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Syed-Abdul MM. Lipid Metabolism in Metabolic-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD). Metabolites 2023; 14:12. [PMID: 38248815 PMCID: PMC10818604 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a cluster of pathological conditions primarily developed due to the accumulation of ectopic fat in the hepatocytes. During the severe form of the disease, i.e., metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), accumulated lipids promote lipotoxicity, resulting in cellular inflammation, oxidative stress, and hepatocellular ballooning. If left untreated, the advanced form of the disease progresses to fibrosis of the tissue, resulting in irreversible hepatic cirrhosis or the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Although numerous mechanisms have been identified as significant contributors to the development and advancement of MASLD, altered lipid metabolism continues to stand out as a major factor contributing to the disease. This paper briefly discusses the dysregulation in lipid metabolism during various stages of MASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Mufaqam Syed-Abdul
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
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2
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Wang H, Shen H, Seo W, Hwang S. Experimental models of fatty liver diseases: Status and appraisal. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e00200. [PMID: 37378635 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver diseases, including alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), affect a large number of people worldwide and become one of the major causes of end-stage liver disease, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Unfortunately, there are currently no approved pharmacological treatments for ALD or NAFLD. This situation highlights the urgent need to explore new intervention targets and discover effective therapeutics for ALD and NAFLD. The lack of properly validated preclinical disease models is a major obstacle to the development of clinical therapies. ALD and NAFLD models have been in the development for decades, but there are still no models that recapitulate the full spectrum of ALD and NAFLD. Throughout this review, we summarize the current in vitro and in vivo models used for research on fatty liver diseases and discuss the advantages and limitations of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Haiyuan Shen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wonhyo Seo
- Laboratory of Hepatotoxicity, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghwan Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Laupsa-Borge J, Grytten E, Bohov P, Bjørndal B, Strand E, Skorve J, Nordrehaug JE, Berge RK, Rostrup E, Mellgren G, Dankel SN, Nygård OK. Sex-specific responses in glucose-insulin homeostasis and lipoprotein-lipid components after high-dose supplementation with marine n-3 PUFAs in abdominal obesity: a randomized double-blind crossover study. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1020678. [PMID: 37404855 PMCID: PMC10315503 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1020678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical studies on effects of marine-derived omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and the plant-derived omega-6 (n-6) PUFA linoleic acid (LA) on lipoprotein-lipid components and glucose-insulin homeostasis have shown conflicting results, which may partly be explained by differential responses in females and males. However, we have lacked data on sexual dimorphism in the response of cardiometabolic risk markers following increased consumption of n-3 or n-6 PUFAs. Objective To explore sex-specific responses after n-3 (EPA + DHA) or n-6 (LA) PUFA supplementation on circulating lipoprotein subfractions, standard lipids, apolipoproteins, fatty acids in red blood cell membranes, and markers of glycemic control/insulin sensitivity among people with abdominal obesity. Methods This was a randomized double-blind crossover study with two 7-week intervention periods separated by a 9-week washout phase. Females (n = 16) were supplemented with 3 g/d of EPA + DHA (fish oil) or 15 g/d of LA (safflower oil), while males (n = 23) received a dose of 4 g/d of EPA + DHA or 20 g/d of LA. In fasting blood samples, we measured lipoprotein particle subclasses, standard lipids, apolipoproteins, fatty acid profiles, and markers of glycemic control/insulin sensitivity. Results The between-sex difference in relative change scores was significant after n-3 for total high-density lipoproteins (females/males: -11%*/-3.3%, p = 0.036; *: significant within-sex change), high-density lipoprotein particle size (+2.1%*/-0.1%, p = 0.045), and arachidonic acid (-8.3%*/-12%*, p = 0.012), and after n-6 for total (+37%*/+2.1%, p = 0.041) and small very-low-density lipoproteins (+97%*/+14%, p = 0.021), and lipoprotein (a) (-16%*/+0.1%, p = 0.028). Circulating markers of glucose-insulin homeostasis differed significantly after n-3 for glucose (females/males: -2.1%/+3.9%*, p = 0.029), insulin (-31%*/+16%, p < 0.001), insulin C-peptide (-12%*/+13%*, p = 0.001), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index 2 (-12%*/+14%*, p = 0.001) and insulin sensitivity index 2 (+14%*/-12%*, p = 0.001), and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (+4.9%*/-3.4%*, p < 0.001). Conclusion We found sex-specific responses after high-dose n-3 (but not n-6) supplementation in circulating markers of glycemic control/insulin sensitivity, which improved in females but worsened in males. This may partly be related to the sex differences we observed in several components of the lipoprotein-lipid profile following the n-3 intervention. Clinical trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier [NCT02647333].
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Laupsa-Borge
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elise Grytten
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pavol Bohov
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elin Strand
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jon Skorve
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Erik Nordrehaug
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf K. Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Espen Rostrup
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Research Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simon N. Dankel
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Research Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ottar K. Nygård
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Kord-Varkaneh H, Salehi-Sahlabadi A, Tinsley GM, Santos HO, Hekmatdoost A. Effects of time-restricted feeding (16/8) combined with a low-sugar diet on the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized controlled trial. Nutrition 2023; 105:111847. [PMID: 36257081 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Emerging studies have employed time-restricted feeding (TRF) and a low-sugar diet alone in the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but their combination has not been tested. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of TRF combined with a low-sugar diet on NAFLD parameters, cardiometabolic and inflammatory biomarkers, and body composition in patients with NAFLD. METHODS A 12-wk randomized controlled trial was performed to compare the effects of TRF (16 h fasting/8 h feeding daily [16/8]) plus a low-sugar diet versus a control diet based on traditional meal distribution in patients with NAFLD. Changes in body composition, anthropometric indices, and liver and cardiometabolic markers were investigated. RESULTS TRF 16/8 with a low-sugar diet reduced body fat (26.7 ± 5.4 to 24.2 ± 4.9 kg), body weight (83.8 ± 12.7 to 80.5 ± 12.1 kg), waist circumference (104.59 ± 10.47 to 101.91 ± 7.42 cm), and body mass index (29.1 ± 2.6 to 28 ± 2.7 kg/m2), as well as circulating levels of fasting blood glucose and liver (alanine aminotransferase, 34 ± 13.9 to 21.2 ± 5.4 U/L; aspartate aminotransferase, 26.3 ± 6.2 to 20.50 ± 4 U/L; γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, 33 ± 15 to 23.2 ± 11.1 U/L; fibrosis score, 6.3 ± 1 to 5.2 ± 1.2 kPa; and controlled attenuation parameter, 322.9 ± 34.9 to 270.9 ± 36.2 dB/m), lipids (triacylglycerols, 201.5 ± 35.3 to 133.3 ± 48.7 mg/dL; total cholesterol, 190 ± 36.6 to 157.8 ± 33.6 mg/dL; and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 104.6 ± 27.3 to 84 ± 26.3 mg/dL), and inflammatory markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, 3.1 ± 1.1 to 2 ± 0.9 mg/L; and cytokeratin-18, 1.35 ± 0.03 to 1.16 ± 0.03 ng/mL). These results were statistically significant (P < 0.05) compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS TRF plus a low-sugar diet can reduce adiposity and improve liver, lipid, and inflammatory markers in patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Kord-Varkaneh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ammar Salehi-Sahlabadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Heitor O Santos
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Mashnafi S, Plat J, Mensink RP, Joris PJ, Kusters YHAM, Houben AJHM, Stehouwer CDA, Schalkwijk CG, Baumgartner S. Effects of Diet-Induced Weight Loss on Plasma Markers for Cholesterol Absorption and Synthesis: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial in Abdominally Obese Men. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081546. [PMID: 35458107 PMCID: PMC9030512 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-sectional studies have shown that obesity is associated with lower intestinal cholesterol absorption and higher endogenous cholesterol synthesis. These metabolic characteristics have also been observed in patients with type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, steatosis or cholestasis. The number of intervention studies evaluating the effect of weight loss on these metabolic characteristics is, however, limited, while the role of the different fat compartments has not been studied into detail. In a randomized trial, abdominally obese men (N = 54) followed a 6-week very low caloric (VLCD) diet, followed by a 2 week weight-maintenance period. Non-cholesterol sterols were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks, and compared to levels in lean participants (N = 25). After weight loss, total cholesterol (TC)-standardized cholestanol levels increased by 0.18 µmol/mmol (p < 0.001), while those of campesterol and lathosterol decreased by 0.25 µmol/mmol (p < 0.05) and 0.39 µmol/mmol (p < 0.001), respectively. Moreover, after weight loss, TC-standardized lathosterol and cholestanol levels were comparable to those of lean men. Increases in TC-standardized cholestanol after weight loss were significantly associated with changes in waist circumference (p < 0.01), weight (p < 0.001), BMI (p < 0.001) and visceral fat (p < 0.01), but not with subcutaneous and intrahepatic lipids. In addition, cross-sectional analysis showed that visceral fat fully mediated the association between BMI and TC-standardized cholestanol levels. Intrahepatic lipid content was a partial mediator for the association between BMI and TC-standardized lathosterol levels. In conclusion, diet-induced weight loss decreased cholesterol synthesis and increased cholesterol absorption. The increase in TC-standardized cholestanol levels was not only related to weight loss, but also to a decrease in visceral fat volume. Whether these metabolic changes ameliorate other metabolic risk factors needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Mashnafi
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (J.P.); (R.P.M.); (P.J.J.)
