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Clark KM, Nekoba DT, Viernes KL, Zhou J, Ray TR. Fabrication of high-resolution, flexible, laser-induced graphene sensors via stencil masking. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 264:116649. [PMID: 39137522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The advent of wearable sensing platforms capable of continuously monitoring physiological parameters indicative of health status have resulted in a paradigm shift for clinical medicine. The accessibility and adaptability of such portable, unobtrusive devices enables proactive, personalized care based on real-time physiological insights. While wearable sensing platforms exhibit powerful capabilities for continuously monitoring physiological parameters, device fabrication often requires specialized facilities and technical expertise, restricting deployment opportunities and innovation potential. The recent emergence of rapid prototyping approaches to sensor fabrication, such as laser-induced graphene (LIG), provides a pathway for circumventing these barriers through low-cost, scalable fabrication. However, inherent limitations in laser processing restrict the spatial resolution of LIG-based flexible electronic devices to the minimum laser spot size. For a CO2 laser-a commonly reported laser for device production-this corresponds to a feature size of ∼120 μm. Here, we demonstrate a facile, low-cost stencil-masking technique to reduce the minimum resolvable feature size of a LIG-based device from 120 ± 20 μm to 45 ± 3 μm when fabricated by CO2 laser. Characterization of device performance reveals this stencil-masked LIG (s-LIG) method yields a concomitant improvement in electrical properties, which we hypothesize is the result of changes in macrostructure of the patterned LIG. We showcase the performance of this fabrication method via production of common sensors including temperature and multi-electrode electrochemical sensors. We fabricate fine-line microarray electrodes not typically achievable via native CO2 laser processing, demonstrating the potential of the expanded design capabilities. Comparing microarray sensors made with and without the stencil to traditional macro LIG electrodes reveals the s-LIG sensors have significantly reduced capacitance for similar electroactive surface areas. Beyond improving sensor performance, the increased resolution enabled by this metal stencil technique expands capabilities for scalable fabrication of high-performance wearable sensors in low-resource settings without reliance on traditional fabrication pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee M Clark
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Deylen T Nekoba
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Kian Laʻi Viernes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Tyler R Ray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John. A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
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2
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Ghosh A, Kaur S, Verma G, Dolle C, Azmi R, Heissler S, Eggeler YM, Mondal K, Mager D, Gupta A, Korvink JG, Wang DY, Sharma A, Islam M. Enhanced Performance of Laser-Induced Graphene Supercapacitors via Integration with Candle-Soot Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39052020 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c07094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has been emerging as a promising electrode material for supercapacitors due to its cost-effective and straightforward fabrication approach. However, LIG-based supercapacitors still face challenges with limited capacitance and stability. To overcome these limitations, in this work, we present a novel, cost-effective, and facile fabrication approach by integrating LIG materials with candle-soot nanoparticles. The composite electrode is fabricated by laser irradiation on a Kapton sheet to generate LIG material, followed by spray-coating with candle-soot nanoparticles and annealing. Materials characterization reveals that the annealing process enables a robust connection between the nanoparticles and the LIG materials and enhances nanoparticle graphitization. The prepared supercapacitor yields a maximum specific capacitance of 15.1 mF/cm2 at 0.1 mA/cm2, with a maximum energy density of 2.1 μWh/cm2 and a power density of 50 μW/cm2. Notably, the synergistic activity of candle soot and LIG surpasses the performances of previously reported LIG-based supercapacitors. Furthermore, the cyclic stability of the device demonstrates excellent capacitance retention of 80% and Coulombic efficiency of 100% over 10000 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ghosh
- IMDEA Materials Institute, Tecnogetafe, Calle Eric Kandel, 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid Spain
| | - Sukhman Kaur
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Punjab Engineering College, Sector 12, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Gulshan Verma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342030, India
| | - Christian Dolle
- Microscopy of Nanoscale Structures and Mechanisms (MNM), Laboratory for Electron Microscopy (LEM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 7, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Raheleh Azmi
- Institut für Angewandte Materialien, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Heissler
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Yolita M Eggeler
- Microscopy of Nanoscale Structures and Mechanisms (MNM), Laboratory for Electron Microscopy (LEM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 7, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kunal Mondal
- Idaho National Laboratory, 1955 North Fremont Avenue, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, United States
| | - Dario Mager
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ankur Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342030, India
| | - Jan G Korvink
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - De-Yi Wang
- IMDEA Materials Institute, Tecnogetafe, Calle Eric Kandel, 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid Spain
| | - Ashutosh Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Monsur Islam
- IMDEA Materials Institute, Tecnogetafe, Calle Eric Kandel, 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid Spain
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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3
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Sain S, Chowdhury S, Maity S, Maity G, Roy SS. Sputtered thin film deposited laser induced graphene based novel micro-supercapacitor device for energy storage application. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16289. [PMID: 39009606 PMCID: PMC11251010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62192-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Pioneering flexible micro-supercapacitors, designed for exceptional energy and power density, transcend conventional storage limitations. Interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) based on laser-induced graphene (LIG), augmented with metal-oxide modifiers, harness synergies with layered graphene to achieve superior capacitance. This study presents a novel one-step process for sputtered plasma deposition of HfO2, resulting in enhanced supercapacitance performance. Introducing LIG-HfO2 micro-supercapacitor (MSC) devices with varied oxygen flow rates further boosts supercapacitance performance by introducing oxygen functional groups. FESEM investigations demonstrate uniform coating of HfO2 on LIG fibers through sputtering. Specific capacitance measurements reveal 6.4 mF/cm2 at 5 mV/s and 4.5 mF/cm2 at a current density of 0.04 mA/cm2. The LIG-HfO2 devices exhibit outstanding supercapacitor performance, boasting at least a fourfold increase over pristine LIG. Moreover, stability testing indicates a high retention rate of 97% over 5000 cycles, ensuring practical real-time applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Sain
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence (SNIoE), Deemed to be University, Delhi-NCR, Greater Noida, 201314, India
| | - Suman Chowdhury
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Sayantan Maity
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence (SNIoE), Deemed to be University, Delhi-NCR, Greater Noida, 201314, India
| | - Gurupada Maity
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence (SNIoE), Deemed to be University, Delhi-NCR, Greater Noida, 201314, India
| | - Susanta Sinha Roy
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence (SNIoE), Deemed to be University, Delhi-NCR, Greater Noida, 201314, India.
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Liu K, He Y, Lu Z, Xu Q, Wang L, Liu Z, Khou J, Ye J, Liu C, Zhang T. Laser-induced graphene-based digital microfluidics (gDMF): a versatile platform with sub-one-dollar cost. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:3125-3134. [PMID: 38770672 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00258j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Digital microfluidics (DMF), is an emerging liquid-handling technology, that shows promising potential in various biological and biomedical applications. However, the fabrication of conventional DMF chips is usually complicated, time-consuming, and costly, which seriously limits their widespread applications, especially in the field of point-of-care testing (POCT). Although the paper- or film-based DMF devices can offer an inexpensive and convenient alternative, they still suffer from the planar addressing structure, and thus, limited electrode quantity. To address the above issues, we herein describe the development of a laser-induced graphene (LIG) based digital microfluidics chip (gDMF). It can be easily made (within 10 min, under ambient conditions, without the need of costly materials or cleanroom-based techniques) by a computer-controlled laser scribing process. Moreover, both the planar addressing DMF (pgDMF) and vertical addressing DMF (vgDMF) can be readily achieved, with the latter offering the potential of a higher electrode density. Also, both of them have an impressively low cost of below $1 ($0.85 for pgDMF, $0.59 for vgDMF). Experiments also show that both pgDMF and vgDMF have a comparable performance to conventional DMF devices, with a colorimetric assay performed on vgDMF as proof-of-concept to demonstrate their applicability. Given the simple fabrication, low cost, full function, and the ease of modifying the electrode pattern for various applications, it is reasonably expect that the proposed gDMF may offer an alternative choice as a versatile platform for POCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Yu He
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, China.
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation and Intelligent Systems, Huzhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Huzhou 313002, China
| | - Zefan Lu
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Qiudi Xu
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Lan Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Zhongxuan Liu
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Jeremy Khou
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Jiaming Ye
- Tinkerbio Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Department of Neurosurgery of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, College of Control Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, China.
