific Coast, Mexico. The total PAH levels ranged between 142.1 and 3944.07 μg kg-1 in the summer and 137.65-3967.38 μg kg-1 in the winter, probably reflecting the anthropogenic activities of the region. Calculation of the four analytical ratios of [Anthracene/(Anthracene + Phenanthrene)]: [Fluoranthene/(Fluoranthene + Pyrene)], [Fluoranthene/Pyrene: Fluoranthene/(Fluoranthene + Pyrene)], [Indeno [123-cd]Pyrene/(Indeno [123-cd]Pyrene + Benzo [ghi]Perylene)]: [Benzo [a]anthracene/(Benzo [a]Anthracene + Chrysene)], and [Anthracene/Phenanthrene]: [Fluoranthene/(Fluoranthene + Pyrene)] revealed a mixed PAH source, from petroleum and biomass combustion. Significant statistical correlations (r2 = 0.90) between the 4 and 5 ringed PAHs denote that adsorption is the principal mechanism for accumulation in sedimentary archives. Ecotoxicological indices (Mean Effect Range Medium Quotient and Mean Probable Effect Level Quotient) indicated moderate pollution with adverse biological impacts on ambient benthonic organisms. The calculations of Toxicity Equivalent Quotient and Mutagen Equivalent Quotient values proposed that the region is highly polluted by mutagenic and carcinogenic PAH compounds. The genotoxic evaluation of Lutjanus guttatus (Spotted rose snapper) presented significant DNA damage and discrepancies in Ethoxyresorufin-O-Deethylase activity. Based on the toxicological and genotoxicological evaluation of PAHs in sediments, the region was observed to be largely impacted from biological damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Sujitha
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Arquitectura (ESIA), Unidad Ticoman, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Calz. Ticomán 600, Delg. Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07340, Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico
| | - Jenny-Fabiola Lopez-Hernandez
- Centro Mexicano para La Producción Más Limpia-Unidad Tabasco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Cunduacán, Tabasco, CP 86691, Mexico
| | - Pedro García-Alamilla
- Divison Académica de Ciencias Agropecuaria, Universidad Autónoma Juárez de Tabasco, Carretera Villahermosa -Teapa Km 25, Ranchería La Huasteca 2da Sección, C.P. 86298 Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - S S Morales-García
- Centro Mexicano para La Producción Más Limpia, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto S/n, Col. Barrio La Laguna Ticomán, Del Gustavo A. Madero, C.P. 07340, Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico
| | - Facundo J Márquez-Rocha
- Centro Mexicano para La Producción Más Limpia-Unidad Tabasco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Cunduacán, Tabasco, CP 86691, Mexico.
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Holme JA, Låg M, Skueland T, Parenicová M, Ciganek M, Penciková K, Grytting VS, Neca J, Øvrevik J, Mariussen E, Jørgensen RB, Refsnes M, Machala M. Characterization of elements, PAHs, AhR-activity and pro-inflammatory responses of road tunnel-derived particulate matter in human hepatocyte-like and bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 90:105611. [PMID: 37164185 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The aims were to characterize the content of elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in size-separated particulate matter (PM) sampled in a road tunnel, estimate the contribution of PAHs to the toxic potential, and measure the pro-inflammatory potential of PM samples and extracts with increasing polarity. Several elements/metals previously associated with cytokine responses were found. Based on PAHs levels and published PAHs potency, the calculated mutagenic and carcinogenic activities of size-separated samples were somewhat lower for coarse than fine and ultrafine PM. The AhR-activity of the corresponding PM extracts measured in an AhR-luciferase reporter model (human hepatocytes) were more similar. The highest AhR-activity was found in the neutral (parent and alkylated PAHs) and polar (oxy-PAHs) fractions, while the semi-polar fractions (mono-nitrated-PAHs) had only weak activity. The neutral and polar aromatic fractions from coarse and fine PM were also found to induce higher pro-inflammatory responses and CYP1A1 expression in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC3-KT) than the semi-polar fractions. Fine PM induced higher pro-inflammatory responses than coarse PM. AhR-inhibition reduced cytokine responses induced by parent PM and extracts of both size fractions. Contributors to the toxic potentials include PAHs and oxy-PAHs, but substantial contributions from other organic compounds and/or metals are likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørn A Holme
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Låg
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tonje Skueland