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, AlBaha University, AlBaha 65779-7738, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (J.P.); (R.P.M.); (P.J.J.)
| | - Ronald P. Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (J.P.); (R.P.M.); (P.J.J.)
| | - Peter J. Joris
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (J.P.); (R.P.M.); (P.J.J.)
| | - Yvo H. A. M. Kusters
- Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.H.A.M.K.); (A.J.H.M.H.); (C.D.A.S.); (C.G.S.)
| | - Alfons J. H. M. Houben
- Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.H.A.M.K.); (A.J.H.M.H.); (C.D.A.S.); (C.G.S.)
| | - Coen D. A. Stehouwer
- Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.H.A.M.K.); (A.J.H.M.H.); (C.D.A.S.); (C.G.S.)
| | - Casper G. Schalkwijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.H.A.M.K.); (A.J.H.M.H.); (C.D.A.S.); (C.G.S.)
| | - Sabine Baumgartner
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (J.P.); (R.P.M.); (P.J.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-43-3881305
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Xian X, Wang Y, Liu G. Genetically Engineered Hamster Models of Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2419:433-459. [PMID: 35237980 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1924-7_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Animal models of human diseases play an extremely important role in biomedical research. Among them, mice are widely used animal models for translational research, especially because of ease of generation of genetically engineered mice. However, because of the great differences in biology between mice and humans, translation of findings to humans remains a major issue. Therefore, the exploration of models with biological and metabolic characteristics closer to those of humans has never stopped.Although pig and nonhuman primates are biologically similar to humans, their genetic engineering is technically difficult, the cost of breeding is high, and the experimental time is long. As a result, the application of these species as model animals, especially genetically engineered model animals, in biomedical research is greatly limited.In terms of lipid metabolism and cardiovascular diseases, hamsters have several characteristics different from rats and mice, but similar to those in humans. The hamster is therefore an ideal animal model for studying lipid metabolism and cardiovascular disease because of its small size and short reproduction period. However, the phenomenon of zygote division, which was unexpectedly blocked during the manipulation of hamster embryos for some unknown reasons, had plagued researchers for decades and no genetically engineered hamsters have therefore been generated as animal models of human diseases for a long time. After solving the problem of in vitro development of hamster zygotes, we successfully prepared enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) transgenic hamsters by microinjection of lentiviral vectors into the zona pellucida space of zygotes. On this basis, we started the development of cardiovascular disease models using the hamster embryo culture system combined with the novel genome editing technique of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR )/CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9). In this chapter, we will introduce some of the genetically engineered hamster models with dyslipidemia and the corresponding characteristics of these models. We hope that the genetically engineered hamster models can be further recognized and complement other genetically engineered animal models such as mice, rats, and rabbits. This will lead to new avenues and pathways for the study of lipid metabolism and its related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunde Xian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Sotorník R, Suissa R, Ardilouze JL. Could Overt Diabetes Be Triggered by Abuse of Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators and Growth Hormone Secretagogues? A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Clin Diabetes 2022; 40:373-379. [PMID: 35983415 PMCID: PMC9331610 DOI: 10.2337/cd21-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sotorník
- Canadian Medical, Prague, Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jean-Luc Ardilouze
- Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital Center, Sherbrooke, Canada
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Radhakrishnan S, Yeung SF, Ke JY, Antunes MM, Pellizzon MA. Considerations When Choosing High-Fat, High-Fructose, and High-Cholesterol Diets to Induce Experimental Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Laboratory Animal Models. Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab138. [PMID: 34993389 PMCID: PMC8718327 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is intricately linked to metabolic disease (including obesity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance) and encompasses a spectrum of disorders including steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and fibrosis. Rodents consuming high-fat (HF; ∼40 kcal% fat including fats containing higher concentrations of saturated and trans fats), high-fructose (HFr), and high-cholesterol (HC) diets display many clinically relevant characteristics of NASH, along with other metabolic disorders. C57BL/6 mice are the most commonly used animal model because they can develop significant metabolic disorders including severe NASH with fibrosis after months of feeding, but other models also are susceptible. The significant number of diets that contain these different factors (i.e., HF, HFr, and HC), either alone or in combination, makes the choice of diet difficult. This methodology review describes the efficacy of these nutrient manipulations on the NAFLD phenotype in mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, and nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jia-Yu Ke
- Research Diets, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Maísa M Antunes
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Liu G, Lai P, Guo J, Wang Y, Xian X. Genetically-engineered hamster models: applications and perspective in dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2021; 1:92-110. [PMID: 37724074 PMCID: PMC10388752 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2021-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries, in which atherosclerosis triggered by dyslipidemia is the major pathological basis. Over the past 40 years, small rodent animals, such as mice, have been widely used for understanding of human atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) with the advantages of low cost and ease of maintenance and manipulation. However, based on the concept of precision medicine and high demand of translational research, the applications of mouse models for human ASCVD study would be limited due to the natural differences in metabolic features between mice and humans even though they are still the most powerful tools in this research field, indicating that other species with biological similarity to humans need to be considered for studying ASCVD in future. With the development and breakthrough of novel gene editing technology, Syrian golden hamster, a small rodent animal replicating the metabolic characteristics of humans, has been genetically modified, suggesting that gene-targeted hamster models will provide new insights into the precision medicine and translational research of ASCVD. The purpose of this review was to summarize the genetically-modified hamster models with dyslipidemia to date, and their potential applications and perspective for ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Pingping Lai
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiabao Guo
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xunde Xian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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10
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Corsini A, Ferri N, Proietti M, Boriani G. Edoxaban and the Issue of Drug-Drug Interactions: From Pharmacology to Clinical Practice. Drugs 2021; 80:1065-1083. [PMID: 32504376 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-020-01328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Edoxaban, a direct factor Xa inhibitor, is the latest of the non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs). Despite being marketed later than other NOACs, its use is now spreading in current clinical practice, being indicated for both thromboprophylaxis in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) and for the treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE). In patients with multiple conditions, the contemporary administration of several drugs can cause relevant drug-drug interactions (DDIs), which can affect drugs' pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Usually, all the NOACs are considered to have significantly fewer DDIs than vitamin K antagonists; notwithstanding, this is actually not true, all of them are affected by DDIs with drugs that can influence the activity (induction or inhibition) of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and cytochrome P450 3A4, both responsible for the disposition and metabolism of NOACs to a different extent. In this review/expert opinion, we focused on an extensive report of edoxaban DDIs. All the relevant drugs categories have been examined to report on significant DDIs, discussing the impact on edoxaban pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and the evidence for dose adjustment. Our analysis found that, despite a restrained number of interactions, some strong inhibitors/inducers of P-gp and drug-metabolising enzymes can affect edoxaban concentration, just as it happens with other NOACs, implying the need for a dose adjustment. However, our analysis of edoxaban DDIs suggests that given the small propensity for interactions of this agent, its use represents an acceptable clinical decision. Still, DDIs can be significant in certain clinical situations and a careful evaluation is always needed when prescribing NOACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Multimedica IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Proietti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via della Commenda 19, 20122, Milan, Italy. .,Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. .,Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Giuseppe Boriani
- Cardiology Division, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy
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11
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Therapeutic Effects of 5,7-Dihydroxy-6-Oxoheptadecanoic Acid on Dysglycemia, Dyslipidemia, and Other Complications in Diabetic Rats. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20937203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of 5,7-dihydroxy-6-oxoheptadecanoic acid (DHA) from Tiliacora triandra on rat models of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM was induced with a combination of high-fat diet/streptozotocin (HFD/STZ), and diabetic rats were treated with DHA (25 mg/kg) for 30 days. The body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum, and liver biochemical parameters, as well as histological evaluations of the liver and pancreas, were evaluated. Diabetic rats displayed a significant increase in FBG, serum lipid profiles (triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), liver function enzymes (aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine transaminase), creatinine, liver malondialdehyde (MDA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) contents. Furthermore, insulin level and liver antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase [CAT], superoxide dismutase [SOD], and glutathione peroxidase [GSH-Px]) were significantly reduced in the diabetic rats. Whereas, treatment with DHA significantly reduced FBG, serum lipids, liver function enzymes, serum creatinine, liver MDA, and MPO contents. In addition, treatment with DHA significantly increased serum insulin level and liver SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px activities. In addition, DHA alleviated histopathological changes in the pancreas and liver caused by T2DM. These results portray the antidiabetic and antioxidative properties of DHA and can be considered as a potential treatment for T2DM.
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Dynamic changes of blood glucose, serum biochemical parameters and gene expression in response to exogenous insulin in Arbor Acres broilers and Silky fowls. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6697. [PMID: 32317707 PMCID: PMC7174311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Silky chicken is a breed of chickens with black skin and slow growth rate used in Chinese traditional medicine, whereas Arbor Acres broiler is a well-known commercial breed in the poultry industry, it is featured by a large size, rapid-growth rate, high feed-conversion rate and strong adaptability. The difference in their rate of growth may be primarily related to different mechanism for glucose metabolism. Here we compared the insulin sensitivity of the two breeds; we investigated the temporal changes (at 0 min, 120 min and 240 min) of serum insulin and other biochemical parameters and determined the spatio-temporal changes of gene mRNA abundance in response to exogenous insulin (80 μg/kg body weight). The results indicated that: (1) Silky chickens showed stronger blood glucose recovery than broilers in the insulin resistance test. (2) The serum urea level in Silky chickens was twice of broilers; exogenous insulin significantly up-regulated serum uric acid level in Silky fowls in a time-dependent manner and increased serum cholesterol content at 120 min. (3) Two breeds showed distinctly different temporal changed in serum insulin in response to exogenous insulin stimulation. The fasting serum insulin concentration of broilers was three-fold of Silky chickens at the basal state; it decreased significantly after insulin injection and the levels at 120 min and 240 min of broilers were only 23% (P < 0.01) and 14% (P < 0.01) of the basal state, respectively. Whereas the serum insulin content in Silky chickens showed stronger recovery, and the 240 min level was close to the 0 min level. (4) GLUT2, GLUT12, neuropeptide Y and insulin receptor (IR) were predominantly expressed in the liver, pectoralis major, olfactory bulb and pancreas, respectively, where these genes presented stronger insulin sensitivity. In addition, the IR mRNA level was strongly positively with the GLUT12 level. In conclusion, our findings suggested that Silky chickens have a stronger ability to regulate glucose homeostasis than broilers, owing to their higher IR levels in the basal state, stronger serum insulin homeostasis and candidate genes functioning primarily in their predominantly expressed tissue in response to exogenous insulin.
