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Giles GE, Cantelon JA, Navarro E, Brunyé TT. State and trait predictors of cognitive responses to acute stress and uncertainty. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38935408 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2024.2370708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Stress occurs when conditions burden or exceed an individual's adaptive resources. Military personnel are often tasked with maintaining peak performance under such stressful conditions. Importantly, the effects of stress are nuanced and may vary as a function of individual traits and states. Recent interdisciplinary research has sought to model and identify such relationships. In two previously reported efforts, Soldiers first completed a comprehensive battery of trait assessments across four general domains thought to be predictive of performance: cognitive, health, physical, and social-emotional, and then completed the Decision-Making under Uncertainty and Stress (DeMUS) virtual reality task that probed spatial cognition, memory, and decision-making under stress and variable uncertainty. The present analysis explores whether cognitive, health, physical, and social-emotional trait assessments, as well as physiological state measures, predict or modulate DeMUS performance outcomes under stress. Multiple regression analyses examined the effect of each trait predictor and stress responsiveness on quantitative task performance outcomes. Results revealed that one measure of state stress reactivity, salivary cortisol, predicted lower recognition memory sensitivity. Further, trait measures of healthy eating, agility, flexibility, cognitive updating, and positive emotion predicted enhanced spatial orienting and decision-making performance and confidence. Together, the results suggest that select individual states and traits may predict cognition under stress. Future research should expand to ecologically relevant military stressors during training and operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Giles
- Cognitive Science and Applications Branch, United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, Massachusetts
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Julie A Cantelon
- Cognitive Science and Applications Branch, United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, Massachusetts
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Ester Navarro
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Tad T Brunyé
- Cognitive Science and Applications Branch, United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, Massachusetts
- Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Medford, Massachusetts
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2
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Cepni AB, Power TG, Ledoux TA, Vollrath K, Hughes SO. The Longitudinal Relationship Between Diet Quality and Executive Functioning Development of Hispanic Preschoolers in Houston, Texas. J Acad Nutr Diet 2024:S2212-2672(24)00253-3. [PMID: 38825045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2024.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet quality has been found to be related to cognitive health in school-aged children. However, this relationship remains understudied among Hispanic preschool-aged children, who are vulnerable to poor dietary habits and low cognitive development due to socioeconomic, cultural, and structural disparities. OBJECTIVE This longitudinal study evaluated whether the diet quality of preschool-aged children would be associated with executive functions (EFs) in later childhood. DESIGN This is a secondary analysis of a longitudinal study of Hispanic preschool-aged children (age 4 and 5 years) at baseline (Time 1) and 18 months (Time 2). PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING This study included 185 mother-child dyads with complete data at Time 1, recruited through Head Start centers in Houston, TX, beginning in 2011. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mothers reported on their child's dietary intake via 3 24-hour recalls, which was used to calculate Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2010 component and total scores. Laboratory tasks assessed cold EFs (tapping and Flexible Item Selection Tasks) and hot EFs (delay of gratification and gift-wrapping tasks). Whereas higher scores on tapping, Flexible Item Selection Task, and delay of gratification tasks represent a high EF, higher scores in gift-wrapping task represent a low EF. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Hierarchical linear regression analyses assessed the relationship between diet quality, as measured by HEI-2010 total and component scores, at Time 1 (independent variables) and EF outcomes (dependent variables) at Time 2, controlling for child sex, age, body mass index z score, and EF at Time 1. RESULTS HEI-2010 component score for fatty acids (b = -.13; P = .04) and seafood and plant proteins (b = .09; P = .05), were respectively related to later cold and hot EFs of Hispanic preschool-aged children. Other HEI components or the overall score did not predict EFs. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that specific HEI components support cold and hot EFs development among Hispanic preschool-aged children, but total HEI-2010 score does not. Experimental research is needed to assess the influence of dietary interventions on cognitive development of Hispanic preschool-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliye B Cepni
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Thomas G Power
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Tracey A Ledoux
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Kirstin Vollrath
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Sheryl O Hughes
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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Richson BN, Abber SR, Wierenga CE. Conceptualizing avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder via an executive functioning lens. Int J Eat Disord 2024. [PMID: 38804560 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is a heterogeneous disorder wherein restrictive eating is primarily attributed to non-shape/weight-based reasons (e.g., sensory sensitivity) that empirical research continues to explore. Mounting evidence suggests that ARFID often presents alongside neurodevelopmental diagnoses (NDs) or divergent neurodevelopment broadly. Executive functioning (EF) differences often characterize divergent neurodevelopmental trajectories. Additionally, restrictive eating in anorexia nervosa has been conceptualized as related to EF factors (e.g., set shifting). Given the neurodevelopmental phenotype that may be associated with ARFID and the role of EF in anorexia nervosa, this paper proposes EF as a potentially important, yet understudied factor in ARFID pathology. We posit that various observed ARFID behavioral/cognitive tendencies can be conceptualized in relation to EF differences. We contextualize commonly observed ARFID presentations within "core" EF components (i.e., cognitive flexibility, working memory, inhibitory control), leading to hypotheses about EF in ARFID. Finally, we offer additional considerations/directions for future research on EF in ARFID. Increased research on EF in ARFID is needed to consider this potential common factor in the etiology and maintenance of this heterogeneous disorder. We aim to promote further consideration of EF in ARFID etiology, maintenance, and treatment-outcome research. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE: This article proposes that aspects of executive functioning (EF) may play a role in the onset and maintenance of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), although this notion is largely untested by existing research. Further research on the role of EF in ARFID may assist with refining models and treatments for this heterogeneous disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne N Richson
- Sanford Center for Biobehavioral Research, Sanford Research, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Sophie R Abber
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Christina E Wierenga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego Eating Disorders Center for Treatment and Research, San Diego, California, USA
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Tam LM, Hocker K, David T, Williams EM. The Influence of Social Dynamics on Biological Aging and the Health of Historically Marginalized Populations: A Biopsychosocial Model for Health Disparities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:554. [PMID: 38791769 PMCID: PMC11121718 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21050554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Historically marginalized populations are susceptible to social isolation resulting from their unique social dynamics; thus, they incur a higher risk of developing chronic diseases across the course of life. Research has suggested that the cumulative effect of aging trajectories per se, across the lifespan, determines later-in-life disease risks. Emerging evidence has shown the biopsychosocial effects of social stress and social support on one's wellbeing in terms of inflammation. Built upon previous multidisciplinary findings, here, we provide an overarching model that explains how the social dynamics of marginalized populations shape their rate of biological aging through the inflammatory process. Under the framework of social stress and social support theories, this model aims to facilitate our understanding of the biopsychosocial impacts of social dynamics on the wellbeing of historically marginalized individuals, with a special emphasis on biological aging. We leverage this model to advance our mechanistic understanding of the health disparity observed in historically marginalized populations and inform future remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok Ming Tam
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
| | - Kristin Hocker
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
| | - Tamala David
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
- Department of Nursing, State University of New York Brockport, Brockport, NY 14420, USA
| | - Edith Marie Williams
- Office of Health Equity Research, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Center for Community Health and Prevention, University of Rochester, 46 Prince St Ste 1001, Rochester, NY 14607, USA
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Nakamura Y, Yamasaki S, Okada N, Ando S, Nishida A, Kasai K, Koike S. Macronutrient intake is associated with intelligence and neural development in adolescents. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1349738. [PMID: 38706562 PMCID: PMC11067507 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1349738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Macronutrient intake can be one of the most influential factors in cognitive and neural development in adolescents. Adolescence is a specific period of cognitive and neural development, and nutritional effects during this period could be life-long. Therefore, understanding the effects of macronutrient intake on cognitive and neural development in adolescents is crucially important. We thus examined the association across macronutrient intake, intelligence, and neural development using population-based cohort data. Methods We conducted two studies. In study 1, we included a total of 1,734 participants (boys, 907, age [mean ± standard deviation] 171.9 ± 3.44 months; range 163.0-186.0 months) from the Tokyo TEEN Cohort (TTC) to examine the association between macronutrient intake and intelligence quotient (IQ). In study 2, we included a total of 63 participants (boys, 38, age 174.4 ± 7.7 months; range 160.7-191.6 months) to investigate the effect of nutrition intake on neural development using graph theory analysis for resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) derived from a subset of the TTC. Results TTC data revealed that a higher IQ was associated in boys with increased protein intake (β = 0.068, p = 0.031), and in girls, with reduced carbohydrate intake (β = -0.076, p = 0.024). Graph theory analysis for rs-fMRI at approximately age 12 has shown that impaired local efficiency in the left inferior frontal gyrus was associated with higher carbohydrate and fat intake ([x, y, z] = [-51, 23, 8], pFDR-corrected = 0.00018 and 0.02290, respectively), whereas increased betweenness centrality in the left middle temporal gyrus was associated with higher carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake ([x, y, z] = [-61, -43, -13], pFDR-corrected = 0.0027, 0.0029, and 0.00075, respectively). Moreover, we identified a significant moderating effect of fat and protein intake on the relationship between change in betweenness centrality over a 2-year measurement gap in the left middle temporal gyrus and intelligence (β = 12.41, p = 0.0457; β = 12.12, p = 0.0401, respectively). Conclusion Our study showed the association between macronutrient intake and neural development related to intelligence in early adolescents. Appropriate nutritional intake would be a key factor for healthy cognitive and neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nakamura
- Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Art and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity & Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Syudo Yamasaki
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohiro Okada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (IRCN), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Ando
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishida
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity & Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (IRCN), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Art and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity & Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), Tokyo, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (IRCN), Tokyo, Japan
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Rohani P, Shervin Badv R, Sohouli MH, Guimarães NS. The efficacy of low glycemic index diet on seizure frequency in pediatric patients with epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Seizure 2024; 117:150-158. [PMID: 38422595 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite extensive research examining the effect of a low glycemic index (LGI) diet on the frequency of seizures in patients with epilepsy, the findings are inconclusive. Hence, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis in order to clarify the potential effect of a low glycemic index (LGI) diet on the frequency of seizures in children. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis written in accordance with the PRISMA checklist was realized using a comprehensive systematic search in four electronic databases until October 2023 without time or language restrictions. A random effects model was employed to combine the data. The main outcomes were analyzed using weight mean difference (WMD) and 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI). In total, 13 studies met the eligible criteria and were included. RESULTS The publications included in this study were published between 2005 and 2021. The duration of the interventions in the studies included in this analysis ranged from 6 to 58 weeks. Our findings indicated that the pooled efficacy rate for < 50 %, ≥ 50 %, > 90 % seizure reduction in patients with epilepsy receiving a low glycemic index diet was 39 % (95 % CI: 26, 52), 34 % (95 % CI: 23, 45), and 19 % (95 % CI: 13, 25), respectively. It seems that the efficacy of this ketogenic diet in reducing seizures is greater during a shorter intervention period than 12 weeks. CONCLUSION This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that the low glycemia index diet can be beneficial as a treatment for epilepsy in pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pejman Rohani
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Pediatrics Centre of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Shervin Badv
- Paediatrics Centre of Excellence, Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Sohouli
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Pediatrics Centre of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nathalia Sernizon Guimarães
- Professor at Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30130-100, Brazil
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Balestracci K, Sebelia L, Greene G, Moore A, Baird G, Chappell K, Tovar A. Effect of a Technology-Integrated Curriculum on Sugary Drink and Snack Intake of Elementary-Aged Youth Experiencing Low Income. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2024; 56:209-218. [PMID: 38385934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the results of a technology-integrated intervention on sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) and energy-dense snack intake with third graders experiencing low income. DESIGN A 2 × 2 quasi-randomized cluster-block, parallel-group experimental research design. SETTING Low-income schools in Rhode Island. PARTICIPANTS Two-hundred seventeen intervention and 242 control third-grade students in low-income (89.6% and 88.2% free/reduced meals, respectively), ethnically and racially diverse (63% Hispanic/20% Black and 62% Hispanic/18% Black, respectively) schools. INTERVENTION(S) A 13-week in-school program held once per week for 1 hour. The hands-on, technology-integrated program used a modified version of the Body Quest: Food of the Warrior curriculum. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Intake of SSB and energy-dense snacks, both salty and sweet snacks, using baseline (week 1) and postassessment (week 13) previous day self-recall. ANALYSIS Generalized mixed modeling with nesting. RESULTS Intervention students significantly reduced their SSB intake by 38% (0.5 times/d; F[1, 540] = 4.26; P = 0.04) and salty snack intake by 58% (0.8 times/d; F[1, 534] = 6.58, P < 0.01) from baseline to postassessment as compared with the control students. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Findings suggest a technology-integrated curriculum is effective in decreasing SSB and salty snacks in elementary-aged students of low-income, minoritized populations. Improved dietary habits can potentially influence other facets of students' lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Balestracci
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI.