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation and Intelligent Systems, Huzhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Huzhou 313002, China
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5
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Seo DB, Kwon YM, Kim J, Kang S, Yim S, Lee SS, Kim ET, Song W, An KS. Edge-Rich 3D Structuring of Metal Chalcogenide/Graphene with Vertical Nanosheets for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:28613-28624. [PMID: 38785040 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Constructing pertinent nanoarchitecture with abundant exposed active sites is a valid strategy for boosting photocatalytic hydrogen generation. However, the controllable approach of an ideal architecture comprising vertically standing transition metal chalcogenides (TMDs) nanosheets on a 3D graphene network remains challenging despite the potential for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production. In this study, we fabricated edge-rich 3D structuring photocatalysts involving vertically grown TMDs nanosheets on a 3D porous graphene framework (referred to as 3D Gr). 2D TMDs (MoS2 and WS2)/3D Gr heterostructures were produced by location-specific photon-pen writing and metal-organic chemical vapor deposition for maximum edge site exposure enabling efficient photocatalytic reactivity. Vertically aligned 2D Mo(W)S2/3D Gr heterostructures exhibited distinctly boosted hydrogen production because of the 3D Gr caused by synergetic impacts associated with the large specific surface area and improved density of exposed active sites in vertically standing Mo(W)S2. The heterostructure involving graphene and TMDs corroborates an optimum charge transport pathway to rapidly separate the photogenerated electron-hole pairs, allowing more electrons to contribute to the photocatalytic hydrogen generation reaction. Consequently, the size-tailored heterostructure showed a superior hydrogen generation rate of 6.51 mmol g-1 h-1 for MoS2/3D graphene and 7.26 mmol g-1 h-1 for WS2/3D graphene, respectively, which were 3.59 and 3.76 times greater than that of MoS2 and WS2 samples. This study offers a promising path for the potential of 3D structuring of vertical TMDs/graphene heterostructure with edge-rich nanosheets for photocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Bum Seo
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Min Kwon
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Saewon Kang
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonmin Yim
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Sook Lee
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Tae Kim
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooseok Song
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16149, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Seok An
- Thin Film Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
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6
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Kincal C, Solak N. Controlling Thermoelectric Properties of Laser-Induced Graphene on Polyimide. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:879. [PMID: 38786835 PMCID: PMC11124518 DOI: 10.3390/nano14100879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
In the field of wearable thermoelectric generators, graphene-based materials have attracted attention as suitable candidates due to their low material costs and tunable electronic properties. However, their high thermal conductivity poses significant challenges. Low thermal conductivity due to porous structure of the laser-induced graphene, combined with its affordability and scalability, positions it as a promising candidate for thermoelectric applications. In this study, thermoelectric properties of the laser-induced graphene (LIG) on polyimide and their dependence on structural modifications of LIG were investigated. Furthermore, it was shown that increasing the laser scribing power on polyimide results in larger graphene flakes and a higher degree of graphitization. Electrical conductivity measurements indicated an increase with increasing laser power, due to a higher degree of graphitization, which enhances charge carrier mobility. Our findings reveal that LIG exhibits p-type semiconducting behavior, characterized by a positive Seebeck coefficient. It was shown that increasing laser power increased the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity simultaneously, which is attributed to a charge carrier energy filtering effect arising from structures occurred on the graphene flakes. Moreover, the porous structure of LIG contributes to its relatively low thermal conductivity, ranging between 0.6 W/m·K and 0.85 W/m·K, which enhances the thermoelectric performance of LIG. It has been observed that with increasing laser power, the figure of merit for laser-induced graphene can be enhanced by nearly 10 times, which holds promising applications for laser-induced graphene due to the tunability of its thermoelectric performance by changing laser parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nuri Solak
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey;
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7
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Moon S, Senokos E, Trouillet V, Loeffler FF, Strauss V. Sustainable design of high-performance multifunctional carbon electrodes by one-step laser carbonization for supercapacitors and dopamine sensors. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:8627-8638. [PMID: 38606506 PMCID: PMC11064777 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00588k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Laser carbonization is a rapid method to produce functional carbon materials for electronic devices, but many typical carbon precursors are not sustainable and/or require extensive processing for electrochemical applications. Here, a sustainable concept to fabricate laser patterned carbon (LP-C) electrodes from biomass-derived sodium lignosulfonate, an abundant waste product from the paper industry is presented. By introducing an adhesive polymer interlayer between the sodium lignosulfonate and a graphite foil current collector, stable, abrasion-resistant LP-C electrodes can be fabricated in a single laser irradiation step. The electrode properties can be systematically tuned by controlling the laser processing parameters. The optimized LP-C electrodes demonstrate a promising performance in supercapacitors and electrochemical dopamine biosensors. They exhibit high areal capacitances of 38.9 mF cm-2 in 1 M H2SO4 and high energy and power densities of 4.3 μW h cm-2 and 16 mW cm-2 in 17 M NaClO4, showing the best performance among biomass-derived LP-C materials reported so far. After 20 000 charge/discharge cycles, they retain a high capacitance of 81%. Dopamine was linearly detected in the range of 0.1 to 20 μM with an extrapolated limit of detection of 0.5 μM (S/N = 3) and high sensitivity (13.38 μA μM-1 cm-2), demonstrating better performance than previously reported biomass-derived LP-C dopamine sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghwa Moon
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Evgeny Senokos
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Vanessa Trouillet
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Felix F Loeffler
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Volker Strauss
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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8
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Kumar N, Lee SY, Park SJ. Recent Progress and Challenges in Paper-Based Microsupercapacitors for Flexible Electronics: A Comprehensive Review. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:21367-21382. [PMID: 38631339 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in paper-based microsupercapacitors (p-MSCs) have attracted significant attention due to their potential as substrates for flexible electronics. This review summarizes progress in the field of p-MSCs, discussing their challenges and prospects. It covers various aspects, including the fundamental characteristics of paper, the modification of paper with functional materials, and different methods for device fabrication. The review critically analyzes recent advancements, materials, and fabrication techniques for p-MSCs, exploring their potential applications and benefits, such as flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability. Additionally, this review highlights gaps in current research, guiding future investigations and innovations in the field. It provides an overview of the current state of p-MSCs and offers valuable insights for researchers and professionals in the field. The critical analysis and discussion presented herein offer a roadmap for the future development of p-MSCs and their potential impact on the domain of flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Yi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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9
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Li Z, Huang L, Cheng L, Guo W, Ye R. Laser-Induced Graphene-Based Sensors in Health Monitoring: Progress, Sensing Mechanisms, and Applications. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400118. [PMID: 38597770 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The rising global population and improved living standards have led to an alarming increase in non-communicable diseases, notably cardiovascular and chronic respiratory diseases, posing a severe threat to human health. Wearable sensing devices, utilizing micro-sensing technology for real-time monitoring, have emerged as promising tools for disease prevention. Among various sensing platforms, graphene-based sensors have shown exceptional performance in the field of micro-sensing. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) technology, a cost-effective and facile method for graphene preparation, has gained particular attention. By converting polymer films directly into patterned graphene materials at ambient temperature and pressure, LIG offers a convenient and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional methods, opening up innovative possibilities for electronic device fabrication. Integrating LIG-based sensors into health monitoring systems holds the potential to revolutionize health management. To commemorate the tenth anniversary of the discovery of LIG, this work provides a comprehensive overview of LIG's evolution and the progress of LIG-based sensors. Delving into the diverse sensing mechanisms of LIG-based sensors, recent research advances in the domain of health monitoring are explored. Furthermore, the opportunities and challenges associated with LIG-based sensors in health monitoring are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Libei Huang
- Division of Science, Engineering and Health Study, School of Professional Education and Executive Development, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU SPEED), Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Le Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Weihua Guo
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ruquan Ye
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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10
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Qian H, Moreira G, Vanegas D, Tang Y, Pola C, Gomes C, McLamore E, Bliznyuk N. Improving high throughput manufacture of laser-inscribed graphene electrodes via hierarchical clustering. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7980. [PMID: 38575717 PMCID: PMC10995179 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Laser-inscribed graphene (LIG), initially developed for graphene supercapacitors, has found widespread use in sensor research and development, particularly as a platform for low-cost electrochemical sensing. However, batch-to-batch variation in LIG fabrication introduces uncertainty that cannot be adequately tracked during manufacturing process, limiting scalability. Therefore, there is an urgent need for robust quality control (QC) methodologies to identify and select similar and functional LIG electrodes for sensor fabrication. For the first time, we have developed a statistical workflow and an open-source hierarchical clustering tool for QC analysis in LIG electrode fabrication. The QC process was challenged with multi-operator cyclic voltammetry (CV) data for bare and metalized LIG. As a proof of concept, we employed the developed QC process for laboratory-scale manufacturing of LIG-based biosensors. The study demonstrates that our QC process can rapidly identify similar LIG electrodes from large batches (n ≥ 36) of electrodes, leading to a reduction in biosensor measurement variation by approximately 13% compared to the control group without QC. The statistical workflow and open-source code presented here provide a versatile toolkit for clustering analysis, opening a pathway toward scalable manufacturing of LIG electrodes in sensing. In addition, we establish a data repository for further study of LIG variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Qian
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Geisianny Moreira
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Diana Vanegas
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences Department of Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Yifan Tang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Cicero Pola
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Carmen Gomes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Eric McLamore
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
- Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences Department of Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
| | - Nikolay Bliznyuk
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- Departments of Statistics, Biostatistics and Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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11