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Prnova MS, Kovacikova L, Svik K, Bezek S, Elmazoğlu Z, Karasu C, Stefek M. Triglyceride-lowering effect of the aldose reductase inhibitor cemtirestat-another factor that may contribute to attenuation of symptoms of peripheral neuropathy in STZ-diabetic rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 393:651-661. [PMID: 31802170 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is considered a key risk factor for development of diabetic complications including neuropathy. There is strong scientific evidence showing a primary role of aldose reductase, the first enzyme of the polyol pathway, in the cascade of metabolic imbalances responsible for the detrimental effects of hyperglycemia. Aldose reductase is thus considered a significant drug target. We investigated the effects of cemtirestat, a novel aldose reductase inhibitor, in the streptozotocin-induced rat model of uncontrolled type 1 diabetes in a 4-month experiment. Markedly increased sorbitol levels were recorded in the erythrocytes and the sciatic nerve of diabetic animals. Osmotic fragility of red blood cells was increased in diabetic animals. Indices of thermal hypoalgesia were significantly increased in diabetic rats. Tactile allodynia, recorded in diabetic animals in the early stages, turned to mechanical hypoalgesia by the end of the experiment. Treatment of diabetic animals with cemtirestat (i) reduced plasma triglycerides and TBAR levels; (ii) did not affect the values of HbA1c and body weights; (iii) reversed erythrocyte sorbitol accumulation to near control values, while sorbitol in the sciatic nerve was not affected; (iv) ameliorated indices of the erythrocyte osmotic fragility; and (v) attenuated the symptoms of peripheral neuropathy more significantly in the middle of the experiment than at the end of the treatment. Taking into account the lipid metabolism as an interesting molecular target for prevention or treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, the triglyceride-lowering effect of cemtirestat should be considered in future studies. The most feasible mechanisms of triglyceride-lowering action of cemtirestat were suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Soltesova Prnova
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Kovacikova
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Karol Svik
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stefan Bezek
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zübeyir Elmazoğlu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, 06510, Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cimen Karasu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, 06510, Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Milan Stefek
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Chung ST, Cravalho CKL, Meyers AG, Courville AB, Yang S, Matthan NR, Mabundo L, Sampson M, Ouwerkerk R, Gharib AM, Lichtenstein AH, Remaley AT, Sumner AE. Triglyceride Paradox Is Related to Lipoprotein Size, Visceral Adiposity and Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase Activity in Black Versus White Women. Circ Res 2019; 126:94-108. [PMID: 31623522 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In black women, triglycerides are paradoxically normal in the presence of insulin resistance. This relationship may be explained by race-related differences in central adiposity and SCD (stearoyl-CoA desaturase)-1 enzyme activity index. OBJECTIVE In a cross-sectional study, to compare fasting and postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle (TRLP) concentrations and size in black compared with white pre- and postmenopausal women and determine the relationship between TRLP subfractions and whole-body insulin sensitivity, hepatic and visceral fat, and SCD-1 levels. METHODS AND RESULTS In 122 federally employed women without diabetes mellitus, 73 black (58 African American and 15 African immigrant) and 49 white; age, 44±10 (mean±SD) years; body mass index, 30.0±5.6 kg/m2, we measured lipoprotein subfractions using nuclear magnetic resonance. Hepatic fat was measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, insulin sensitivity index calculated by minimal modeling from a frequently sampled intravenous glucose test, and red blood cell fatty acid profiles were measured by gas chromatography and were used to estimate SCD-1 indices. Hepatic fat, insulin sensitivity index, and SCD-1 were similar in black women and lower than in whites, regardless of menopausal status. Fasting and postprandial large, medium, and small TRLPs, but not very small TRLPs, were lower in black women. Fasting large, medium, and very small TRLPs negatively correlated with insulin sensitivity index and positively correlated with visceral and hepatic fat and SCD-1 activity in both groups. In multivariate models, visceral fat and SCD-1 were associated with total fasting TRLP concentrations (adjR2, 0.39; P=0.001). Black women had smaller postprandial changes in large (P=0.005) and medium TRLPs (P=0.007). CONCLUSIONS Lower visceral fat and SCD-1 activity may contribute to the paradoxical association of lower fasting and postprandial TRLP subfractions despite insulin resistance in black compared with white pre- and postmenopausal women. Similar concentrations of very small TRLPs are related to insulin resistance and could be important mediators of cardiometabolic disease risk in women. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01809288.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie T Chung
- From the Intramural Program of National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.T.C., C.K.L.C., L.M., R.O., A.M.G., A.E.S.)
| | - Celeste K L Cravalho
- From the Intramural Program of National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.T.C., C.K.L.C., L.M., R.O., A.M.G., A.E.S.)
| | - Abby G Meyers
- Intramural Program of National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, MD (A.G.M.)
| | | | - Shanna Yang
- NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD (A.B.C., S.Y.)
| | - Nirupa Rachel Matthan
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (N.R.M., A.H.L.)
| | - Lilian Mabundo
- From the Intramural Program of National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.T.C., C.K.L.C., L.M., R.O., A.M.G., A.E.S.)
| | - Maureen Sampson
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (M.S., A.T.R.)
| | - Ronald Ouwerkerk
- From the Intramural Program of National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.T.C., C.K.L.C., L.M., R.O., A.M.G., A.E.S.)
| | - Ahmed M Gharib
- From the Intramural Program of National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.T.C., C.K.L.C., L.M., R.O., A.M.G., A.E.S.)
| | - Alice H Lichtenstein
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (N.R.M., A.H.L.)
| | - Alan T Remaley
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (M.S., A.T.R.)
| | - Anne E Sumner
- From the Intramural Program of National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.T.C., C.K.L.C., L.M., R.O., A.M.G., A.E.S.).,National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.E.S.)
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Ghachem A, Brochu M, Dionne IJ. Differential clusters of modifiable risk factors for impaired fasting glucose versus impaired glucose tolerance in adults 50 years of age and older. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2019; 10:2040622319854239. [PMID: 31210919 PMCID: PMC6552341 DOI: 10.1177/2040622319854239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to identify modifiable risk factors associated with isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG), isolate impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), or combined IFG-IGT in men and women aged 50 years and older. Methods Cross-sectional analyses were performed in 703 men and women aged between 50 and 80 years old from NHANES (2007-2008). Outcome variables: IFG and IGT (ADA 2003), estimated body composition, cardiometabolic profile, and socio-demographic, dietary, and lifestyle factors. Results First, 235 had normal glucose tolerance (men = 38.3%, women = 61.7%), 243 had IFG (men = 61.7%, women = 38.3%), 67 had IGT (men = 40.3%, women = 59.7%) and 158 had both conditions (men = 57.0%, women = 43.0%). The only common determinant of both IFG and IGT was triglyceride levels. High total fat mass index (FMI) and high total fat-free mass index (FFMI) were independently associated with IFG; while high C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were independently associated with IGT. Finally, combined IFG-IGT was associated with inadequate fiber intake, high FMI, FFMI, and CRP levels. Conclusions Middle-age and older individuals presented different modifiable risk factors depending on whether they had IFG or IGT. IFG was associated with deteriorated body composition and lipids, whereas IGT was associated with deteriorated lipids and inflammatory factors. IFG-IGT, on the other hand, was associated with a larger number of risk factors, including worsen body composition, cardiometabolic and dietary factors. To prevent the transition to type 2 diabetes, specific clinical interventions targeting these risk factors should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ghachem
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Canada; and Research Centre on Aging, CIUSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Martin Brochu
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Canada; and Research Centre on Aging, CIUSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Isabelle J Dionne
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Canada; and Research Centre on Aging, Sherbrooke, Canada
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Sekiou O, Boumendjel M, Taibi F, Boumendjel A, Messarah M. Mitigating effects of antioxidant properties of Artemisia herba alba aqueous extract on hyperlipidemia and oxidative damage in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Arch Physiol Biochem 2019; 125:163-173. [PMID: 29482369 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1443470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia and excess reactive oxygen species overproduced in diabetes were associated with oxidative stress, led to continuous injury and functions damage to different organs: eyes, kidneys, neural and cardiovascular system. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effect of Artemisia herba alba (AHA) leaf powder against alloxane-induced oxidative damage in diabetic rats. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: Group I controls received saline solution 9%; Group II was treated with 150 mg alloxane/(kg body weight) administered by intraperitoneal. Rats of Group III have received saline solution and treated with 400 mg AHA/(kg body weight). Animals of Group IV were treated with alloxane and AHA. Alloxane exposure led to increased blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, malondialdehyde, and a decrease in the antioxidants enzymes activities (catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase). Administration of AHA aqueous extract ameliorated these parameters. These results demonstrate that AHA ameliorates hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and oxidative damage in alloxan-induced diabetes in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Sekiou
- a Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology , University of Badji Mokhtar , Annaba , Algeria
| | - Mahieddine Boumendjel
- a Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology , University of Badji Mokhtar , Annaba , Algeria
| | - Faiza Taibi
- a Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology , University of Badji Mokhtar , Annaba , Algeria
| | - Amel Boumendjel
- a Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology , University of Badji Mokhtar , Annaba , Algeria
| | - Mahfoud Messarah
- a Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology , University of Badji Mokhtar , Annaba , Algeria
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Yu J, Peng J, Luan Z, Zheng F, Su W. MicroRNAs as a Novel Tool in the Diagnosis of Liver Lipid Dysregulation and Fatty Liver Disease. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020230. [PMID: 30634538 PMCID: PMC6358728 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, metabolic disorder, especially fatty liver disease, has been considered a major challenge to global health. The attention of researchers focused on expanding knowledge of the regulation mechanism behind these diseases and towards the new diagnostics tools and treatments. The pathophysiology of the fatty liver disease is undoubtedly complex. Abnormal hepatic lipid accumulation is a major symptom of most metabolic diseases. Therefore, the identification of novel regulation factors of lipid metabolism is important and meaningful. As a new diagnostic tool, the function of microRNAs during fatty liver disease has recently come into notice in biological research. Accumulating evidence supports the influence of miRNAs in lipid metabolism. In this review, we discuss the potential role of miRNAs in liver lipid metabolism and the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Yu
- Shenzhen University Medical Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jun Peng
- Shenzhen University Medical Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Zhilin Luan
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China.