| | - Linda Sebelia
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI
| | - Geoffrey Greene
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
| | - Adam Moore
- Feinstein College of Education, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
| | - Grayson Baird
- Lifespan Hospital System, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Kelsi Chappell
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI
| | - Alison Tovar
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
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8
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Schaafsma HN, Jantzi HA, Seabrook JA, McEachern LW, Burke SM, Irwin JD, Gilliland JA. The impact of smartphone app-based interventions on adolescents' dietary intake: a systematic review and evaluation of equity factor reporting in intervention studies. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:467-486. [PMID: 37330675 PMCID: PMC10925905 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Adolescence is a critical stage for improving nutrition. The popularity of smartphones makes them an ideal platform for administering interventions to adolescents. A systematic review has yet to assess the impact of smartphone app-based interventions exclusively on adolescents' dietary intake. Furthermore, despite the impact of equity factors on dietary intake and the claim for mobile health of increased accessibility, there is minimal research on the reporting of equity factors in the evaluation of smartphone app-based nutrition-intervention research. OBJECTIVES This systematic review examines the effectiveness of smartphone app-based interventions on adolescents' dietary intake and the frequency with which equity factors and statistical analyses specific to equity factors are reported in these intervention studies. DATA SOURCES Databases (ie, Scopus, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ERIC, and Cochrane Central Register for Randomized Control Trials) were searched for studies published from January 2008 to October 2022. Smartphone app-based intervention studies that were nutrition focused, evaluated at least 1 dietary intake variable, and included participants with a mean age between 10 and 19 years were included. All geographic locations were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS Study characteristics, intervention results, and reported equity factors were extracted. Because of the heterogeneity of dietary outcomes, findings were reported as a narrative synthesis. CONCLUSION In total, 3087 studies were retrieved, 14 of which met the inclusion criteria. Eleven studies reported a statistically significant improvement in at least 1 dietary outcome because of the intervention. Reporting of at least 1 equity factor across articles' Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion sections was minimal (n = 5), and statistical analyses specific to equity factors were rare, occurring in only 4 of the 14 included studies. Future interventions should include a measurement of intervention adherence and report the impact of equity factors on the effectiveness and applicability of interventions for equity-deserving groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly N Schaafsma
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Children’s Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather A Jantzi
- Children’s Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Geography, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie A Seabrook
- Children’s Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Brescia University College at Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Louise W McEachern
- Children’s Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Geography, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shauna M Burke
- Children’s Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Health Studies, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer D Irwin
- School of Health Studies, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason A Gilliland
- Children’s Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Geography, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Health Studies, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Peña-Jorquera H, Martínez-Flores R, Espinoza-Puelles JP, López-Gil JF, Ferrari G, Zapata-Lamana R, Lofrano-Prado MC, Landaeta-Díaz L, Cigarroa I, Durán-Agüero S, Cristi-Montero C. Adolescents with a Favorable Mediterranean-Style-Based Pattern Show Higher Cognitive and Academic Achievement: A Cluster Analysis-The Cogni-Action Project. Nutrients 2024; 16:608. [PMID: 38474736 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) has emerged as a crucial dietary choice, not only in attenuating various adolescents' metabolic health issues but it has also been associated with improved cognitive and academic achievement. However, few studies have established patterns of food consumption linked to both cognitive and academic achievement in adolescents living in a developing country with non-Mediterranean-based food. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1296 Chilean adolescents (50% girls) aged 10-14 years. The MedDiet Quality Index was used to assess adherence to the MedDiet in children and adolescents. Through cluster analysis, four distinct dietary patterns were identified: Western diet (WD = 4.3%); low fruit and vegetables, high-sugar diet (LFV-HSD = 28.2%); low fruit and vegetables, low-sugar diet (LFV-LSD = 42.2%); and the MedDiet (25.3%). A mixed-model analysis was conducted to compare these clusters and their relationships with cognitive and academic achievements. Principal component analysis was performed to identify four primary cognitive domains: working memory, cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, and fluid reasoning. Academic achievement was determined with five school subjects (Language, English, Mathematics, Science, and History) and included the Academic-PISA score derived from the mean scores in Language, Mathematics, and Science. Results: A marked difference was observed between the four clusters, which was mainly related to the consumption of sugar, ultra-processed foods, fruits, and vegetables. According to cognitive performance, the MedDiet group showed higher performance across all domains than the LFV-HSD, LFV-LSD, and WD groups. Regarding academic achievement, the WD underperformed in all analyses compared to the other groups, while the MedDiet was the unique profile that achieved a positive difference in all academic subjects compared to the WD and LFV-HSD groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest that higher adherence to Mediterranean-style-based patterns and better food quality choices are associated with improved cognitive and academic achievements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Peña-Jorquera
- IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2530388, Chile
| | - Ricardo Martínez-Flores
- IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2530388, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Espinoza-Puelles
- IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2530388, Chile
| | | | - Gerson Ferrari
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Av. Pedro de Valdivia 425, Providencia 7500912, Chile
- School of Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | | | | | - Leslie Landaeta-Díaz
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago 7500975, Chile
- Core in Environmental and Food Sciences, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago 7500975, Chile
| | - Igor Cigarroa
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, Universidad Santo Tomás, Los Ángeles 4440000, Chile
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Arturo Prat, Victoria 4720000, Chile
| | - Samuel Durán-Agüero
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Care Sciences, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 8330106, Chile
| | - Carlos Cristi-Montero
- IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2530388, Chile
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10
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Raudeniece J, Vanags E, Justamente I, Skara D, Fredriksen PM, Brownlee I, Reihmane D. Relations between the levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity, BMI, dietary habits, cognitive functions and attention problems in 8 to 9 years old pupils: network analysis (PACH Study). BMC Public Health 2024; 24:544. [PMID: 38383413 PMCID: PMC10882845 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) and dietary habits (DH) play a crucial role on quality of life and health outcomes from various aspects. METHODS This study aims to investigate the relations between recommended daily levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in 8 to 9 year old pupils, and their body mass index (BMI), DH, cognitive functions and attention problem scores by network analysis. Study participants were split into two groups based on their MVPA levels on weekdays. RESULTS Our findings suggest that children who reach recommended MVPA levels consume more vegetables and fruits, eat breakfast more frequently, have better motor speed and lower impulsivity score. CONCLUSIONS The number of interlinkages between various parameters in network structure for children who do not reach recommended MVPA levels is greater and more intense, highlighting the differences between the groups and suggesting that different interventions and approaches to improve/change lifestyle habits might be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Raudeniece
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
- Department of Human Physiology and Biochemistry, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Edmunds Vanags
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Psychology and Art, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Ilze Justamente
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
- Department of Human Physiology and Biochemistry, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Dana Skara
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Psychology and Art, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Per Morten Fredriksen
- Department of Biotechology, Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2318, Hamar, Norway
| | - Iain Brownlee
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Dace Reihmane
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia.
- Department of Human Physiology and Biochemistry, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia.
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11
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Cunha-Rodrigues M, Rosário R, Duarte A, Silva MJ, Augusto C, Rodrigues M, Padrão P, Moreira P. Neurodevelopment and Dietary Intake in Toddlers-A Cross-Sectional Study from the Healthy Children 2021 Project. Nutrients 2023; 15:5105. [PMID: 38140364 PMCID: PMC10745499 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the potential associations between neurodevelopment, dietary diversity and food processing in the toddler period. This study aimed to estimate the association between these dietary quality dimensions and neurodevelopment in toddlers. Data for this cross-sectional analysis came from the Healthy Children 2021 project and included 212 toddlers (51.9% females, aged 12-36 months) from 15 Portuguese childcare centers. Neurodevelopment was assessed through Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. Dietary intake was gathered by a two-day non-consecutive dietary recall. The food items were categorised with NOVA classification. Dietary diversity was explored through Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD). Logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders were performed. Girls with a higher energy contribution of unprocessed/minimally processed foods and with an above median MDD score had higher odds of achieving a higher neurodevelopment score (aOR:1.04; 95%CI 1.01; 1.08 and aOR:2.26; 95%CI 1.01; 5.06, respectively); no significant association was observed in boys. Our findings suggest that these dietary dimensions are associated with a higher neurodevelopment in toddler girls. This should be further studied as a possible early link between dietary factors and neurodevelopment. Promotion of healthy eating can be promising in improving neurocognitive development and might help to introduce public health recommendations for toddlers' nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Cunha-Rodrigues
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; (M.C.-R.); (M.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Rafaela Rosário
- School of Nursing, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.D.); (M.J.S.); (C.A.)
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal
- Nursing Research Centre, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Duarte
- School of Nursing, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.D.); (M.J.S.); (C.A.)
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal
- Research Centre on Child Studies (CIEC), Institute of Education, University do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria José Silva
- School of Nursing, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.D.); (M.J.S.); (C.A.)
- Nursing Research Centre, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Augusto
- School of Nursing, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (A.D.); (M.J.S.); (C.A.)
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3045-043 Coimbra, Portugal
- Nursing Research Centre, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Mónica Rodrigues
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; (M.C.-R.); (M.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Patrícia Padrão
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; (M.C.-R.); (M.R.); (P.P.)
- Epidemiology Research Unit and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Moreira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; (M.C.-R.); (M.R.); (P.P.)
- Epidemiology Research Unit and Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
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12
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Longhurst P, Burnette CB. Challenges and opportunities for conceptualizing intuitive eating in autistic people. Int J Eat Disord 2023; 56:2189-2199. [PMID: 37794653 PMCID: PMC10840701 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Although intuitive eating (IE) has become an increasingly adopted intervention target, current conceptualisations of IE have yet to pivot away from (neuro)normative physiology and phenomenology. Autistic individuals commonly report disordered eating behaviours and/or poorer well-being but appear to benefit from adaptive interventions using an affirmative approach. This article uses autism as a case example to summarise challenges related to IE's prevailing conceptualisation, before proposing how future research and current practice can be extended to the autistic population. Scholars are encouraged to evaluate the full 10-principal IE framework while utilising a participatory-led approach. We argue that research using a mixed methods design is urgently needed to comprehensively explore the (re)conceptualisation of IE in autistic people. While IE shows promise for producing positive outcomes in the autistic population, we discuss the potential challenges for research and practice due to its current emphasis on accurate interoception, emotional awareness and processing, and executive functioning. This suggests the need for research and practice to integrate autistic needs and experiences into future developments with an affirmative approach. Public Significance: IE is an effective intervention for reducing disordered eating behaviours. Autistic individuals commonly present disordered eating behaviours and have unique nutritional needs which often require intervention. However, there is limited understanding of IE among the autistic population. Research-informed definitions involving autistic perspectives will support translating the IE framework to this underrepresented population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phaedra Longhurst
- School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - C Blair Burnette
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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13
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Rego MLM, Leslie E, Capra BT, Helder M, Yu W, Katz B, Davy KP, Hedrick VE, Davy BM, DiFeliceantonio AG. The influence of ultra-processed food consumption on reward processing and energy intake: Background, design, and methods of a controlled feeding trial in adolescents and young adults. Contemp Clin Trials 2023; 135:107381. [PMID: 37935307 PMCID: PMC10872704 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2023.107381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The greatest age-related weight gain occurs in the early/mid-20s. Overall dietary quality among adolescents and emerging adults (age 18-25) is poor, with ultra-processed foods (UPF) representing more than two-thirds of adolescents' total energy intake (i.e., 68%). UPF consumption may impact cognitive and neurobiological factors that influence dietary decision-making and energy intake (EI). To date, no research has addressed this in this population. METHODS Participants aged 18-25 will undergo two 14-day controlled feeding periods (81% UPF, 0% UPF) using a randomly assigned crossover design, with a 4-week washout between conditions. Brain response to a UPF-rich milkshake, as well as behavioral measures of executive function, will be evaluated before and after each diet. Following each diet, measurements include ad libitum buffet meal EI, food selection, eating rate, and eating in the absence of hunger (EAH). Prior to initiating recruitment, controlled diet menus, buffet, and EAH snacks were developed and evaluated for palatability. Sensory and texture attributes of buffet and EAH snack foods were also evaluated. RESULTS Overall diet palatability was rated "like very much" (8)/"like moderately"(7) (UPF: 7.6 ± 1.0; Non-UPF: 6.8 ± 1.5). Subjective hardness rating (range = 1-9 [1 = soft, 9 = hard] was similar between UPF and Non-UPF buffet and snack items (UPF:4.22 ± 2.19, Non-UPF: 4.70 ± 2.03), as was the objective measure of hardness (UPF: 2874.33 ± 2497.06 g, Non-UPF: 2243.32 ± 1700.51 g). CONCLUSIONS Findings could contribute to an emerging neurobiological understanding of the effects of UPF consumption including energy overconsumption and weight gain among individuals at a critical developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L M Rego
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, USA.