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Samartzis N, Athanasiou M, Sygellou L, Yannopoulos SN. Direct Graphene Deposition via a Modified Laser-Assisted Method for Interdigitated Microflexible Supercapacitors. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2024; 7:3782-3792. [PMID: 38912400 PMCID: PMC11192044 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c05387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The transcendence toward smarter technologies and the rapid expansion of the Internet of Things requires miniaturized energy storage systems, which may also be shape-conformable, such as microflexible supercapacitors. Their fabrication must be compatible with emerging manufacturing platforms with regard to scalability and sustainability. Here, we modify a laser-based method we recently developed for simultaneously synthesizing and transferring graphene onto a selected substrate. The modification of the method lies in the tuning of two key parameters, namely, the inclination of the laser beam and the distance between the precursor material and the acceptor substrate. A proper combination of these parameters enables the displacement of the trace of the transmitted laser beam from the deposited graphene film area. This mitigates the negative effects that arise from the laser-induced ablation of graphene on heat-sensitive substrates and significantly improves the electrical conductivity of the graphene films. The optimized graphene exhibits very high C/O (36) and sp2/sp3 (13) ratios. Post-transport irradiation was used to transform the continuous graphene films to interdigitated electrodes. The capacitance of the microflexible supercapacitor was measured to be among the highest reported ones in relation to interdigitated supercapacitors with electrodes based on laser-grown graphene. The device shows good cycling stability, retaining 91% of its capacitance after 10,000 cycles, showing no substantial degradation after applying bending conditions. This promising laser-based approach emerges as a viable alternative for the fabrication of microflexible interdigitated supercapacitors for paper electronics and smart textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Samartzis
- Foundation
for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute
of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), Patras GR-26504, Greece
- Department
of Physics, University of Patras, Patras GR-26504, Greece
| | - Michail Athanasiou
- Foundation
for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute
of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), Patras GR-26504, Greece
| | - Labrini Sygellou
- Foundation
for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute
of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), Patras GR-26504, Greece
| | - Spyros N. Yannopoulos
- Foundation
for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute
of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), Patras GR-26504, Greece
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras GR-26504, Greece
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12
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Xu Y, Yu S, Johnson HM, Wu Y, Liu X, Fang B, Zhang Y. Recent progress in electrode materials for micro-supercapacitors. iScience 2024; 27:108786. [PMID: 38322999 PMCID: PMC10845924 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) stand out in the field of micro energy storage devices due to their high power density, long cycle life, and environmental friendliness. The key to improving the electrochemical performance of MSCs is the selection of appropriate electrode materials. To date, both the composition and structure of electrode materials in MSCs have become a hot research topic, and it is urgent to compose a review to highlight the most important research achievements, major challenges, opportunities, and encouraging perspectives in this field. In this review, research background of MSCs is first reviewed followed by their working principles, structural classifications, and physiochemical and electrochemical characterization techniques. Next, various materials and preparation methods are summarized, and the relationship between the MSC performance and structure and composition of materials are discussed in depth. Finally, this review provides a comprehensive suggestion on accelerating the development of electrode materials to facilitate the commercialization of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xu
- School of Energy Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211816, China
| | - Sheng Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Hannah M. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Yutong Wu
- School of Energy Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211816, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- School of Energy Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211816, China
| | - Baizeng Fang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Energy Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211816, China
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13
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Tariq H, Awan SU, Hussain D, Rizwan S, Shah SA, Zainab S, Riaz MB. Enhancing supercapacitor performance through design optimization of laser-induced graphene and MWCNT coatings for flexible and portable energy storage. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21116. [PMID: 38036611 PMCID: PMC10689738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of supercapacitors consistently focuses on research and challenges to improve energy efficiency, capacitance, flexibility, and stability. Low-cost laser-induced graphene (LIG) offers a promising alternative to commercially available graphene for next-generation wearable and portable devices, thanks to its remarkable specific surface area, excellent mechanical flexibility, and exceptional electrical properties. We report on the development of LIG-based flexible supercapacitors with optimized geometries, which demonstrate high capacitance and energy density while maintaining flexibility and stability. Three-dimensional porous graphene films were synthesized, and devices with optimized parameters were fabricated and tested. One type of device utilized LIG, while two other types were fabricated on LIG by coating multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) at varying concentrations. Characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and voltammetry, were employed to analyze the fabricated devices. AFM analysis revealed a surface roughness of 2.03 µm for LIG due to laser treatment. SEM images displayed compact, dense, and porous surface morphology. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of graphene and graphene oxide, which was further supported by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) data. Raman spectroscopy indicated that the fabricated samples exhibited distinct D and G bands at 1362 cm-1 and 1579 cm-1, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) results showed that LIG's capacitance, power density, and energy density were 6.09 mF cm-2, 0.199 mW cm-2, and 3.38 µWh cm-2, respectively, at a current density of 0.2 mA cm-2. The LIG-MWCNT coated electrode exhibited a higher energy density of 6.05 µWh cm-2 and an areal-specific capacitance of 51.975 mF cm-2 compared to the LIG-based devices. The fabricated device has potential applications in smart electronics, nanorobotics, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and wearable and portable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Tariq
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Saif Ullah Awan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Danish Hussain
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, NUST College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Syed Rizwan
- Physics Characterization and Simulation Lab (PCSL), Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences (SNS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Saqlain A Shah
- Department of Physics, Forman Christian College (University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sana Zainab
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - M Bilal Riaz
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
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14
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Fiodorov V, Trusovas R, Mockus Z, Ratautas K, Račiukaitis G. Laser-Induced Graphene Formation on Polyimide Using UV to Mid-Infrared Laser Radiation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4229. [PMID: 37959913 PMCID: PMC10650728 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Our study presents laser-assisted methods to produce conductive graphene layers on the polymer surface. Specimens were treated using two different lasers at ambient and nitrogen atmospheres. A solid-state picosecond laser generating 355 nm, 532 nm, or 1064 nm wavelengths and a CO2 laser generating mid-infrared 10.6 µm wavelength radiation operating in a pulsed regime were used in experiments. Sheet resistance measurements and microscopic analysis of treated sample surfaces were made. The chemical structure of laser-treated surfaces was investigated using Raman spectroscopy, and it showed the formation of high-quality few-layer graphene structures on the PI surface. The intensity ratios I(2D)/I(G) and I(D)/I(G) of samples treated with 1064 nm wavelength in nitrogen atmosphere were 0.81 and 0.46, respectively. After laser treatment, a conductive laser-induced graphene layer with a sheet resistance as low as 5 Ω was formed. Further, copper layers with a thickness of 3-10 µm were deposited on laser-formed graphene using a galvanic plating. The techniques of forming a conductive graphene layer on a polymer surface have a great perspective in many fields, especially in advanced electronic applications to fabricate copper tracks on 3D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalij Fiodorov
- Department of Laser Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania; (R.T.); (K.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Romualdas Trusovas
- Department of Laser Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania; (R.T.); (K.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Zenius Mockus
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Karolis Ratautas
- Department of Laser Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania; (R.T.); (K.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Gediminas Račiukaitis
- Department of Laser Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania; (R.T.); (K.R.); (G.R.)
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15
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Yang D, Nam HK, Le TSD, Yeo J, Lee Y, Kim YR, Kim SW, Choi HJ, Shim HC, Ryu S, Kwon S, Kim YJ. Multimodal E-Textile Enabled by One-Step Maskless Patterning of Femtosecond-Laser-Induced Graphene on Nonwoven, Knit, and Woven Textiles. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18893-18904. [PMID: 37643475 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Personal wearable devices are considered important in advanced healthcare, military, and sports applications. Among them, e-textiles are the best candidates because of their intrinsic conformability without any additional device installation. However, e-textile manufacturing to date has a high process complexity and low design flexibility. Here, we report the direct laser writing of e-textiles by converting raw Kevlar textiles to electrically conductive laser-induced graphene (LIG) via femtosecond laser pulses in ambient air. The resulting LIG has high electrical conductivity and chemical reliability with a low sheet resistance of 2.86 Ω/□. Wearable multimodal e-textile sensors and supercapacitors are realized on different types of Kevlar textiles, including nonwoven, knit, and woven structures, by considering their structural textile characteristics. The nonwoven textile exhibits high mechanical stability, making it suitable for applications in temperature sensors and micro-supercapacitors. On the other hand, the knit textile possesses inherent spring-like stretchability, enabling its use in the fabrication of strain sensors for human motion detection. Additionally, the woven textile offers special sensitive pressure-sensing networks between the warp and weft parts, making it suitable for the fabrication of bending sensors used in detecting human voices. This direct laser synthesis of arbitrarily patterned LIGs from various textile structures could result in the facile realization of wearable electronic sensors and energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwook Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Han Ku Nam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Truong-Son Dinh Le
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jinwook Yeo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Younggeun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Young-Ryeul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Hak-Jong Choi
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34103, South Korea
| | - Hyung Cheoul Shim
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34103, South Korea
| | - Seunghwa Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Soongeun Kwon
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34103, South Korea
| | - Young-Jin Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
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16
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Liu H, Chen K, Wu R, Pan S, Zhang C. Laser-Induced Graphene-based Flexible Substrate with Photothermal Conversion and Photoresponse Performance on Polyimide Film. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:46550-46558. [PMID: 37734037 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based flexible electronic devices are widely used in photoelectric components and photodetectors. However, it remains a huge challenge to fabricate graphene-based flexible devices efficiently and economically. Compared with the flexible electronic devices made by combining the flexible film with metal and semiconductor materials, the graphene-based flexible substrate (GFS) can be efficiently and conveniently induced by laser direct writing on the flexible film. In this paper, the GFS with a resistance of as low as 15 Ω was successfully induced by CO2 laser on a polyimide (PI) film in one step, and the GFS surface covered with carbon nanoparticles (GFSC) with a resistance of 25 Ω was further induced by femtosecond (fs) laser reprocessing. Benefiting from the laser-induced porous graphene structure, the absorptivity of GFS is up to 90% in the wavelength range of 200-2000 nm. The formation of carbon nanoparticles on the GFSC surface further improves the absorptivity to 97.5% in a wide spectral range. Under white light irradiation of 1 sun, the surface temperature of GFS reaches 65.7 °C and that of GFSC is up to 70.8 °C within 2 min. Under the irradiation of a light-emitting diode (LED) with a central wavelength of 365 nm, the highest photoresponsivity of GFS and GFSC was 8.8 and 1.3 mA/W, respectively. The response time and recovery time of GFS are 8 and 7.3 s, and those of GFSC are 8.3 and 6.7 s, respectively. Importantly, GFSC has a more stable photoresponse performance due to the better electron capture and transfer capability of carbon nanoparticles. It is believed that GFS and GFSC have great application potential in flexible photodetectors and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Liu