| | - Feng Zheng
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China.
| | - Wen Su
- Shenzhen University Medical Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Mboma J, Leblanc N, Wan S, Jacobs RL, Tchernof A, Dubé P, Angers P, Jacques H. Liver and plasma lipid changes induced by cyclic fatty acid monomers from heated vegetable oil in the rat. Food Sci Nutr 2018; 6:2092-2103. [PMID: 30510710 PMCID: PMC6261175 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAM) generated through domestic or industrial heating of vegetable oils may alter liver enzymes and induce hepatomegaly and steatosis, but the underlying mechanisms are not clearly understood. This study aimed to assess the effects of CFAM on liver and plasma lipids and to determine whether these effects are modulated by dietary lipids. Thirty-six (36) male Wistar rats were fed either of the four isoenergetic diets consisting of canola oil or soybean oil with/without 500 mg/100 g CFAM of total fat for 28 days. Rats fed CFAM had higher liver total lipids (p = 0.03) and triacylglycerols (TAG) (p = 0.02), but less hepatic phosphatidylcholine (p = 0.02) compared to those fed the non-CFAM diets. CFAM did not alter liver phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) activity and CTP: phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CT-α) protein levels. Rats fed CFAM diets had higher levels of plasma total cholesterol (TC), VLDL + LDL cholesterol, higher ratio of TC to HDL cholesterol, and lower levels of HDL cholesterol compared with rats fed non-CFAM diets (p < 0.05). Plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) was decreased with CFAM, but plasma insulin, glucose, and TAG did not vary among the four diet groups (p < 0.05). Rats fed canola oil and CFAM had higher plasma levels of aspartate transaminase (AST) and AST/ALT ratio compared with the other three diet groups. These results indicate that CFAM may provoke an accumulation of TAG in the liver related to a decrease in phosphatidylcholine (PC) levels, but the effect of CFAM on PC concentrations may not occur through impairment of the two main PC biosynthesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Mboma
- School of NutritionLaval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Nadine Leblanc
- School of NutritionLaval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional FoodsLaval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Sereana Wan
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - René L. Jacobs
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science4‐002 Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research InnovationsUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - André Tchernof
- School of NutritionLaval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional FoodsLaval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Quebec Heart and Lung InstituteQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Pascal Dubé
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional FoodsLaval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Paul Angers
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional FoodsLaval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Department of Food ScienceLaval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
| | - Hélène Jacques
- School of NutritionLaval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional FoodsLaval UniversityQuebec CityQuebecCanada
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Taher J, Baker C, Alvares D, Ijaz L, Hussain M, Adeli K. GLP-2 Dysregulates Hepatic Lipoprotein Metabolism, Inducing Fatty Liver and VLDL Overproduction in Male Hamsters and Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3340-3350. [PMID: 30052880 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental complications of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes include the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and an atherogenic fasting dyslipidemic profile, primarily due to increases in hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) production. Recently, central glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor (GLP2R) signaling has been implicated in regulating hepatic insulin sensitivity; however, its role in hepatic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism is unknown. We investigated the role of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) in regulating hepatic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in Syrian golden hamsters, C57BL/6J mice, and Glp2r-/- mice consuming either a normal chow or high-fat diet (HFD). In the chow-fed hamsters, IP GLP-2 administration significantly increased fasting dyslipidemia, hepatic VLDL production, and the expression of key genes involved in hepatic de novo lipogenesis. In HFD-fed hamsters and chow-fed mice, GLP-2 administration exacerbated or induced hepatic lipid accumulation. HFD-fed Glp2r-/- mice displayed reduced glucose tolerance, VLDL secretion, and microsomal transfer protein lipid transfer activity, as well as exacerbated fatty liver. Thus, we conclude that GLP-2 plays a lipogenic role in the liver by increasing lipogenic gene expression and inducing hepatic steatosis, fasting dyslipidemia, and VLDL overproduction. In contrast, the lack of Glp2r appears to interfere with VLDL secretion, resulting in enhanced hepatic lipid accumulation. These studies have uncovered a role for GLP-2 in maintaining hepatic lipid and lipoprotein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Taher
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Baker
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle Alvares
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laraib Ijaz
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
- Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
- Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Xu Y, Zhang Y, Ye J. IL-6: A Potential Role in Cardiac Metabolic Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092474. [PMID: 30134607 PMCID: PMC6164544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is implicated in multiple biological functions including immunity, neural development, and haematopoiesis. Recently, mounting evidence indicates that IL-6 plays a key role in metabolism, especially lipid metabolic homeostasis. A working heart requires a high and constant energy input which is largely generated by fatty acid (FA) β-oxidation. Under pathological conditions, the precise balance between cardiac FA uptake and metabolism is perturbed so that excessive FA is accumulated, thereby predisposing to myocardial dysfunction (cardiac lipotoxicity). In this review, we summarize the current evidence that suggests the involvement of IL-6 in lipid metabolism. Cardiac metabolic features and consequences of myocardial lipotoxicity are also briefly analyzed. Finally, the roles of IL-6 in cardiac FA uptake (i.e., serum lipid profile and myocardial FA transporters) and FA metabolism (namely, β-oxidation, mitochondrial function, biogenesis, and FA de novo synthesis) are discussed. Overall, understanding how IL-6 transmits signals to affect lipid metabolism in the heart might allow for development of better clinical therapies for obesity-associated cardiac lipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Xu
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W120NN, UK.
| | - Yubin Zhang
- State Key laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210006, China.
| | - Junmei Ye
- State Key laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210006, China.
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Khound R, Shen J, Song Y, Santra D, Su Q. Phytoceuticals in Fenugreek Ameliorate VLDL Overproduction and Insulin Resistance via the Insig Signaling Pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rituraj Khound
- The Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Lincoln NE USA
| | - Jing Shen
- The Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Lincoln NE USA
| | - Yongyan Song
- The Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Lincoln NE USA
| | - Dipak Santra
- Panhandle Research and Extension Center; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Scottsbluff NE USA
| | - Qiaozhu Su
- The Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Lincoln NE USA
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Ce O, Rs P, Ab W, S D, Cj W, Qm M, D L. Potential Link Between Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 and Alzheimer's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 1. [PMID: 32352077 DOI: 10.31531/2581-4745.1000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease [AD] is not only the most common neurodegenerative disease but is also currently incurable. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin-9 [PCSK9] is an indirect regulator of plasma low density lipoprotein [LDL] levels controlling LDL receptor expression at the plasma membrane. PCSK9 also appears to regulate the development of glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, inflammation, and hypertension, conditions that have been identified as risk factors for AD. PCSK9 levels also depend on age, sex, and ethnic background, factors associated with AD. Herein, we will review indirect evidence that suggests a link between PCSK9 levels and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oldham Ce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Powell Rs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Williams Ab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Dixon S
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Wooten Cj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Melendez Qm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Lopez D
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
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Khound R, Taher J, Baker C, Adeli K, Su Q. GLP-1 Elicits an Intrinsic Gut-Liver Metabolic Signal to Ameliorate Diet-Induced VLDL Overproduction and Insulin Resistance. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:2252-2259. [PMID: 29074588 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perturbations in hepatic lipid and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) metabolism are involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and hepatic insulin resistance. The objective of this study is to delineate the mechanism of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy in preventing obesity, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. APPROACH AND RESULTS By subjecting the complete subdiaphragmatic vagotomized mice to various nutritional conditions and investigating hepatic de novo lipogenesis pathway, we found that complete disruption of subdiaphragmatic vagal signaling resulted in a significant decrease of circulating VLDL-triglyceride compared with the mice obtained sham procedure. Vagotomy further prevented overproduction of VLDL-triglyceride induced by an acute fat load and a high-fat diet-induced obesity, hyperlipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and glucose intolerance. Mechanistic studies revealed that plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 was significantly raised in the vagotomized mice, which was associated with significant reductions in mRNA and protein expression of SREBP-1c (sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c), SCD-1 (stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1), and FASN (fatty acid synthase), as well as enhanced hepatic insulin sensitivity. In vitro, treating mouse primary hepatocytes with a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, exendin-4, for 48 hours inhibited free fatty acid, palmitic acid treatment induced de novo lipid synthesis, and VLDL secretion from hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS Elevation of glucagon-like peptide-1 in vagotomized mice may prevent VLDL overproduction and insulin resistance induced by high-fat diet. These novel findings, for the first time, delineate an intrinsic gut-liver regulatory circuit that is mediated by glucagon-like peptide-1 in regulating hepatic energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituraj Khound
- From the Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (R.K., Q.S.); Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.T., C.B., K.A.); and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.T.)
| | - Jennifer Taher
- From the Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (R.K., Q.S.); Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.T., C.B., K.A.); and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.T.)
| | - Christopher Baker
- From the Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (R.K., Q.S.); Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.T., C.B., K.A.); and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.T.)
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- From the Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (R.K., Q.S.); Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.T., C.B., K.A.); and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.T.)
| | - Qiaozhu Su
- From the Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (R.K., Q.S.); Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.T., C.B., K.A.); and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.T.).
