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Huang PC, Lin TY, Wu CC, C Lo YT, Lin WY, Huang HB. Relationship between phthalate exposure and kidney function in Taiwanese adults as determined through covariate-adjusted standardization and cumulative risk assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 285:117091. [PMID: 39341136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.117091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 09/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the associations between phthalate exposure and kidney function indicators in adults by simultaneously performing covariate-adjusted creatinine standardization, cumulative risk assessment, and mixture analysis. Thus, we applied these methods simultaneously to investigate the aforementioned associations in an adult population. This cross-sectional study analyzed data (N = 839) from a community-based arm of the Taiwan Biobank. The levels of 10 urinary phthalate metabolites were measured and calculated as the sum of the molar concentrations of the dibutyl phthalate metabolite (ΣDBPm) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolite (ΣDEHPm). The hazard index (HI) and daily intake (DI) were estimated by measuring the urinary levels of the phthalate metabolite. Kidney function biomarkers were assessed by measuring the following: blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, the albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Generalized linear models were implemented to examine the associations between exposure to individual phthalates, HI scores, and kidney function biomarkers. We also employed Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) to analyze the relationships between exposure to various combinations of phthalates and kidney function. ΣDEHPm levels were significantly and positively associated with BUN and ACR levels, and ΣDBPm levels were positively associated with ACR levels. In addition, eGFR was negatively associated with ΣDBPm and ΣDEHPm levels. In the BKMR model, a mixture of 10 phthalate metabolites was significantly associated with BUN, uric acid, ACR, and eGFR results. Higher DIDEHP and higher DIDnBP values were significantly associated with lower eGFRs and higher ACRs, respectively. Higher DIDiBP and DIDEP values were significantly associated with higher uric acid levels. A higher HI was significantly associated with lower eGFRs and higher ACRs. Our results suggest that exposure to environmental phthalates is associated with impaired kidney function in Taiwanese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chin Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yi Lin
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chao Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ting C Lo
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, East Forvie Building, Forvie Site Robinson Way, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Han-Bin Huang
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Li N, Liu J, Ying G, Lee JCK, Leung TF, Covaci A, Deng WJ. Endocrine disrupting chemicals in children's and their parents' urine: Is the exposure related to the Chinese and Western lifestyle? Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 259:114383. [PMID: 38652942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Children are known to be more vulnerable to exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) compared to adults, but evaluating the exposure pathways can be challenging. This research employed target and non-target analysis (NTA) to examine the exposure characteristics of EDCs in spot urine samples collected from 46 children's (aged 3-12 years) and their parents in Hong Kong (Chinese/Western lifestyle) and Guangzhou (mainly Chinese lifestyle). The results revealed that the geometric mean concentrations of phthalate esters metabolites (mPAEs) and bisphenols (BPs) in children's urine were 127.3 μg/gcrea and 2.5 μg/gcrea in Guangzhou, and 93.7 μg/gcrea and 2.9 μg/gcrea in Hong Kong, respectively, which were consistent with global levels. NTA identified a total of 1069 compounds, including 106 EDCs, commonly detected in food, cosmetics, and drugs. Notable regional differences were observed between Guangzhou and Hong Kong with potential sources of EDCs including dietary and cosmetic additives, toys, flooring and dust, as well as differences in lifestyles, diet, and living environment. However, age was found to significantly impact EDC exposure. The quantified EDCs (mPAEs and BPs) posed possible health risks to 60% of the children. Moreover, the presence of caffeine in children's urine, which exhibited higher detection rates in children from Hong Kong (95.6%) and Guangzhou (44.4%), warrants further attention. The sources of EDCs exposure in these regions need to be fully confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jing Liu
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guangguo Ying
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - John Chi-Kin Lee
- Academy of Applied Policy Studies and Education Futures, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong China
| | - Ting Fan Leung
- Department of Paediatrics & Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong China
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Wen-Jing Deng
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong China.
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Fu L, Song S, Luo X, Luo Y, Guo C, Liu Y, Luo X, Zeng L, Tan L. Unraveling the contribution of dietary intake to human phthalate internal exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122580. [PMID: 37734633 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to phthalates (PAEs) occurs primarily through diet, but the contribution of dietary exposure to the total internal exposure of PAEs has not been well studied. This work investigated the relationship between dietary exposure and human internal exposure to PAEs. Daily food samples were determined to evaluate the health risk of dietary exposure, and phthalate metabolites (mPAEs) were determined from urine samples of 360 volunteers of Guangzhou to assess their internal exposure. The total mPAEs concentration in the urine samples ranged from 8.43 to 1872 ng/mL, with mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), and mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) being the most predominant mPAEs. The concentration of PAEs in food ranged from n.d-40200 μg/kg, and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the most prevalent. PAE exposure was significantly associated with age, and children exhibited the highest concentration of mPAEs. Using Monte Carlo simulation to estimate PAE exposure's health risk eliminated uncertainties caused by single-point sampling and provided more reliable statistical results. The hazard quotient (HQ) was used to evaluate PAE exposure health risks. The results showed that 37% of the volunteers had HQ levels higher than 1 based on urinary mPAE concentrations, while 24% of the volunteers had HQ levels greater than 1 because of dietary exposure to PAEs. Dietary intake was the predominant exposure route for PAEs, and accounted for approximately 65% (24% out of 37%) of the cases where HQ levels exceeded 1. The work revealed the correlation between dietary external and internal exposure to PAEs, and further studies are needed to better understand the implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Shaofang Song
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Xinni Luo
- Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510370, China
| | - Yangxu Luo
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Chongshan Guo
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Yufei Liu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Xiaoyan Luo
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, China; School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Milton SG, Tejiram RA, Joglekar R, Hoffman K. Characterizing the Contribution of Indoor Residential Phthalate and Phthalate Alternative Dust Concentrations to Internal Dose in the US General Population: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6589. [PMID: 37623174 PMCID: PMC10454216 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20166589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Diet is the primary exposure pathway for phthalates, but relative contributions of other exposure sources are not well characterized. This study quantifies the relative contribution of indoor residential dust phthalate and phthalate alternative concentrations to total internal dose estimated from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) urinary metabolite concentrations. Specifically, median phthalate and phthalate alternative concentrations measured in residential dust were determined by updating a pre-existing systematic review and meta-analysis published in 2015 and the attributable internal dose was estimated using intake and reverse dosimetry models. Employing a predetermined search strategy, 12 studies published between January 2000 and April 2022 from Web of Science and PubMed measuring phthalates and phthalate alternatives in residential dust were identified. From the data extracted, it was estimated that dust contributed more significantly to the internal dose of low-molecular weight chemicals such as DEP and BBP when compared to high-molecular weight chemicals such as DEHTP. Additionally, findings showed that the chemical profile of residential dust is changing temporally with more phthalate alternatives being detected in the indoor environment. Future studies should seek to characterize the contribution of dust to an overall phthalate and phthalate alternative intake for individuals who have higher than normal exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashoy G. Milton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Rachel A. Tejiram
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Rashmi Joglekar
- Earthjustice, Toxic Exposure and Health Program, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
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Al-Saleh I, Elkhatib R, Alnuwaysir H, Aldhalaan H, Binmanee A, Hawari A, Alhazzani F, Jabr MB. The cumulative risk assessment of phthalates exposure in preterm neonates. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 248:114112. [PMID: 36657281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used plasticizers in various consumer products and medical devices, with some reporting as having estrogenic and anti-androgenic endocrine-disrupting effects. Premature neonates may be exposed to high levels of specific phthalates during hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) because of reliance on multiple medical procedures that pose a possible health risk. The present study utilized seven urinary phthalate metabolites of dibutyl phthalate isomers [(di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP)], butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) that had been previously measured in 33 preterm neonates sampled at hospital admission (N = 23) and daily during their NICU stay (N = 260). We aimed to perform: (1) cumulative risk assessment (CRA) using the volume and creatinine-adjusted models; (2) examine the temporal variability of CRA from repeated measures and (3) estimate the risk of cumulative exposure to phthalates based on their anti-androgenic and/or estrogenic properties. We multiplied the relative activity of individual phthalates exhibiting estrogenic or anti-androgenic effects by daily intake. For each preterm neonate, CRA was assessed based on the hazard index (HI) metric [the sum of hazard quotients] based on three reference doses for anti-androgenicity: the tolerable daily intake (TDI) from the European Food Safety Authority, the reference dose (RfD-AA) published in 2010 and newly revised published in 2020 (NRfD-AA). The metabolites of BBzP and DEHP were 2-23 fold higher in preterm neonates during their NICU stay. Median HIs increased in the order of HINRfDAA > HIRfDAA > HITDI. In the creatinine-based model, 87% (92%), 87% (96%), and 100% (100%) of preterm neonates at admission (during NICU stay) showed HITDI, HIRfD-AA, and HINRfD-AA exceeding 1, respectively with DEHP the most prevalent. The temporal reproducibility of HI (based on three reference doses) during preterm neonate stay in the NICU was high, with intra-class correlation coefficients ranging between 0.77 and 0.97, suggesting persistent exposure to phthalates. The four phthalates that preterm neonates were exposed to in the NICU exhibited estrogenic binding and anti-androgenic effects with median values (creatinine-based) of 98.7 and 56.9 μg/kg body weight/day, respectively. This was especially true for DEHP. The results indicate that preterm neonates in this NICU setting are probably at high risk of cumulative phthalate exposure with anti-androgenic properties that may have long-term adverse reproductive and developmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Al-Saleh
- Environmental Health Program, P.O. Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rola Elkhatib
- Environmental Health Program, P.O. Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hissah Alnuwaysir
- Environmental Health Program, P.O. Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham Aldhalaan
- Center for Autism Research, P.O. Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Binmanee
- Neonatal Critical Care Section, Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Hawari
- Neonatal Critical Care Section, Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Alhazzani
- Neonatal Critical Care Section, Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Bin Jabr
- Neonatal Critical Care Section, Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
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Abdo N, Al-Khalaileh H, Alajlouni M, Hamadneh J, Alajlouni AM. Screening for phthalates biomarkers and its potential role in infertility outcomes in Jordan. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:273-282. [PMID: 36593351 PMCID: PMC9807094 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates are endocrine disrupting chemicals that are used in plastic and personal care products. Phthalate exposure has been linked to reproductive and fertility outcomes. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the phthalate exposures using both urinary level of two DEHP metabolites in females and questionnaires. It also aimed to investigate the association between phthalate levels and reproductive and fertility outcomes. METHODS 325 females with and without fertility problems at gynaecology clinics filled out a questionnaire and provided a urine sample. Urine samples were analyzed for two DEHP metabolites: MEHHP, mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate; MEOHP, mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, using an HPLC/MS/MS analytical method. RESULTS We observed a significant difference between cases and controls in terms of heating plastic in the microwave and use of skin and eye make-up, sunscreen, and nail polish. Our findings showed that MEOHP exposure is significantly associated with infertility among Jordanian women (Adjusted OR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.14, 2.40, p-value = 0.002). SIGNIFICANCE To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first of its kind done in Jordan to screen for phthalate exposure and investigate its association with infertility. Our study demonstrated high exposure of the Jordanian population to DEHP. It confirms the association between DEHP exposure and infertility. IMPACT STATEMENT We measured phthalates in infertile and fertile women, in a community unaware of phthalate sources or its impacts, and with no regulation limits set. We aimed to increase awareness to environmental exposure to phthalates, emphasize the importance of implementation of public health interventions to control and minimize the effects of phthalate exposure and provide a base for further studies and future research to aid in the formation of policies and guidelines for the manufacturing and use of phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Abdo
- Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box, 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Hana Al-Khalaileh
- Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box, 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Marwan Alajlouni
- Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box, 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Jehan Hamadneh
- Department of Obstetrics and Genecology, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box, 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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Liu R, Ma S, Chen D, Li G, Yu Y, Fan R, An T. Human exposure to BTEX emitted from a typical e-waste recycling industrial park: External and internal exposure levels, sources, and probabilistic risk implications. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 437:129343. [PMID: 35716574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) can be released during extensive activities associated with the disposal of electronic waste (e-waste), which might pose deleterious health effects on workers. In this study, pollution profiles of BTEX in air and their urinary excretive profiles in occupational workers were investigated in a typical e-waste recycling industrial park. The results showed that the workers in the park were generally exposed to high levels of BTEX. The median levels of urinary metabolites were approximately 6-orders of magnitude higher than those of unmetabolized BTEX, indicating that pollutants efficiently metabolize at those occupational levels. The analytes presented differential profiles in external and internal exposure. Among the metabolites, significant correlation (p < 0.05) was observed between N-acetyl-S-benzyl-L-cysteine (S-BMA) concentration and atmospheric individual BTEX derived from the e-waste recycling area, suggesting that S-BMA is a potential marker for BTEX exposure to e-waste occupational workers. Notably, 95.2 % of all the workers showed a cumulative carcinogenic risk induced by BTEX exposure via inhalation, with 99.9 % of the carcinogenic risk distribution based on concentration of benzene metabolite (N-acetyl-S-(phenyl)-L-cysteine) exceeding 1.0E-6. This study holds potential in providing valuable inferences for the development of remediation strategies focusing on BTEX exposure reduction to protect workers' health at e-waste recycling industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Liu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Daijin Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruifang Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, 510631, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Hsia TI, Huang PC, Chen HC, Lo YTC, Chang WT, Jou YY, Huang HB. Relationships among phthalate exposure, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance in young military soldiers: A cumulative risk assessment and mediation approach. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 165:107316. [PMID: 35635958 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies concerning whether oxidative stress mediates phthalate exposure-insulin resistance (IR) associations in young adults are limited. Therefore, we investigated this potential mediation by using a cumulative risk approach involving daily intake (DI) and a hazard index (HIRfD). METHODS The participants were 391 Taiwanese military personnel. This study measured their IR (as homeostatic model assessment of estimated IR [HOMA-IR]), levels of oxidative stress biomarkers (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, 8-nitroguanine, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α, and N-acetyl-S-[tetrahydro-5-hydroxy-2-pentyl-3-furanyl]-L-cysteine [HNE-MA]), the sum of these four biomarkers (ΣOS), and urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations. The HIRfD was estimated on the basis of urinary levels of phthalate metabolite, and the DI of five phthalates was determined: dimethyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP), diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Logistic regression models were employed to explore associations among DI, HIRfD, oxidative stress biomarkers, and HOMA-IR values. The role played by oxidative stress in the phthalate exposure-HOMA-IR association was determined using mediation analysis. RESULTS We discovered positive associations between high DI of DBP, BBzP, and DEHP; high HIRfD; and high ΣOS. High ΣOS and HNE-MA were associated with a higher likelihood of a high HOMA-IR value. Mediation analysis indicated that high ΣOS and HNE-MA were significant mediators of the associations between phthalates and IR. CONCLUSION Oxidative stress may partially mediate the phthalate-IR relationship in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-I Hsia
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Po-Chin Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan ROC; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ROC; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ROC
| | - Hsin-Chang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung City, Taiwan ROC
| | - Yuan-Ting C Lo
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Wan-Ting Chang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan ROC
| | - Yann-Yuh Jou
- Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Han-Bin Huang
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan ROC.
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Li Z, Wu D, Guo Y, Mao W, Zhao N, Zhao M, Jin H. Phthalate metabolites in paired human serum and whole blood. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153792. [PMID: 35150672 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Presence of phthalate metabolites (PMs) in human serum has been well documented. However, the distribution pattern of PMs in different human blood matrixes remains not well known. To investigate this, paired serum and whole blood samples were collected from 145 adults (76 males and 69 females) in Quzhou, China, and analyzed for nine PMs in this study. All PMs had high detection frequencies (> 70%) in human serum and whole blood, except mono benzyl phthalate. Total concentrations of detected PMs in serum and whole blood were 0.70-61 ng/mL (mean 12 ng/mL) and 1.6-33 ng/mL (7.5 ng/mL), respectively. Mono methyl phthalate (MMP), mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and mono butyl phthalate were consistently the predominant PMs in human serum and whole blood, with the mean concentrations of 3.4 and 2.0 ng/mL, 3.3 and 2.1 ng/mL, and 2.8 and 1.8 ng/mL, respectively. Females had higher mean serum concentrations of PMs, except MBP, than males. Youngest age group (20-30 years) consistently had the lowest mean whole blood levels of all PMs. For the first time, the distribution pattern of PMs in human blood was evaluated based on the calculated partitioning coefficient (Kp) between serum and whole blood. MMP had the highest mean Kp value (1.6; 10th-90th percentile: 1.0-2.2), while mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate had the lowest mean Kp value (0.63; 10th-90th percentile: 0.25-1.3). These results help better understand the occurrence of PMs in human blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenming Li
- College of Chemical and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Dexin Wu
- Hangzhou Xinjing Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310007, PR China
| | - Yu Guo
- Focused Photonics (Hangzhou) Inc., 459 Qianmo Road, Hangzhou 311000, PR China
| | - Weili Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou 324000, PR China
| | - Nan Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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10
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Zhang YJ, Guo JL, Xue JC, Bai CL, Guo Y. Phthalate metabolites: Characterization, toxicities, global distribution, and exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118106. [PMID: 34520948 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are plasticizers in various products and regarded as endocrine disruptors due to their anti-androgen effects. Environmental occurrence and toxicities of parent phthalates have been widely reported, while the current state of knowledge on their metabolites is rarely summarized. Based on the available literature, the present review mainly aims to 1) characterize the potential metabolites of phthalates (mPAEs) using the pharmacokinetics evidences acquired via animal or human models; 2) examine the molecular and cellular mechanism involved in toxicity for mPAEs; 3) investigate the exposure levels of mPAEs in different human specimens (e.g., urine, blood, seminal fluid, breast milk, amniotic fluid and others) across the globe; 4) discuss the models and related parameters for phthalate exposure assessment. We suggest there is subtle difference in toxic mechanisms for mPAEs compared to their parent phthalates due to their alternative chemical structures. Human monitoring studies performed in Asia, America and Europe have provided the population exposure baseline levels for typical phthalates in different regions. Urine is the preferred matrix than other specimens for phthalate exposure study. Among ten urinary mPAEs, the largest proportions of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites (40%), monoethyl phthalate (mEP) (43%) and DEHP metabolites/mEP (both 29%) were observed in Asia, America and Europe respectively, and mono-5-carboxy-2-ethypentyl phthalate was the most abundant compounds among DEHP metabolites. Daily intakes of phthalates can be accurately calculated via urinary mPAEs if the proper exposure parameters were determined. Further work should focus on combining epidemiological and biological evidences to establish links between phthalates exposure and biological phenotypes. More accurate molar fractions (FUE) of the urinary excreted monoester related to the ingested diesters should be collected in epidemiological or pharmacokinetic studies for different population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jia-Liang Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jing-Chuan Xue
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Cui-Lan Bai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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11
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Zhang YJ, Wu LH, Wang F, Liu LY, Zeng EY, Guo Y. DNA oxidative damage in pregnant women upon exposure to conventional and alternative phthalates. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 156:106743. [PMID: 34243036 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to alternative phthalates and related health effects in pregnant women are rarely reported. Nineteen phthalate metabolites and a DNA oxidative damage biomarker 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were determined in urine samples of pregnant women recruited in South China. The detection frequencies and concentration of selected alternative phthalates, i.e., diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP) and di-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP) were lower than those of conventional phthalates. However, mono-(6-hydroxy-2-propylheptyl) phthalate, a metabolite of DPHP, was detected in 70% of urine samples (median: 0.13 ng/mL). The estimated daily intakes of conventional plasticizers, including dimethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (median range: 1.0-3.0 μg/kg_bw/day) were significantly higher than those of DiNP (0.08 μg/kg_bw/day) and DPHP (0.03 μg/kg_bw/day) (p < 0.05). Approximately 24% of pregnant women were at high risk when cumulative risk from exposure to several phthalates was considered. The concentrations of phthalate metabolites and urinary 8-OHdG were significantly correlated with each other (r = 0.206-0.772, p < 0.01), which were further conformed by multiple linear regression analysis (β = 0.168-0.639, p < 0.01). In addition, conventional phthalates were more strongly correlated with 8-OHdG than alternative phthalates (i.e., DiNP, DPHP), partly suggesting the relatively smaller health effects of alternatives due to their low exposure doses and toxicities. These findings suggested that alternative phthalates have entered the human body from consumer products in the study area, and exposure-related risk of DNA oxidative stress was comparatively lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liu-Hong Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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12
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Occurrence of Phthalates in Bottled Drinks in the Chinese Market and Its Implications for Dietary Exposure. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26196054. [PMID: 34641597 PMCID: PMC8511988 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26196054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitous occurrences of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) or phthalates in a variety of consumer products have been demonstrated. Nevertheless, studies on their occurrence in various types of bottled drinks are limited. In this study, fifteen PAEs were analyzed in six categories of bottled drinks (n = 105) collected from the Chinese market, including mineral water, tea drinks, energy drinks, juice drinks, soft drinks, and beer. Among the 15 PAEs measured, DEHP was the most abundant phthalate with concentrations ranging from below the limit of quantification (LOQ) to 41,000 ng/L at a detection rate (DR) of 96%, followed by DIBP (DR: 88%) and DBP (DR: 84%) with respective concentration ranges of below LOQ to 16,000 and to 4900 ng/L. At least one PAE was detected in each drink sample, and the sum concentrations of 15 PAEs ranged from 770 to 48,004 ng/L (median: 6286 ng/L). Significant differences with respect to both PAE concentrations and composition profiles were observed between different types of bottled drinks. The median sum concentration of 15 PAEs in soft drinks was over five times higher than that detected in mineral water; different from other drink types. Besides DEHP, DBIP, and DBP, a high concentration of BMEP was also detected in a tea drink. The estimated daily dietary intake of phthalates (EDIdrink) through the consumption of bottled drinks was calculated based on the concentrations measured and the daily ingestion rates of bottled drink items. The EDIdrink values for DMP, DEP, DIBP, DBP, BMEP, DAP, BEEP, BBP, DCP, DHP, BMPP, BBEP, DEHP, DOP, and DNP through the consumption of bottled mineral water (based on mean concentrations) were 0.45, 0.33, 12.5, 3.67, 2.10, 0.06, 0.32, 0.16, 0.10, 0.09, 0.05, 0.81, 112, 0.13, and 0.20 ng/kg-bw/d, respectively, for Chinese adults. Overall, the EDIdrink values calculated for phthalates through the consumption of bottled drinks were below the oral reference doses suggested by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA).