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kaishen Chen
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Runmin Wu
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shusheng Pan
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Research Center for Advanced Information Materials (CAIM), Huangpu Research and Graduate School, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510555, China
- Education Department of Guangdong Province, Key Lab of Si-based Information Materials & Devices and Integrated Circuits Design, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chengyun Zhang
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Research Center for Advanced Information Materials (CAIM), Huangpu Research and Graduate School, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510555, China
- Education Department of Guangdong Province, Key Lab of Si-based Information Materials & Devices and Integrated Circuits Design, Guangzhou 510006, China
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17
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Devi M, Wang H, Moon S, Sharma S, Strauss V. Laser-Carbonization - A Powerful Tool for Micro-Fabrication of Patterned Electronic Carbons. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211054. [PMID: 36841955 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fabricating electronic devices from natural, renewable resources is a common goal in engineering and materials science. In this regard, carbon is of special significance due to its biocompatibility combined with electrical conductivity and electrochemical stability. In microelectronics, however, carbon's device application is often inhibited by tedious and expensive preparation processes and a lack of control over processing and material parameters. Laser-assisted carbonization is emerging as a tool for the precise and selective synthesis of functional carbon-based materials for flexible device applications. In contrast to conventional carbonization via in-furnace pyrolysis, laser-carbonization is induced photo-thermally and occurs on the time-scale of milliseconds. By careful selection of the precursors and process parameters, the properties of this so-called laser-patterned carbon (LP-C) such as porosity, surface polarity, functional groups, degree of graphitization, charge-carrier structure, etc. can be tuned. In this critical review, a common perspective is generated on laser-carbonization in the context of general carbonization strategies, fundamentals of laser-induced materials processing, and flexible electronic applications, like electrodes for sensors, electrocatalysts, energy storage, or antennas. An attempt is made to have equal emphasis on material processing and application aspects such that this emerging technology can be optimally positioned in the broader context of carbon-based microfabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Devi
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India
| | - Huize Wang
- Department Kolloidchemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sanghwa Moon
- Department Kolloidchemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Swati Sharma
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India
| | - Volker Strauss
- Department Kolloidchemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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18
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Bressi AC, Dallinger A, Steksova Y, Greco F. Bioderived Laser-Induced Graphene for Sensors and Supercapacitors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37471123 PMCID: PMC10401514 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The maskless and chemical-free conversion and patterning of synthetic polymer precursors into laser-induced graphene (LIG) via laser-induced pyrolysis is a relatively new but growing field. Bioderived precursors from lignocellulosic materials can also be converted to LIG, opening a path to sustainable and environmentally friendly applications. This review is designed as a starting point for researchers who are not familiar with LIG and/or who wish to switch to sustainable bioderived precursors for their applications. Bioderived precursors are described, and their performances (mainly crystallinity and sheet resistance of the obtained LIG) are compared. The three main fields of application are reviewed: supercapacitors and electrochemical and physical sensors. The key advantages and disadvantages of each precursor for each application are discussed and compared to those of a benchmark of polymer-derived LIG. LIG from bioderived precursors can match, or even outperform, its synthetic analogue and represents a viable and sometimes better alternative, also considering its low cost and biodegradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chiara Bressi
- The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale R. Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alexander Dallinger
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petergasse 16, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Yulia Steksova
- The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale R. Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Greco
- The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale R. Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petergasse 16, Graz 8010, Austria
- Interdisciplinary Center on Sustainability and Climate, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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AbdelHamid AA, Elgamouz A, Kawde AN. Controlled electrochemical surface exfoliation of graphite pencil electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors. RSC Adv 2023; 13:21300-21312. [PMID: 37456541 PMCID: PMC10346469 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03952h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A controlled surface exfoliation method for graphite pencil electrodes using an environmentally friendly, low cost and scalable electrochemical process is reported. A simple direct current power supply in a neutral medium is used for inducing graphene formation on the electrode surface in a controlled manner. The electrochemical properties of the surface exfoliated electrode are characterized, displaying a >300× increase in the electrochemical surface area and >50× decrease in the electrode resistance after exfoliation. The surface graphene layer is characterized using electron microscopy, Raman, infrared, X-ray photoelectron, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopies and X-ray diffractometry showing a fully exfoliated surface, formation of surface defects and mild surface graphene oxidation while maintaining an intact graphitic crystal structure. The surface exfoliated electrode is tested as a supercapacitor demonstrating more than 2 orders of magnitude improvement over non-exfoliated electrode in both 3-electrode and 2-electrode setups and achieving a high areal capacitance of ∼54 mF cm-2. The benign nature, low cost, scalability of our controlled surface exfoliation methodology, and its significant impact on the electrochemical properties of the electrode make it very promising for further investigation in various applications such as energy storage and conversion, sensors, and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman A AbdelHamid
- Pure and Applied Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah P.O. Box 27272 Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdelaziz Elgamouz
- Pure and Applied Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah P.O. Box 27272 Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdel-Nasser Kawde
- Pure and Applied Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah P.O. Box 27272 Sharjah United Arab Emirates
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20
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Mahbub H, Saed MA, Malmali M. Pattern-Dependent Radio Frequency Heating of Laser-Induced Graphene Flexible Heaters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:18074-18086. [PMID: 36976839 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is an excellent choice for heating applications due to its high thermal conductivity and is considered an interesting candidate for application in flexible heaters. The major challenge, though, is the costly and chemical-intensive pathways to produce graphene on a large scale. Laser ablation of polymeric substrates is a relatively recent technique for a facile, single-step, chemical-free fabrication of graphene, referred to as laser-induced graphene (LIG). This work demonstrates the fabrication of patterned LIG-based flexible heaters and their response to radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic waves. Polymeric substrates were scribed with laser patterns in both raster and vector modes and subjected to RF electromagnetic fields to test their heating response. We confirmed different graphene morphologies of the lased patterns through various materials characterization methods. The maximum steady-state temperature observed for the LIG heater was approximately 500 °C. Unprecedented heating rates, as high as 502 °C/s, were observed when LIG heaters were exposed to RF fields at 200 MHz frequency and 4.6 W power. Mechanical and thermal stability tests for the best heater were also performed showing a stable thermal response for 1000 bending cycles and 20 cycles of the heating test for 8.5 h, respectively. Our work suggests that LIG heaters produced in vector mode lasing outperformed those lased in raster mode which can be attributed to the improved graphene quality for RF absorbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasib Mahbub
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Mohammad A Saed
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Mahdi Malmali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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21
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Abd Elhamid AEM, Shawkey H, Khalil AA, Azzouz IM. Collaborated nanosecond lasers processing of crude graphene oxide for superior supercapacitive performance. JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE 2023; 60:106669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2023.106669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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22
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Hawes GF, Verma P, Uceda M, Karimi G, Noremberg BS, Pope MA. Salt-Induced Doping and Templating of Laser-Induced Graphene Supercapacitors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:10570-10584. [PMID: 36795101 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of inexpensive and widely available CO2 lasers to selectively irradiate polymer films and form a graphene foam, termed laser-induced graphene (LIG), has incited significant research attention. The simple and rapid nature of the approach and the high conductivity and porosity of LIG have motivated its widespread application in electrochemical energy storage devices such as batteries and supercapacitors. However, nearly all high-performance LIG-based supercapacitors reported to date are prepared from costly, petroleum-based polyimide (Kapton, PI). Herein, we demonstrate that incorporating microparticles of inexpensive, non-toxic, and widely abundant sodium salts such as NaCl and Na2SO4 into poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA) resins enables the formation of high-performance LIG. The embedded particles aid in carbonization and act as a template for pore formation. While increasing both the carbon yield and surface area of the electrodes, the salt also dopes the LIG formed with S or Cl. The combination of these effects results in a two- to four-order-of-magnitude increase in device areal capacitance, from 8 μF/cm2 for PFA/no salt at 5 mV/s to up to 80 mF/cm2 for some PFA/20% Na2SO4 samples at 0.05 mA/cm2, significantly higher than that of PI-based devices and most other LIG precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian F Hawes
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Priyanka Verma
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marianna Uceda
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, N2L 3G1 Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruno S Noremberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael A Pope
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Velasco A, Ryu YK, Hamada A, de Andrés A, Calle F, Martinez J. Laser-Induced Graphene Microsupercapacitors: Structure, Quality, and Performance. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13050788. [PMID: 36903673 PMCID: PMC10005378 DOI: 10.3390/nano13050788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is a graphenic material synthesized from a polymeric substrate through point-by-point laser pyrolysis. It is a fast and cost-effective technique, and it is ideal for flexible electronics and energy storage devices, such as supercapacitors. However, the miniaturization of the thicknesses of the devices, which is important for these applications, has still not been fully explored. Therefore, this work presents an optimized set of laser conditions to fabricate high-quality LIG microsupercapacitors (MSC) from 60 µm thick polyimide substrates. This is achieved by correlating their structural morphology, material quality, and electrochemical performance. The fabricated devices show a high capacitance of 22.2 mF/cm2 at 0.05 mA/cm2, as well as energy and power densities comparable to those of similar devices that are hybridized with pseudocapacitive elements. The performed structural characterization confirms that the LIG material is composed of high-quality multilayer graphene nanoflakes with good structural continuity and an optimal porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Velasco
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yu Kyoung Ryu
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (Y.K.R.); (J.M.)
| | - Assia Hamada
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia de Andrés
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Calle
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Profesor Aranguren s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (Y.K.R.); (J.M.)