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24
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Paquette M, Luna Saavedra YG, Chamberland A, Prat A, Christensen DL, Lajeunesse-Trempe F, Kaduka L, Seidah NG, Dufour R, Baass A. Association Between Plasma Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 and the Presence of Metabolic Syndrome in a Predominantly Rural-Based Sub-Saharan African Population. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2017; 15:423-429. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2017.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Paquette
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Atherosclerosis Clinic, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Affiliated with Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yascara Grisel Luna Saavedra
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Atherosclerosis Clinic, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Affiliated with Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ann Chamberland
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Affiliated with Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Annik Prat
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Affiliated with Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Lydia Kaduka
- Centre for Public Health Research, KEMRI, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nabil G. Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Affiliated with Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert Dufour
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Atherosclerosis Clinic, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Affiliated with Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexis Baass
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Atherosclerosis Clinic, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Affiliated with Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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25
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Shi H, Wang Q, Yang L, Xie S, Zhu H. IMM-H007, a new therapeutic candidate for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, improves hepatic steatosis in hamsters fed a high-fat diet. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:1379-1391. [PMID: 28904866 PMCID: PMC5586352 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disease in humans, is characterized by the accumulation of triacylglycerols (TGs) in hepatocytes. We tested whether 2′,3′,5′‐tri‐acetyl‐N6‐(3‐hydroxylaniline) adenosine (IMM‐H007) can eliminate hepatic steatosis in hamsters fed a high‐fat diet (HFD), as a model of NAFLD. Compared with HFD‐only controls, IMM‐H007 treatment significantly lowered serum levels of TG, total cholesterol, and free fatty acids (FFAs) in hamsters fed the HFD, with a prominent decrease in levels of serum transaminases and fasting insulin, without affecting fasting glucose levels. Moreover, 1H‐MRI and histopathological analyses revealed that hepatic lipid accumulation and fibrosis were improved by IMM‐H007 treatment. These changes were accompanied by improvement of insulin resistance and oxidative stress, and attenuation of inflammation. IMM‐H007 reduced expression of proteins involved in uptake of hepatic fatty acids and lipogenesis, and increased very low density lipoprotein secretion and expression of proteins responsible for fatty acid oxidation and autophagy. In studies in vivo, IMM‐H007 inhibited fatty acid import into hepatocytes and liver lipogenesis, and concomitantly stimulated fatty acid oxidation, autophagy, and export of hepatic lipids. These data suggest that IMM‐H007 resolves hepatic steatosis in HFD‐fed hamsters by the regulation of lipid metabolism. Thus, IMM‐H007 has therapeutic potential for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing China.,Department of Pharmacology Shenzhen People's Hospital Second Clinical College Jinan University Shenzhen China
| | - Qingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Shouxia Xie
- Department of Pharmacology Shenzhen People's Hospital Second Clinical College Jinan University Shenzhen China
| | - Haibo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
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26
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Abbasi Oshaghi E, Goodarzi MT, Higgins V, Adeli K. Role of resveratrol in the management of insulin resistance and related conditions: Mechanism of action. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2017; 54:267-293. [DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2017.1343274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Abbasi Oshaghi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Goodarzi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Victoria Higgins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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27
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hepatic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism is an important determinant of fasting dyslipidemia and the development of fatty liver disease. Although endocrine factors like insulin have known effects on hepatic lipid homeostasis, emerging evidence also supports a regulatory role for the central nervous system (CNS) and neuronal networks. This review summarizes evidence implicating a bidirectional liver-brain axis in maintaining metabolic lipid homeostasis, and discusses clinical implications in insulin-resistant states. RECENT FINDINGS The liver utilizes sympathetic and parasympathetic afferent and efferent fibers to communicate with key regulatory centers in the brain including the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic anorexigenic and orexigenic peptides signal to the liver via neuronal networks to modulate lipid content and VLDL production. In addition, peripheral hormones such as insulin, leptin, and glucagon-like-peptide-1 exert control over hepatic lipid by acting directly within the CNS or via peripheral nerves. Central regulation of lipid metabolism in other organs including white and brown adipose tissue may also contribute to hepatic lipid content indirectly via free fatty acid release and changes in lipoprotein clearance. SUMMARY The CNS communicates with the liver in a bidirectional manner to regulate hepatic lipid metabolism and lipoprotein production. Impairments in these pathways may contribute to dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis in insulin-resistant states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Taher
- aDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto bMolecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Zamani M, Taher J, Adeli K. Complex role of autophagy in regulation of hepatic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. J Biomed Res 2017; 31:377-385. [PMID: 27346467 PMCID: PMC5706430 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20150137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovering new therapeutic interventions to treat lipid and lipoprotein disorders is of great interest and the discovery of autophagy as a regulator of lipid metabolism has opened up new avenues for targeting modulators of this pathway. Autophagy is a degradative process that targets cellular components to the lysosome and recent studies have indicated a role for autophagy in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism (known as lipophagy) as well as lipoprotein assembly. Autophagy directly targets apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB100), the structural protein component of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), and further targets lipid droplets (LDs), the cellular storage for neutral lipids. Autophagy thus plays a complex and dual role in VLDL particle assembly by regulating apoB100 degradation as well as aiding the maturation of VLDL particles by hydrolyzing lipid from LDs. The purpose of this article is to review our current understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms mediating authophagic control of hepatic lipid biogenesis and VLDL production as well as dysregulation in insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Zamani
- Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Jennifer Taher
- Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
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29
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Ferri N, Ruscica M. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and metabolic syndrome: insights on insulin resistance, inflammation, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Endocrine 2016; 54:588-601. [PMID: 27038318 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-0939-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). The discovery that proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) represents a key regulator pathway for hepatic LDL receptor (LDLR) degradation sheds light on new uncovered issues regarding LDL-C homeostasis. Indeed, as confirmed by phase II and III clinical trials with monoclonal antibodies, targeting PCSK9 represents the newest and most promising pharmacological tool for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and related CVD. However, clinical, genetic, and experimental evidence indicates that PCSK9 may be either a cause or an effect in the context of metabolic syndrome (MetS), a condition comprising a cluster of risk factors including insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. The latter is characterized by a triad of hypertriglyceridemia, low plasma concentrations of high-density lipoproteins, and qualitative changes in LDLs. PCSK9 levels seem to correlate with many of these lipid parameters as well as with the insulin sensitivity indices, although the molecular mechanisms behind this association are still unknown or not completely elucidated. Nevertheless, this area of research represents an important starting point for a better understanding of the physiological role of PCSK9, also considering the recent approval of new therapies involving anti-PCSK9. Thus, in the present review, we will discuss the current knowledge on the role of PCSK9 in the context of MetS, alteration of lipids, glucose homeostasis, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ferri
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Largo Meneghetti 2, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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30
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Goodarzi MT, Khodadadi I, Tavilani H, Abbasi Oshaghi E. The Role of Anethum graveolens L. (Dill) in the Management of Diabetes. J Trop Med 2016; 2016:1098916. [PMID: 27829842 PMCID: PMC5088306 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1098916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim. There is evidence that Anethum graveolens (AG) has been used for centuries in Asian traditional medicine, and its constituents have useful effects on the control and management of diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. AG has many useful effects, including hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects, and it has been reported to reduce the incidence of diabetic complications. It acts mainly by affecting antioxidant capacity and change in some genes in glucose and lipid pathways. The aim of the present paper was to summarize pharmacological effects of AG in the management of diabetes. Methods. To prepare this review, a pharmacological and phytochemical literature survey was performed using Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Also, some historical and ethnopharmacological literature sources were used. Results. This review plans to provide readers with an assessment of the pharmacological effects of AG, especially in diabetes. Conclusion. The paper highlights the therapeutic effects of AG which would aid in supporting their safe use in the management of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Taghi Goodarzi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Iraj Khodadadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Heidar Tavilani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Abbasi Oshaghi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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31
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Afifi NA, Ramadan A, Erian EY, Saleh DO, Sedik AA, Badawi M, El Hotaby W. Trigonelline attenuates hepatic complications and molecular alterations in high-fat high-fructose diet-induced insulin resistance in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 95:427-436. [PMID: 28157387 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of trigonelline (TRG) on the hepatic complications associated with high-fat high-fructose (HFHF) diet-induced insulin resistance (IR) in rats. IR was induced by giving a saturated fat diet and 10% fructose in drinking water to rats for 8 weeks. Insulin-resistant rats were orally treated with TRG (50 and 100 mg/kg), sitagliptin (SIT; 5 mg/kg), or a combination of TRG (50 mg/kg) and SIT (5 mg/kg) for 14 days. Liver homogenates were used for assessment of hepatic lipids, oxidative stress biomarkers, and inflammatory cytokines. Histopathological and DNA cytometry examinations were carried out for hepatic and pancreatic tissues. Hepatic tissues were examined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for assessment of any molecular changes. Results of the present study revealed that oral treatment of insulin-resistant rats with TRG or TRG in combination with SIT significantly decreased homeostatic model assessment of IR, hepatic lipids, oxidative stress biomarkers, and the inflammatory cytokines. TRG or TRG in combination with SIT ameliorated the histopathological, DNA cytometry, and molecular alterations induced by a HFHF diet. Finally, it can be concluded that TRG has beneficial effects on the hepatic complications associated with IR due to its hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal A Afifi
- a Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University
| | - Amer Ramadan
- a Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University
| | - Emad Y Erian
- b Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia O Saleh
- b Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Sedik
- b Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Manal Badawi
- c Pathology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walid El Hotaby
- d Biophysics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Al-Zakwani I, Al Mahmeed W, Shehab A, Arafah M, Al-Hinai AT, Al Tamimi O, Al Awadhi M, Al Herz S, Al Anazi F, Al Nemer K, Metwally O, Alkhadra A, Fakhry M, Elghetany H, Medani AR, Yusufali AH, Al Jassim O, Al Hallaq O, Baslaib FOAS, Amin H, Al-Waili K, Al-Hashmi K, Santos RD, Al-Rasadi K. Impact of metabolic syndrome on lipid target achievements in the Arabian Gulf: findings from the CEPHEUS study. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2016; 8:49. [PMID: 27468314 PMCID: PMC4962507 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-016-0160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the impact of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on lipid target achievements in the Arabian Gulf. METHODS The centralized pan-middle east survey on the undertreatment of hypercholesterolemia (CEPHEUS) included 4171 high and very high atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk patients from six Arabian Gulf countries. Analyses were performed using univariate statistics. RESULTS The overall mean age was 57 ± 11 years, 41 % were females and 71 % had MetS. MetS patients were less likely to attain their HDL-C (34 vs. 79 %; P < 0.001), LDL-C (27 vs. 37 %; P < 0.001), non HDL-C (35 vs. 55 %; P < 0.001) and Apo B (35 vs. 54 %; P < 0.001) compared to those without MetS. Within the MetS cohort, those with very high ASCVD risk were less likely to attain their lipid targets compared to those with high ASCVD risk [HDL-C (32 vs. 41 %; P < 0.001), LDL-C (24 vs. 43 %; P < 0.001), non HDL-C (32 vs. 51 %; P < 0.001) and Apo B (33 vs. 40 %; P = 0.001)]. In those with MetS and very high ASCVD risk status, females were less likely to attain their HDL-C (27 vs. 36 %; P < 0.001), LDL-C (19 vs. 27 %; P < 0.001) and Apo B (30 vs. 35 %; P = 0.009) compared to males. CONCLUSIONS MetS was associated with low lipid therapeutic targets. Women and those with very high ASCVD risk were also less likely to attain their lipid targets in the Arabian Gulf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Al-Zakwani