| | - Emma Leslie
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Bailey T Capra
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Mckenna Helder
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Wenjing Yu
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Benjamin Katz
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Kevin P Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Valisa E Hedrick
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Brenda M Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Alexandra G DiFeliceantonio
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, USA; Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, USA
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14
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Horvat A, Vlašić I, Štefulj J, Oršolić N, Jazvinšćak Jembrek M. Flavonols as a Potential Pharmacological Intervention for Alleviating Cognitive Decline in Diabetes: Evidence from Preclinical Studies. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2291. [PMID: 38137892 PMCID: PMC10744738 DOI: 10.3390/life13122291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disease associated with reduced synaptic plasticity, atrophy of the hippocampus, and cognitive decline. Cognitive impairment results from several pathological mechanisms, including increased levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their receptors, prolonged oxidative stress and impaired activity of endogenous mechanisms of antioxidant defense, neuroinflammation driven by the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), decreased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and disturbance of signaling pathways involved in neuronal survival and cognitive functioning. There is increasing evidence that dietary interventions can reduce the risk of various diabetic complications. In this context, flavonols, a highly abundant class of flavonoids in the human diet, are appreciated as a potential pharmacological intervention against cognitive decline in diabetes. In preclinical studies, flavonols have shown neuroprotective, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and memory-enhancing properties based on their ability to regulate glucose levels, attenuate oxidative stress and inflammation, promote the expression of neurotrophic factors, and regulate signaling pathways. The present review gives an overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in diabetes-induced cognitive dysfunctions and the results of preclinical studies showing that flavonols have the ability to alleviate cognitive impairment. Although the results from animal studies are promising, clinical and epidemiological studies are still needed to advance our knowledge on the potential of flavonols to improve cognitive decline in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anđela Horvat
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ignacija Vlašić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasminka Štefulj
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nada Oršolić
- Division of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Jazvinšćak Jembrek
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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15
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Sadler RC, Saxe-Custack A. 'Nobody Shops at the Neighborhood Store': Leveraging a Community's Pediatric Fresh Produce Prescription Program to Inform Future Participating Store Redemption Locations. CITIES & HEALTH 2023; 8:70-81. [PMID: 38585045 PMCID: PMC10997326 DOI: 10.1080/23748834.2023.2281764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Research examining the nature of food shopping often considers proximity to the nearest or overall distance travelled to multiple stores. Such studies make up a portion of new work on so-called 'food deserts' and the issues inherent in the term, including that most people do not shop at their nearest store, and mobility challenges vary vastly from one person to the next. Increasing the knowledge base on shopping characteristics could be useful for behavioral interventions and programs aimed at increasing healthy food shopping. In this study, we examined the shopping characteristics of 627 caregivers whose children were enrolled in a pediatric fresh produce prescription program at one of three large pediatric clinics in Flint, Michigan. We compared these characteristics to the potential of a new food cooperative to improve geographic accessibility to healthy food. In particular, we propose the expansion of the prescription program to this new cooperative for health-related as well as local economic development reasons. Our work bridges topics of interest to researchers and practitioners working in nutrition, food access, and economic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. Sadler
- Departments of Public Health and Family Medicine, Michigan State University, Flint, MI, USA
| | - Amy Saxe-Custack
- Departments of Public Health and Food Science & Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, Flint, MI, USA
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16
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Perez L, You Z, Kendrick J. Association of Plant-Based Protein Intake with Cognitive Function in Adults with CKD. KIDNEY360 2023; 4:1554-1561. [PMID: 37889573 PMCID: PMC10695646 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000000000000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Key Points Higher plant protein intake was associated with higher cognitive scores in people with kidney disease. Future trials are needed to determine whether increasing plant protein intake improves measures of cognition in patients with kidney disease. Background Patients with CKD have accelerated cardiovascular and cognitive aging when compared with the non-CKD population. This cognitive decline contributes to excessive rates of physical and functional decline, reduced quality of life, and mortality in the CKD population. Mediterranean diets, a plant-forward diet, have been associated with positive cognitive performance in the general non-CKD population and with some beneficial outcomes in CKD. However, it is still unclear whether plant-based diets are associated with cognitive decline in patients with CKD. Methods Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2012 and 2013–14 data, we conducted a secondary analysis evaluating the relationship of plant-based and unprocessed plant protein with cognitive outcome measures in eligible participants aged 60 years and older. All data were extracted from the available National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey demographic, questionnaire, examination, and laboratory data. CKD was calculated and defined in participants as urine albumin to creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g and/or eGFR <60 ml/min. In incremental models, we adjusted for total energy intake, age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, total energy intake, diabetes, hypertension, education, smoking, and alcohol. Results Higher plant-based protein above median dietary intakes was significantly associated with higher executive function scores in participants with CKD (P < 0.05). For all patients and in those with CKD, plant-based protein was significantly associated (P < 0.05) with higher composite cognitive scores in nearly all statistical models. Higher unprocessed plant protein was significantly associated (P < 0.05) with higher composite cognitive scores in all categorical models. Conclusions Higher plant protein intake was a significant predictor of certain individual and composite cognitive score measures within the general and in the CKD population. Future interventional trials are needed to determine whether increasing plant-based protein intake improves measures of cognition in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Perez
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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17
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Yurtdaş Depboylu G, Kaner G, Süer M, Kanyılmaz M, Alpan D. Nutrition literacy status and its association with adherence to the Mediterranean diet, anthropometric parameters and lifestyle behaviours among early adolescents. Public Health Nutr 2023; 26:2108-2117. [PMID: 37622233 PMCID: PMC10564606 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980023001830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate nutrition literacy status and its association with adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), anthropometric parameters and lifestyle behaviours among early adolescents. DESIGN This is a cross-sectional study. Nutrition literacy was evaluated using the 'Adolescent Nutrition Literacy Scale'. Dietary intake was assessed by 24-h food recall. The 'Mediterranean Diet Quality Index' was used to evaluate adolescents' adherence to the MD. Physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Body weight, height, waist, hip and neck circumference were measured. SETTING Four secondary schools in İzmir, Türkiye. PARTICIPANTS The study included 1074 secondary school students. RESULTS Adolescents' nutrition literacy was at a moderate level. Nutrition literacy scores were significantly lower in those who skip main meals. Adolescents with high nutrition literacy had higher intakes of fibre, protein, protein, Ca, K, Mg, P, vitamin C, folate and Fe intake than those with low and moderate nutrition literacy (P < 0·05). According to IPAQ, active adolescents had higher nutrition literacy scores than inactive adolescents. There was no significant difference in BMI and anthropometric measurements of the adolescents according to their nutrition literacy level. Linear regression analysis showed that each unit increase in nutrition literacy increased adherence to the MD by 0·286 points (β = 0·286) and decreased total screen time by 0·182 points (β = -0·182). CONCLUSIONS These findings showed that nutrition literacy among early adolescents was not optimal, and a higher nutrition literacy score was significantly associated with higher MD adherence, and healthy eating habits and lifestyle behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Yurtdaş Depboylu
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Departments of Nutrition and Dietetics, İzmir35620, Turkey
| | - Gülşah Kaner
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Departments of Nutrition and Dietetics, İzmir35620, Turkey
| | - Melisa Süer
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Departments of Nutrition and Dietetics, İzmir35620, Turkey
| | - Mesude Kanyılmaz
- Department of Science Education, Çiğli Akiş Öğütçü Secondary School, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Duygu Alpan
- Department of English Language Teaching, Çiğli Akiş Öğütçü Secondary School, İzmir, Turkey
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18
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Schulz CA, Weinhold L, Schmid M, Nöthen MM, Nöthlings U. Association between urinary iodine excretion, genetic disposition and fluid intelligence in children, adolescents and young adults: the DONALD study. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:2375-2385. [PMID: 37103611 PMCID: PMC10421824 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Iodine deficiency increases the risk of cognitive impairment and delayed physical development in children. It is also associated with cognitive impairment in adults. Cognitive abilities are among the most inheritable behavioural traits. However, little is known about the consequences of insufficient postnatal iodine intake and whether the individual genetic disposition modifies the association between iodine intake and fluid intelligence in children and young adults. METHODS The cultural fair intelligence test was used to assess fluid intelligence in the participants of the DONALD study (n = 238; mean age, 16.5 [SD = 7.7] years). Urinary iodine excretion, a surrogate iodine intake marker, was measured in 24-h urine. Individual genetic disposition (n = 162) was assessed using a polygenic score, associated with general cognitive function. Linear regression analyses were conducted to determine whether Urinary iodine excretion was associated with fluid intelligence and whether this association was modified by individual genetic disposition. RESULTS Urinary iodine excretion above the age-specific estimated average requirement was associated with a five-point higher fluid intelligence score than that below the estimated average requirement (P = 0.02). The polygenic score was positively associated with the fluid intelligence score (β = 2.3; P = 0.03). Participants with a higher polygenic score had a higher fluid intelligence score. CONCLUSION Urinary iodine excretion above the estimated average requirement in childhood and adolescence is beneficial for fluid intelligence. In adults, fluid intelligence was positively associated with a polygenic score for general cognitive function. No evidence showed that the individual genetic disposition modifies the association between Urinary iodine excretion and fluid intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonie Weinhold
- Department of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmid
- Department of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ute Nöthlings
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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19