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24
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Powell CD, Pisharody L, Jopp J, Sharon-Gojman R, Tesfahunegn BA, Arnusch CJ. Laser-Induced Graphene Capacitive Killing of Bacteria. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:883-890. [PMID: 36692432 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is a method of generating a foam-like conformal carbon layer of porous graphene on many types of carbon-based surfaces. This electrically conductive material has been shown to be useful in many applications including environmental technology and includes low fouling and antimicrobial surfaces and can address persistent environmental challenges spawned by bacterial and viral contaminates. Here, we show that a single film of LIG stores charge when an electrical current is applied and dissipates charge when the current is stopped, which results in electricidal surface antibacterial potency. The amount of accumulated and dissipated charge on a single strip of LIG was quantified with an electrometer by generating LIG on both sides of a nonconducting polyimide film, which showed up to 65 pC of charge when the distance between the surfaces was 94 μm corresponding to an areal capacitance of 1.63 pF/cm2. We further corroborate the stored charge decay of a single LIG strip with bacteria death via direct electrical contact. Antimicrobial rates decreased with the same monotonic pattern as the loss of charge from the LIG film (i.e., AR ∼ 97% 0 s after voltage source disconnection vs AR ∼ 21% 90 s after disconnection) showing bacterial death as a function of delayed LIG exposure time after applied voltage disconnection. In terms of energy efficiency, this translates to an increased bacteria potency of ∼170% for the equivalent energy costs as that previously estimated. Finally, we present a mechanistic explanation for the capacitive behavior and the electricidal effects for a single plate of LIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilah D Powell
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben Gurion8499000, Israel
| | - Lakshmi Pisharody
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben Gurion8499000, Israel
| | - Jürgen Jopp
- Department of Chemistry and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanotechnology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva84105, Israel
| | - Revital Sharon-Gojman
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben Gurion8499000, Israel
| | - Brhane A Tesfahunegn
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben Gurion8499000, Israel
| | - Christopher J Arnusch
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben Gurion8499000, Israel
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25
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Han M, Ding X, Duan H, Luo S, Chen G. Ultrasensitive Humidity Sensors with Synergy between Superhydrophilic Porous Carbon Electrodes and Phosphorus-Doped Dielectric Electrolyte. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:9740-9750. [PMID: 36759946 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive humidity sensors have been used for human health monitoring, but their performance may be poor in terms of sensitivity and response time, because of limitations in sensing materials and insufficient knowledge about sensing mechanisms. Herein, a new combination of humidity sensing materials to assemble thin-film based capacitive-type sensors is proposed by using PA-doped polybenzimidazole (PA-PBI) as an electrolyte and laser-carbonized PA-PBI as a carbon electrode (PA-PBI-C). Based on PA involved laser scribing, the flexible sensor can reach excellent humidity-sensing performances with an ultrahigh sensitivity (1.16 × 106 pF RH%-1, where RH represents the relative humidity), a superior linearity (R2 = 0.9982), a fast response time (0.72 s), and a low hysteresis in a wide RH range from 1% to 95%. By further studying P-O decorated porous carbon electrode with superhydrophilicity and the solid-state dielectric electrolyte featured by a high dielectric constant, a synergistic sensing mechanism consisting of a "Water reservoir" and a "Bridge" is established to support advanced health-monitoring applications such as the respiration patterns and skin condition where both sensitivity and response time are critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingguang Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xilun Ding
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Haibin Duan
- School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Sida Luo
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Geng Chen
- School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
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26
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Cardoso RM, Pereira TS, Santos DMD, Migliorini FL, Mattoso LH, Correa DS. Laser-induced graphitized electrodes enabled by a 3D printer/diode laser setup for voltammetric detection of hormones. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.141874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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27
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Laser-scribed phosphorus-doped graphene derived from Kevlar textile for enhanced wearable micro-supercapacitor. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 630:586-594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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28
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Pinheiro T, Correia R, Morais M, Coelho J, Fortunato E, Sales MGF, Marques AC, Martins R. Water Peel-Off Transfer of Electronically Enhanced, Paper-Based Laser-Induced Graphene for Wearable Electronics. ACS NANO 2022; 16:20633-20646. [PMID: 36383513 PMCID: PMC9798867 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has gained preponderance in recent years, as a very attractive material for the fabrication and patterning of graphitic structures and electrodes, for multiple applications in electronics. Typically, polymeric substrates, such as polyimide, have been used as precursor materials, but other organic, more sustainable, and accessible precursor materials have emerged as viable alternatives, including cellulose substrates. However, these substrates have lacked the conductive and chemical properties achieved by conventional LIG precursor substrates and have not been translated into fully flexible, wearable scenarios. In this work, we expand the conductive properties of paper-based LIG, by boosting the graphitization potential of paper, through the introduction of external aromatic moieties and meticulous control of laser fluence. Colored wax printing over the paper substrates introduces aromatic chemical structures, allowing for the synthesis of LIG chemical structures with sheet resistances as low as 5 Ω·sq-1, translating to an apparent conductivity as high as 28.2 S·cm-1. Regarding chemical properties, ID/IG ratios of 0.28 showcase low defect densities of LIG chemical structures and improve on previous reports on paper-based LIG, where sheet resistance has been limited to values around 30 Ω·sq-1, with more defect dense and less crystalline chemical structures. With these improved properties, a simple transfer methodology was developed, based on a water-induced peel-off process that efficiently separates patterned LIG structures from the native paper substrates to conformable, flexible substrates, harnessing the multifunctional capabilities of LIG toward multiple applications in wearable electronics. Proof-of concept electrodes for electrochemical sensors, strain sensors, and in-plane microsupercapacitors were patterned, transferred, and characterized, using paper as a high-value LIG precursor for multiples scenarios in wearable technologies, for improved sustainability and accessibility of such applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Pinheiro
- CENIMAT|i3N,
Departamento de Ciência de Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências
e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa
and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516Caparica, Portugal
- BioMark@UC,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Coimbra University, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Correia
- CENIMAT|i3N,
Departamento de Ciência de Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências
e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa
and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria Morais
- CENIMAT|i3N,
Departamento de Ciência de Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências
e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa
and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516Caparica, Portugal
| | - João Coelho
- CENIMAT|i3N,
Departamento de Ciência de Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências
e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa
and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516Caparica, Portugal
| | - Elvira Fortunato
- CENIMAT|i3N,
Departamento de Ciência de Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências
e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa
and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516Caparica, Portugal
| | - M. Goreti F. Sales
- BioMark@UC,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Coimbra University, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
- CEB
− Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana C. Marques
- CENIMAT|i3N,
Departamento de Ciência de Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências
e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa
and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Martins
- CENIMAT|i3N,
Departamento de Ciência de Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências
e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa
and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516Caparica, Portugal
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29
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de Lima LF, de Araujo WR. Laser-scribed graphene on polyetherimide substrate: an electrochemical sensor platform for forensic determination of xylazine in urine and beverage samples. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:465. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Correia R, Deuermeier J, Correia MR, Vaz Pinto J, Coelho J, Fortunato E, Martins R. Biocompatible Parylene-C Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes for Microsupercapacitor Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:46427-46438. [PMID: 36209418 PMCID: PMC9585513 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Laser irradiation of polymeric materials has drawn great attention as a fast, simple, and cost-effective method for the formation of porous graphene films that can be subsequently fabricated into low-cost and flexible electronic and energy-storage devices. In this work, we report a systematic study of the formation of laser-induced graphene (LIG) with sheet resistances as low as 9.4 Ω/sq on parylene-C ultrathin membranes under a CO2 infrared laser. Raman analysis proved the formation of the multilayered graphenic material, with ID/IG and I2D/IG peak ratios of 0.42 and 0.65, respectively. As a proof of concept, parylene-C LIG was used as the electrode material for the fabrication of ultrathin, solid-state microsupercapacitors (MSCs) via a one-step, scalable, and cost-effective approach, aiming at future flexible and wearable applications. The produced LIG-MSC on parylene-C exhibited good electrochemical behavior, with a specific capacitance of 1.66 mF/cm2 and an excellent cycling stability of 96% after 10 000 cycles (0.5 mA/cm2). This work allows one to further extend the knowledge in LIG processes, widening the group of precursor materials as well as promoting future applications. Furthermore, it reinforces the potential of parylene-C as a key material for next-generation biocompatible and flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Correia
- CENIMAT|i3N
Department of Materials Science, NOVA School
of Science and Technology and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516Caparica, Portugal
| | - Jonas Deuermeier
- CENIMAT|i3N
Department of Materials Science, NOVA School
of Science and Technology and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516Caparica, Portugal
| | | | - Joana Vaz Pinto
- CENIMAT|i3N
Department of Materials Science, NOVA School
of Science and Technology and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516Caparica, Portugal
| | - João Coelho
- CENIMAT|i3N
Department of Materials Science, NOVA School
of Science and Technology and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516Caparica, Portugal