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- Gulf Health Research, Muscat, Oman
| | - Wael Al Mahmeed
- Heart and Vascular Institute-Cleveland Clinic, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Mohamed Arafah
- King Saud University Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Shorook Al Herz
- King Fahad National Guard Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Khalid Al Nemer
- School of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Othman Metwally
- King Fahad General Hospital, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Akram Alkhadra
- King Fahad Hospital of the University, Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Fakhry
- King Fahad Hospital of the University, Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Khalid Al-Waili
- Department of Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, P.O. Box 38, Al-Khod, 123 Muscat, Oman
| | - Khamis Al-Hashmi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Raul D. Santos
- Lipid Clinic Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Khalid Al-Rasadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, P.O. Box 38, Al-Khod, 123 Muscat, Oman
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33
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Rathmann W, Haastert B, Oscarsson J, Berglind N, Lindkvist B, Wareham NJ. Association of faecal elastase 1 with non-fasting triglycerides in type 2 diabetes. Pancreatology 2016; 16:563-9. [PMID: 27086060 PMCID: PMC6215701 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Intestinal absorption of esterified fatty acids depends on exocrine pancreatic function and influences plasma triglycerides levels. The aim was to investigate the association of reduced exocrine pancreatic function (low fecal elastase-1; FE1) with plasma triglycerides in type 2 diabetes and controls without diabetes. METHODS FE1 (μg/g stool) and non-fasting plasma triglyceride measurements were undertaken in 544 type 2 diabetes patients (age: 63 ± 8 years) randomly selected from diabetes registers in Cambridgeshire (UK), and 544 matched controls (age, sex, practice) without diabetes. Linear regression models were fitted using FE1 as dependent and log-triglycerides as independent variable adjusting for sex, age, body mass index, alcohol consumption, serum lipase, HbA1c, and smoking. RESULTS FE1 concentrations were lower (mean ± SD: 337 ± 204 vs. 437 ± 216 μg/g, p < 0.05) and plasma triglycerides were higher (geometric mean */: standard deviation factor: 2.2*/:1.9 vs. 1.6*/:1.8 mmol/l, p < 0.05) in type 2 diabetes compared to controls, respectively. Within the category of type 2 diabetes and controls separately, a 10% increase in plasma triglycerides was associated with 4.5 μg/g higher FE1 concentrations (p < 0.01) after adjusting for confounders. In contrast, in diabetes patients and controls with pathological FE1 (<100 μg/g), low FE1 levels were associated with high plasma triglycerides (significant only in controls). CONCLUSIONS Non-fasting triglycerides were positively related to FE1 in both type 2 diabetes and controls suggesting that impairment of exocrine pancreas function is influencing plasma triglycerides. Marked loss of exocrine pancreatic function had the opposite effect, resulting in higher levels of plasma triglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Rathmann
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Björn Lindkvist
- Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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34
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Stinkens R, Goossens GH, Jocken JWE, Blaak EE. Targeting fatty acid metabolism to improve glucose metabolism. Obes Rev 2015; 16:715-57. [PMID: 26179344 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances in fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, gut and pancreas play an important role in the development of insulin resistance, impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Alterations in diet composition may contribute to prevent and/or reverse these disturbances through modulation of fatty acid metabolism. Besides an increased fat mass, adipose tissue dysfunction, characterized by an altered capacity to store lipids and an altered secretion of adipokines, may result in lipid overflow, systemic inflammation and excessive lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissues like liver, skeletal muscle and the pancreas. These impairments together promote the development of impaired glucose metabolism, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, intrinsic functional impairments in either of these organs may contribute to lipotoxicity and insulin resistance. The present review provides an overview of fatty acid metabolism-related pathways in adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, pancreas and gut, which can be targeted by diet or food components, thereby improving glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stinkens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - G H Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J W E Jocken
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - E E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Luna-Luna M, Medina-Urrutia A, Vargas-Alarcón G, Coss-Rovirosa F, Vargas-Barrón J, Pérez-Méndez Ó. Adipose Tissue in Metabolic Syndrome: Onset and Progression of Atherosclerosis. Arch Med Res 2015; 46:392-407. [PMID: 26009250 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) should be considered a clinical entity when its different symptoms share a common etiology: obesity/insulin resistance as a result of a multi-organ dysfunction. The main interest in treating MetS as a clinical entity is that the addition of its components drastically increases the risk of atherosclerosis. In MetS, the adipose tissue plays a central role along with an unbalanced gut microbiome, which has become relevant in recent years. Once visceral adipose tissue (VAT) increases, dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction follow as additive risk factors. However, when the nonalcoholic fatty liver is present, risk of a cardiovascular event is highly augmented. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) seems to increase simultaneously with the VAT. In this context, the former may play a more important role in the development of the atherosclerotic plaque than the latter. Hence, EAT may act as a paracrine tissue vis-à-vis the coronary arteries favoring the local inflammation and the atheroma calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luna-Luna
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico; Study Group of Atherosclerosis, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Jesús Vargas-Barrón
- Echocardiography, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico; Study Group of Atherosclerosis, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Óscar Pérez-Méndez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico; Study Group of Atherosclerosis, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico.
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D'Adamo E, Guardamagna O, Chiarelli F, Bartuli A, Liccardo D, Ferrari F, Nobili V. Atherogenic dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk factors in obese children. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:912047. [PMID: 25663838 PMCID: PMC4309297 DOI: 10.1155/2015/912047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity when associated with serum lipoprotein changes triggers atherosclerosis. Evidences suggest that the atherosclerotic process begins in childhood and that the extent of early atherosclerosis of the aorta and coronary arteries can be associated with lipoprotein levels and obesity. Furthermore, many studies in childhood demonstrate an important relationship between parameters of insulin sensitivity, body fat distribution, and the development of lipid abnormalities. This review focuses on the most recent findings on the relationship between obesity, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular risk in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebe D'Adamo
- Unit of Pediatrics, Hospital of Cremona, Largo Priori 1, 26100 Cremona, Italy
- *Ebe D'Adamo:
| | - Ornella Guardamagna
- Department of Health Science and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Chiarelli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Via Dei Vestini 5, 66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Andrea Bartuli
- Rare and Genetic Diseases Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Liccardo
- Hepatometabolic Diseases Unit, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Ferrari
- Pediatric Department, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Nobili
- Hepatometabolic Diseases Unit, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00135 Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Autophagy is an essential cellular pathway by which protein aggregates, long-lived proteins, or defective organelles are sequestered in double membrane vesicles and then degraded upon fusion of those vesicles with lysosomes. Although autophagy plays a critical role in maintaining intracellular homeostasis and keeping the cell in a healthy state, this key pathway can become dysregulated in various cardiometabolic disorders, such as; obesity, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and insulin resistance. In these conditions, autophagy may actually worsen the pathological state instead of protecting the cell or organism. In this review, we discuss how dysregulated autophagy may be linked to increases in cardiovascular risk factors, and how manipulation of the autophagic machinery might reduce those risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan G. Juárez-Rojas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY USA
- Endocrinolgy Department, National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gissette Reyes-Soffer
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY USA
| | - Donna Conlon
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY USA
| | - Henry N. Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY USA
- PH10-305, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, 630 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032 USA
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Christian P, Su Q. MicroRNA regulation of mitochondrial and ER stress signaling pathways: implications for lipoprotein metabolism in metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E729-37. [PMID: 25184990 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00194.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of metabolic syndrome is closely associated with the deregulation of lipid metabolism. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) are intensively engaged in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism by regulating genes involved in control of intracellular lipid synthesis, mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, and lipoprotein assembly. Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by altered miRNA expression has been proposed to be a contributing factor in the onset of metabolic diseases, while at the same time, aberrant expression of certain miRNAs is associated with the induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by nutrient-surplus. These studies position miRNAs as a link between oxidative stress and ER stress, two cellular stress pathways that are deregulated in metabolic disease and are associated with very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) overproduction. Dyslipoproteinemia frequently accompanied with metabolic syndrome is initiated largely by the overproduction of VLDL and altered biogenesis of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). In this review, we highlight recent findings on the regulatory impact of miRNAs on the metabolic homeostasis of mitochondria and ER as well as their contribution to the aberrant biogenesis of both VLDL and HDL in the context of metabolic disorders, in an attempt to gain further insights into the molecular mechanisms of dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Christian
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Qiaozhu Su
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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Taher J, Baker CL, Cuizon C, Masoudpour H, Zhang R, Farr S, Naples M, Bourdon C, Pausova Z, Adeli K. GLP-1 receptor agonism ameliorates hepatic VLDL overproduction and de novo lipogenesis in insulin resistance. Mol Metab 2014; 3:823-33. [PMID: 25506548 PMCID: PMC4264039 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Fasting dyslipidemia is commonly observed in insulin resistant states and mechanistically linked to hepatic overproduction of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). Recently, the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has been implicated in ameliorating dyslipidemia associated with insulin resistance and reducing hepatic lipid stores. Given that hepatic VLDL production is a key determinant of circulating lipid levels, we investigated the role of both peripheral and central GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonism in regulation of VLDL production. METHODS The fructose-fed Syrian golden hamster was employed as a model of diet-induced insulin resistance and VLDL overproduction. Hamsters were treated with the GLP-1R agonist exendin-4 by intraperitoneal (ip) injection for peripheral studies or by intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration into the 3rd ventricle for central studies. Peripheral studies were repeated in vagotomised hamsters. RESULTS Short term (7-10 day) peripheral exendin-4 enhanced satiety and also prevented fructose-induced fasting dyslipidemia and hyperinsulinemia. These changes were accompanied by decreased fasting plasma glucose levels, reduced hepatic lipid content and decreased levels of VLDL-TG and -apoB100 in plasma. The observed changes in fasting dyslipidemia could be partially explained by reduced respiratory exchange ratio (RER) thereby indicating a switch in energy utilization from carbohydrate to lipid. Additionally, exendin-4 reduced mRNA markers associated with hepatic de novo lipogenesis and inflammation. Despite these observations, GLP-1R activity could not be detected in primary hamster hepatocytes, thus leading to the investigation of a potential brain-liver axis functioning to regulate lipid metabolism. Short term (4 day) central administration of exendin-4 decreased body weight and food consumption and further prevented fructose-induced hypertriglyceridemia. Additionally, the peripheral lipid-lowering effects of exendin-4 were negated in vagotomised hamsters implicating the involvement of parasympathetic signaling. CONCLUSION Exendin-4 prevents fructose-induced dyslipidemia and hepatic VLDL overproduction in insulin resistance through an indirect mechanism involving altered energy utilization, decreased hepatic lipid synthesis and also requires an intact parasympathetic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Taher
- Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher L. Baker
- Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carmelle Cuizon
- Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hassan Masoudpour
- Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rianna Zhang
- Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Farr
- Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Naples
- Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Celine Bourdon
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Corresponding author. Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Atrium Room 3652, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada. Tel.: +1 416 813 8682; fax: +1 416 813 6257.