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13
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Huang C, Zhang YJ, Liu LY, Wang F, Guo Y. Exposure to phthalates and correlations with phthalates in dust and air in South China homes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 782:146806. [PMID: 33836381 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We spend more than half of our daily time in indoor environments, and the contributions of phthalates present in it to total exposure are important. Here, we determined phthalate concentrations in paired indoor settled dust/air and their metabolites in human urine from 100 general families in south China to explore such kind of effect. The total concentrations of phthalates/metabolites were 48.7-2850 μg/g, 279-5080 ng/m3 and 10.7-2840 ng/mL in the indoor dust, air and urine samples, respectively. Among all targets, di-n-butyl phthalate, di-isobutyl phthalate and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and their metabolites were the predominant compounds. The daily intakes (DIs) of phthalates via dust or air decreased with age, except for infant, and the values of dust ingestion, air inhalation and air dermal uptake were 2720 ± 2460, 1300 ± 973 and 3590 ± 2890 ng/kg/day for toddlers and 236 ± 194, 360 ± 179 and 1120 ± 586 ng/kg/day for adults, respectively. The ratios of DIs from air to dust were greater than 1.0 for people in all age groups, and the ratio was the highest for adults. Furthermore, the contributions of phthalates from indoor dust and air to total DIs from all sources (estimated from urinary phthalate metabolites) were 0.60%-5.23% and 2.65%-12.2% for different ages, respectively. Our results indicated that indoor air was a quite important source for human exposure to phthalates in indoor environment in south China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, School of Environment, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ying-Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, School of Environment, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, School of Environment, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, School of Environment, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, School of Environment, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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14
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Wang CW, Chen SC, Wu DW, Chen HC, Lin HH, Su H, Shiea JT, Lin WY, Hung CH, Kuo CH. Effect of dermal phthalate levels on lung function tests in residential area near a petrochemical complex. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:27333-27344. [PMID: 33511527 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates can leach into indoor and outdoor airborne particulate matter and dust, which can then be ingested or absorbed and induce lung injury. Dermal phthalate levels can be used as a matrix for exposure direct absorption from air, particle deposition, and contact with contaminated products. However, the association between dermal phthalate levels in skin wipes and lung function tests remains unknown. A total of 397 participants were included. Spirometry measurements of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1, L) and forced vital capacity (FVC, L) were calculated. Dermal phthalate levels of diethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di(n-butyl) phthalate (DnBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP) on forehead skin wipes were detected. The one-unit increases in logarithm (log) dermal DnBP (β = - 0.08; 95% CI - 0.16, - 0.003, p = 0.041), BBzP (β = - 0.09; 95% CI - 0.16, - 0.02, p = 0.009), DEHP (β = - 0.07; 95% CI - 0.14, - 0.003, p = 0.042), and DiNP (β = - 0.08; 95% CI - 0.15, - 0.02, p = 0.017) were significantly associated with decreases in FVC. For elderly participants, one-unit increases in log dermal DnBP (β = - 0.25; 95% CI - 0.46, - 0.04, p = 0.021), BBzP (β = - 0.17; 95% CI - 0.33, - 0.01, p = 0.042), and DiDP (β = - 0.19; 95% CI - 0.39, < 0.01, p = 0.052) were associated with decreases in FEV1. In conclusion, dermal phthalate levels were significantly associated with decreases in lung function tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wen Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chia Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Da-Wei Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Chi Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Hsun Lin
- Department of Laboratory Technology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Taie Shiea
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Lin
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsing Hung
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Hung Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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15
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Al-Saleh I, Elkhatib R, Alrushud N, Alnuwaysir H, Alnemer M, Aldhalaan H, Shoukri M, McWalter P, Alkhenizan A. Potential health risks of maternal phthalate exposure during the first trimester - The Saudi Early Autism and Environment Study (SEAES). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110882. [PMID: 33621597 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are the most ubiquitous contaminants that we are exposed to daily due to their wide use as plasticizers in various consumer products. A few studies have suggested that in utero exposure to phthalates can disturb fetal growth and development in humans, because phthalates can interfere with endocrine function. We collected spot urine samples from 291 pregnant women in their first trimester (9.8 ± 2.3 gestational weeks) recruited in an ongoing prospective cohort study in Saudi Arabia. A second urine sample was collected within 1-7 d after enrollment. The aims of this study were to: (1) assess the extent of exposure to phthalates during the first trimester and (2) estimate the risk from single and cumulative exposures to phthalates. Most phthalate metabolites' urinary levels were high, several-fold higher than those reported in relevant studies from other countries. The highest median levels of monoethyl phthalate, mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), mono-iso-butyl phthalate (MiBP), and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) in μg/l (μg/g creatinine) were 245.62 (197.23), 114.26 (99.45), 39.59 (34.02), and 23.51 (19.92), respectively. The MEHP levels were highest among three di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites. %MEHP4, the ratio of MEHP to four di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites (∑4DEHP), was 44%, indicating interindividual differences in metabolism and excretion. The hazard quotient (HQ) of individual phthalates estimated based on the reference dose (RfD) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency indicated that 58% (volume-based) and 37% (creatinine-based) of the women were at risk of exposure to ∑4DEHP (HQ > 1). Based on the tolerable daily intake (TDI) from the European Food Safety Authority, 35/12% (volume-/creatinine-based data) of the women were at risk of exposure to two dibutyl phthalate (∑DBP) metabolites (MiBP and MnBP). The cumulative risk was assessed using the hazard index (HI), the sum of HQs of all phthalates. The percentages of women (volume-/creatinine-based data) at health risks with an HI > 1 were 64/40% and 42/22% based on RfD and TDI, respectively. In view of these indices for assessing risk, our results for the anti-androgenic effects of exposing pregnant women to ∑4DEHP and ∑DBP early during pregnancy are alarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Al-Saleh
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O.Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rola Elkhatib
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O.Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nujud Alrushud
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O.Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hissah Alnuwaysir
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O.Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Alnemer
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O.Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham Aldhalaan
- Center for Autism Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O.Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Shoukri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia McWalter
- Family Medicine and Polyclinics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O.Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alkhenizan
- Family Medicine and Polyclinics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O.Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Cheng BJ, Xu PR, Wei R, Li XD, Sheng J, Wang SF, Liu KY, Chen GM, Tao FB, Wang QN, Yang LS. Levels and determinants of urinary phthalate metabolites in Chinese community-dwelling older adults. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:144173. [PMID: 33360337 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomonitoring studies have demonstrated extensive exposure of infants, children, and pregnant women to phthalates, but data on phthalate exposure and their determinants in Chinese older adults remain insufficient. This study aims to assess urinary phthalate metabolite levels, individual and cumulative exposure risk, and their determinants in Chinese community-dwelling older adults. METHODS A total of 987 individuals aged 60 years or over were included in this study. The urinary levels of seven phthalate metabolites were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI) of phthalates were calculated based on urinary metabolite levels. The associations between phthalate metabolite levels and potential determinants were examined using multiple linear regressions. RESULTS Detection rates of seven phthalate metabolites from the study population ranged from 63.83% to 99.39%. The highest median concentration was 43.64 μg/L (42.59 μg/g creatinine) for mono-butyl phthalate (MBP). The highest median EDI was 1.55 μg/kg-bw/day for diethyl phthalate (DBP). Nearly 5% of participants had high HI values exceeding 1, mainly attributed to DBP and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). Furthermore, we found that females, higher body mass index (BMI), smoking, having two or more chronic diseases, and vegetable-based diets were significantly associated with higher levels of parts of phthalate metabolites. More interestingly, higher urine levels of high-molecular-weight (HMW) phthalate metabolites and lower urine levels of low-molecular-weight (LMW) phthalate metabolites were found in rural older adults than in urban older adults. CONCLUSIONS Chinese community-dwelling older adults are extensively exposed to phthalates, especially to DBP and DEHP. More attention should be paid to urban-rural differences in exposure to HMW and LMW phthalates and to phthalate exposure among older adults with overweight/obesity, females, and individuals who are current heavy smokers, have two or more chronic diseases, and consume vegetable-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei-Jing Cheng
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Pei-Ru Xu
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Rong Wei
- Outpatient Department of the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Xiu-de Li
- Lu'an Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lu'an, Anhui 237008, China
| | - Jie Sheng
- School of Public Health, Experimental Center for Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Su-Fang Wang
- School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Kai-Yong Liu
- School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Gui-Mei Chen
- School of Health Services Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Fang-Biao Tao
- School of Health Services Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Qu-Nan Wang
- School of Public Health, Department of Toxicology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
| | - Lin-Sheng Yang
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
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17
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Mok S, Jeong Y, Park M, Kim S, Lee I, Park J, Kim S, Choi K, Moon HB. Exposure to phthalates and bisphenol analogues among childbearing-aged women in Korea: Influencing factors and potential health risks. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128425. [PMID: 33010629 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA), widely applied in industrial and consumer products, can affect hormones associated with the human reproductive system. Because the incidence of reproductive diseases is increasing, a comprehensive exposure assessment of phthalates and bisphenol analogues (BPs) is required for childbearing-aged women. Phthalate metabolites and BPs were measured in urine samples collected from 509 childbearing-aged women (20-48 years) in Korea to investigate their current exposure status, profiles, influencing factors, and potential health risks. DEHP metabolites and BPA were the dominant compounds found, indicating that they are highly consumed in daily life. Bisphenol S (BPS), as an alternative to BPA, was detected in most urine samples. Total concentrations of phthalate metabolites and BPs ranged from 3.42 to 3570 (GM: 45.6) ng/mL and from <LOQ to 80.3 (0.91) ng/mL, respectively, which were within the ranges observed in women in previous studies. Exposure to diethyl phthalate (DEP) was significantly associated with the use of cosmetics and personal care products such as perfume, body lotion, and sunscreen. Higher ratios of urinary BPS/BPA were observed in younger and more highly educated women and in women living in urbanized regions than others. This result suggests that a shift in consumption from BPA to BPS was preferentially occurring in urbanized regions. The assessment of the cumulative risk posed by phthalates and BPs showed that they pose only a small health risk to Korean women. This study provides baseline data on exposure levels, profiles, and influencing factors for phthalates and BPs in childbearing-aged women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sori Mok
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunsun Jeong
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyu Park
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Kim
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Chemical Safety Research Center, Chemical Platform Technology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Inae Lee
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongim Park
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