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Matias TS, Bacil EDA, Viero VDSF, Vieira YP, da Silva LS, Sá AM, do Amaral CS, Cavazzotto TG. Clustering of Obesogenic Behaviors Associated With Bullying Roles Among 100,794 Adolescents. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:6247-6274. [PMID: 36398924 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221132785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Obesogenic behaviors have been individually associated with bullying during adolescence. However, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and diet manifest themselves in synergy and even behavioral profiles in which positive and negative behaviors coexist can be more positively associated with psychosocial outcomes. The present study aimed to analyze the association between clusters of obesogenic behaviors and different bullying roles in Brazilian adolescents. This cross-sectional study used data from the Brazilian School-based Health Survey-PENSE, 2015. A total of 100,794 male and female adolescents of the ninth-grade elementary school participated in the study. Students responded to an electronic questionnaire. Clusters of obesogenic behavior consisted of physical activity, exposure to sedentary behavior, and diet, and the different roles in bullying were: participant, victim, bully, and bully-victim. Binary logistic regression with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was used for data analysis (p < .05). Multiple adjustments and complex sampling procedures were employed. Adolescents in the cluster "Health-promoting sedentary behavior and Diet" had reduced chances of participating in bullying (odds ration [OR] = 0.70; 95% CI [0.64, 0.76]), of being a victim (OR = 0.87; 95% CI = 0.76-0.99), and being the bully (OR = 0.65; 95% CI [0.59, 0.71]); and those from the cluster "Health-promoting physical activity and Diet" had reduced chances of participating (OR = 0.81; 95% CI [0.76, 0.87]), being a victim of bullying (OR = 0.86; 95% CI [0.76, 0.98]), being the bully (OR = 0.79; 95% CI [0.72, 0.85]), and being a bully-victim (OR = 0.74; 95% CI [0.61, 0.90]), when compared to those from the "health-risk" cluster in the adjusted analysis. Clusters of obesogenic behavior may reduce adolescent bullying: victim, bully, and bully-victim benefit when exposed to healthier behavioral profiles. The school setting must recognize bullying as a problem and therefore simultaneously promote multi-component interventions to tackle physical activity, sedentary behavior, and eating behavior. Outcomes other than obesity should be acknowledged when promoting obesogenic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Sousa Matias
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Federal University of Rio Grande, Brazil
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20
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Chen J, Wu F, Magnussen CG, Pahkala K, Juonala M, Hakala JO, Männistö S, Hutri-Kähönen N, Viikari JSA, Raitakari OT, Rovio SP. Dietary patterns from youth to adulthood and cognitive function in midlife: The cardiovascular risk in Young Finns Study. Nutrition 2023; 112:112063. [PMID: 37269718 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diet plays an important role in cognitive health, but the long-term association of diet early in life with cognitive function in adulthood has not, to our knowledge, been rigorously studied. The aim of this study was to examine the association of youth, adulthood, and long-term dietary patterns from youth to adulthood with cognitive function in midlife. METHODS This was a population-based cohort study that assessed dietary intake in 1980 (baseline, participants 3-18 y of age), 1986, 2001, 2007, and 2011 and cognitive function in 2011. Six dietary patterns were derived from 48-h food recall or food frequency questionnaires using factor analysis. The dietary patterns were traditional Finnish, high-carbohydrate, vegetables and dairy products, traditional Finnish and high-carbohydrate, red meat, and healthy. Scores of long-term dietary patterns were calculated as the average between youth and adulthood. Cognitive function outcomes assessed included episodic memory and associative learning, short-term working memory and problem solving, reaction and movement time, and visual processing and sustained attention. Standardized z-scores of exposures and outcomes were used for analyses. RESULTS Participants (n = 790, mean age 11.2 y) were followed up for 31 y. Multivariable models showed that both youth and long-term vegetable and dairy products and healthy patterns were positively associated with episodic memory and associative learning scores (β = 0.080-0.111, P < 0.05 for all). Both youth and long-term traditional Finnish patterns were negatively associated with spatial working memory and problem solving (β = -0.085 and -0.097, respectively; P < 0.05 for both). Long-term high-carbohydrate and traditional Finnish and high-carbohydrate patterns were inversely associated with visual processing and sustained attention, whereas the vegetable and dairy products pattern was positively associated with this cognitive domain (β = -0.117 to 0.073, P < 0.05 for all). Adulthood high-carbohydrate and traditional Finnish and high-carbohydrate patterns were inversely associated with all cognitive domains except for reaction and movement time (β = -0.072 to -0.161, P < 0.05 for all). Both long-term and adulthood red meat pattern were positively associated with visual processing and sustained attention (β = 0.079 and 0.104, respectively; P < 0.05 for both). These effect sizes correspond to approximately 1.6 to 16.1 y of cognitive aging on these cognitive domains. CONCLUSIONS Higher adherence to traditional Finnish, high-carbohydrate, and traditional Finnish and high-carbohydrate patterns across the early life course was associated with poorer cognitive function in midlife, whereas higher adherence to healthy and vegetable and dairy product patterns was associated with better cognitive function. The findings, if causative, highlight the importance of maintaining a healthy dietary pattern from early life to adulthood in an attempt to promote cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Aging and Physic-chemical Injury Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feitong Wu
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Costan G Magnussen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital; Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Markus Juonala
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Juuso O Hakala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital; Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Tampere Centre for Skills Training and Simulation, Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma S A Viikari
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Suvi P Rovio
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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21
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Ghasemi F, Abbasi K, Ghiasvand R, Clark CCT, Rouhani MH. The association between dietary acid load and risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a case-control study. Child Neuropsychol 2023; 29:474-485. [PMID: 35818308 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2022.2099536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Although previous studies have suggested that dietary acid load may be associated with mental health, the relationship between food-induced acid production and odds of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder remains (ADHD) unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between dietary renal acid load and odds of ADHD among children. A case-control study was designed to assess the data of 500 children aged 4 to 12 years (200 children with diagnosed ADHD and 300 control group). Patients were clinically diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-5th Edition criteria. Subjects in the control group did not have any history of chronic diseases and they were screened for the absence of ADHD. Dietary intake was assessed by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The odds of incident ADHD for each unit increase of potential acid load (PRAL) in the raw model showed ~9.8% (OR = 1.098, 95% CI: 1.072, 1.125, p < .001) higher odds of ADHD. In model 1, where age, gender, Body mass index (BMI), and socio-economic status were adjusted, the odds of ADHD was ~10.7% (OR = 1.107, 95% CI: 1.076, 1.140, p < .001). Also, in model 2 (model 1 in addition to energy) the odds was ~10.8% (OR = 1.108, 95% CI: 1.065, 1.152, p < .001). Findings of the present study suggest a possible relationship between oxidative stresses and odds of development of ADHD. Furthermore, the size of the odds ratio is small. It appears that dietary considerations are warranted in order to ameliorate the impact and/or incidence of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ghasemi
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Abbasi
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Ghiasvand
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Mohammad Hossein Rouhani
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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22
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Puri S, Shaheen M, Grover B. Nutrition and cognitive health: A life course approach. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1023907. [PMID: 37050953 PMCID: PMC10083484 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1023907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple factors affect cognitive health, such as age-related changes in the brain, injuries, mood disorders, substance abuse, and diseases. While some cannot be changed, evidence exists of many potentially possibly modifiable lifestyle factors: diet, physical activity, cognitive and social engagement, smoking and alcohol consumption which may stabilize or improve declining cognitive function. In nutrition, the focus has been mainly on its role in brain development in the early years. There is a strong emerging need to identify the role of diet and nutrition factors on age-related cognitive decline, which will open up the use of new approaches for prevention, treatment or management of age-related disorders and maintaining a good quality of life among older adults. While data on effect of high protein diets is not consistent, low-fat diets are protective against cognitive decline. Several micronutrients like B group vitamins and iron, as well as many polyphenols play a crucial role in cognitive health. Mediterranean, Nordic, DASH, and MIND diets are linked to a lower risk of cognitive decline and dementia. The relationship between the gut microbiome and brain function through the gut-brain axis has led to the emergence of data on the beneficial effects of dietary fibers and probiotics through the management of gut microbes. A “whole diet” approach as well as macro- and micro-nutrient intake levels that have protective effects against cardiovascular diseases are most likely to be effective against neurodegenerative disorders too. Young adulthood and middle age are crucial periods for determining cognitive health in old age. The importance of cardio metabolic risk factors such as obesity and hypertension, smoking and physical inactivity that develop in middle age suggest that preventive approaches are required for target populations in their 40s and 50s, much before they develop dementia. The commonality of dementia risk with cardiovascular and diabetes risk suggests that dementia could be added to present non-communicable disease management programs in primary healthcare and broader public health programs.
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23
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Zhou Y, Stubbs RJ, Finlayson G. A neurocognitive perspective on the relationship between exercise and reward: Implications for weight management and drug addiction. Appetite 2023; 182:106446. [PMID: 36592797 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The impact of exercise on food reward is increasingly being discussed as an interplay between executive function (EF), homeostasis and mechanisms promoting or undermining intentional behaviour change. Integrating current knowledge of neurocognitive processes encompassing cognitive and affective networks within an energy balance framework will provide a more comprehensive account. Reward circuitry affected by recreational drugs and food overlap. Therefore the underlying processes explaining changes in drug-taking behaviour may offer new insights into how exercise affects the reward value of recreational drugs and food. EF is important for successful self-regulation, and training EF may boost inhibitory control in relation to food- and drug-related reward. Preclinical and clinical observations suggest that reward-seeking can transfer within and between categories of reward. This may have clinical implications beyond exercise improving metabolic health in people with obesity to understanding therapeutic responses to exercise in people with neurocognitive deficits in non-food reward-based decision making such as drug dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Appetite Control & Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - R James Stubbs
- Appetite Control & Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Finlayson
- Appetite Control & Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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Macronutrient intake during infancy and neurodevelopment in preschool children from the EDEN mother-child cohort. Eur J Clin Nutr 2023:10.1038/s41430-023-01273-z. [PMID: 36806783 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-023-01273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the deleterious effect of micronutrient deficiency at sensitive periods on neurodevelopment is well established, the potential influence of macronutrient intake on early life neurodevelopment of healthy term infants has been seldomly studied. We aimed to explore whether macronutrient intake at 12 months was related to neurodevelopmental scores in preschool children. METHODS Analyses were based on data from the EDEN mother-child cohort. Macronutrient intake was assessed by 3-day food records at 12 months of age. Neurodevelopment was assessed at 3 years using the French version of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) (n = 914), and at 5-6 years, using the French version of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Third Edition (n = 785). An association between macronutrient intake and neurodevelopmental scores were analysed by multivariable linear regression for 3-year Full Score ASQ or 5-6-year intelligence quotient scores and multivariable logistic regression for 3-year ASQ subdomains. RESULTS Macronutrient intake in infancy was not associated with neurodevelopmental scores in preschool children. No association was found between PUFA intake and overall neurodevelopmental scores, after accounting for multiple testing. CONCLUSION In the present study, macronutrient intake at one year did not appear to influence the child's cognitive ability at 3 and 5-6 years. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between early fatty acid intake and neurodevelopment.