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Postnatal overfeeding promotes early onset and exaggeration of high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through disordered hepatic lipid metabolism in rats. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:1108-1116. [PMID: 25154569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to overnutrition in critical or sensitive developmental periods may increase the risk of developing obesity and metabolic syndrome in adults. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome, but the relationship among postnatal nutrition, lipid metabolism, and NAFLD progression during development remains poorly understood. Here we investigated in a rat model whether postnatal overfeeding increases susceptibility to NAFLD in response to a high-fat diet. Litters from Sprague-Dawley dams were culled to three (small litters) or ten (normal litters) pups and then weaned onto a standard or high-fat diet at postnatal day 21 to generate normal-litter, small-litter, normal-litter/high-fat, and small-litter/high-fat groups. At age 16 weeks, the small-litter and both high-fat groups showed obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. Hepatic disorders appeared earlier in the small-litter/high-fat rats with greater liver mass gain and higher hepatic triglycerides and steatosis score versus normal-litter/high-fat rats. Hepatic acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity and mRNA expression were increased in small-litter rats and aggravated in small-litter/high-fat rats but not in normal-litter/high-fat rats. The high expression in small-litter/high-fat rats coincided with high sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c mRNA and protein expression. However, mRNA expression of enzymes involved in hepatic fatty acid oxidation (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1) and output (microsomal triglyceride transfer protein) was decreased under a high-fat diet regardless of litter size. In conclusion, overfeeding related to small-litter rearing during lactation contributes to the NAFLD phenotype when combined with a high-fat diet, possibly through up-regulated hepatic lipogenesis.
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Rashid S, Tavori H, Brown PE, Linton MF, He J, Giunzioni I, Fazio S. Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 promotes intestinal overproduction of triglyceride-rich apolipoprotein B lipoproteins through both low-density lipoprotein receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Circulation 2014; 130:431-41. [PMID: 25070550 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.006720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) promotes the degradation of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR), and its deficiency in humans results in low plasma LDL cholesterol and protection against coronary heart disease. Recent evidence indicates that PCSK9 also modulates the metabolism of triglyceride-rich apolipoprotein B (apoB) lipoproteins, another important coronary heart disease risk factor. Here, we studied the effects of physiological levels of PCSK9 on intestinal triglyceride-rich apoB lipoprotein production and elucidated for the first time the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. METHODS AND RESULTS Treatment of human enterocytes (CaCo-2 cells) with recombinant human PCSK9 (10 μg/mL for 24 hours) increased cellular and secreted apoB48 and apoB100 by 40% to 55% each (P<0.01 versus untreated cells), whereas short-term deletion of PCSK9 expression reversed this effect. PCSK9 stimulation of apoB was due to a 1.5-fold increase in apoB mRNA (P<0.01) and to enhanced apoB protein stability through both LDLR-dependent and LDLR-independent mechanisms. PCSK9 decreased LDLR protein (P<0.01) and increased cellular apoB stability via activation of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. PCSK9 also increased levels of the lipid-generating enzymes FAS, SCD, and DGAT2 (P<0.05). In mice, human PCSK9 at physiological levels increased intestinal microsomal triglyceride transfer protein levels and activity regardless of LDLR expression. CONCLUSIONS PCSK9 markedly increases intestinal triglyceride-rich apoB production through mechanisms mediated in part by transcriptional effects on apoB, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, and lipogenic genes and in part by posttranscriptional effects on the LDLR and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. These findings indicate that targeted PCSK9-based therapies may also be effective in the management of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirya Rashid
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, and Saint John, NB, Canada (S.R.); Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (H.T., M.F.L., J.H., I.G., S.F.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (H.T., I.G.); and Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto and Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada (P.E.B.).
| | - Hagai Tavori
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, and Saint John, NB, Canada (S.R.); Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (H.T., M.F.L., J.H., I.G., S.F.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (H.T., I.G.); and Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto and Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada (P.E.B.)
| | - Patrick E Brown
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, and Saint John, NB, Canada (S.R.); Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (H.T., M.F.L., J.H., I.G., S.F.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (H.T., I.G.); and Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto and Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada (P.E.B.)
| | - MacRae F Linton
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, and Saint John, NB, Canada (S.R.); Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (H.T., M.F.L., J.H., I.G., S.F.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (H.T., I.G.); and Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto and Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada (P.E.B.)
| | - Jane He
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, and Saint John, NB, Canada (S.R.); Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (H.T., M.F.L., J.H., I.G., S.F.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (H.T., I.G.); and Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto and Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada (P.E.B.)
| | - Ilaria Giunzioni
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, and Saint John, NB, Canada (S.R.); Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (H.T., M.F.L., J.H., I.G., S.F.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (H.T., I.G.); and Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto and Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada (P.E.B.)
| | - Sergio Fazio
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, and Saint John, NB, Canada (S.R.); Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (H.T., M.F.L., J.H., I.G., S.F.); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (H.T., I.G.); and Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto and Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada (P.E.B.)
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Kim DH, Zhang T, Lee S, Calabuig-Navarro V, Yamauchi J, Piccirillo A, Fan Y, Uppala R, Goetzman E, Dong HH. FoxO6 integrates insulin signaling with MTP for regulating VLDL production in the liver. Endocrinology 2014; 155:1255-67. [PMID: 24437489 PMCID: PMC3959596 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Excessive production of triglyceride-rich very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL-TG) contributes to hypertriglyceridemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes. To understand the underlying mechanism, we studied hepatic regulation of VLDL-TG production by (forkhead box O6) FoxO6, a forkhead transcription factor that integrates insulin signaling to hepatic metabolism. We showed that transgenic mice expressing a constitutively active FoxO6 allele developed hypertriglyceridemia, culminating in elevated VLDL-TG levels and impaired postprandial TG clearance. This effect resulted in part from increased hepatic VLDL-TG production. We recapitulated these findings in cultured HepG2 cells and human primary hepatocytes, demonstrating that FoxO6 promoted hepatic VLDL-TG secretion. This action correlated with the ability of FoxO6 to stimulate hepatic production of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), a molecular chaperone that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in VLDL-TG assembly and secretion. FoxO6 was shown to bind to the MTP promoter and stimulate MTP promoter activity in HepG2 cells. This effect was inhibited by insulin, consistent with the ability of insulin to promote FoxO6 phosphorylation and disable FoxO6 DNA-binding activity. Mutations of the FoxO6 target site within the MTP promoter abrogated FoxO6-mediated induction of MTP promoter activity. Hepatic FoxO6 expression became deregulated in insulin-resistant mice with obesity and type 2 diabetes. FoxO6 inhibition in insulin-resistant liver suppressed hepatic MTP expression and curbed VLDL-TG overproduction, contributing to the amelioration of hypertriglyceridemia in obese and diabetic db/db mice. These results characterize FoxO6 as an important signaling molecule upstream of MTP for regulating hepatic VLDL-TG production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Hyun Kim
- Division of Immunogenetics (D.H.K., T.Z., S.L., V.C.-N., J.Y., A.P., Y.F., H.H.D.) and Division of Genetics (R.U., E.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
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Kurosaki Y, Tsukushi T, Munekata S, Kanoh Y, Moriya T, Nishinari M, Aoyama N, Ogawa Z. Is there a relation between triglyceride concentrations in very low density lipoprotein and the index of insulin resistance in nondiabetic subjects? J Clin Lab Anal 2014; 28:269-74. [PMID: 24578003 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels increase during the early stages of insulin resistance; therefore, determination of VLDL levels would be useful for evaluating the progression of metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to clarify the clinical utility of triglyceride in VLDL (VLDL-TG) level, determined using a homogeneous assay kit (Shino-test Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), as an index of insulin resistance. METHODS We enrolled 74 subjects in this study (diabetic subjects, n = 42; nondiabetic subjects, n = 32). The levels of VLDL-TG, remnant-like lipoprotein particle cholesterol, preheparin lipoprotein lipase mass, and other biochemical markers were determined. RESULTS VLDL-TG levels were significantly higher in the diabetic group (1.04 ± 0.84 mmol/l vs. 0.64 ± 0.42 mmol/l, P < 0.01) than in the nondiabetic group. In the nondiabetic group, VLDL-TG was significantly correlated with the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), the index for insulin resistance (r = 0.513, P = 0.003). VLDL-TG levels, but not TG levels, were higher in the highest quartile (HOMA-IR) of the nondiabetic group. CONCLUSION VLDL-TG level was a useful early marker for insulin resistance, especially in nondiabetic subjects. The homogeneous VLDL-TG assay is a simple, low-cost method for determining insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Kurosaki