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Estévez-Danta A, Rodil R, Pérez-Castaño B, Cela R, Quintana JB, González-Mariño I. Comprehensive determination of phthalate, terephthalate and di-iso-nonyl cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate metabolites in wastewater by solid-phase extraction and ultra(high)-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2020; 224:121912. [PMID: 33379114 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Plasticizers are chemical compounds used in the production of flexible plastics for a large variety of applications. They are present in most of the environments and, hence, we are highly exposed to them via several routes (ingestion, inhalation, etc). Due to the endocrine disruption potential of some of these chemicals and the unknown toxicological effects of their alternatives, assessing human exposure to these contaminants is an issue of emerging concern. Herein we propose an analytical methodology for the determination of several plasticizer metabolites in wastewater as a non-invasive, cheap, and fast exposure monitoring tool complementary to the analysis of urine. A solid-phase extraction procedure followed by an ultra(high)-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was optimized and validated for 21 analytes among phthalate, terephthalate, and di-iso-nonyl cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate metabolites. Method quantification limits ranged from 0.079 to 4.4 ng L-1. The method was applied to the analysis of seven daily composite wastewater samples collected in the NW of Spain. Metabolites of low molecular weight phthalates and of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate were quantified in all samples, despite the existing regulations limiting the use of phthalates. Metabolites of terephthalates, introduced at the end of the 20th century as phthalate substituents, were also quantified in all samples, being the first time that they were detected in this matrix. Exposure back-calculation highlighted di-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate as the second most common plastic additive after diethyl phthalate in the population considered, reflecting the increasing substitution of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate by its analogous terephthalate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Estévez-Danta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry. Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry. Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Brenda Pérez-Castaño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry. Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry. Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry. Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Iria González-Mariño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Chemistry. Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
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García-Fabila MM, Chávez AA, Meza JCS, Montes LPB, García AR. Phthalates in the diet of Mexican children of school age. Risk analysis. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1487-1494. [PMID: 33204649 PMCID: PMC7652773 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used as plasticizers, additives, or solvents. Its extensive use has generated environmental and food contamination, which implies continuous population exposure. The aim of this work was to determine the probability of health risk of Mexican children exposed to phthalates through the consumption of contaminated food. A survey was applied to 384 Mexican school-age children (between 6 and 12 years old), to find out the type of food they eat most frequently, based on this, a research was made to know the concentration of phthalates contained in these foods. The daily intake had been calculated with the concentration of phthalates reported in food, obtaining: DEHP (19.50 μg/kg body weight/day), DnBP (5.52 μg/kg body weight/day) y for DEP (1.12 μg/kg body weight/day). The hazard index (HI) for DEP y DEHP was 0.49 to 42.5 for internal organs damage reported. HI for reproductive health damage due to exposure to DnBT and DEHP was of 0.04 to 5.58, so that there is a high probability that children's health is at risk. Therefore, it is necessary to a quantitative analysis of phthalates in food consumed in Latin American countries and establish the TDI of phthalates especially, to DEHP, which was obtained the higher HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Magdalena García-Fabila
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón and Paseo Tollocan SN., Colonia Ocho Cedros, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P. 50120, Mexico
| | - Araceli Amaya Chávez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón and Paseo Tollocan SN., Colonia Ocho Cedros, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P. 50120, Mexico
- Corresponding author.
| | - Juan Carlos Sánchez Meza
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón and Paseo Tollocan SN., Colonia Ocho Cedros, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P. 50120, Mexico
| | - Lilia Patricia Bustamante Montes
- Decanato de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Av. Montevideo esquina Avenida Acueducto, Guadalajara, Jalisco, CP 44670, Mexico
| | - Alicia Reyes García
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón and Paseo Tollocan SN., Colonia Ocho Cedros, Toluca, Estado de México, C.P. 50120, Mexico
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20
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Zhang X, Tang S, Qiu T, Hu X, Lu Y, Du P, Xie L, Yang Y, Zhao F, Zhu Y, Giesy JP. Investigation of phthalate metabolites in urine and daily phthalate intakes among three age groups in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114005. [PMID: 31995769 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used as binders and plasticizers in industrial and consumer products but show diverse toxicity. We investigated the level of human exposure to phthalates in Beijing, one of the most densely populated cities in the world. In this study, 12 metabolites of phthalates were measured in 70 spot urine samples collected from Beijing residents from August 2017 to April 2018 using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We found that metabolites of phthalates were ubiquitous in all urine samples. Total concentrations of phthalate metabolites ranged from 39.6 to 1931 ng mL-1, with median concentrations were in decreasing order of children (371 ng mL-1)> younger adults (332 ng mL-1)> older adults (276 ng mL-1). Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) was the predominant compound, and occurred at concentrations greater than those reported for people in other countries. The mean values of estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of ∑phthalate were 35.2, 10.3 and 10.9 ng (kg-bm)-1 d-1 for children, younger adults and older adults, respectively. EDIs of di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exceeded reference values suggested by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the European Food Safety Authority. When concentrations were normalized to volume or creatinine-adjusted, hazard quotients (HQs) for 40 of 70 participants exhibited larger HQs >1 for individual phthalates, which was indicative of potential for adverse effects. Thus, exposure to phthalates might be a critical factor contributing to adverse health effects in Beijing residents. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to establish a pre-baseline level of urinary phthalate metabolites among residents in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Song Tang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tian Qiu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojian Hu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yifu Lu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Du
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Linna Xie
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Yang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Biomedical and Veterinary Biosciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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21
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Yao YC, Du YY, Wang YX, Deng TR, Liu C, Teng XM, Hua X, Yuan XQ, Guo N, Yin L, Zeng Q, Li YF. Predictors of phthalate metabolites in urine and follicular fluid and correlations between urine and follicular fluid phthalate metabolite concentrations among women undergoing in vitro fertilization. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 184:109295. [PMID: 32126376 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalate metabolites in follicular fluid (FF) may negatively affect normal folliculogenesis; however, the predictors of phthalate metabolite concentrations in urine and FF and relationships between urine and FF phthalate metabolite concentrations among women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To investigate predictors of phthalate metabolites in urine and FF and correlations between urine and FF phthalate metabolite concentrations among women undergoing IVF. METHOD We recruited 305 women seeking infertility treatment at a reproductive center in Wuhan, China, from October to November 2016. Information regarding demographic characteristics, personal care product use and plastic material contact was obtained through direct interviews. Concentrations of 8 phthalate metabolites in urine and FF samples were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Associations regarding metabolite concentrations in urine and FF samples were analysed by Spearman's correlation and linear regression. Generalized linear regression was used to examine potential predictors of phthalate metabolite concentrations in urine and FF. RESULTS Weak to moderate associations between urine and FF samples were found for monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) (correlation coefficient: MEP, 0.350; MEOHP, 0.377); no associations were observed for other metabolites. The predictive powers of urinary metabolite concentrations in determining FF metabolite concentrations were uniformly low, with R2 ≤ 0.113. Body mass index (BMI) and educational level were inversely associated with the urinary concentrations of certain metabolites. Higher household income, intake of bottled drinks within 48 h, and use of shower gel and soap were frequently associated with higher urinary metabolite concentrations. BMI, higher household income and use of disposable plastic cups within 48 h were associated with higher metabolite concentrations in FF. CONCLUSION Phthalate metabolite concentrations in urine and FF vary according to sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle factors. Phthalate metabolite concentrations in urine may not be appropriate for estimating ovary phthalate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Cheng Yao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yao-Yao Du
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yi-Xing Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tao-Ran Deng
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xue-Mei Teng
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xiang Hua
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xiao-Qiong Yuan
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Na Guo
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Li Yin
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yu-Feng Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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22
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Lee G, Kim S, Kho Y, Kim S, Lee S, Choi G, Park J, Worakhunpiset S, Moon HB, Okanurak K, Geounuppakul M, Tangtitawong J, Wetsutthanon K, Trisurat D, Choi K. Urinary levels of phthalates and DINCH metabolites in Korean and Thai pregnant women across three trimesters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:134822. [PMID: 31818591 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are anti-androgenic chemicals and may cause long-lasting adverse effects on growing fetuses. Understanding their exposure profile during pregnancy, therefore, is of public health importance. Because both behavioral and physiological changes of pregnant women are expected to be substantial, the amount of phthalate exposure is expected to vary significantly over the course of pregnancy. Temporal trend of phthalate exposure during pregnancy, however, is largely unknown, especially in Asian women. The purpose of this study is to investigate the urinary concentrations of metabolites for major phthalates and alternative plasticizers over the course of pregnancy among Korean (n = 81) and Thai women (n = 102). Twenty-four metabolites from 15 plasticizers, such as dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dioctyl phthalate (DnOP), diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP), di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP), and di-(iso-nonyl)-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH), were measured in urine samples collected in each trimester from pregnant women. While the levels of several phthalate metabolites were significantly different by trimester among Korean women, those of Thai women were relatively consistent. Urinary metabolites of DEP and DnOP were higher in Thai pregnant women compared to Korean pregnant women. The detection frequencies of the DINCH metabolite were 67.4% and 44.9% among Korean and Thai pregnant women, respectively. However, the ratio of DINCH to DEHP metabolites was significantly higher in Thai women. According to risk assessment, 11.9% of Korean and 5.3% of Thai women were considered at risk due to phthalate exposure, and DEHP, DnBP and DiBP were identified as major risk drivers. Considering the vulnerability of growing fetuses, further studies are warranted to identify major sources of exposure to these plasticizers during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowoon Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Kim
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; CentralBio Co., Ltd., Gimpo, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunmi Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonyeong Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuyeon Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Park
- Cheongdam Yeon & Nature Obestetrics & Gynecology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suwalee Worakhunpiset
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kamolnetr Okanurak