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Martina Parenicová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ciganek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Penciková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vegard Sæter Grytting
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jiri Neca
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Mariussen
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Rikke Bramming Jørgensen
- Department of Industrial Economics and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Magne Refsnes
- Department of Air quality and Noise, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Miroslav Machala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
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Sadiktsis I, de Oliveira Galvão MF, Mustafa M, Toublanc M, Ünlü Endirlik B, Silvergren S, Johansson C, Dreij K. A yearlong monitoring campaign of polycyclic aromatic compounds and other air pollutants at three sites in Sweden: Source identification, in vitro toxicity and human health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 332:138862. [PMID: 37150457 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a complex mixture of gases and particulate matter (PM) with local and non-local emission sources, resulting in spatiotemporal variability in concentrations and composition, and thus associated health risks. To study this in the greater Stockholm area, a yearlong monitoring campaign with in situ measurements of PM10, PM1, black carbon, NOx, O3, and PM10-sampling was performed. The locations included an Urban and a Rural background site and a Highway site. Chemical analysis of PM10 was performed to quantify monthly levels of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), which together with other air pollution data were used for source apportionment and health risk assessment. Organic extracts from PM10 were tested for oxidative potential in human bronchial epithelial cells. Strong seasonal patterns were found for most air pollutants including PACs, with higher levels during the winter months than summer e.g., highest levels of PM10 were detected in March at the Highway site (33.2 μg/m3) and lowest in May at the Rural site (3.6 μg/m3). In general, air pollutant levels at the sites were in the order Highway > Urban > Rural. Multivariate analysis identified several polar PACs, including 6H-Benzo[cd]pyren-6-one, as possible discriminatory markers for these sites. The main sources of particulate pollution for all sites were vehicle exhaust and biomass burning emissions, although diesel exhaust was an important source at the Highway site. In vitro results agreed with air pollutant levels, with higher oxidative potential from the winter samples. Estimated lung cancer cases were in the order PM10 > NO2 > PACs for all sites, and with less evident seasonal differences than in vitro results. In conclusion, our study presents novel seasonal data for many PACs together with air pollutants more traditionally included in air quality monitoring. Moreover, seasonal differences in air pollutant levels correlated with differences in toxicity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Sadiktsis
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Musatak Mustafa
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michaël Toublanc
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Burcu Ünlü Endirlik
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38280, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sanna Silvergren
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB, 104 20, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Johansson
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB, 104 20, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 114 19, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Sharma K, Kumar P, Sharma J, Thapa SD, Gupta A, Rajak R, Baruah B, Prakash A, Ranjan RK. Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with fine aerosols in ambient atmosphere of high-altitude urban environment in Sikkim Himalaya. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161987. [PMID: 36740072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) compounds are ubiquitous in ambient air due to their persistence, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity. Gangtok being one of the cleanest cities in India located in Eastern Himalayan region, witnesses high developmental activities with enhanced urbanization affecting the ambient air quality. The present study aims to measure PM2.5 and PAHs in the ambient atmosphere of the Sikkim Himalaya to understand the influence of natural and anthropogenic activities on aerosol loading and their chemical characteristics. The PM2.5 samples were collected and analysed for the duration from Jan 2020 to Feb 2021.The seasonal