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Descarpentrie A, Bernard JY, Vandentorren S, Melchior M, Galéra C, Chia A, Chong MFF, Charles MA, Heude B, Lioret S. Prospective associations of lifestyle patterns in early childhood with socio-emotional and behavioural development and BMI: An outcome-wide analysis of the EDEN mother-child cohort. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2023; 37:69-80. [PMID: 36146899 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children's energy balance-related behaviours (EBRB), comprising diet, screen time, physical activity, and sleep, combine into "lifestyle patterns", which may exert a synergistic effect on health. To date, studies investigating this synergy have primarily focused on obesity risk, without addressing other facets of health. OBJECTIVES To examine the prospective associations of preschoolers' lifestyle patterns with socio-emotional, behavioural, and body mass index (BMI) outcomes at 8 years. METHODS Participants were 876 children from the EDEN mother-child cohort. Three lifestyle patterns (unhealthy, healthy, and mixed) were previously identified at age 5, separately in boys and girls. At age 8, height and weight measures generated BMI z-scores while social-emotional and behavioural development was assessed by parents using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Drawing from the outcome-wide approach, sex- and outcome-specific adjusted linear regressions were fitted. RESULTS Boys' adherence to a healthy lifestyle pattern (combining a nutrient-dense diet and limited screen time) at 5 years was positively associated with prosocial behaviours (β = 0.14; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.01, 0.26) and inversely related to hyperactivity-inattention symptoms (β = -0.12; 95% CI -0.23, -0.01) at 8 years. Girls' mixed lifestyle pattern (sugar or artificially sweetened beverages, high screen, physical activity and low sleep times) was associated with prosocial behaviours (β = 0.12; 95% CI 0.01, 0.23). There was no evidence of associations between lifestyle patterns and BMI z-scores. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest synergistic benefits of engaging in a combination of optimal EBRBs, especially in boys, and support intervention efforts at preschool age to enhance some dimensions of their later socio-emotional and behavioural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Descarpentrie
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Y Bernard
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stephanie Vandentorren
- Université Bordeaux, Inserm, UMR1219, Vintage Team, Bordeaux, France.,Santé publique France, French national public health agency, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Maria Melchior
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, IPLESP, ERES UMRS 1136, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Galéra
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, INSERM U 1219, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, Bordeaux, France
| | - Airu Chia
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mary F-F Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marie-Aline Charles
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France
| | - Barbara Heude
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Lioret
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France
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McMath AL, Iwinski S, Shen S, Bost KF, Donovan SM, Khan NA. Adherence to Screen Time and Physical Activity Guidelines is Associated with Executive Function in US Toddlers Participating in the STRONG Kids 2 Birth Cohort Study. J Pediatr 2023; 252:22-30.e6. [PMID: 36027980 PMCID: PMC10918530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that healthy weight status and adherence to American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines for diet and physical activity would extend to greater executive function (EF) at age 24 months. STUDY DESIGN Parents of 24-month-old children from the STRONG Kids 2 cohort study (n = 352) completed the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function for Preschoolers (BRIEF-P) and reported physical activities, diet, and screen time. Toddlers met AAP guidelines if they consumed at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables, were physically active, refrained from sugar-sweetened beverages, and limited daily screen time to <60 minutes. Relationships between EF, 24-month weight status, and meeting AAP guidelines were tested independent of child sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, weight status at birth, and maternal pregnancy weight status. RESULTS Weight-for-length z-score had no effect on EF. Toddlers meeting the screen time guideline had greater EF (β, -0.125; 95% CI, 0.234 to -0.008), inhibitory self-control (β, -0.142; 95% CI, -0.248 to -0.029), and emergent metacognition (β, -0.111; 95% CI, -0.221 to 0.002), indicated by lower BRIEF-P scores. Those with more minutes of screen time had poorer overall EF (β, 0.257; 95% CI, 0.118-0.384), inhibitory self-control (β, 0.231; 95% CI, 0.099-0.354), cognitive flexibility (β, 0.217; 95% CI, 0.082-0.342), and emergent metacognition (β, 0.257; 95% CI, 0.120-0.381). Daily physical activity was associated with greater emergent metacognition (β, -0.116; 95% CI, -0.225 to -0.005). CONCLUSIONS Meeting AAP guidelines for physical activity and screen time was related to greater EF in a demographically homogenous sample of toddlers. Future randomized control trials and more diverse samples are needed to confirm the directionality of this relationship. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03341858.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arden L McMath
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
| | - Samantha Iwinski
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
| | - Sa Shen
- College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
| | - Kelly F Bost
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
| | - Sharon M Donovan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
| | - Naiman A Khan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL; Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL.
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27
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Descarpentrie A, Estevez M, Brabant G, Vandentorren S, Lioret S. Lifestyle Patterns of Children Experiencing Homelessness: Family Socio-Ecological Correlates and Links with Physical and Mental Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16276. [PMID: 36498355 PMCID: PMC9737210 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Diet, screen time, physical activity, and sleep combine into lifestyle patterns with synergistic effects on health. This study aimed to identify lifestyle patterns in children without housing and assess their associations with physical and mental health and family socio-ecological factors. In the 2013 ENFAMS cross-sectional survey (children aged 6-12 experiencing homelessness, Greater Paris area, n = 235), parents reported socio-ecological factors, children's behaviours, and mental health (the latter was also child-reported). Nurses measured children's haemoglobin concentrations and body mass index. Principal component analysis was used to derive sex-specific lifestyle patterns. Hierarchical linear regressions and "outcome-wide" analyses assessed, respectively, these patterns' relations to health and family socio-ecological factors. A rather healthy lifestyle pattern-similarly characterized by diverse diet and high sleep time-was identified, with slight differences by sex. Scores for this pattern were higher for children in food-secure or higher-income households, whose parents were proficient in French, who slept longer, or who received more social support compared to their counterparts, with some nuances by sex. Higher scores for this pattern were associated with higher prosocial behaviour scores (girls) and lower anxiety and hyperactivity-inattention symptoms scores (boys), but not with physical health. For this underserved and understudied population, the results highlight the importance of family socio-ecological factors in shaping the lifestyles and mental health of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Descarpentrie
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), F-75004 Paris, France
| | - Mégane Estevez
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm, UMR1219, PHARes team, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Gilles Brabant
- Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, F-94415 Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Stéphanie Vandentorren
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm, UMR1219, PHARes team, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, F-94415 Saint-Maurice, France
- Institut Convergences Migration/CNRS, F-93322 Aubervilliers, France
| | - Sandrine Lioret
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), F-75004 Paris, France
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28
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Lorenz KA, Stylianou M, Kulinna PH, Yu H. School and Home Contributions to Dietary Behaviors of Rural Youth. Am J Health Promot 2022; 37:478-487. [PMID: 36260863 DOI: 10.1177/08901171221134792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined dietary behaviors of rural youth at school and at home and sociodemographic differences. DESIGN A cross-sectional design was used. SETTING The study took place in five rural schools in the Southwestern US. SAMPLE Student participants (N = 751) were in 3rd-8th grades. MEASURES Consumption of fruits, vegetables, dairy, and soda/pop, at school and at home, were measured using a modified 7-day recall Youth Risk Behavior survey for nutrition instrument (CDC, 2011); Sociodemographic data. ANALYSIS Descriptive statistics, frequency tables and MANCOVA were used. RESULTS Following a natural log transformation of the dependent variables, there were significant multivariate effects in dietary behaviors across schools (Wilks' λ = 0.962, F(16, 2539.4) = 2.05, P = 0.0082) and location (school v. home; Wilks' λ = 0.849, F(4, 831) = 36.94, P < 0.0001). Follow-up tests showed students in some schools reported higher consumption of fruit, vegetable, and soda at home than school, although most reported consuming less than one serving per day of fruit, vegetables, and dairy across settings. There were no significant main effects for gender/grade/ethnicity across behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight poor dietary behaviors of rural youth as well as school/home differences that can help inform efforts to support optimal dietary behaviors of this population. Results should be interpreted considering limitations of the self-report nature of collected data and missing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent A Lorenz
- Department of Kinesiology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michalis Stylianou
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Hyeonho Yu
- Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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29
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Dalile B, Kim C, Challinor A, Geurts L, Gibney ER, Galdos MV, La Fata G, Layé S, Mathers JC, Vauzour D, Verkuyl JM, Thuret S. The EAT-Lancet reference diet and cognitive function across the life course. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e749-e759. [PMID: 36087605 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The EAT-Lancet Commission devised a sustainable reference diet with the aim of reducing the incidence of non-communicable diseases and mortality globally while improving food system sustainability. The extent to which the reference diet supports cognitive function across the life course, however, has not yet been evaluated. This Review assesses the evidence for diet supporting cognitive function from childhood into old age. A comprehensive but non-exhaustive literature search was done, synthesising studies that investigated the effect of whole foods on cognition in healthy, community-dwelling human participants. We found that the current evidence base is weak with mixed conclusions and multiple methodological caveats, which precludes strong conclusions pertaining to the suitability of dietary recommendations for each food group per age group. Long-term intervention and prospective cohort studies are needed to reduce this knowledge deficit. Revising dietary recommendations with the aim of maintaining an adequate nutrient intake to sustain healthy cognitive function across the life course could be worthwhile. This Review outlines recommendations for future work to help improve the current knowledge deficit regarding dietary intake and cognitive function across the life course and its implications for dietary guidelines such as the EAT-Lancet Commission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boushra Dalile
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Curie Kim
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andy Challinor
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Lucie Geurts
- International Life Sciences Institute European Branch, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eileen R Gibney
- Institute of Food Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marcelo V Galdos
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Giorgio La Fata
- Health Nutrition and Care Innovation, Global Research and Development Center, DSM Nutritional Products, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Layé
- Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - John C Mathers
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, Biomedical Research Centre, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - J Martin Verkuyl
- Danone Nutricia Research, Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Thuret
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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30
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Mahmassani HA, Switkowski KM, Johnson EJ, Scott TM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Oken E, Jacques PF. Early Childhood Lutein and Zeaxanthin Intake Is Positively Associated with Early Childhood Receptive Vocabulary and Mid-Childhood Executive Function But No Other Cognitive or Behavioral Outcomes in Project Viva. J Nutr 2022; 152:2555-2564. [PMID: 36774121 PMCID: PMC9644167 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lutein and zeaxanthin are carotenoids associated with better cognition in older adults. Recent evidence suggests that their dietary intake may also have cognitive implications in childhood. OBJECTIVE The aim was to examine associations of early childhood lutein and zeaxanthin (L/Z) intake with cognition in early and mid-childhood. METHODS Among 1378 children in Project Viva, a prospective cohort, mothers reported their child's dietary intake in early childhood (median: 3.2 y) using a food-frequency questionnaire. Child cognition and behavior were assessed at the same time point using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-III) and the Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Abilities (WRAVMA) and at mid-childhood (median: 7.7 y) using the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, the WRAVMA drawing subtest, the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning, the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. RESULTS Children consumed a daily mean (SD) of 1.0 (0.4) mg L/Z in early childhood. Children in the third-quartile category of L/Z intake had a mean PPVT-III score 2.40 (95% CI: 0.27, 4.53) points higher than children in the lowest quartile category in early childhood, suggesting better receptive vocabulary. Children in the highest quartile category of L/Z intake had a parent-reported mean BRIEF Global Executive Composite score 1.65 (95% CI: -3.27, -0.03) points lower than children in the lowest quartile category in mid-childhood, indicating better executive function. We did not observe associations between L/Z intake and any of the other cognitive or behavioral outcomes assessed. CONCLUSIONS The overall findings do not provide strong evidence of an association between child L/Z intake and cognition and behavior. However, the positive associations found between early childhood L/Z intake and early childhood receptive vocabulary and mid-childhood executive function, in addition to previous evidence of neurodevelopmental benefit of L/Z intake, suggest that this relation deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiya A Mahmassani
- Dorothy J and Gerald R Friedman School of Nutrition and Science Policy at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA,Jean Mayer–USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen M Switkowski
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Johnson
- Dorothy J and Gerald R Friedman School of Nutrition and Science Policy at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tammy M Scott
- Dorothy J and Gerald R Friedman School of Nutrition and Science Policy at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Oken
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul F Jacques
- Dorothy J and Gerald R Friedman School of Nutrition and Science Policy at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Jean Mayer-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Wang X, Song X, Jin Y, Zhan X, Cao M, Guo X, Liu S, Ou X, Gu T, Jing J, Cai L, Li X. Association between dietary quality and executive functions in school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder. Front Nutr 2022; 9:940246. [PMID: 35990364 PMCID: PMC9386179 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.940246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is well known that children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) had executive functions deficit. However, it is still unclear whether the poor dietary quality is related to the impairment of executive functions. The current study aimed to explore the association between dietary quality and executive functions in children with ASD. Methods A total of 106 children with ASD (7.7 ± 1.3 years) and 207 typically developing (TD) children (7.8 ± 1.3 years) were enrolled from Guangzhou, China. The Chinese version of Behavior Rating Scale of Executive function (BRIEF), the working memory subscales of the Chinese version of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV), and the Stroop Color-Word Test (SCWT) were used to measure the participant's executive functions. The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to collect the dietary intake information, and the Chinese Diet Balance Index (DBI_16) was used to evaluate the dietary quality. Generalized linear models were used to estimate the association between dietary quality and executive functions. Results In children with ASD, Low Bound Score (LBS) was positively correlated with the working memory subscale score of BRIEF (β = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.02–0.44, P < 0.05), while High Bound Score (HBS) and LBS were positively correlated with the organizable subscale score of BRIEF (β = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.11–0.77, P < 0.01; β = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.01–0.37, P < 0.05). Compared to TD children, children with ASD had a higher proportion of moderate and high levels of insufficient dietary intake (moderate level, 37.7% vs. 23.2%, high level, 4.7% vs. 1.4%) and moderate level of unbalanced dietary intake (36.8% vs.21.3%), higher scores on all subscales of BRIEF (P < 0.01), and lower score on the working memory (81.3 ± 32.3 vs. 104.6 ± 12.5, P < 0.01), while there was no difference on the SCWT. Conclusion Poor dietary quality was associated with the impairment of working memory and organizational capacity in children with ASD. This study emphasized the importance of dietary quality in executive functions among children with ASD, and attention should be paid to improving their dietary quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Song