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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He MJ, Lu JF, Wang J, Wei SQ, Hageman KJ. Phthalate esters in biota, air and water in an agricultural area of western China, with emphasis on bioaccumulation and human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:134264. [PMID: 31494416 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) have been shown to be ubiquitous in abiotic and biotic environmental compartments; however, information about bioaccumulation behavior and human exposure, both via environmental exposure and the diet, are limited. Herein, we report the concentrations and composition profiles of phthalate esters (PAEs) in biological samples, river water, indoor air, and outdoor air samples collected from an agricultural site in western China. Dibutyl phthalate (DNBP) occupied a relatively high abundance in biological samples, discrepant with the environmental samples in which di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the dominant congener. Significant correlations (P < 0.05) were observed between the biota and river water samples, indicating that river water heavily influenced PAE accumulation in biological samples. The mean log Bioaccumulation Factors (BAFs) varied from 0.91 to 2.96, which implies that most PAE congeners are not likely to accumulate in organisms. No obvious trends were observed between log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) and log BAF values, nor between log octanol-air partition coefficient (KOW) and biota-air accumulation factors (BAAFs). Nevertheless, the calculated log air-water partitioning factors (AWPFs) of diethyl phthalate (DEP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) were similar to predicted values whereas those for diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), DNBP and DEHP were significantly higher. The estimated daily intakes of PAEs via food ingestion and environmental exposure were 15, 9.4 and 1.2 ng/kg-bw/day in toddlers, children and adults, respectively, laying at the low end of the reported data and well below the reference dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jing He
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Jun-Feng Lu
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Chongqing Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Shi-Qiang Wei
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Kimberly J Hageman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan 84322, United States
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Zhang Y, Huang B, Sabel CE, Thomsen M, Gao X, Zhong M, Chen Z, Feng P. Oral intake exposure to phthalates in vegetables produced in plastic greenhouses and its health burden in Shaanxi province, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 696:133921. [PMID: 31465917 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate exposure from Vegetables grown in Plastic Greenhouses (VPGs) represents an important source of total daily phthalate exposure in China. However, quantified health risks of phthalates attributable to VPG intake have not been documented. To fill this gap, this study estimates phthalate exposure from VPG intake in western China and calculates the first assessment of the disease burden associated with phthalate exposure from VPG intake in China based on a simple steady-state exposure model and a linear dose-response function between human bio-monitoring phthalates and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) prevalence. What we present in this paper is a problem identification and screening level risk assessment. We chose Shaanxi province as the research field site due to its large contribution to the total vegetable yield and consumption in western China. Phthalate concentration in VPG samples, phthalate exposure levels from VPG intake, and the T2D burden caused by phthalate attributable to VPG intake for adults were measured or calculated. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was found to represent over 55% of the total phthalate concentration in VPGs, followed by di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP). Phthalate exposure from VPG intake for urban adults was higher than the level for rural adults. The share of DEHP exposure from VPG intake to urinary total DEHP metabolites were nearly 8% and 15%, and the share of DnBP exposure caused by VPG intake to total daily DnBP metabolites were nearly 4% and 7%, for rural and urban adult populations in Shaanxi, respectively. The adult population with T2D attributable to phthalate exposure from VPG intake was 2561, nearly 6.4% to the T2D burden attributable to total phthalate exposure, and 0.4% to the total adult population with T2D in Shaanxi. The authors recommend policy interventions to protect populations from future risk of phthalate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Biao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Clive E Sabel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Postboks 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Marianne Thomsen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Postboks 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Xiangyun Gao
- Institute of Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 20018, China
| | - Ming Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhikun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Resource &Biotech Applications, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Puyang Feng
- Bio-Agriculture Institute of Shaanxi, Xi'an 710043, China
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25
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Li X, Duan Y, Sun H, Zhang P, Xu J, Hua X, Jin L, Li M. Human exposure levels of PAEs in an e-waste recycling area: Get insight into impacts of spatial variation and manipulation mode. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105143. [PMID: 31630067 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are one important category of additives in plastics, which are ubiquitous products of e-waste recycling areas, where PAEs are released to the environment intensively and higher exposure level is expected for the employees. This study investigated human exposure levels of PAEs in an e-waste recycling area (Ziya Circular Economy Park (ZCEP) in Tianjin, China) with intending to explore the impacts of residence spatial variation and dismantling manipulation mode. We collected 157 urine samples from three sites around ZCEP with different distances from the core dismantling site and urinary phthalate metabolites (mPAEs) concentrations were measured and were compared among these three sites. The exposure levels of PAEs exhibited spatial variation according to the distance from the core dismantling site, and urinary median ∑mPAEs concentrations (389 ng/mL) of the employees in ZCEP were significantly higher than those of residents in Ziya town (285 ng/mL) and the downtown of Jinghai district (207 ng/mL) (p < 0.05). Moreover, PAEs exposure levels were significantly affected by the manipulation modes in the e-waste recycling area and the urinary median ∑mPAEs concentrations in the employees of family workshops (401 ng/mL) were significantly higher than those in plants with centralized management (298 ng/mL). There were obvious differences on the urinary median mPAEs concentrations between subgroups based on age, BMI, and sex; however, no significant statistical associations were found between PAEs exposure levels and these socio-demographic indices (p > 0.05). Besides, there was no correlation between exposure levels of different PAEs and their physicochemical parameters like the logKow (p > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yishuang Duan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, Regina, Canada
| | - Jiaping Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xia Hua
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Litao Jin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Ding M, Kang Q, Zhang S, Zhao F, Mu D, Zhang H, Yang M, Hu J. Contribution of phthalates and phthalate monoesters from drinking water to daily intakes for the general population. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 229:125-131. [PMID: 31078027 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Although phthalates (PAEs) are ubiquitous in drinking water, and phthalate monoesters (MPAEs) have been recognized as the bioactive metabolites of PAEs, little information is available regarding the occurrence of MPAEs in drinking water and the contributions of PAEs and MPAEs to human exposure. In this study, the concentrations of PAEs and MPAEs in 146 samples of drinking water collected from 24 cities throughout China were determined. The mean concentrations of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were 14.31 ± 26.28, 5.905 ± 11.57, 103.8 ± 310.5, 595.9 ± 1794, and 178.2 ± 422.0 ng/L, respectively. Monomethyl phthalate (MMP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), and mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) were detected in drinking water for the first time, at mean concentrations of 12.1 ± 18.0, 2.4 ± 5.8, 11.3 ± 37.2, 36.3 ± 103, and 9.9 ± 18.0 ng/L, respectively. The geometric mean concentrations of MMP, MEP, MiBP, MnBP, and MEHP in urine samples collected from 1040 participants from 16 cities were 10.1, 19.3, 29.6, 47.3, and 3.63 μg/g creatinine, respectively. The concentrations of PAEs and MPAEs in drinking water and daily intakes (DIs) of PAEs from nine cities where drinking water and urine samples were simultaneously collected were used to estimate the contributions from drinking water. The percentages of DMP, DEP, DiBP, DnBP, and DEHP from drinking water accounted for DIs of 0.60%, 0.049%, 1.26%, 2.76%, and 0.56%, respectively. The percentages of MMP, MEP, MiBP, MnBP and MEHP via intake of drinking water accounted for urinary concentrations of 0.86%, 0.032%, 0.14%, 0.089%, and 0.045%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Ding
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qiyue Kang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shiyi Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fanrong Zhao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Di Mu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Ko NY, Lo YTC, Huang PC, Huang YC, Chang JL, Huang HB. Changes in insulin resistance mediate the associations between phthalate exposure and metabolic syndrome. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 175:434-441. [PMID: 31158561 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on the relationships between phthalate exposure, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in younger adults is limited. It is still unclear whether changes in insulin resistance represent an intermediate biological mechanism linking phthalate exposure and MetS. OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations between cumulative risk of phthalates (such as daily intake [DI] and hazard index [HI]), insulin resistance, and MetS in younger adults and to examine the mediating role of insulin resistance in the associations between phthalate exposure and MetS. METHODS Urinary phthalate metabolite levels, insulin resistance (by using the Homeostatic Model Assessment of estimated Insulin Resistance [HOMA-IR]), and MetS status were determined in 435 military personnel in Taiwan. We estimated the DI of five phthalates: dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP), and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and the HI based on urinary phthalate metabolite levels. Cross-sectional associations between DI and HI, HOMA-IR, and the indicators of MetS were explored using logistic regression models. Mediation analysis was conducted to assess the role of insulin resistance in the associations between phthalate exposure and MetS. RESULTS Higher DIDMP was associated with an increased odds of high HOMA-IR and MetS (odds ratio [OR], 1.686; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.079-2.634 for high HOMA-IR; OR, 2.329; 95% CI, 1.263-4.295 for MetS). The mediation analysis indicated that 43% of the association between higher DIDMP and MetS was mediated by HOMA-IR. Higher DIBBzP and HI were associated with an increased odds of abdominal obesity (OR, 1.816; 95% CI, 1.180-2.797 for the high DIBBzP group; OR, 1.700, 95% CI, 1.105-2.614 for the high HI groups). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to environmental phthalates may be positively associated with insulin resistance and MetS. Insulin resistance may mediate these associations between exposure to certain phthalates and MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Yueh Ko
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ting C Lo
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chin Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli and Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Huang
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Junn-Liang Chang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Han-Bin Huang
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Li Y, Lu J, Yin X, Liu Z, Tong Y, Zhou L. Indoor phthalate concentrations in residences in Shihezi, China: implications for preschool children's exposure and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:19785-19794. [PMID: 31089994 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05335-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the risks associated with phthalate exposure, there are few studies emphasizing preschool children's exposure to phthalates in residences in Northwest China. In this study, seven phthalates from indoor dust samples were measured in 50 residences in Shihezi, China. Preschool children's exposure doses via non-dietary intake were calculated by Monte Carlo simulation. Risk assessment was conducted by comparing the simulated exposure dose with benchmarks for reproductive toxicity and cancer specified in Proposition 65 of California. The detection frequencies for all selected phthalates were more than 75%, with the exception of benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP). Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the most principal compound in the dust samples (median = 455 μg/g and 462 μg/g in the bedroom and living room, respectively). The simulation displayed that the median DBP daily intake was 1.5-1.9 μg/day/kg for preschool children in Shihezi, which was considered a high level compared with similar studies around the world. The risk assessment indicated that almost all preschool children face potential reproductive risk due to dibutyl phthalate (DBP) exposure, with medians of hazard index (HI) from 9.6 to 12.4 for all age groups. Therefore, from a children's health perspective, attention should be paid to reducing indoor phthalate pollution and exposure in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahua Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Jianjiang Lu
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China.