| | - Elvira Fortunato
- CENIMAT|i3N
Department of Materials Science, NOVA School
of Science and Technology and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Martins
- CENIMAT|i3N
Department of Materials Science, NOVA School
of Science and Technology and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516Caparica, Portugal
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31
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Paterakis G, Vaughan E, Gawade DR, Murray R, Gorgolis G, Matsalis S, Anagnostopoulos G, Buckley JL, O’Flynn B, Quinn AJ, Iacopino D, Galiotis C. Highly Sensitive and Ultra-Responsive Humidity Sensors Based on Graphene Oxide Active Layers and High Surface Area Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152684. [PMID: 35957117 PMCID: PMC9370464 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-sensitive and responsive humidity sensors were fabricated by deposition of graphene oxide (GO) on laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes fabricated by a low-cost visible laser scribing tool. The effects of GO layer thickness and electrode geometry were investigated. Sensors comprising 0.33 mg/mL GO drop-deposited on spiral LIG electrodes exhibited high sensitivity up to 1800 pF/% RH at 22 °C, which is higher than previously reported LIG/GO sensors. The high performance was ascribed to the high density of the hydroxyl groups of GO, promoted by post-synthesis sonication treatment, resulting in high water physisorption rates. As a result, the sensors also displayed good stability and short response/recovery times across a wide tested range of 0–97% RH. The fabricated sensors were benchmarked against commercial humidity sensors and displayed comparable performance and stability. Finally, the sensors were integrated with a near-field communication tag to function as a wireless, battery-less humidity sensor platform for easy read-out of environmental humidity values using smartphones.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Paterakis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 265 04 Patras, Greece
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 265 04 Patras, Greece
| | - Eoghan Vaughan
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Dyke Parade, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
| | - Dinesh R. Gawade
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Dyke Parade, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
| | - Richard Murray
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Dyke Parade, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
| | - George Gorgolis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 265 04 Patras, Greece
| | - Stefanos Matsalis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 265 04 Patras, Greece
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 265 04 Patras, Greece
| | - George Anagnostopoulos
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 265 04 Patras, Greece
| | - John L. Buckley
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Dyke Parade, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
| | - Brendan O’Flynn
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Dyke Parade, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
| | - Aidan J. Quinn
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Dyke Parade, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
| | - Daniela Iacopino
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Dyke Parade, T12 R5CP Cork, Ireland
- Correspondence:
| | - Costas Galiotis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 265 04 Patras, Greece
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 265 04 Patras, Greece
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32
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Berni A, Ait Lahcen A, Salama KN, Amine A. 3D-porous laser-scribed graphene decorated with overoxidized polypyrrole as an electrochemical sensing platform for dopamine. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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33
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Liu H, Sun Z, Chen Y, Zhang W, Chen X, Wong CP. Laser Processing of Flexible In-Plane Micro-supercapacitors: Progresses in Advanced Manufacturing of Nanostructured Electrodes. ACS NANO 2022; 16:10088-10129. [PMID: 35786945 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible in-plane architecture micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) are competitive candidates for on-chip miniature energy storage applications owing to their light weight, small size, high flexibility, as well as the advantages of short charging time, high power density, and long cycle life. However, tedious and time-consuming processes are required for the manufacturing of high-resolution interdigital electrodes using conventional approaches. In contrast, the laser processing technique enables high-efficiency high-precision patterning and advanced manufacturing of nanostructured electrodes. In this review, the recent advances in laser manufacturing and patterning of nanostructured electrodes for applications in flexible in-plane MSCs are comprehensively summarized. Various laser processing techniques for the synthesis, modification, and processing of interdigital electrode materials, including laser pyrolysis, reduction, oxidation, growth, activation, sintering, doping, and ablation, are discussed. In particular, some special features and merits of laser processing techniques are highlighted, including the impacts of laser types and parameters on manufacturing electrodes with desired morphologies/structures and their applications on the formation of high-quality nanoshaped graphene, the selective deposition of nanostructured materials, the controllable nanopore etching and heteroatom doping, and the efficient sintering of nanometal products. Finally, the current challenges and prospects associated with the laser processing of in-plane MSCs are also discussed. This review will provide a useful guidance for the advanced manufacturing of nanostructured electrodes in flexible in-plane energy storage devices and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment & School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhijian Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 711 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment & School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment & School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ching-Ping Wong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 711 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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34
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Research Progress on the Preparation and Applications of Laser-Induced Graphene Technology. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142336. [PMID: 35889560 PMCID: PMC9317010 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Graphene has been regarded as a potential application material in the field of new energy conversion and storage because of its unique two-dimensional structure and excellent physical and chemical properties. However, traditional graphene preparation methods are complicated in-process and difficult to form patterned structures. In recent years, laser-induced graphene (LIG) technology has received a large amount of attention from scholars and has a wide range of applications in supercapacitors, batteries, sensors, air filters, water treatment, etc. In this paper, we summarized a variety of preparation methods for graphene. The effects of laser processing parameters, laser type, precursor materials, and process atmosphere on the properties of the prepared LIG were reviewed. Then, two strategies for large-scale production of LIG were briefly described. We also discussed the wide applications of LIG in the fields of signal sensing, environmental protection, and energy storage. Finally, we briefly outlined the future trends of this research direction.
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Jiang X, Gao R, Liu G, Luo H, Zhao X, Jiang L. Construction of Graphene-Based "In-Paper" 3D Interdigital Microelectrodes for High Performance Metal-Free Flexible Supercapacitors. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2101454. [PMID: 35253399 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202101454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flexible micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) are promising power sources of portable/wearable electronic devices. Electrodes are the key components determining performance of the MSCs, but it still remains a big challenge in either materials or fabrication methods to achieve both high charge storage capability and robust mechanical flexibility. Herein, a novel water-cooling assisted selective laser ablation (WASLA) technique is demonstrated for scale-fabrication of "embedded-in-paper" 3D graphene-cellulose composite interdigital electrodes (3D GCCIEs) in a mask-free and chemical-free manner. The obtained electrodes are endowed with 3D charge storage geometry, high electrical conduction, freely designed patterns, and the inherent advantages of paper substrate. Therefore, the 3D GCCIEs-based MSC exhibits excellent overall performance including large specific capacitances, high rate performance, impressive cyclic stability, and remarkable mechanical flexibility. Moreover, metal-free 3D GCCIE-MSC integrated arrays with diverse shapes composed of linear/curved interdigital electrodes are also fabricated, and a letter-shaped MSC array successfully lit a light emitting diode light in both flat and folded status demonstrating excellent device flexibility. The as-fabricated 3D GCCIE-MSCs have shown great application potential as power sources of flexible electronic devices, and the WASLA method proves to be an effective strategy for scale-manufacturing high performance paper-based charge storage devices not limited to supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuening Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams Dalian University of Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Rixia Gao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams Dalian University of Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams Dalian University of Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Hao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams Dalian University of Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Xueping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams Dalian University of Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
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Lee JU, Lee JH, Lee CW, Cho SC, Hong SM, Ma YW, Jeong SY, Shin BS. Green Synthesis of Laser-Induced Graphene with Copper Oxide Nanoparticles for Deicing Based on Photo-Electrothermal Effect. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:960. [PMID: 35335776 PMCID: PMC8951176 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Homogenously dispersed Cu oxide nanoparticles on laser-induced graphene (LIG) were fabricated using a simple two-step laser irradiation. This work emphasized the synergetic photo-electrothermal effect in Cu oxide particles embedded in LIG. Our flexible hybrid composites exhibited high mechanical durability and excellent thermal properties. Moreover, the Cu oxide nanoparticles in the carbon matrix of LIG enhanced the light trapping and multiple electron internal scattering for the electrothermal effect. The best conditions for deicing devices were also studied by controlling the amount of Cu solution. The deicing performance of the sample was demonstrated, and the results indicate that the developed method could be a promising strategy for maintaining lightness, efficiency, excellent thermal performance, and eco-friendly 3D processing capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Uk Lee
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea; (J.-U.L.); (J.-h.L.); (C.-W.L.); (S.-C.C.)
| | - Jeong-hoon Lee
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea; (J.-U.L.); (J.-h.L.); (C.-W.L.); (S.-C.C.)
| | - Chan-Woo Lee
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea; (J.-U.L.); (J.-h.L.); (C.-W.L.); (S.-C.C.)
| | - Su-Chan Cho
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea; (J.-U.L.); (J.-h.L.); (C.-W.L.); (S.-C.C.)
| | - Sung-Moo Hong
- Interdisciplinary Department for Advanced Innovative Manufacturing Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea; (S.-M.H.); (Y.-w.M.)
| | - Yong-won Ma
- Interdisciplinary Department for Advanced Innovative Manufacturing Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea; (S.-M.H.); (Y.-w.M.)