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuying Jin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muqing Cao
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuning Guo
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ou
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingfeng Gu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Jing
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Cai
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuhong Li
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Pan S, Wang X, Lin L, Chen J, Zhan X, Jin C, Ou X, Gu T, Jing J, Cai L. Association of sugar-sweetened beverages with executive function in autistic children. Front Nutr 2022; 9:940841. [PMID: 36082034 PMCID: PMC9447427 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.940841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) consumption and executive function (EF) among typically developing (TD) children has been investigated in previous studies but with inconsistent results. Furthermore, this relationship has been less investigated among autistic children who perform worse in EF compared with TD children. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between SSB consumption and EF in autistic children, and whether the association between SSB and EF in autistic children is different from that in TD children. We recruited 106 autistic children and 207 TD children aged 6–12 years in Guangzhou, China. Children’s EF was assessed by using the Chinese version of parent-reported Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Stroop Color–Word Test, and working memory subscales of the Chinese version of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children, Fourth edition. Meanwhile, we assessed children’s dietary intake and SSB consumption with a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire. In this study, 70 (66.0%) autistic children consumed SSB and 20 (18.9%) of them consumed more than two servings SSB a week. Among autistic children, over two servings per week SSB consumption was associated with poorer performance in emotional control [β = 7.20, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.94–13.46] and plan/Organize (β = 6.45, 95% CI: 0.27–12.63). The association between over two servings/week SSB consumption and emotional control among autistic children was significantly different from that among TD children (βASD = 7.20; βTD = −3.09, Z = 2.72, p = 0.006). Results of this study show that SSB consumption was associated with an impairment in some subscales of EF in autistic children. Furthermore, the association between SSB and EF in autistic children might be different from that in TD children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuolin Pan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education; Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lizi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajie Chen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengkai Jin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ou
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingfeng Gu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Jing
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Jin Jing,
| | - Li Cai
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li Cai,
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Plants, Plants, and More Plants: Plant-Derived Nutrients and Their Protective Roles in Cognitive Function, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Other Dementias. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58081025. [PMID: 36013492 PMCID: PMC9414574 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58081025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, with the risk of developing it attributed to non-modifiable and modifiable factors. Currently, there is no cure for AD. A plant-based diet may protect against cognitive decline, due to the effects of plant-based nutrients such as vitamins, antioxidants, and fiber. The aim of the review is to summarize current literature on plant-based nutrients and their impact on cognition. Materials and Methods: A search was conducted on PubMed for clinical and murine studies, using combinations of the following words: “Alzheimer’s disease”, “dementia”, “cognition”, “plant-based diet”, “mild cognitive impairment”, “vitamin B”, “vitamin C”, “vitamin E, “beta carotene”, “antioxidants”, “fiber”, “vitamin K”, “Mediterranean diet”, “vitamin D”, and “mushrooms”. Results and Conclusions: A diet rich in vitamin B and antioxidants can benefit the cognitive functions of individuals as shown in randomized clinical trials. Vitamin K is associated with improved cognition, although large randomized controlled trials need to be done. Fiber has been shown to prevent cognitive decline in animal studies. Vitamin D may contribute to cognitive health via anti-inflammatory processes. Several medical organizations have recommended a plant-based diet for optimizing cognitive health and potentially helping to prevent dementia.
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Cao M, Gu T, Jin C, Li X, Jing J. Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake and Motor Function Among Autistic and Typically Developed Children. Front Nutr 2022; 9:905025. [PMID: 35911101 PMCID: PMC9330586 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.905025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives The relationship between brain function and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is widely explored, but the motor function was not included. We aim to explore the relationship between SSBs and motor function among children with or without autism. Methods Participants were a representative autism sample (ASD, n = 106) comprising ages ranging 6–9 years and their age-matched typical counterparts (TD, n = 207), recruited in the research center of Guangzhou, China. Valid questionnaires of parent-reported including weekly SSBs intake, physical activity (PA), sedentary time (ST), and motor coordination function was used to collect relevant information. SSBs intake was further classified as no intake (no habit of taking SSBs), small to medium intake (<375 ml/week), and large intake (375 ml/week or more). Physical activity, sedentary time, and motor coordination function among the mentioned three groups as well as ASD vs. TD was compared via general linear models. Results Compared with TD children, ASD children showed less vigorous PA (4.23 ± 0.34 h vs. 2.77 ± 0.49 h, p = 0.015) as well as overall sedentary time (5.52 ± 1.89 h vs. 3.67 ± 0.28 h, 3.49 ± 0.16 h vs. 2.68 ± 0.24 h, and 34.59 ± 1.15 h vs. 23.69 ± 1.69 h, TD vs. ASD, sedentary time at weekdays, weekends and total ST in a week, respectively, all p < 0.05), lower scores in the developmental coordination disorder questionnaire (fine motor and handwriting: 14.21 ± 0.26 vs. 12.30 ± 0.38, general coordination: 28.90 ± 0.36 vs. 25.17 ± 0.53, control during movement: 24.56 ± 0.36 vs. 18.86 ± 0.53, and total score: 67.67 ± 0.75 vs. 56.33 ± 1.10, TD vs. ASD, all p < 0.05). Stratified by SSBs intake, TD children with small to medium SSBs intake showed the lowest sedentary time both on weekdays and weekends (all p < 0.05), they also performed worst in fine motor and handwriting skills (p < 0.05). Conclusion The association between SSBs and motor function was observed in typical development children, but not autistic children. A larger sample size study with a longitudinal design is warranted to confirm the association between SSBs and sedentary time among typically developed children and the potential causation direction.
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Investigation of metabolomic biomarkers for childhood executive function and the role of genetic and dietary factors: The GUSTO cohort. EBioMedicine 2022; 81:104111. [PMID: 35728485 PMCID: PMC9214799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have investigated molecular biomarkers of specific executive function (EF) skills in children. We aimed to characterise the prospective associations between metabolome and multiple domains of EF using a bidirectional design. Methods This study was conducted within a longitudinal birth cohort, the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO). Circulating levels of 165 metabolites were quantified using a nuclear magnetic resonance based metabolomics platform (n = 457 (∼6yrs) and n = 524 (∼8yrs)). Parent-reported EF was available for 495 children (∼7yrs). Multivariate linear regression was used to assess the metabolite-EF relationships. We examined the role of body composition, dietary factors, and genetics in the metabolite-EF associations. Findings Higher leucine level (∼6yrs) was associated with poorer EF (∼7yrs, Initiate (P = 0.003) and Working Memory (P = 0.004)). EF (∼7yrs) was not associated with leucine (∼8yrs). Importantly, we found weak evidence for associations of dietary factors (∼5yrs) with leucine (∼6yrs) and EF (∼7yrs). Each copy of C allele in rs1260326 (a leucine-related polymorphism) was associated with higher leucine level and poorer Initiate and Working Memory (P < 0.05). Amongst those with less strongly genetically influenced leucine, inverse association between leucine and cognitive regulation were weaker among those with higher BMI. Interpretation The observed association between higher leucine level and poorer EF may be determined by genetics and may not be easily amenable to dietary interventions. Further research is needed for validation and to understand mechanisms. Funding Singapore National Research Foundation and Agency for Science, Technology and Research.
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Zhang F, Yin X, Liu Y, Li M, Gui X, Bi C. Association Between Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Executive Function Among Chinese Tibetan Adolescents at High Altitude. Front Nutr 2022; 9:939256. [PMID: 35832051 PMCID: PMC9271939 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.939256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To estimate the association between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and executive function (EF) among Chinese Tibetan adolescents. Method Using three stages by stratified cluster sampling, 1,427 Chinese Tibetan adolescents were recruited from Tibet, China. SSB consumption status was obtained by questionnaires and the three core EFs (inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility) were tested by a modified Eriksen flanker task, N-back shift, and a more-odd shifting task. One-way ANOVA or Chi-square test was used to compare SSB consumption in different categories. Taking the SSB consumption 0 time/week group as the reference, general linear regression (for continuous variable) or Logical regression (classified variable) in three Models was conducted to analyze the relationship between SSB consumption and EF for Chinese Tibetan children and adolescents. Result After adjustment of all the covariant in Model 2, all the EF indexes were higher in Chinese Tibetan adolescents with SSB consumption ≥2 times/week than that with SSB consumption of 0 times/week by 21.33 ms (95%CI: 6.72, 35.93), 8.21 ms (95%CI: 7.06, 9.35), 90.46 ms (95%CI: 28.69, 152.23), 147.61 ms (95%CI: 81.42, 213.80), 116.18 ms (95%CI: 74.48, 157.87), 112.41 ms (95%CI: 71.30, 153.52) for incongruent RT, RT difference in incongruent and congruent, 1-back RT, 2-back RT, Heterogeneous RT, RT difference in Heterogeneous and Homogeneous respectively. Conclusions The results suggested that SSB consumption was associated with poorer EF in Chinese Tibetan adolescents. SSB consumption should be controlled for healthy brain development of Chinese Tibetan adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojian Yin
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Economics and Management, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaojian Yin
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Gui
- Lhasa Beijing Experimental Middle School, Lhasa, China
| | - Cunjian Bi
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Bourke M, Patten RK, Dash S, Pascoe M, Craike M, Firth J, Bailey A, Jacka F, Parker AG. The Effect of Interventions That Target Multiple Modifiable Health Behaviors on Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Young People: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Adolesc Health 2022; 70:208-219. [PMID: 34580029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This meta-analysis aimed to determine the effect of interventions targeting multiple modifiable health behaviors (i.e., physical activity/sedentary behaviors, nutrition/diet, sleep, substance use) on depression and anxiety in young people. METHODS A search of electronic databases from inception until May 2020 was conducted. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that explicitly targeted at least two modifiable health behaviors, measured anxiety or depression at baseline and after intervention using a validated instrument, and included participants with an average age between 12 and 25 years were included. The effect of interventions was synthesized using random effects meta-analysis. RESULTS A total of 14 RCTs reporting on depression and six RCTs reporting on anxiety were included in the quantitative synthesis. Results showed that although interventions targeting multiple modifiable health behaviors did not produce significant reductions in symptoms of depression (g¯ = -.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [-.34, .02], 95% prediction interval [PI] = [-.80, .48], very low certainty evidence) or anxiety (g¯ = -.55, 95% CI = [-1.36, .26], 95% PI = [-3.48, 2.83], very low certainty evidence) across all young people, there was a significant difference in the effect of interventions on depression based on intervention type (Q = 8.37, df = 2, p = .012). Specifically, interventions targeting multiple modifiable health behaviors delivered to groups of young people with an elevated risk of depression had a favorable effect (g¯ = -.28, 95% CI = [-.52, -.05], 95% PI = [-1.04, .47]) on symptoms of depression compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Although not universally effective, this meta-analysis establishes the potential efficacy of targeted interventions aiming to improve multiple modifiable health behaviors to address depression in young people at elevated risk of depression. More research is needed to understand the effect of such interventions on symptoms of anxiety in young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bourke
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Rhiannon K Patten
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Dash
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia; Deakin University, IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michaela Pascoe
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melinda Craike
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia; Mitchell Institute for Education and Health Policy, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph Firth
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alan Bailey
- Centre for Youth Mental Health and Orygen, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Felice Jacka
- Deakin University, IMPACT - The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alexandra G Parker
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health and Orygen, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Schnermann ME, Schulz CA, Ludwig C, Alexy U, Nöthlings U. A lifestyle score in childhood and adolescence was positively associated with subsequently measured fluid intelligence in the DONALD cohort study. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:3719-3729. [PMID: 35704086 PMCID: PMC9464141 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02921-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lifestyle scores which combine single factors such as diet, activity, or sleep duration showed associations with cognitive decline in adults. However, the role of a favourable lifestyle in younger age and the build-up of cognitive reserve is less clear, which is why we investigated longitudinal associations between a lifestyle score in childhood and adolescence and fluid intelligence obtained on average 6 years later. METHODS In the DONALD cohort, a lifestyle score of 0 to 4 points including healthy diet and duration of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep was repeatedly assessed in participants aged 5 and 19 years. Data on fluid intelligence were assessed via a German version of the culture fair intelligence test (CFT), using CFT 1-R in children 8.5 years of age or younger (n = 62) or CFT 20-R in participants older than 8.5 years (n = 192). Multivariable linear regression models were used to investigate prospective associations between the lifestyle score and the fluid intelligence score. RESULTS Mean lifestyle score of all participants was 2.2 (0.7-4) points. A one-point increase in the lifestyle score was associated with a higher fluid intelligence score (4.8 points [0.3-7.3], p = 0.0343) for participants completing the CFT 20-R. Furthermore, each additional hour of sedentary behaviour was associated with a lower fluid intelligence score (- 3.0 points [- 5.7 to - 0.3], p = 0.0313). For younger participants (CFT 1-R), no association was found in any analysis (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION A healthy lifestyle was positively associated with fluid intelligence, whereby sedentary behaviour itself seemed to play a prominent role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Elena Schnermann
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina-Alexandra Schulz
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christine Ludwig
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ute Alexy
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ute Nöthlings
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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Iwinski S, Donovan SM, Fiese B, Bost K. The Impact of Household Chaos and Dietary Intake on Executive Function in Young Children. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124442. [PMID: 34959994 PMCID: PMC8707498 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Children's executive functions (EFs) emerge over time and can be shaped by household environments and dietary intake. However, there is a lack of knowledge about how these factors influence EFs in children aged 18-24 months. This study tested a model exploring the relations between parent-reported dietary intake, household chaos, and child EF. The sample consisted of 294 families participating in the STRONG Kids2 birth cohort study of nutrition and child health. Caregivers completed the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), the Confusion, Hubbub, and Order Scale (CHAOS), and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function®-Preschool Version (BRIEF-P) to assess model variables. Regression analyses revealed a significant and independent association between assorted snacks and processed foods and two EF subscales. There were also significant associations between household chaos and each EF subscale. There was no significant moderation effect. These findings suggest that family households characterized by dysregulation are associated with children's EF difficulties during early childhood and that the role of unhealthy dietary intake in child EF should be explored further. Future longitudinal studies that include multi-method approaches are needed to document the mechanisms through which household chaos impacts child EF over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Iwinski
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (B.F.); (K.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-708-606-3235
| | - Sharon M. Donovan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Barbara Fiese
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (B.F.); (K.B.)