| | - Xiaowen Yin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, China.
| | - Zilong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Yanbin Tong
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
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A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures. TOXICS 2019; 7:toxics7020021. [PMID: 30959800 PMCID: PMC6630674 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (diesters of phthalic acid) are widely used as plasticizers and additives in many consumer products. Laboratory animal studies have reported the endocrine-disrupting and reproductive effects of phthalates, and human exposure to this class of chemicals is a concern. Several phthalates have been recognized as substances of high concern. Human exposure to phthalates occurs mainly via dietary sources, dermal absorption, and air inhalation. Phthalates are excreted as conjugated monoesters in urine, and some phthalates, such as di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), undergo secondary metabolism, including oxidative transformation, prior to urinary excretion. The occurrence of phthalates and their metabolites in urine, serum, breast milk, and semen has been widely reported. Urine has been the preferred matrix in human biomonitoring studies, and concentrations on the order of several tens to hundreds of nanograms per milliliter have been reported for several phthalate metabolites. Metabolites of diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl- (DBP) and diisobutyl- (DiBP) phthalates, and DEHP were the most abundant compounds measured in urine. Temporal trends in phthalate exposures varied among countries. In the United States (US), DEHP exposure has declined since 2005, whereas DiNP exposure has increased. In China, DEHP exposure has increased since 2000. For many phthalates, exposures in children are higher than those in adults. Human epidemiological studies have shown a significant association between phthalate exposures and adverse reproductive outcomes in women and men, type II diabetes and insulin resistance, overweight/obesity, allergy, and asthma. This review compiles biomonitoring studies of phthalates and exposure doses to assess health risks from phthalate exposures in populations across the globe.
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Chen Y, Jiang L, Lu S, Kang L, Luo X, Liu G, Cui X, Yu Y. Organophosphate ester and phthalate ester metabolites in urine from primiparas in Shenzhen, China: Implications for health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:944-952. [PMID: 30823349 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) and phthalate esters (PAEs) are extensively used as additives in commercial and household products. However, knowledge on human exposure to OPEs and PAEs remains limited in China. This study aimed to investigate OPE and PAE metabolites in urine samples of primiparas and to evaluate the cumulative risk of OPE and PAE exposure. A total of 8 OPE metabolites and 11 PAE metabolites were measured in urine samples of 84 primiparas from Shenzhen, China. The OPE metabolites were found in at least 72% of the urine samples with bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP) being the dominant analogue. Among the 11 PAE metabolites, mono-n-butyl phthalate (mBP) was the most abundant analogue and had a median concentration (139 μg/L) greater than those reported in urine samples from other countries and regions. A significant, positive correlation was found between Σ8OPEMs (the sum of 8 OPE metabolites) and body mass index (BMI). The urinary concentration of Σ11PAEMs (the sum of 11 PAE metabolites) was positively associated with the time of computer using by the primiparas. The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of tris(2-chlorethyl) phosphate (TCEP, the parent chemical of BCEP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP, the parent chemical of mBP) were determined to be 0.47 and 9.14 μg/kg bw/day, respectively. The 95th percentile EDI values for TCEP and DnBP both exceeded their corresponding reference doses. Twelve and fifty-five percentage of the primiparas were estimated to have HIRfD (hazard index corresponding to reference doses) and HITDI (hazard index corresponding to tolerable daily intake) values exceeding 1 for OPEs and PAEs, respectively, suggesting a relatively high exposure risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Shenzhen Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, 518028, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Li Kang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xianru Luo
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Guihua Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xinyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
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31
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Lee I, Alakeel R, Kim S, Al-Sheikh YA, Al-Mandeel H, Alyousef AA, Kho Y, Choi K. Urinary phthalate metabolites among children in Saudi Arabia: Occurrences, risks, and their association with oxidative stress markers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:1350-1357. [PMID: 30841407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates have been used as plasticizers in numerous consumer applications and therefore, their metabolites have been detected in human urine worldwide. Despite concerns regarding their potential adverse health effects, few exposure assessments have been conducted among young populations in Middle Eastern countries. In this study, children (n = 109, aged 3-9 years) were recruited from four elementary schools in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in 2017, and major phthalate metabolites were measured in their urine. Their parents were asked to complete a questionnaire on their behalf to assess potential exposure sources of phthalates. In addition to 18 phthalate metabolites, malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were measured in urine samples by LC/MS/MS. Among the children of Saudi Arabia, urinary levels of monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP) and monobutyl phthalate (MnBP) were higher than those reported previously in children worldwide. Monoethyl phthalate (MEP) was also detected at high levels. Several phthalate metabolites showed significant associations with the levels of MDA or 8-OHdG. Hazard quotients (HQs) derived for certain phthalates were greater than one. In particular, the HQs for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were greater than one in 34% of the participating children. Levels of monocyclohexyl phthalate (MCHP), monoisodecyl phthalate (MiDP), mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), and mono[2-(carboxymethyl)hexyl] phthalate (MCMHP) in the urine samples were positively associated with the consumption frequency of certain foods. Very high levels of exposure to phthalates, along with positive associations with oxidative stress markers, outline the importance of follow-up investigations for identification of phthalate exposure sources and potential health implications among the young population of Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inae Lee
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Raid Alakeel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University
| | - Sungmin Kim
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Republic of Korea
| | - Yazeed A Al-Sheikh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University
| | - Hazem Al-Mandeel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University
| | - Abdullah A Alyousef
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Muchangos LD, Xue M, Zhou L, Kojima N, Machimura T, Tokai A. Flows, stocks, and emissions of DEHP products in Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:1007-1018. [PMID: 30308790 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The usage of products containing Bis (2‑ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) is widespread, mainly through the great variety of PVC products. However, DEHP has become a worldwide concern, due to the potential health and environmental risks it presents. In this study, material flow analysis and emission estimations for DEHP products in Japan, from 1948 to 2030, were performed. Moreover, an evaluation of the potentially damaging impacts on human health and the environment was completed through a lifecycle impact assessment approach. The analysis focused on three representative lifecycle phases - Production, Use and Treatment and Disposal. The peak flows of DEHP from Production to the Use phase were in 1996 with 285,300 tons for shipment and the stocks peaked in 2001 with 1,981,908 tons. Accordingly, in 2006 the peak of DEHP waste to the Treatment and disposal phase was 190,792 tons. The primary emissions were observed in the Use phase, due to the large stocks, with DEHP mostly being released to the pedosphere. The total emissions from the Use phase reached the maximum of 48,960 tons in 2000, whereas in the Production and Treatment and disposal phase it was 248 tons and 15 tons, respectively. Subsequently, concerning the evaluation of impacts, the damage to the human health was the most widespread impact, totaling 13,782 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), compared with the damage to the ecosystems, with 0.12 species·year. Furthermore, the risk-risk tradeoffs between the lifecycle phases were clarified throughout the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Dos Muchangos
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Mianqiang Xue
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability (RISS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan.
| | - Liang Zhou
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Naoya Kojima
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Takashi Machimura
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Tokai
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Du P, Zhou Z, Huang H, Han S, Xu Z, Bai Y, Li X. Estimating population exposure to phthalate esters in major Chinese cities through wastewater-based epidemiology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 643:1602-1609. [PMID: 30189576 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are widely used in consumer and industrial products and may thus pose significant health risks. Urine analysis, which has usually been applied to assess the health risks of PAEs, has the drawback of small sample sizes and insufficient representativeness. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) collects wastewater samples containing urine from the entire community and thus is more representative than urine samples. In this work, exposure levels and health risks of PAEs were estimated on a national scale for the first time through the WBE approach. Wastewater samples were collected from 54 wastewater treatment plants in 27 major cities that cover all of the geographic regions of China. The estimated ∑5PAEs exposure levels ranged from 290 μg/inh/d (Lhasa) to 3642 ± 467 μg/inh/d (Zhengzhou) with a mean level of 2184 ± 1173 μg/inh/d. Di-n-butyl phthalate accounted for the highest proportion (65%) in the total exposure level. The ∑5PAEs exposure levels in Southwest China were significantly lower than those in other regions due to the low production and consumption of plastics in the region. The health risks of PAEs were assessed by comparing the estimated daily exposure levels to the acceptable daily exposure levels. For adults, the hazard index that represents cumulative risk of PAEs was above or below 1 depending on a particular reference dose (total daily intake values or the reference dose for anti-androgenicity) that was used for risk calculation. In contrast, the hazard index was above 1 for a significant number of cities for children, regardless of which reference dose was used. The results indicate that health risks of PAE exposure in China cannot be overlooked. Children in China are under considerably greater risks than adults, which warrants further research or proper regulation of PAE use in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Du
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, PR China
| | - Zilei Zhou
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongmei Huang
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, PR China
| | - Sheng Han
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, PR China
| | - Zeqiong Xu
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, PR China
| | - Ya Bai
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiqing Li
- Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, PR China.