mean concentrations of PM2.5 and PAHs were observed to be high during autumn and low during summer season. Overall, the annual mean concentration of PM2.5 was found higher than the prescribed limit of World Health Organization and National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The concentration of the 16 individual PAHs were found to be highest during autumn season (55.26 ± 37.15 ng/m3). Among the different PAHs, the annual mean concentration of fluorene (3.29 ± 4.07 ng/m3) and naphthalene (1.15 ± 3.76 ng/m3) were found to be the highest and lowest, respectively. The Molecular Diagnostic Ratio (MDR) test reveals higher contribution from heavy traffic activities throughout the winter and autumn seasons. The other possible sources identified over the region are fossil fuel combustion, and biomass burning. The multivariate statistical analysis (Multifactor Principal Component Analysis) also indicates a strong association between PM2.5 /PAHs and meteorological variables across the region in different seasons. The precipitation and wind pattern during the study period suggests that major contribution of the PM2.5 and PAHs were from local sources, with minimal contribution from long-range transport. The findings are important for comprehending the trends of PAH accumulation over a high-altitude urban area, and for developing sustainable air quality control methods in the Himalayan region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Sharma
- Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Jayant Sharma
- Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Satkar Deep Thapa
- Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Aparna Gupta
- Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Rajeev Rajak
- Department of Geology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | | | - Amit Prakash
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India
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Chen XX, Li C, Cao XY, Selvaraj KK, Li HM, Zhu FX, Yang SG, Li SY, Zhang LM, He H. Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of NPAHs in soils using in vitro-in vivo assays: Comparison of laboratory and outdoor environmental aging effect. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161619. [PMID: 36649777 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aging process is one of the most important factors that markedly reduces bioaccessibility and bioavailability (bioac-bioav) of organic contaminants. However, only few data on comparison of the effects of laboratory artificial aging (LAA) and outdoor environmental aging (OEA) processes on nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) bioac-bioav are available. In the current study, oral bioac-bioav of NPAHs in LAA and OEA soils (aging time intervals: 0, 45, 90, 120 and 150 d) were measured by in vitro traditional Fed ORganic Estimation human Simulation Test (FOREhST) and Tenax improved FOREhST (TI-FOREhST) methods, and in vivo mouse model. Tenax significantly increased the bioaccessibility of NPAHs in freshly spiked and aging soils from 0.3-40.9 % to 15.6-95.3 %, and 0.3-40.9 % to 1.0-84.5 %, respectively. Aging significantly reduced the NPAHs bioaccessibility (from 36.5 % to 10.7 %, and 12.1 % to 5.1 % as measured by FOREhST and TI-FOREhST, respectively) and bioavailability (from 27.7 % to 9.9 %, as measured by mouse model). The changes in bioac-bioav were mainly observed within the first 120 d of aging. The statistical analyses of NPAHs bioac-bioav showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) among the aging time intervals in LAA and OEA soils, which demonstrated that the LAA can relatively represent the OEA. Determination of TOC content in LAA and OEA soil can intuitively reflect whether the difference of NPAHs bioac-bioav between two aging treatment groups is significant. The mean bioaccessibility of NPAHs in soil measured by TI-FOREhST (mean 20.6 %) is closer to the bioavailability measured by mouse model (mean 19.4 %), indicating that Tenax improved in vitro method is more reliable than traditional methods, to predict the bioavailability of NPAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Xian Chen
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Cao
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Krishna Kumar Selvaraj
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hui-Ming Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Feng-Xiao Zhu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shao-Gui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shi-Yin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li-Min Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China; Green Economy Development Institute, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China; College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China.