- Department of Molecular Medical Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan; Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Rashid S, Kastelein JJP. PCSK9 and resistin at the crossroads of the atherogenic dyslipidemia. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2013; 11:1567-77. [PMID: 24134510 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2013.839204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The atherogenic dyslipidemia is a pathophysiological lipid triad, composed of high triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein and low high-density lipoprotein. The dyslipidemia is highly prevalent in individuals who are obese, insulin resistant and those with Type 2 diabetes and is the major contributing factor to the high atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in these subjects. The primary initiating event in atherogenic dyslipidemia development is the hepatic overproduction of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). The intracellular and extracellular protein triggers of hepatic VLDL production were not known until the recent identification of the causal roles of PCSK9 and resistin. Both PCSK9 and resistin act in large part by targeting and reducing the hepatic degradation of VLDL apoB through distinctly different mechanisms. In the current review, we discuss both the individual roles and the interaction of these proteins in driving atherogenic dyslipidemia, and thus, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease progression in humans. We further explore the important therapeutic implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirya Rashid
- Department of Medicine, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute (DB-CVSRI), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Nagao H, Kashine S, Nishizawa H, Okada T, Kimura T, Hirata A, Fukuda S, Kozawa J, Maeda N, Kitamura T, Yasuda T, Okita K, Hibuse T, Tsugawa M, Imagawa A, Funahashi T, Shimomura I. Vascular complications and changes in body mass index in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients with abdominal obesity. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013; 12:88. [PMID: 23773268 PMCID: PMC3698109 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although many Asian type 2 diabetic patients have been considered to be not obese and have low capacity of insulin secretion, the proportion of obese patients with visceral fat accumulation has increased in recent years. We found previously considerable number of Japanese non-obese subjects (body mass index (BMI) < 25 kg/m2) with visceral fat accumulation and multiple cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of the study was to investigate the difference in clinical features of type 2 diabetic patients with and without visceral fat accumulation, focusing on vascular complications and changes in BMI. Methods We enrolled 88 Japanese hospitalized type 2 diabetic patients. Abdominal obesity represented waist circumference (WC) of ≥85 cm for males and ≥90 cm for females (corresponding to visceral fat area of 100 cm2). Subjects were divided into two groups; with or without abdominal obesity. Results Hypertension, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases were significantly more in the patients with abdominal obesity. The prevalence of cardiovascular disease in the non-obese patients (BMI < 25 kg/m2) with abdominal obesity were similar in obese patients (BMI ≥25 kg/m2). The mean BMI of the patients with abdominal obesity was < 25 kg/m2 at 20 years of age, but reached maximum to more than 30 kg/m2 in the course. Furthermore, substantial portion of the type 2 diabetic patients (52% in males and 43% in females) were not obese at 20 year-old (BMI < 25 kg/m2), but developed abdominal obesity by the time of admission. Conclusion These results emphasize the need to control multiple risk factors and prevent atherosclerotic disease in patients with abdominal obesity. The significant weight gain after 20 years of age in patients with abdominal obesity stresses the importance of lifestyle modification in younger generation, to prevent potential development of type 2 diabetes and future atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Veiga-Lopez A, Moeller J, Patel D, Ye W, Pease A, Kinns J, Padmanabhan V. Developmental programming: impact of prenatal testosterone excess on insulin sensitivity, adiposity, and free fatty acid profile in postpubertal female sheep. Endocrinology 2013; 154:1731-42. [PMID: 23525243 PMCID: PMC4016698 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal T excess causes reproductive and metabolic disruptions including insulin resistance, attributes of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. This study tested whether increases in visceral adiposity, adipocyte size, and total free fatty acids underlie the insulin resistance seen in prenatal T-treated female sheep. At approximately 16 months of age, insulin resistance and adipose tissue partitioning were determined via hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp and computed tomography, respectively, in control and prenatal T-treated females. Three months later, adipocyte size and free fatty acid composition were determined. Results revealed that at the postpubertal time points tested, insulin sensitivity was increased, visceral adiposity and adipocyte size in both the sc and the visceral compartments were reduced, and circulating palmitic acid was increased in prenatal T-treated females relative to controls. In parallel studies, 20-month-old prenatal T-treated females tended to have increased basal insulin to glucose ratio. Relative to earlier findings of reduced insulin sensitivity of prenatal T-treated females during early life and adulthood, these findings of increased insulin sensitivity and reduced adiposity postpubertally are suggestive of a period of developmental adaptation. The disruption observed in free fatty acid metabolism a few months later correspond to a time point when the insulin sensitivity indices of prenatal T-treated animals appear to shift toward insulin resistance. In summary, current findings of improved insulin sensitivity and reduced visceral adiposity in postpubertal prenatal T-treated sheep relative to our earlier findings of reduced insulin sensitivity during early postnatal life and adulthood are indicative of a period of developmental adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Veiga-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics and Reproductive Sciences Program, University of Michigan, 300 North Ingalls Building, Room 1137, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0404, USA
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Impact of genetic polymorphisms of SLC2A2, SLC2A5, and KHK on metabolic phenotypes in hypertensive individuals. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52062. [PMID: 23341889 PMCID: PMC3544854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In the past few decades, consumption of added sugars has increased dramatically. Studies have linked high sugar intake with increased risk for a number of diseases. Importantly, fructose, a component of sugar, has been linked with the development of features of metabolic syndrome. This study determined if single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes involved in fructose transport (solute carrier family 2 facilitated glucose transporter, member 2 (SLC2A2) and solute carrier family 2 facilitated glucose/fructose transporter, member 5 (SLC2A5)) and metabolism (ketohexokinase (KHK)) affect inter-individual variability in metabolic phenotypes, such as increased serum uric acid levels. Materials/Methods The influence of SLC2A2, SLC2A5, and KHK SNPs on metabolic phenotypes was tested in 237 European Americans and 167 African Americans from the Pharmacogenomic Evaluation and Antihypertensive Responses (PEAR) study. Using baseline untreated fasting data, associations were considered significant if p≤0.005. These SNPs were then evaluated for potential replication (p≤0.05) using data from the Genetic Epidemiology of Responses to Antihypertensives (GERA) studies. Results SLC2A5 rs5438 was associated with an increase in serum uric acid in European American males. However, we were unable to replicate the association in GERA. The minor allele of SLC2A2 rs8192675 showed an association with lower high-density lipoproteins in European Americans (A/A: 51.0 mg/dL, A/G: 47.0 mg/dL, G/G: 41.5 mg/dL, p = 0.0034) in PEAR. The association between rs8192675 and lower high-density lipoproteins was replicated in the combined European American GERA study samples (A/A: 47.6 mg/dL, A/G: 48.6 mg/dL, G/G: 41.9 mg/dL, p = 0.0315). Conclusions The association between SLC2A2 rs8192675 and high-density lipoproteins suggests the polymorphism may play a role in influencing high-density lipoproteins and thus metabolic risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Piché ME, Weisnagel SJ, Corneau L, Nadeau A, Bergeron J, Lemieux S. The WHO and NCEP/ATPIII Definitions of the Metabolic Syndrome in Postmenopausal Women: Are They So Different? Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2012; 4:17-27. [PMID: 18370766 DOI: 10.1089/met.2006.4.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine the metabolic risk profile in postmenopausal women characterized by either the metabolic syndrome (MS) as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) or the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII). METHODS One hundred and eight postmenopausal women (56.9 +/- 4.2 years; 28.5 +/- 5.9 kg/m(2)) were examined. Each underwent an oral glucose tolerance test, an euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, an assessment of body fat distribution by computed tomography, a complete plasma lipid-lipoprotein profile, and standard measurements of inflammatory markers. RESULTS The prevalence of the MS-WHO was 29.6% in our women. Type 2 diabetes was found in 28.1% of women with the MS-WHO. Thirty-one percent of women had the MS-ATP, from which 36.4% had type 2 diabetes. Among the 32 women identified as having MS-WHO, 25 (78.1 %) were also identified as having the MS-ATP. On the other hand, among the 34 women identified as having MS-ATP, 24 (70.0 %) also had MS-WHO (kappa = 0.60). When we subdivided our sample of women as having either isolated MS-WHO, isolated MS-ATP, or combined MS-WHO and MS-ATP, we observed a more deteriorated metabolic risk profile (higher values for visceral adipose tissue, 2-h plasma glucose, and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations) in women characterized by isolated MS-ATP compared to women with isolated MS-WHO. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that, in postmenopausal women, the concordance in the identification of subjects with the MS using each of the proposed definitions is only moderate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve Piché
- Institute of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec (Québec), Canada., Lipid Research Center, CHUL Research Center, Québec (Québec), Canada
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Kishida K, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Shimomura I. Visceral adiposity as a target for the management of the metabolic syndrome. Ann Med 2012; 44:233-41. [PMID: 21612331 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2011.564202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD), develops due not only to a single cardiovascular risk factor but to a variety of complex factors. The concept of the multiple cardiometabolic risk factor clustering syndrome has been proposed as a highly atherogenic state, independent of hypercholesterolemia and smoking. Body fat distribution, especially visceral fat accumulation, is a major correlate of a cluster of diabetogenic, atherogenic, prothrombotic, and proinflammatory metabolic abnormalities referred to as the metabolic syndrome, with dysfunctional adipocytes and dysregulated production of adipocytokines (hypoadiponectinemia). Medical research has focused on visceral adiposity as an important component of the syndrome in Japanese subjects with a mild degree of adiposity compared with Western subjects. For the prevention of ACVD at least in Japan, it might be practical to stratify subjects with multiple risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease based on visceral fat accumulation. Visceral fat reduction through health promotion programs using risk factor-oriented approaches may be effective in reducing ACVD events, as well as producing improvement in risks and hypoadiponectinemia. This review article discusses visceral adiposity as a key player in the syndrome. Visceral fat reduction with life-style modification is a potentially useful strategy in the prevention of ACVD in patients with the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kishida
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan.
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