| | - Kelly Bost
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (B.F.); (K.B.)
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
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Marinho AR, Severo M, Vilela S, Costa R, de Lauzon-Guillain B, Torres D, Lopes C. Is the association between dietary patterns and cognition mediated by children's adiposity? A longitudinal approach in Generation XXI birth cohort. Clin Nutr 2021; 41:231-237. [PMID: 34915274 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS There is a consistent body of evidence on the association between single nutrients and cognition, but the role of a healthful dietary pattern on cognition in children has been seldomly studied. This study aims to assess the association between dietary patterns at 4 years (y) and cognitive abilities at 10-13y and examine whether adiposity mediated these associations. METHODS This study used data from a sub-sample of the population-based birth cohort Generation XXI, with complete information on diet and cognition (n = 3575). At 4y, data on dietary intake was collected by a validated food frequency questionnaire and dietary patterns were derived by latent class analysis, namely Energy-dense food (EDF) pattern, Snacking pattern and Healthier pattern (Reference). At 10-13y, the Portuguese Version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children®-Third Edition was administered by trained psychologists and age-adjusted composite scores were computed: a Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (IQ), plus a Verbal IQ, Performance IQ and Processing Speed IQ. Age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) z-scores, body fat percentage from bioimpedance, and waist-to-weight ratio and waist-to-hip ratio were used as measures of adiposity. Regression coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed using linear regression models (adjusted for maternal age and education, pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking and alcohol intake during pregnancy, child's sex, birthweight, exclusive breastfeeding duration and having siblings at 4y). Mediation analysis was conducted using path analysis. RESULTS After adjustment, children classified in the EDF or a Snacking patterns at 4y were more likely to have lower scores on total IQ (β = -0.116; 95%CI:-0.192,-0.039 and β = -0.148; 95%CI -0.252,-0.044, respectively), Verbal IQ (β = -0.104; 95%CI -0.177, -0.031 and β = -0.163; 95%CI -0.262,-0.064, respectively) and Performance IQ (β = -0.116 95%CI -0.193,-0.040 and β = -0.147; 95%CI -0.250,-0.042, respectively) at 10-13y, when compared to those classified in the Healthier pattern. None of the adiposity measures seemed to explain the associations between dietary patterns and IQ. CONCLUSION This study supports that early unhealthy dietary patterns were associated with lower child's cognitive ability, but this effect did not seem to be mediated by adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Marinho
- EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal; Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Milton Severo
- EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Vilela
- EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Costa
- EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal; Digital Human-Environment Interaction Lab, Universidade Lusófona, Portugal
| | | | - Duarte Torres
- EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Lopes
- EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal; Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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School-Based Nutrition Interventions in Children Aged 6 to 18 Years: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114113. [PMID: 34836368 PMCID: PMC8618558 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Schools are identified as a key setting to influence children’s and adolescents’ healthy eating. This umbrella review synthesised evidence from systematic reviews of school-based nutrition interventions designed to improve dietary intake outcomes in children aged 6 to 18 years. We undertook a systematic search of six electronic databases and grey literature to identify relevant reviews of randomized controlled trials. The review findings were categorised for synthesis by intervention type according to the World Health Organisation Health Promoting Schools (HPS) framework domains: nutrition education; food environment; all three HPS framework domains; or other (not aligned to HPS framework domain). Thirteen systematic reviews were included. Overall, the findings suggest that school-based nutrition interventions, including nutrition education, food environment, those based on all three domains of the HPS framework, and eHealth interventions, can have a positive effect on some dietary outcomes, including fruit, fruit and vegetables combined, and fat intake. These results should be interpreted with caution, however, as the quality of the reviews was poor. Though these results support continued public health investment in school-based nutrition interventions to improve child dietary intake, the limitations of this umbrella review also highlight the need for a comprehensive and high quality systematic review of primary studies.
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Costello SE, Geiser E, Schneider N. Nutrients for executive function development and related brain connectivity in school-aged children. Nutr Rev 2021; 79:1293-1306. [PMID: 33355357 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive functions refer to a set of higher-order cognitive processes involved in the control and organization of information to serve goal-directed behaviors. Skills in executive functioning are developed throughout childhood and adolescence and have been shown to be predictive of academic achievement. The coordination of these complex processes is critically dependent on brain maturation and connectivity, including key neurodevelopmental processes like myelination and synaptogenesis. Among other factors, research highlights the influential effect of nutrition and diet on these neurodevelopmental processes, which may impact executive function performance in healthy and deficient populations. This review considers the research to date on the role of key nutrients that have been identified for executive function development and their underlying neurophysiological processes in school-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Costello
- Société des Produits Nestlé S.A, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eveline Geiser
- Société des Produits Nestlé S.A, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nora Schneider
- Société des Produits Nestlé S.A, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Caamaño-Navarrete F, Latorre-Román PÁ, Párraga-Montilla J, Jerez-Mayorga D, Delgado-Floody P. Selective Attention and Concentration Are Related to Lifestyle in Chilean Schoolchildren. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8100856. [PMID: 34682121 PMCID: PMC8534889 DOI: 10.3390/children8100856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to determine the association between selective attention and concentration with physical fitness (i.e., cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), V˙O2max, the standing long jump test (SLJ) and handgrip muscle strength (HGS)), lifestyle parameters (i.e., physical activity (PA) level, screen time (ST), sleep duration and food habits) and anthropometric measures (i.e., body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC)) among Chilean schoolchildren. Two hundred and forty-eight schoolchildren (137 boys, 111 girls, 11.80 ± 1.17 and 11.58 ± 1.09 years, respectively) participated. Selective attention, concentration and lifestyle (PA, ST, sleep duration and Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence) were determined using a standard questionnaire. CRF, SLJ, HGS and anthropometric indicators (BMI and WC) were also measured. Selective attention showed a positive association with MD adherence score (β; 5.012, p = p < 0.05). Concentration was linked inversely to ST (β; −5.498, p = p < 0.05). Likewise, concentration presented a positive association with MD adherence (β; 2.904, p = p < 0.05). In conclusion, children’s lifestyles are related to the selective attention and concentration of children; therefore, promoting healthy habits could be a cost-effective strategy in the promotion of cognitive development, as it relates to selective attention and concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Ángel Latorre-Román
- Department of Didactics of Music, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Jaen, 27301 Jaen, Spain; (P.Á.L.-R.); (J.P.-M.)
| | - Juan Párraga-Montilla
- Department of Didactics of Music, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Jaen, 27301 Jaen, Spain; (P.Á.L.-R.); (J.P.-M.)
| | - Daniel Jerez-Mayorga
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile;
| | - Pedro Delgado-Floody
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-45-2-325200
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Julvez J, López-Vicente M, Warembourg C, Maitre L, Philippat C, Gützkow KB, Guxens M, Evandt J, Andrusaityte S, Burgaleta M, Casas M, Chatzi L, de Castro M, Donaire-González D, Gražulevičienė R, Hernandez-Ferrer C, Heude B, Mceachan R, Mon-Williams M, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Robinson O, Sakhi AK, Sebastian-Galles N, Slama R, Sunyer J, Tamayo-Uria I, Thomsen C, Urquiza J, Vafeiadi M, Wright J, Basagaña X, Vrijheid M. Early life multiple exposures and child cognitive function: A multi-centric birth cohort study in six European countries. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 284:117404. [PMID: 34077897 PMCID: PMC8287594 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies mostly focus on single environmental exposures. This study aims to systematically assess associations between a wide range of prenatal and childhood environmental exposures and cognition. The study sample included data of 1298 mother-child pairs, children were 6-11 years-old, from six European birth cohorts. We measured 87 exposures during pregnancy and 122 cross-sectionally during childhood, including air pollution, built environment, meteorology, natural spaces, traffic, noise, chemicals and life styles. The measured cognitive domains were fluid intelligence (Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices test, CPM), attention (Attention Network Test, ANT) and working memory (N-Back task). We used two statistical approaches to assess associations between exposure and child cognition: the exposome-wide association study (ExWAS) considering each exposure independently, and the deletion-substitution-addition algorithm (DSA) considering all exposures simultaneously to build a final multiexposure model. Based on this multiexposure model that included the exposure variables selected by ExWAS and DSA models, child organic food intake was associated with higher fluid intelligence (CPM) scores (beta = 1.18; 95% CI = 0.50, 1.87) and higher working memory (N-Back) scores (0.23; 0.05, 0.41), and child fast food intake (-1.25; -2.10, -0.40), house crowding (-0.39; -0.62, -0.16), and child environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (-0.89; -1.42, -0.35), were all associated with lower CPM scores. Indoor PM2.5 exposure was associated with lower N-Back scores (-0.09; -0.16, -0.02). Additional associations in the unexpected direction were found: Higher prenatal mercury levels, maternal alcohol consumption and child higher perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) levels were associated with better cognitive performance; and higher green exposure during pregnancy with lower cognitive performance. This first comprehensive and systematic study of many prenatal and childhood environmental risk factors suggests that unfavourable child nutrition, family crowdedness and child indoor air pollution and ETS exposures adversely and cross-sectionally associate with cognitive function. Unexpected associations were also observed and maybe due to confounding and reverse causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Julvez
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Reus (Tarragona), Catalonia, Spain; Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mónica López-Vicente
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, PO Box 2060, 3000 CB, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charline Warembourg
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lea Maitre
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Claire Philippat
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Kristine B Gützkow
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Monica Guxens
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, PO Box 2060, 3000 CB, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jorunn Evandt
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Miguel Burgaleta
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Department of Technology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, 08018, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maribel Casas
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Montserrat de Castro
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - David Donaire-González
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Carles Hernandez-Ferrer
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Barbara Heude
- Université de Paris, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Paris, France
| | - Rosie Mceachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Oliver Robinson
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Amrit K Sakhi
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nuria Sebastian-Galles
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Department of Technology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, 08018, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Remy Slama
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ibon Tamayo-Uria
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra and "Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA)", Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cathrine Thomsen
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jose Urquiza
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marina Vafeiadi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Do Breastfeeding History and Diet Quality Predict Inhibitory Control at Preschool Age? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082752. [PMID: 34444912 PMCID: PMC8398217 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control is the ability to control impulsive behavior. It is associated with a range of mental and physical health outcomes, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance dependence. Breastfeeding and healthy dietary patterns have been associated with better executive functions, of which inhibitory control is part. Additionally, breastfeeding has been associated with healthy dietary patterns. Following our preregistration in the Open Science Framework, we investigated the associations between breastfeeding history and inhibitory control at preschool age, with habitual diet quality as a potential mediating factor. A total of 72 families from a longitudinal study participated at child age 3. Breastfeeding questionnaires were administered at 2, 6, and 12 weeks, and at 12 and 36 months. Six inhibitory control tasks were performed during a home visit, and questionnaires were filled in by both parents. Diet quality at age 3 was assessed via three unannounced 24-h recalls. Structural equation modelling was performed in R. This study did not provide evidence that breastfeeding history is associated with inhibitory control in 3-year-old children. Furthermore, diet quality at age 3 did not mediate the link between breastfeeding history and inhibitory control. Previous studies have investigated broader aspects of inhibitory control, such as executive functions, and used different methods to assess nutritional intake, which might explain our differential findings. Our findings contribute to the growing literature on associations between nutrition and behavior. Future replications with larger and more diverse preschool samples are recommended.