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41
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Su Y, Ren Q, Zhang WY, Chen F. Computational Studies on the Reactivity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200638. [PMID: 36409286 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely present in the environment as toxic pollutants. In this study, quantum chemistry methods are used to study reactions of PAHs in both particle and gas phases. Seven theoretical methods are exploited to predict the reactive sites of 15 PAHs in the particle phase. Among these methods, the performance of the condensed Fukui function (CFF) is optimum. The gas-phase reactions of eight PAHs are also investigated. Except for fluorene, CFF predicts correctly the gas-phase mono-nitro products for seven systems. The products of fluorene predicted by CFF are 1-nitrofluorene and 3-nitrofluorene, which is however inconsistent with the experimental results. Transition state theory is then used to investigate the reaction mechanism of fluorene. Calculated rate constants for 3-nitrofluorene and 2-nitrofluorene formation are much bigger than that for 1-nitrofluorene formation, which is in agreement with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Su
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qing Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wen-Yan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Feiwu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Beijing, 100083, China
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Shoaei F, Talebi-Ghane E, Amirsadeghi S, Mehri F. The investigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in milk and its products: A global systematic review, meta-analysis and health risk assessment. Int Dairy J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2023.105645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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Clergé A, Le Goff J, Brotin E, Abeillard E, Vaudorne I, Denoyelle C, Le Hegarat L, Delépée R. In vitro genotoxicity potential investigation of 7 oxy-PAHs. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2023; 64:176-186. [PMID: 36757094 DOI: 10.1002/em.22531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Air pollutants include many compounds among them oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAHs). As they are suspected to generate DNA damage and mutagenicity, an understanding of their mode of action could highlight a carcinogenic potential risk in exposed population. In this article, a prospective study on seven oxy-PAHs selected in terms of occurrence in the environment was conducted on mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and cytotoxicity potentials using in vitro assays including Ames test on five strains, kinetic analysis of cytotoxicity and apoptosis, phosphorylation of histone H2AX, and p53 induction assays on human lung cell line BEAS-2B. Ames test demonstrated that mutagenicity pattern depended on the oxy-PAH tested. Except for BAQ, all oxy-PAHs tested gave mutagenic effect, in the absence and/or in the presence of metabolic activation (S9 fraction). At 24 h of exposure, the majority of oxy-PAHs induced γ-H2AX in BEAS-2B cells and/or phosphorylation of p53 at serine 15 and cell death at highest tested concentrations. Although 9,10-AQ and B[b]FO were mutagenic in bacteria, they failed to induce any of the other genotoxicity biomarkers. In comparison with the benzo[a]pyrene, all oxy-PAHs were less potent in terms of genotoxic potential at the same concentration. These results highlighted the genotoxic and mutagenic potential of these oxy-PAHs and provide preliminary information concerning their possible mechanism of action for toxicity, contributing to a better evaluation of the real associated health risks for human and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jérémie Le Goff
- INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancers Prevention and Treatment), Caen, France
| | - Emilie Brotin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PLATON Service Unit, ImpedanCELL, Caen, France
| | - Edwige Abeillard
- INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancers Prevention and Treatment), Caen, France
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PLATON Service Unit, ImpedanCELL, Caen, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Isabelle Vaudorne
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PRISMM Platform, PLATON Service Unit, Caen, France
| | - Christophe Denoyelle
- INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE (Interdisciplinary Research Unit for Cancers Prevention and Treatment), Caen, France
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PLATON Service Unit, ImpedanCELL, Caen, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Ludovic Le Hegarat
- Anses, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Fougeres Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminant Unit, Fougères, France
| | - Raphaël Delépée
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, Caen, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PRISMM Platform, PLATON Service Unit, Caen, France