| | - Sung-Yeob Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
| | - Bo-Sung Shin
- Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea
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Carvalho AF, Kulyk B, Fernandes AJS, Fortunato E, Costa FM. A Review on the Applications of Graphene in Mechanical Transduction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2101326. [PMID: 34288155 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A pressing need to develop low-cost, environmentally friendly, and sensitive sensors has arisen with the advent of the always-connected paradigm of the internet-of-things (IoT). In particular, mechanical sensors have been widely studied in recent years for applications ranging from health monitoring, through mechanical biosignals, to structure integrity analysis. On the other hand, innovative ways to implement mechanical actuation have also been the focus of intense research in an attempt to close the circle of human-machine interaction, and move toward applications in flexible electronics. Due to its potential scalability, disposability, and outstanding properties, graphene has been thoroughly studied in the field of mechanical transduction. The applications of graphene in mechanical transduction are reviewed here. An overview of sensor and actuator applications is provided, covering different transduction mechanisms such as piezoresistivity, capacitive sensing, optically interrogated displacement, piezoelectricity, triboelectricity, electrostatic actuation, chemomechanical and thermomechanical actuation, as well as thermoacoustic emission. A critical review of the main approaches is presented within the scope of a wider discussion on the future of this so-called wonder material in the field of mechanical transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre F Carvalho
- I3N-Aveiro, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Bohdan Kulyk
- I3N-Aveiro, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | | | - Elvira Fortunato
- I3N/CENIMAT, Materials Science Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Florinda M Costa
- I3N-Aveiro, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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Chen Y, Long J, Xie B, Kuang Y, Chen X, Hou M, Gao J, Liu H, He Y, Wong CP. One-Step Ultraviolet Laser-Induced Fluorine-Doped Graphene Achieving Superhydrophobic Properties and Its Application in Deicing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:4647-4655. [PMID: 35015501 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Joule heaters based on flexible thin films have attracted a significant amount of attention in both academia and the industry. However, it has been highly challenging to fabricate such heaters. In this study, a one-step laser induction method was proposed to prepare fluorine-doped laser-induced graphene (F-LIG) with stable and superhydrophobic properties by confining a 355 nm ultraviolet laser at the interface between the fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) film and polyimide (PI) film. The superhydrophobic properties of the F-LIG composite films could be attributed to the doping of fluorine elements and the laser-processed microstructures, which could be tuned by laser processing parameters. Based on the processed F-LIG films, Joule deicing heaters were developed and their deicing efficiencies are 7 times higher than that of the undoped LIG-based deicing heater. The method will provide new means and ideas to develop LIG-based flexible devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junyu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yicheng Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Maoxiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huilong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunbo He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ching-Ping Wong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Chen B, Johnson ZT, Sanborn D, Hjort RG, Garland NT, Soares RRA, Van Belle B, Jared N, Li J, Jing D, Smith EA, Gomes CL, Claussen JC. Tuning the Structure, Conductivity, and Wettability of Laser-Induced Graphene for Multiplexed Open Microfluidic Environmental Biosensing and Energy Storage Devices. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15-28. [PMID: 34812606 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The integration of microfluidics and electrochemical cells is at the forefront of emerging sensors and energy systems; however, a fabrication scheme that can create both the microfluidics and electrochemical cells in a scalable fashion is still lacking. We present a one-step, mask-free process to create, pattern, and tune laser-induced graphene (LIG) with a ubiquitous CO2 laser. The laser parameters are adjusted to create LIG with different electrical conductivity, surface morphology, and surface wettability without the need for postchemical modification. Such definitive control over material properties enables the creation of LIG-based integrated open microfluidics and electrochemical sensors that are capable of dividing a single water sample along four multifurcating paths to three ion selective electrodes (ISEs) for potassium (K+), nitrate (NO3-), and ammonium (NH4+) monitoring and to an enzymatic pesticide sensor for organophosphate pesticide (parathion) monitoring. The ISEs displayed near-Nernstian sensitivities and low limits of detection (LODs) (10-5.01 M, 10-5.07 M, and 10-4.89 M for the K+, NO3-, and NH4+ ISEs, respectively) while the pesticide sensor exhibited the lowest LOD (15.4 pM) for an electrochemical parathion sensor to date. LIG was also specifically patterned and tuned to create a high-performance electrochemical micro supercapacitor (MSC) capable of improving the power density by 2 orders of magnitude compared to a Li-based thin-film battery and the energy density by 3 orders of magnitude compared to a commercial electrolytic capacitor. Hence, this tunable fabrication approach to LIG is expected to enable a wide range of real-time, point-of-use health and environmental sensors as well as energy storage/harvesting modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Zachary T Johnson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Delaney Sanborn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Robert G Hjort
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Nate T Garland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Raquel R A Soares
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Bryan Van Belle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Nathan Jared
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Jingzhe Li
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- U.S. Department of Energy, The Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Dapeng Jing
- U.S. Department of Energy, The Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Emily A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- U.S. Department of Energy, The Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Carmen L Gomes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Jonathan C Claussen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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Han S, Liu C, Li N, Zhang S, Song Y, Chen L, Xi M, Yu X, Wang W, Kong M, Wang Z. One-step fabrication of nitrogen-doped laser-induced graphene derived from melamine/polyimide for enhanced flexible supercapacitors. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01608c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heteroatom doping of graphene electrodes is a valid strategy to enhance its capacitive performance. This work demonstrates a facile and expandable methodology to the in-situ fabrication of nitrogen-doped laser-induced graphene...
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41
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Zhu J, Liu S, Hu Z, Zhang X, Yi N, Tang K, Dexheimer MG, Lian X, Wang Q, Yang J, Gray J, Cheng H. Laser-induced graphene non-enzymatic glucose sensors for on-body measurements. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 193:113606. [PMID: 34507206 PMCID: PMC8556579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-enzymatic glucose sensors outperform enzymatic ones in terms of cost, sensitivity, stability, and operating duration. Though highly sensitive, it is still desirable to further improve the sensitivity of non-enzymatic glucose sensors to detect a trace amount of glucose in sweat and other biofluids. Among the demonstrated effective approaches using bimetals or 3D porous structures, the porous laser-induced graphene (LIG) on flexible polymers showcases good conductivity and a simple fabrication process for the integration of sensing materials. The uniform electroless plating of the nickel and gold layer on LIG electrodes demonstrates significantly enhanced sensitivity and a large linear range for glucose sensing. The sensor with the porous LIG foam exhibits a high sensitivity of 1080 μA mM-1 cm-2, whereas a further increased sensitivity of 3500 μA mM-1 cm-2 is obtained with LIG fibers (LIGF). Impressively, a large linear range (0-30 mM) can be achieved by changing the bias voltage from 0.5 to 0.1 V due to the Au coating. Because the existing non-enzymatic glucose sensors are limited to use in basic solutions, their application in wearable electronics is elusive. In addition to the reduced requirement for the basic solution, this work integrates a porous encapsulating reaction cavity containing alkali solutions with a soft, skin-interfaced microfluidic component to provide integrated microfluidic non-enzymatic glucose sensors for sweat sampling and glucose sensing. The accurate glucose measurements from the human sweat and cell culture media showcase the practical utility, which opens up opportunities for the non-enzymatic glucose sensors in wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Shangbin Liu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Zhihui Hu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; School of Logistics Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430063, China
| | - Xianzhe Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ning Yi
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kairui Tang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Michael Gregory Dexheimer
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Xiaojun Lian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jennifer Gray
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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Rao Y, Yuan M, Luo F, Li H, Yu J, Chen X. Laser In-Situ synthesis of metallic cobalt decorated porous graphene for flexible In-Plane microsupercapacitors. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 610:775-784. [PMID: 34863550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.11.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal nanoparticles-graphene nanocomposites incorporate the advantages of graphene and metal nanoparticles, which arouse extensive attention. Here, we design a novel, facile and versatile method for in-situ synthesis of laser-induced porous graphene (LIG) decorated with cobalt particles (Co). The LIG/Co nanocomposites are fabricated through one-step laser direct scribing on a customized film composed of polyimide (PI) powder, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and cobalt chloride (CoCl2·6H2O) precursors. Benefiting from the unique properties of Co nanoparticles embedded LIG, the obtained optimal in-plane micro-supercapacitors (IMSC) based on LIG/Co-1.5 possesses an excellent areal capacitance of 110.11 mF cm-2 and a superior energy density of 9.79 μWh cm-2, which are about 79 times that of pure LIG-based IMSCs. Simultaneously, the LIG/Co-1.5 MSCs also present good cycling stability, remarkable modular integration capability, and outstanding mechanical flexibility, showing potential for practical applications. Additionally, the density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the decorating of cobalt particles elevates electron transfer. Moreover, the interaction between electrolyte and electrodes is also improved with the introduction of cobalt particles. Therefore, this strategy offers a new avenue for facile and large-scale manufacturing of various metallic atoms in-situ decorating in porous graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Rao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Education Ministry of China and State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044 China
| | - Min Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Education Ministry of China and State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044 China
| | - Feng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Education Ministry of China and State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044 China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Electrical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jiabing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Education Ministry of China and State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044 China.
| | - Xianping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Education Ministry of China and State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044 China.
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Lee JU, Lee CW, Cho SC, Shin BS. Laser-Induced Graphene Heater Pad for De-Icing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3093. [PMID: 34835856 PMCID: PMC8619929 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The replacement of electro-thermal material in heaters with lighter and easy-to-process materials has been extensively studied. In this study, we demonstrate that laser-induced graphene (LIG) patterns could be a good candidate for the electro-thermal pad. We fabricated LIG heaters with various thermal patterns on the commercial polyimide films according to laser scanning speed using an ultraviolet pulsed laser. We adopted laser direct writing (LDW) to irradiate on the substrates with computer-aided 2D CAD circuit data under ambient conditions. Our highly conductive and flexible heater was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller. The influence of laser scanning speed was evaluated for electrical properties, thermal performance, and durability. Our LIG heater showed promising characteristics such as high porosity, light weight, and small thickness. Furthermore, they demonstrated a rapid response time, reaching equilibrium in less than 3 s, and achieved temperatures up to 190 °C using relatively low DC voltages of approximately 10 V. Our LIG heater can be utilized for human wearable thermal pads and ice protection for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Uk Lee
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea; (J.-U.L.); (C.-W.L.); (S.-C.C.)
| | - Chan-Woo Lee
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea; (J.-U.L.); (C.-W.L.); (S.-C.C.)
| | - Su-Chan Cho
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea; (J.-U.L.); (C.-W.L.); (S.-C.C.)