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Xia M, Ouyang X, Wang X, Shen X, Zhan Y. Occupational exposure assessment of phthalate esters in indoor and outdoor microenvironments. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 72:75-88. [PMID: 30244753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are widely used as plasticizers in consumer products. PAEs are a group of environmental hormone which disrupts human and animals' endocrine systems. Different occupational groups are exposed to various levels of PAEs. In the present study, four typical occupational groups were chosen, including doctors, college teachers, college students, and drivers who worked in public traffic system. In order to understand the exposure levels to PAEs via inhalation, air samples were collected from multiple microenvironments including indoor and outdoor in Hangzhou to measure the gas and particle concentrations of six PAEs, together with time spent in different microenvironments of these four groups. A comprehensive PAEs exposure model was built to estimate the daily PAEs exposure through inhalation, oral and dermal pathways. The Monte Carlo simulation results show that doctors were exposed to the highest level of PAEs, and consequently had the highest health risk among these four occupational groups. In contrast, college students had the lowest health risk. By setting the exposure level of staying in residences as the baseline, doctors and drivers were two occupations exposed to high PAEs health risk. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the largest contributor among the six phthalates, posing moderate health risk (10-5-10-6) to every occupation. For traffic microenvironments alone, the total exposure levels for different transportation modes were in the descending order of busses, cars, cabs, tubes, motor bikes, and walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xia
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xingzi Ouyang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xueyou Shen
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Yu Zhan
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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35
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Gupta S, Gadi R. Temporal Variation of Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Ambient Atmosphere of Delhi. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 101:153-159. [PMID: 29700580 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are a group of chemical species, ubiquitously present in the environment and pose a serious risk to humans. In the present study, the average concentrations of PAEs in PM10 (particulate matter ≤ 10 µm) are reported at a densely populated site in Delhi. The average concentration of PAEs was reported to be 703.1 ± 36.2 ng m-3 with slightly higher concentrations in winter than in summer; suggesting that sources are relatively stable over the whole year. The average concentration of PAEs was 35.7 ± 30.5 ng m-3 in winter, 35.4 ± 27.0 ng m-3 in summer, 3.4 ± 1.5 ng m-3 in monsoon and 7.5 ± 5.2 ng m-3 in post-monsoon. Principal component analysis was performed, which suggested that emissions were mainly due to plasticizers, cosmetics and personal care products, municipal solid waste, thermal power stations, industrial wastewater, cement plants and coke ovens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Gupta
- Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi, 110078, India
| | - Ranu Gadi
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Delhi, 110006, India.
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Wang W, Leung AOW, Chu LH, Wong MH. Phthalates contamination in China: Status, trends and human exposure-with an emphasis on oral intake. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:771-782. [PMID: 29625301 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the extensive production and use of phthalates in Asian countries, especially China, limited information is available about the current situation of human exposure in this region, and thus identification of further research needs is warranted. This review summarized the current trends of phthalates related to industrial production and human exposure by conducting a comprehensive assessment of phthalates contaminations in air, indoor dust, personal care products (PCPs), foodstuff and internal exposure in China, with comparisons with other countries. The concentrations of phthalates in indoor dust and PCPs in China were moderate, while concentrations in foods and air were among the highest worldwide. Dietary intake of phthalates varied with location, with hotspots in the southern and eastern coastal regions of China which correlated with the extensive industrial production recorded in these regions. This review firstly revealed the significantly differentiated food-type contribution profiles for phthalates in China and in other countries, which were affected by dietary habits and food contamination. The internal exposure for the Chinese population was found to be moderate, however there is a paucity of data available. Knowledge gaps identified concerning phthalates in China include trends in phthalates exposure, sources (e.g. PCPs, pharmaceuticals and medical treatment), and internal exposure derived from biomonitoring, warranting phthalates a research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, United States
| | - Anna Oi Wah Leung
- Department of Biology, and Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lam Hang Chu
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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Babu-Rajendran R, Preethi G, Poopal RK, Nikhil NP, Vimalkumar K, Subramanian A, Krishna-Kumar S. GC–MS determination of phthalate esters in human urine: A potential biomarker for phthalate bio-monitoring. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1079:15-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Benjamin S, Masai E, Kamimura N, Takahashi K, Anderson RC, Faisal PA. Phthalates impact human health: Epidemiological evidences and plausible mechanism of action. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 340:360-383. [PMID: 28800814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Disregarding the rising alarm on the hazardous nature of various phthalates and their metabolites, ruthless usage of phthalates as plasticizer in plastics and as additives in innumerable consumer products continues due low their cost, attractive properties, and lack of suitable alternatives. Globally, in silico computational, in vitro mechanistic, in vivo preclinical and limited clinical or epidemiological human studies showed that over a dozen phthalates and their metabolites ingested passively by man from the general environment, foods, drinks, breathing air, and routine household products cause various dysfunctions. Thus, this review addresses the health hazards posed by phthalates on children and adolescents, epigenetic modulation, reproductive toxicity in women and men; insulin resistance and type II diabetes; overweight and obesity, skeletal anomalies, allergy and asthma, cancer, etc., coupled with the description of major phthalates and their general uses, phthalate exposure routes, biomonitoring and risk assessment, special account on endocrine disruption; and finally, a plausible molecular cross-talk with a unique mechanism of action. This clinically focused comprehensive review on the hazards of phthalates would benefit the general population, academia, scientists, clinicians, environmentalists, and law or policy makers to decide upon whether usage of phthalates to be continued swiftly without sufficient deceleration or regulated by law or to be phased out from earth forever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailas Benjamin
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940 2188, Japan; Enzyme Technology Laboratory, School of Biosciences, University of Calicut, Kerala 673 635, India.
| | - Eiji Masai
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940 2188, Japan
| | - Naofumi Kamimura
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940 2188, Japan
| | - Kenji Takahashi
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940 2188, Japan
| | - Robin C Anderson
- USDA Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Panichikkal Abdul Faisal
- Enzyme Technology Laboratory, School of Biosciences, University of Calicut, Kerala 673 635, India
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Škrbić BD, Ji Y, Živančev JR, Jovanović GG, Jie Z. Mycotoxins, trace elements, and phthalates in marketed rice of different origin and exposure assessment. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2017; 10:256-267. [PMID: 28618849 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2017.1342701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine levels of 11 mycotoxins, 10 trace elements, and 6 phthalates in rice samples from Serbian and Chinese market. Mycotoxins were not detected in any of the analysed rice samples. Results revealed similar median levels for following elements: Mn, 17.5 and 15.7 mg kg-1; Fe, 2.47 and 2.12 mg kg-1; Cu, 1.95 and 1.59 mg kg-1 in marketed samples from Serbia and China, respectively. Median concentration of Ni in Serbian marketed samples was 1.9 times higher than in Chinese ones. The median levels (µg kg-1) of phthalates ranged from 1.2 (benzylbutyl phthalate [BBP]) - 566 (di(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate [DEHP]) and 1.7 (BBP) - 348 (DEHP) in Serbian and Chinese marketed samples, respectively. The results were used to assess daily exposure of Serbian and Chinese adult consumers. The calculated target hazard quotients indicated that the potential risk attributable to the analysed contaminants in rice samples should not be of concern neither for the Serbian nor the Chinese consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana D Škrbić
- a Faculty of Technology, Centre of Excellence in Food Safety and Emerging Risks , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Republic of Serbia
| | - Yaqin Ji
- b College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin , China
| | - Jelena R Živančev
- a Faculty of Technology, Centre of Excellence in Food Safety and Emerging Risks , University of Novi Sad , Novi Sad , Republic of Serbia
| | | | - Zhao Jie
- b College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin , China
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Rocha BA, Asimakopoulos AG, Barbosa F, Kannan K. Urinary concentrations of 25 phthalate metabolites in Brazilian children and their association with oxidative DNA damage. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 586:152-162. [PMID: 28174045 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of humans to phthalates has received considerable attention due to the ubiquitous occurrence and potential adverse health effects of these chemicals. Nevertheless, little is known about the exposure of the Brazilian population to phthalates. In this study, concentrations of 25 phthalate metabolites were determined in urine samples collected from 300 Brazilian children (6-14years old). Further, the association between urinary phthalate concentrations and a biomarker of oxidative stress, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OHDG), was examined. Overall, eleven phthalate metabolites were found in at least 95% of the samples analyzed. The highest median concentrations were found for monoethyl phthalate (mEP; 57.3ngmL-1), mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (mECPP; 52.8ngmL-1), mono-isobutyl phthalate (mIBP; 43.8ngmL-1), and mono-n-butyl phthalate (mBP; 42.4ngmL-1). The secondary metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and mEP, mIBP, and mBP were the most abundant compounds, accounting for >90% of the total concentrations. On the basis of the measured concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites, we estimated daily intakes of the parent phthalates, which were 0.3, 1.7, 1.8, 2.1, and 7.2μg/kg-bw/day for dimethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, and DEHP, respectively. Approximately one-quarter of the Brazilian children had a hazard index of >1 for phthalate exposures. Statistically significant positive associations were found between 8OHDG and the concentration of the sum of phthalate metabolites, sum of DEHP metabolites, mEP, mIBP, mBP, monomethyl phthalate, mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate, monobenzyl phthalate, monocarboxyoctyl phthalate, monocarboxynonyl phthalate, monoisopentyl phthalate, and mono-n-propyl phthalate. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the exposure of a Brazilian population to phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A Rocha
- Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, United States.