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Zhang S, Li H, He R, Deng W, Ma S, Zhang X, Li G, An T. Spatial distribution, source identification, and human health risk assessment of PAHs and their derivatives in soils nearby the coke plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160588. [PMID: 36470383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The coking industry can generate large amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives, which may negatively impact the environment and human health. In this study, soils nearby a typical coking plant were sampled to assess the impact of coke production on the surrounding residential areas and human health. The mean concentration of PAHs and their derivatives in residential area soils nearby the coke plant was 4270 ng/g dw, which was 1 order of magnitude higher than that observed in areas far from the coke plant and approximately 4 times lower than that revealed the coke plant. In addition, the results showed that coking processing area was the most contaminant area of the coke plant (mean: 74.4 μg/g dw), where was also the main source of pollutants in residential areas. In terms of vertical soils in coking plant, the maximum levels of chemicals (mean: 205 μg/g dw) were presented at the leakage of underground pipelines, where were much higher than those in surface soils, and decreased with the increase of depth. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results showed obvious differences in the concentrations of 6-nitrochrysene between the plant, residential areas and control areas. Meanwhile, 6-nitrochrysene had potential cancer risk (CR) for human in the coking site. Thus, 6-nitrochrysene was the most noteworthy PAH derivatives. Furthermore, the CR (mean: 5.94 × 10-5) and toxic equivalent quantities (TEQs) (mean: 14.8 μg·TEQ/g) of PAHs and their derivatives was assessed in this study. This finding suggested that PAHs and their derivatives especially those extremely toxic chemicals (Nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) and Br/Cl-PAHs (XPAHs)) might pose a potential health risk to residents nearby the coke plant. The current study provides further insights into the pollution characteristics of PAHs and their derivatives in coke plants and potential risks to the workers and surrounding residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hailing Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rujian He
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weiqiang Deng
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Kong J, Ma T, Cao X, Li W, Zhu F, He H, Sun C, Yang S, Li S, Xian Q. Occurrence, partition behavior, source and ecological risk assessment of nitro-PAHs in the sediment and water of Taige Canal, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:782-793. [PMID: 36182183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) are widespread organic pollutants that possess carcinogenic and mutagenic properties, so they may pose a risk to the environment and human health. In this study, the concentrations of 15 NPAHs and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 30 surface water samples and 26 sediment samples were measured in 2018 from the Taige Canal, one of the main rivers flowing into Taihu Lake, China. The total NPAH concentrations in water and sediment ranged from 14.7 to 235 ng/L and 22.9 to 96.5 ng/g dw, respectively. 9-nitrophenanthrene (nd-76.3 ng/L) was the dominant compound in surface water, while 2+3-nitrofluoranthene (1.73-18.1 ng/g dw) dominated in sediment. Among PAHs, concentration ranging from 1,097 to 2,981 ng/L and 1,089 to 4,489 ng/g dw in surface water and sediment, respectively. There was a strong positive correlation between the log octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) and log sediment-water partition coefficient due to hydrophobic interaction. The fugacity fraction value increased with the decrease of log Kow, and chrysene was transferred from water into sediment. The residual NPAHs in surface water and sediment of the Taige Canal have partial correlation. Diesel engine and coal combustion emissions were probably the principal sources of NPAHs in surface water and sediment. The results of ecological risk assessment showed that some NPAHs in water (e.g, 1-nitropyrene and 6-nitrochrysene) and sediment (e.g., 2-nitrobiphenyl, 5-nitroacenaphthene, 9-nitrophenanthrene and 2+3-nitrofluoranthene) had moderate ecological risks, which should be of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijie Kong
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tao Ma
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weidi Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fengxiao Zhu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Fujian Provincial Key laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China.
| | - Cheng Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Zhang Y, Pei C, Zhang J, Cheng C, Lian X, Chen M, Huang B, Fu Z, Zhou Z, Li M. Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:806-822. [PMID: 36182185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The real-time detection of the mixing states of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs in ambient particles is of great significance for analyzing the source, aging process, and health effects of PAHs and nitro-PAHs; yet there is still few effective technology to achieve this type of detection. In this study, 11 types of PAH and nitro-PAH standard samples were analyzed using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (HP-SPAMS) in lab studies. The identification principles 'parent ions' and 'mass-to-charge (m/z) = 77' of each compound were obtained in this study. It was found that different laser energies did not affect the identification of the parent ions. The comparative experiments of ambient atmospheric particles, cooking and biomass burning emitted particles with and without the addition of PAHs were conducted and ruled out the interferences from primary and secondary organics on the identification of PAHs. Besides, the reliability of the characteristic ions extraction method was evaluated through the comparative study of similarity algorithm and deep learning algorithm. In addition, the real PAH-containing particles from vehicle exhaust emissions and ambient particles were also analyzed. This study improves the ability of single particle mass spectrometry technology to detect PAHs and nitro-PAHs, and HP-SPAMS was superior to SPAMS for detecting single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs. This study provides support for subsequent ambient observations to identify the characteristic spectrum of single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chenglei Pei
- Guangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Jinwen Zhang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xiufeng Lian
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mubai Chen
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhong Fu
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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47
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Zhang B, Peng Z, Lv J, Peng Q, He K, Xu H, Sun J, Shen Z. Gas Particle Partitioning of PAHs Emissions from Typical Solid Fuel Combustions as Well as Their Health Risk Assessment in Rural Guanzhong Plain, China. TOXICS 2023; 11:80. [PMID: 36668806 PMCID: PMC9863936 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Air pollutants from the incomplete combustion of rural solid fuels are seriously harmful to both air quality and human health. To quantify the health effects of different fuel-stove combinations, gas and particle partitioning of twenty-nine species of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from seven fuel-stove combinations were examined in this study, and the benzo (a) pyrene toxicity equivalent (BaPeq) and cancer risks were estimated accordingly. The results showed that the gas phase PAHs (accounting for 68-78% of the total PAHs) had higher emission factors (EFs) than particulate ones. For all combustion combinations, pPAHs accounted for the highest proportion (84.5% to 99.3%) in both the gas and particulate phases, followed by aPAHs (0.63-14.7%), while the proportions of nPAHs and oPAHs were much lower (2-4 orders of magnitude) than pPAHs. For BaPeq, particulate phase PAHs dominated the BaPeq rather than gas ones, which may be due to the greater abundance of 5-ring particle PAHs. Gas and particle pPAHs were both predominant in the BaPeq, with proportions of 95.2-98.6% for all combustion combinations. Cancer risk results showed a descending order of bituminous coal combustion (0.003-0.05), biomass burning (0.002-0.01), and clean briquette coal combustion (10-5-0.001), indicating that local residents caused a severe health threat by solid fuel combustion (the threshold: 10-4). The results also highlighted that clean briquette coal could reduce cancer risks by 1-2 orders of magnitude compared to bulk coal and biomass. For oPAH, BcdPQ (6H-benzo(c,d)pyrene-6-one) had the highest cancer risk, ranging from 4.83 × 10-5 to 2.45 × 10-4, which were even higher than the total of aPAHs and nPAHs. The dramatically high toxicity and cancer risk of PAHs from solid fuel combustion strengthened the necessity and urgency of clean heating innovation in Guanzhong Plain and in similar places.
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48
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Bai X, Wei J, Ren Y, Gao R, Chai F, Li H, Xu F, Kong Y. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during heating season in Beijing. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 123:169-182. [PMID: 36521982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitrated derivatives (NPAHs) attract continuous attention due to their outstanding carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. In order to investigate the diurnal variations, sources, formation mechanism, and health risk assessment of them in heating season, particulate matter (PM) were collected in Beijing urban area from December 26, 2017 to January 17, 2018. PAHs and NPAHs in PM were quantitatively analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) . Average daily concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs were (78 ± 54) ng/m3 and (783 ± 684) pg/m3, respectively. The concentrations of them were significantly higher at nighttime than at daytime, and NPAHs concentrations were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than PAHs concentrations. In the heating season, the dominant species of PAHs include benzo[b]fluoranthene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and chrysene, while 9-nitroanthracene, 2+3-nitrofluoranthene, and 2-nitropyrene were dominant species for NPAHs. NPAHs were found to have a single peak during heating and to be primarily distributed in the 0.4-0.7 µm particle size. Primary emissions such as biomass burning, coal combustion, and traffic emissions were the major sources of PAHs. NPAHs were produced by the primary source of vehicle emissions and the secondary reaction triggered by OH radicals, as well as biomass burning during daytime. According to the health risk assessment, the total carcinogenic risk was higher in adults than in children. While upon oral ingestion, the carcinogenic risk in children was higher than that of adults, but the risk of adults was higher than children through skin contact and respiratory inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xurong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Shandong University, Environment Research Institute, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yanqin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Fahe Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Shandong University, Environment Research Institute, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yuxue Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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49