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Maitre L, Julvez J, López-Vicente M, Warembourg C, Tamayo-Uria I, Philippat C, Gützkow KB, Guxens M, Andrusaityte S, Basagaña X, Casas M, de Castro M, Chatzi L, Evandt J, Gonzalez JR, Gražulevičienė R, Smastuen Haug L, Heude B, Hernandez-Ferrer C, Kampouri M, Manson D, Marquez S, McEachan R, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Robinson O, Slama R, Thomsen C, Urquiza J, Vafeidi M, Wright J, Vrijheid M. Early-life environmental exposure determinants of child behavior in Europe: A longitudinal, population-based study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 153:106523. [PMID: 33773142 PMCID: PMC8140407 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental exposures in early life influence the development of behavioral outcomes in children, but research has not considered multiple exposures. We therefore aimed to investigate the impact of a broad spectrum of pre- and postnatal environmental exposures on child behavior. METHODS AND FINDINGS We used data from the HELIX (Human Early Life Exposome) project, which was based on six longitudinal population-based birth cohorts in Europe. At 6-11 years, children underwent a follow-up to characterize their exposures and assess behavioral problems. We measured 88 prenatal and 123 childhood environmental factors, including outdoor, indoor, chemical, lifestyle and social exposures. Parent-reported behavioral problems included (1) internalizing, (2) externalizing scores, using the child behavior checklist (CBCL), and (3) the Conner's Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) index, all outcomes being discrete raw counts. We applied LASSO penalized negative binomial regression models to identify which exposures were associated with the outcomes, while adjusting for co-exposures. In the 1287 children (mean age 8.0 years), 7.3% had a neuropsychiatric medical diagnosis according to parent's reports. During pregnancy, smoking and car traffic showing the strongest associations (e.g. smoking with ADHD index, aMR:1.31 [1.09; 1.59]) among the 13 exposures selected by LASSO, for at least one of the outcomes. During childhood, longer sleep duration, healthy diet and higher family social capital were associated with reduced scores whereas higher exposure to lead, copper, indoor air pollution, unhealthy diet were associated with increased scores. Unexpected decreases in behavioral scores were found with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organophosphate (OP) pesticides. CONCLUSIONS Our systematic exposome approach identified several environmental contaminants and healthy lifestyle habits that may influence behavioral problems in children. Modifying environmental exposures early in life may limit lifetime mental health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Maitre
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologa y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jordi Julvez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologa y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain
| | - Monica López-Vicente
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologa y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Charline Warembourg
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologa y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ibon Tamayo-Uria
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologa y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra and "Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA)", Pamplona, Spain
| | - Claire Philippat
- INSERM, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IAB (Institute of Advanced Biosciences), Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France
| | - Kristine B Gützkow
- Department of Environment and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Monica Guxens
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologa y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, PO Box 2060, 3000 CB Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Xavier Basagaña
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologa y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maribel Casas
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologa y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat de Castro
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologa y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine at USC, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jorunn Evandt
- Department of Environment and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Juan R Gonzalez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologa y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Line Smastuen Haug
- Department of Environment and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Barbara Heude
- Université de Paris, Center for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), INSERM, INRA, F-75004 Paris, France
| | - Carles Hernandez-Ferrer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologa y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariza Kampouri
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dan Manson
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Sandra Marquez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologa y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosie McEachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologa y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oliver Robinson
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Remy Slama
- INSERM, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IAB (Institute of Advanced Biosciences), Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France
| | - Cathrine Thomsen
- Department of Environment and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jose Urquiza
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologa y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Vafeidi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologa y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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Kendig MD, Leigh SJ, Morris MJ. Unravelling the impacts of western-style diets on brain, gut microbiota and cognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:233-243. [PMID: 34153343 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The steady rise in the prevalence of obesity has been fostered by modern environments that reduce energy expenditure and encourage consumption of 'western'-style diets high in fat and sugar. Obesity has been consistently associated with impairments in executive function and episodic memory, while emerging evidence indicates that high-fat, high-sugar diets can impair aspects of cognition within days, even when provided intermittently. Here we review the detrimental effects of diet and obesity on cognition and the role of inflammatory and circulating factors, compromised blood-brain barrier integrity and gut microbiome changes. We next evaluate evidence for changing risk profiles across life stages (adolescence and ageing) and other populations at risk (e.g. through maternal obesity). Finally, interventions to ameliorate diet-induced cognitive deficits are discussed, including dietary shifts, exercise, and the emerging field of microbiome-targeted therapies. With evidence that poor diet and obesity impair cognition via multiple mechanisms across the human lifespan, the challenge for future research is to identify effective interventions, in addition to diet and exercise, to prevent and ameliorate adverse effects.
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Liao HE, Deng YM. The Role of Caregiver's Feeding Pattern in the Association between Parents' and Children's Healthy Eating Behavior: Study in Taichung, Taiwan. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:children8050369. [PMID: 34066688 PMCID: PMC8151811 DOI: 10.3390/children8050369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
While parenting style has been linked with parent feeding behavior (FB), little is known about the role FB plays in the relationship between parents’ eating behavior (PEB) and children’s eating behavior (CEB). Based on social learning theory, we hypothesized that children learn to develop healthy CEB by obeying and imitating parents’ healthy eating and feeding behaviors, and that FB is the mediator between PEB and CEB. In total, 257 survey responses from parents of children up to 5 years old were included in the study. Results indicated that CEB did not differ by children’s age, gender, or birth order; for parents, older age and lower educational levels were associated with less healthy unhealthier FB and PEB. Healthy PEB and FB explained 46.8% and 21.7% of the variance in healthy CEB, respectively. The model confirmed that FB reduced the coefficient of healthy PEB from 0.563 to 0.468 and increased the variance explained from 35.0% to 38.5%. FB was a mediator for PEB and CEB. Discussion covers the complexity of ideal parenting styles and child feeding and their associated effects on CEB in varied environments, including different cultures. We concluded that PEB was the main predictor of CEB, and healthy feeding acted as a mediator.
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Cohen JFW, Scott M, Sutton M, Cueva K, Shonkoff ET, Goldman RE, Margolis DN, Potempa AE, Fink K, Gustus S, Stock M. A Mixed-Methods Evaluation of a School Wellness Initiative: An Examination of Longer Lunch Periods and More Physical Activity Opportunities. J Acad Nutr Diet 2021; 121:1961-1974. [PMID: 33888437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are currently no national standards for lunch period lengths or physical activity in schools. Research is needed to better understand the impact of school initiatives that improve policies related to lunch and movement opportunities on student outcomes. Additionally, best practices are necessary to support schools that are considering initiatives that address these factors. OBJECTIVE This study examined the impact of implementing longer lunch periods, recess, and other movement opportunities on student outcomes and best practices for implementation. DESIGN A mixed-methods study including surveys and semistructured interviews and focus groups conducted during the 2019-2020 school year. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Surveys (n = 5107) from students in grades 3 and 4 attending 19 pilot and 11 matched control elementary schools and interviews/focus groups among principals, cafeteria managers, teachers, and parents in a representative subsample (n = 6) of pilot schools in Anchorage Alaska. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Students' self-reported hunger levels and mood and perceptions and supportive strategies from school principals, cafeteria staff, teachers, and parents were examined. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Mixed-model analysis of variance accounting for student demographics with students as a random effect (students nested within schools) were used to examine differences in hunger and mood. For interviews/focus groups, responses were analyzed qualitatively using principles of content analysis. RESULTS Longer lunch periods were associated with significantly reduced hunger at the end of lunch period and significantly increased self-reported happiness in the cafeteria. Based on interviews/focus groups with school staff and parents, the initiative was generally perceived positively with reported benefits including reductions in disciplinary issues and improvements in student focus, social and emotional learning, and overall student happiness and well-being. Several supportive strategies were identified. CONCLUSIONS Initiatives that increase lunch period lengths and physical activity opportunities have the potential to reduce students' hunger levels and improve focus and behaviors in the classroom. Schools should consider similar initiatives that incorporate the suggested strategies to potentially improve outcomes among students.
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Berding K, Carbia C, Cryan JF. Going with the grain: Fiber, cognition, and the microbiota-gut-brain-axis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:796-811. [PMID: 33641478 PMCID: PMC8719029 DOI: 10.1177/1535370221995785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy dietary intake has been acknowledged for decades as one of the main contributors to health. More recently, the field of nutritional psychiatry has progressed our understanding regarding the importance of nutrition in supporting mental health and cognitive function. Thereby, individual nutrients, including omega-3 fatty acids and polyphenols, have been recognized to be key drivers in this relationship. With the progress in appreciating the influence of dietary fiber on health, increasingly research is focusing on deciphering its role in brain processes. However, while the importance of dietary fiber in gastrointestinal and metabolic health is well established, leading to the development of associated health claims, the evidence is not conclusive enough to support similar claims regarding cognitive function. Albeit the increasing knowledge of the impact of dietary fiber on mental health, only a few human studies have begun to shed light onto the underexplored connection between dietary fiber and cognition. Moreover, the microbiota-gut-brain axis has emerged as a key conduit for the effects of nutrition on the brain, especially fibers, that are acted on by specific bacteria to produce a variety of health-promoting metabolites. These metabolites (including short chain fatty acids) as well as the vagus nerve, the immune system, gut hormones, or the kynurenine pathway have been proposed as underlying mechanisms of the microbiota-brain crosstalk. In this minireview, we summarize the evidence available from human studies on the association between dietary fiber intake and cognitive function. We provide an overview of potential underlying mechanisms and discuss remaining questions that need to be answered in future studies. While this field is moving at a fast pace and holds promise for future important discoveries, especially data from human cohorts are required to further our understanding and drive the development of public health recommendations regarding dietary fiber in brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Berding
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Carina Carbia
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
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