| | - Bo-Sung Shin
- Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea
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Devi M, Vomero M, Fuhrer E, Castagnola E, Gueli C, Nimbalkar S, Hirabayashi M, Kassegne S, Stieglitz T, Sharma S. Carbon-based neural electrodes: promises and challenges. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34404037 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac1e45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neural electrodes are primary functional elements of neuroelectronic devices designed to record neural activity based on electrochemical signals. These electrodes may also be utilized for electrically stimulating the neural cells, such that their response can be simultaneously recorded. In addition to being medically safe, the electrode material should be electrically conductive and electrochemically stable under harsh biological environments. Mechanical flexibility and conformability, resistance to crack formation and compatibility with common microfabrication techniques are equally desirable properties. Traditionally, (noble) metals have been the preferred for neural electrode applications due to their proven biosafety and a relatively high electrical conductivity. Carbon is a recent addition to this list, which is far superior in terms of its electrochemical stability and corrosion resistance. Carbon has also enabled 3D electrode fabrication as opposed to the thin-film based 2D structures. One of carbon's peculiar aspects is its availability in a wide range of allotropes with specialized properties that render it highly versatile. These variations, however, also make it difficult to understand carbon itself as a unique material, and thus, each allotrope is often regarded independently. Some carbon types have already shown promising results in bioelectronic medicine, while many others remain potential candidates. In this topical review, we first provide a broad overview of the neuroelectronic devices and the basic requirements of an electrode material. We subsequently discuss the carbon family of materials and their properties that are useful in neural applications. Examples of devices fabricated using bulk and nano carbon materials are reviewed and critically compared. We then summarize the challenges, future prospects and next-generation carbon technology that can be helpful in the field of neural sciences. The article aims at providing a common platform to neuroscientists, electrochemists, biologists, microsystems engineers and carbon scientists to enable active and comprehensive efforts directed towards carbon-based neuroelectronic device fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Devi
- School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
| | - Maria Vomero
- Bioelectronic Systems Laboratory, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, United States of America
| | - Erwin Fuhrer
- School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175075 India
| | - Elisa Castagnola
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
| | - Calogero Gueli
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 080, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Surabhi Nimbalkar
- NanoFAB.SDSU Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University and NSF-ERC Center for Neurotechnology (CNT), 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States of America
| | - Mieko Hirabayashi
- NanoFAB.SDSU Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University and NSF-ERC Center for Neurotechnology (CNT), 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States of America
| | - Sam Kassegne
- NanoFAB.SDSU Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University and NSF-ERC Center for Neurotechnology (CNT), 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States of America
| | - Thomas Stieglitz
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 080, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 080, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Hansastr. 9a, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Swati Sharma
- School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
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45
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Zhang J, Xu R, Feng J, Xie Y, Zhou T. Laser Direct Writing of Flexible Heaters on Polymer Substrates. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jihai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Rui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Vivaldi F, Dallinger A, Bonini A, Poma N, Sembranti L, Biagini D, Salvo P, Greco F, Di Francesco F. Three-Dimensional (3D) Laser-Induced Graphene: Structure, Properties, and Application to Chemical Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:30245-30260. [PMID: 34167302 PMCID: PMC8289247 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Notwithstanding its relatively recent discovery, graphene has gone through many evolution steps and inspired a multitude of applications in many fields, from electronics to life science. The recent advancements in graphene production and patterning, and the inclusion of two-dimensional (2D) graphenic materials in three-dimensional (3D) superstructures, further extended the number of potential applications. In this Review, we focus on laser-induced graphene (LIG), an intriguing 3D porous graphenic material produced by direct laser scribing of carbonaceous precursors, and on its applications in chemical sensors and biosensors. LIG can be shaped in different 3D forms with a high surface-to-volume ratio, which is a valuable characteristic for sensors that typically rely on phenomena occurring at surfaces and interfaces. Herein, an overview of LIG, including synthesis from various precursors, structure, and characteristic properties, is first provided. The discussion focuses especially on transport and surface properties, and on how these can be controlled by tuning the laser processing. Progresses and trends in LIG-based chemical sensors are then reviewed, discussing the various transduction mechanisms and different LIG functionalization procedures for chemical sensing. A comparative evaluation of sensors performance is then provided. Finally, sensors for glucose detection are reviewed in more detail, since they represent the vast majority of LIG-based chemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico
Maria Vivaldi
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Institute
of Clinical Physiology, National Research
Council, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alexander Dallinger
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Bonini
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Noemi Poma
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Sembranti
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Denise Biagini
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pietro Salvo
- Institute
of Clinical Physiology, National Research
Council, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Greco
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Fabio Di Francesco
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Ludvigsen E, Pedersen NR, Zhu X, Marie R, Mackenzie DMA, Emnéus J, Petersen DH, Kristensen A, Keller SS. Selective Direct Laser Writing of Pyrolytic Carbon Microelectrodes in Absorber-Modified SU-8. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12050564. [PMID: 34067628 PMCID: PMC8156660 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pyrolytic carbon microelectrodes (PCMEs) are a promising alternative to their conventional metallic counterparts for various applications. Thus, methods for the simple and inexpensive patterning of PCMEs are highly sought after. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of PCMEs through the selective pyrolysis of SU-8 photoresist by irradiation with a low-power, 806 nm, continuous wave, semiconductor-diode laser. The SU-8 was modified by adding Pro-Jet 800NP (FujiFilm) in order to ensure absorbance in the 800 nm range. The SU-8 precursor with absorber was successfully converted into pyrolytic carbon upon laser irradiation, which was not possible without an absorber. We demonstrated that the local laser pyrolysis (LLP) process in an inert nitrogen atmosphere with higher laser power and lower scan speed resulted in higher electrical conductance. The maximum conductivity achieved for a laser-pyrolyzed line was 14.2 ± 3.3 S/cm, with a line width and thickness of 28.3 ± 2.9 µm and 6.0 ± 1.0 µm, respectively, while the narrowest conductive line was just 13.5 ± 0.4 µm wide and 4.9 ± 0.5 µm thick. The LLP process seemed to be self-limiting, as multiple repetitive laser scans did not alter the properties of the carbonized lines. The direct laser writing of adjacent lines with an insulating gap down to ≤5 µm was achieved. Finally, multiple lines were seamlessly joined and intersected, enabling the writing of more complex designs with branching electrodes and the porosity of the carbon lines could be controlled by the scan speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Ludvigsen
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, Building 345B, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; (E.L.); (N.R.P.)
| | - Nina Ritter Pedersen
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, Building 345B, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; (E.L.); (N.R.P.)
| | - Xiaolong Zhu
- Department of Health Technology, DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, Building 345C, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; (X.Z.); (R.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Rodolphe Marie
- Department of Health Technology, DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, Building 345C, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; (X.Z.); (R.M.); (A.K.)
| | - David M. A. Mackenzie
- Department of Physics, DTU Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, Building 311, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Jenny Emnéus
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Dirch Hjorth Petersen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, DTU Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, Building 310, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Anders Kristensen
- Department of Health Technology, DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, Building 345C, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; (X.Z.); (R.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Stephan Sylvest Keller
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, Building 345B, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; (E.L.); (N.R.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-45-25-58-46
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48
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Srikanth S, Dudala S, Jayapiriya US, Mohan JM, Raut S, Dubey SK, Ishii I, Javed A, Goel S. Droplet-based lab-on-chip platform integrated with laser ablated graphene heaters to synthesize gold nanoparticles for electrochemical sensing and fuel cell applications. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9750. [PMID: 33963200 PMCID: PMC8105317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88068-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled, stable and uniform temperature environment with quick response are crucial needs for many lab-on-chip (LOC) applications requiring thermal management. Laser Induced Graphene (LIG) heater is one such mechanism capable of maintaining a wide range of steady state temperature. LIG heaters are thin, flexible, and inexpensive and can be fabricated easily in different geometric configurations. In this perspective, herein, the electro-thermal performance of the LIG heater has been examined for different laser power values and scanning speeds. The experimented laser ablated patterns exhibited varying electrical conductivity corresponding to different combinations of power and speed of the laser. The conductivity of the pattern can be tailored by tuning the parameters which exhibit, a wide range of temperatures making them suitable for diverse lab-on-chip applications. A maximum temperature of 589 °C was observed for a combination of 15% laser power and 5.5% scanning speed. A LOC platform was realized by integrating the developed LIG heaters with a droplet-based microfluidic device. The performance of this LOC platform was analyzed for effective use of LIG heaters to synthesize Gold nanoparticles (GNP). Finally, the functionality of the synthesized GNPs was validated by utilizing them as catalyst in enzymatic glucose biofuel cell and in electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangam Srikanth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Sohan Dudala
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - U S Jayapiriya
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - J Murali Mohan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Sushil Raut
- Digital Monozukuri (Manufacturing) Education Research Centre, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
| | - Satish Kumar Dubey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Idaku Ishii
- Smart Robotics Lab, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Arshad Javed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Sanket Goel
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India.
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49
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Disposable and portable gold nanoparticles modified - laser-scribed graphene sensing strips for electrochemical, non-enzymatic detection of glucose. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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50
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Gao J, He S, Nag A. Electrochemical Detection of Glucose Molecules Using Laser-Induced Graphene Sensors: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:2818. [PMID: 33923790 PMCID: PMC8073164 DOI: 10.3390/s21082818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper deals with recent progress in the use of laser-induced graphene sensors for the electrochemical detection of glucose molecules. The exponential increase in the exploitation of the laser induction technique to generate porous graphene from polymeric and other naturally occurring materials has provided a podium for researchers to fabricate flexible sensors with high dynamicity. These sensors have been employed largely for electrochemical applications due to their distinct advantages like high customization in their structural dimensions, enhanced characteristics and easy roll-to-roll production. These laser-induced graphene (LIG)-based sensors have been employed for a wide range of sensorial applications, including detection of ions at varying concentrations. Among the many pivotal electrochemical uses in the biomedical sector, the use of these prototypes to monitor the concentration of glucose molecules is constantly increasing due to the essentiality of the presence of these molecules at specific concentrations in the human body. This paper shows a categorical classification of the various uses of these sensors based on the type of materials involved in the fabrication of sensors. The first category constitutes examples where the electrodes have been functionalized with various forms of copper and other types of metallic nanomaterials. The second category includes other miscellaneous forms where the use of both pure and composite forms of LIG-based sensors has been shown. Finally, the paper concludes with some of the possible measures that can be taken to enhance the use of this technique to generate optimized sensing prototypes for a wider range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrong Gao
- College of Light Industry and Food Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Shan He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, 5042 Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Anindya Nag
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 251600, China
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