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Horn GP, Stakes K, Neumann DL, Madrzykowski D, Fent KW. Exposure Risks and Potential Control Measures for a Fire Behavior Lab Training Structure: Part B. Chemical Gas Concentrations. FIRE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 59:3255-3282. [PMID: 38650825 PMCID: PMC11034741 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-023-01447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Firefighters' or instructors' exposure to airborne chemicals during live-fire training may depend on fuels being burned, fuel orientation and participants' location within the structure. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of different control measures on exposure risk to combustion byproducts during fire dynamics training where fuel packages are mounted at or near the ceiling. These measures included substitution of training fuels (low density wood fiberboard, oriented strand board (OSB), pallets, particle board, plywood) and adoption of engineering controls such as changing the location of the instructor and students using the structure. Experiments were conducted for two different training durations: the typical six ventilation cycle (6-cycle) and a shorter three ventilation cycle (3-cycle) with a subset of training fuels. In Part A of this series, we characterized the fire dynamics within the structure, including the ability of each fuel to provide an environment that achieves the training objectives. Here, in Part B, airborne chemical concentrations are reported at the location where fire instructors would typically be operating. We hypothesized that utilizing a training fuel package with solid wood pallets would result in lower concentrations of airborne contaminants at the rear instructor location than wood-based sheet products containing additional resins and/or waxes. In the 6-cycle experiments (at the rear instructor location), OSB-fueled fires produced the highest median concentrations of benzene and 1,3 butadiene, plywood-fueled fires produced the highest total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations, particle board-fueled fires produced the highest methyl isocyanate concentrations, and pallet-fueled fires produced the highest hydrogen chloride concentrations. All fuels other than particle board produced similarly high levels of formaldehyde at the rear instructor location. The OSB fuel package created the most consistent fire dynamics over 6-cycles, while fiberboard resulted in consistent fire dynamics only for the first three cycles. In the follow-on 3-cycle experiment, PAH, benzene, and aldehyde concentrations were similar for the OSB and fiberboard-fueled fires. Air sampling did not identify any clear differences between training fires from burning solid wood pallets and those that incorporate wood-based sheet products for this commonly employed fuel arrangement with fuels mounted high in the compartment. However, it was found that exposure can be reduced by moving firefighters and instructors lower in the compartment and/or by moving the instructor in charge of ventilation from the rear of the structure (where highest concentrations were consistently measured) to an outside position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Horn
- Fire Safety Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, 6200 Old Dobbin Lane, Suite 150, Columbia, MD, 21045, USA
| | - Keith Stakes
- Fire Safety Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, 6200 Old Dobbin Lane, Suite 150, Columbia, MD, 21045, USA
| | - Danielle L Neumann
- Asset and Sustainability Performance, UL Solutions, Lake Forest, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Madrzykowski
- Fire Safety Research Institute, UL Research Institutes, 6200 Old Dobbin Lane, Suite 150, Columbia, MD, 21045, USA
| | - Kenneth W Fent
- National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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50
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Galmiche M, Sonnette A, Wolf M, Sutter C, Delhomme O, François YN, Millet M. Simultaneous Determination of 79 Polar and Non-Polar Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Airborne Particulate Matter by Gas Chromatography – Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2153884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Galmiche
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés Pour L'Énergie, L'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) – Physico-Chimie de L’Atmosphère, Université de Strasbourg – CNRS, UMR 7515, Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Des Interactions et Des Systèmes (LSMIS), Université de Strasbourg – CNRS, UMR 7140, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandre Sonnette
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés Pour L'Énergie, L'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) – Physico-Chimie de L’Atmosphère, Université de Strasbourg – CNRS, UMR 7515, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Wolf
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés Pour L'Énergie, L'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) – Physico-Chimie de L’Atmosphère, Université de Strasbourg – CNRS, UMR 7515, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Sutter
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés Pour L'Énergie, L'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) – Physico-Chimie de L’Atmosphère, Université de Strasbourg – CNRS, UMR 7515, Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Delhomme
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés Pour L'Énergie, L'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) – Physico-Chimie de L’Atmosphère, Université de Strasbourg – CNRS, UMR 7515, Strasbourg, France
- UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Université de Lorraine, Metz, France
| | - Yannis-Nicolas François
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Des Interactions et Des Systèmes (LSMIS), Université de Strasbourg – CNRS, UMR 7140, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maurice Millet
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés Pour L'Énergie, L'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) – Physico-Chimie de L’Atmosphère, Université de Strasbourg – CNRS, UMR 7515, Strasbourg, France
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