| | - Alexandros G Asimakopoulos
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, United States; Department of Chemistry, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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González-Mariño I, Rodil R, Barrio I, Cela R, Quintana JB. Wastewater-Based Epidemiology as a New Tool for Estimating Population Exposure to Phthalate Plasticizers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:3902-3910. [PMID: 28240866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes the monitoring of phthalate metabolites in wastewater as a nonintrusive and economic alternative to urine analysis for estimating human exposure to phthalates. To this end, a solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed, allowing for the determination of eight phthalate metabolites in wastewater (limits of quantification between 0.5 and 32 ng L-1). The analysis of samples from the NW region of Spain showed that these substances occur in raw wastewater up to ca. 1.6 μg L-1 and in treated wastewater up to ca. 1 μg L-1. Concentrations in raw wastewater were converted into levels of exposure to six phthalate diesters. For two of them, these levels were always below the daily exposure thresholds recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the European Food Safety Authority. For the other four, however, estimates of exposure surpassed such a threshold (especially the toddler threshold) in some cases, highlighting the significance of the exposure to phthalates in children. Finally, concentrations in wastewater were also used to estimate metabolite concentrations in urine, providing a reasonable concordance between our results and the data obtained in two previous biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria González-Mariño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela , Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela , Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Iván Barrio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela , Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela , Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela , Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Chang JW, Lee CC, Pan WH, Chou WC, Huang HB, Chiang HC, Huang PC. Estimated Daily Intake and Cumulative Risk Assessment of Phthalates in the General Taiwanese after the 2011 DEHP Food Scandal. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45009. [PMID: 28327585 PMCID: PMC5361203 DOI: 10.1038/srep45009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A food scandal occurred in Taiwan in 2011 because the DEHP (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate) had been intentionally used in food products. We assessed the daily intakes (DIs) and cumulative risk of phthalates in Taiwan’s general population after the scandal. The DIs of 6 phthalates, including di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP), and DEHP, were evaluated using urinary phthalate metabolites. Hazard quotients of phthalates classified as affecting the reproductive (HQrep) and hepatic (HQhep) systems were assessed using cumulative approach. The creatinine-based model showed that the highest DI values in children 7-to 12- years-old were for DEHP (males: median: 4.79 μg/kg bw/d; females: median: 2.62 μg/kg bw/d). The 95th percentile (P95) of HQrep values were all >1 in the 7- to 12-year-old and 18- to 40-year-old male groups. The P95 of HQhep values were all >1 in the 7- to 18- year-old male groups. Most of the HQrep was attributable to the HQs of DnBP and DiBP (53.9–84.7%), and DEHP contributed most to HQhep (83.1–98.6%), which reveals that DnBP, DiBP and DEHP were the main risk of phthalate exposure for Taiwanese. Taiwan’s general population is widely exposed to DnBP, DiBP and DEHP, especially for young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Wei Chang
- Research Center for Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chang Lee
- Research Center for Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Harn Pan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Preventive Medicine and Health Service Research, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Chou
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Han-Bin Huang
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Che Chiang
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chin Huang
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.,Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan
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43
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Yoshida T. Analytical method for urinary metabolites as biomarkers for monitoring exposure to phthalates by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [PMID: 27925246 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates, widely used as plasticizers, have been detected in indoor air, but there have been few reports on methods of analyzing urinary metabolites as biomarkers to monitor exposure to di-n-pentyl phthalate or di-n-hexyl phthalate. Presented here is a cost-effective and sensitive analytical method for the determination of urinary metabolites of phthalates containing these two compounds. Nine urinary phthalate metabolites were enzymatically hydrolyzed and extracted with toluene: monomethyl phthalate, monoethyl phthalate, monoisobutyl phthalate, mono-n-butyl phthalate, mono-n-pentyl phthalate, mono-n-hexyl phthalate, monocyclohexyl phthalate, monobenzyl phthalate and mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate. After transformation to their tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives, they were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in the electron impact ionization mode. The calibration curves for the metabolites were linear at urinary concentrations of up to 30 μg/L, showing that they could be determined accurately and precisely (detection limits 0.1-0.4 μg/L, quantification limits 0.3-1.3 μg/L). The urine samples collected could be stored for up to 1 month at -20°C. The proposed analytical method was used to examine urine samples from seven healthy volunteers. This method should be useful for monitoring phthalate exposure in the general population.
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Katsikantami I, Sifakis S, Tzatzarakis MN, Vakonaki E, Kalantzi OI, Tsatsakis AM, Rizos AK. A global assessment of phthalates burden and related links to health effects. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 97:212-236. [PMID: 27669632 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are ubiquitous environmental contaminants which are used in industry as plasticizers and additives in cosmetics. They are classified as Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) which impair the human endocrine system inducing fertility problems, respiratory diseases, childhood obesity and neuropsychological disorders. The aim of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge on the toxicity that phthalates pose in humans based on human biomonitoring studies conducted over the last decade. Except for conventional biological matrices (such as urine and serum), amniotic fluid, human milk, semen, saliva, sweat, meconium and human hair are also employed for the estimation of exposure and distribution of pollutants in the human body, although data are not enough yet. Children are highly exposed to phthalates relative to adults and in most studies children's daily intake surpasses the maximum reference dose (RfD) set from US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). However, the global trend is that human exposure to phthalates is decreasing annually as a result of the strict regulations applied to phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Katsikantami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, and Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, FORTH-IESL, GR-71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Stavros Sifakis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Heraklion, GR-71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Manolis N Tzatzarakis
- Center of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, GR-71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Elena Vakonaki
- Center of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, GR-71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Center of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, GR-71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Apostolos K Rizos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, and Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, FORTH-IESL, GR-71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Peng F, Ji W, Zhu F, Peng D, Yang M, Liu R, Pu Y, Yin L. A study on phthalate metabolites, bisphenol A and nonylphenol in the urine of Chinese women with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:622-628. [PMID: 27156842 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Humans are widely exposed to phthalates, bisphenol A and nonylphenol owing to the ubiquitous use of these chemicals in consumer products. Increasing attention has been paid to exposure to phthalates, bisphenol A and nonylphenol because of their potential adverse effects on human fertility. A validated method was developed to investigate the three classes of environmental estrogen, mentioned above, in the urine of Chinese women of Nanjing area with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. Solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used. In this method, amounts of bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP) and four phthalate metabolites, mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) and mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), along with their isotope labeled internal standards, were measured using UPLC-MS/MS operated in negative electrospray ionization multiple reaction monitoring mode. The limits of detection were 0.3ng/mL for the four phthalate metabolites, and 0.5ng/mL for bisphenol A and nonylphenol. For women with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion, the mean concentrations of MBP, MiBP, MBzP, MEHP, BPA and 4-n-NP were 6.52±6.04, 5.51±4.19, 0.53±0.42, 10.12±4.16, 7.13±7.42, 0.41±0.49ng/mL (mean±SD), respectively. For the control group, the mean concentrations of the corresponding analytes were 4.15±3.57, 2.96±3.30, 0.46±0.49, 6.50±2.81, 4.43±2.23,0.48±0.43ng/mL (mean±SD), respectively. Levels of MiBP and MEHP were significantly different between the two groups, using Wilcoxon rank sum tests. This method can be applied in epidemiological studies to explore the association between exposure to environmental estrogens and relevant adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanli Peng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wenliang Ji
- Jiangsu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Jiangsu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Danhong Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Miao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Asimakopoulos AG, Xue J, De Carvalho BP, Iyer A, Abualnaja KO, Yaghmoor SS, Kumosani TA, Kannan K. Urinary biomarkers of exposure to 57 xenobiotics and its association with oxidative stress in a population in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:573-581. [PMID: 26654562 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress arises from excessive free radicals in the body and is a trigger for numerous diseases, such as cancer and atherosclerosis. Elevated exposure to environmental chemicals can contribute to oxidative stress. The association between exposure to xenobiotics and oxidative stress, however, has rarely been studied. In this study, urinary concentrations of 57 xenobiotics (antimicrobials, parabens, bisphenols, benzophenones, and phthalates metabolites) were determined in a population from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, to delineate association with the oxidative stress biomarker, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OHDG). We collected 130 urine samples and analyzed for 57 xenobiotics using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) methods. The association between unadjusted and creatinine- or specific gravity-adjusted concentrations of xenobiotics and 8OHDG was examined by Pearson correlations and multiple regression analysis. High concentrations of mCPP (a metabolite of di-n-octyl phthalate; DnOP) and mCMHP (a metabolite of diethylhexyl phthalate; DEHP) were found in urine. In addition, the concentrations of bisphenol S (BPS) were higher than those of bisphenol A (BPA). The concentrations of metabolites of DEHP, phthalic acid, BPA, BPS, and methyl-protocatechuic acid were significantly associated with 8OHDG. This is the first biomonitoring study to report exposure of the Saudi population to a wide range of environmental chemicals and provides evidence that environmental chemical exposures contribute to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros G Asimakopoulos
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
| | - Jingchuan Xue
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States
| | - Bruno Pereira De Carvalho
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
| | - Archana Iyer
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group, Vitamin D Pharmacogenomics Research Group and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Omer Abualnaja
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soonham Sami Yaghmoor
- Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taha Abdullah Kumosani
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research, Center King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research, Center King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States.
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47
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Škrbić BD, Ji Y, Đurišić-Mladenović N, Zhao J. Occurence of the phthalate esters in soil and street dust samples from the Novi Sad city area, Serbia, and the influence on the children's and adults' exposure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 312:272-279. [PMID: 27039030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study reporting the presence of 6 phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in 60 composite soil and street dust samples collected in the urban zone of Novi Sad, the second largest city in Serbia. The results were further used to assess children's and adults' PAEs nondietary daily intakes (DIs) through incidental soil and dust ingestion and/or dermal absorption. The study could be regarded as the important baseline for future monitoring of PAEs in the urban environments, particularly as it contributes to the rare data on PAEs occurence in the street dust. All 6 PAEs were detected in every analyzed soil and street dust samples from 0.0002mgkg(-1) to 4.82mgkg(-1), with the highest level obtained for di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), which was the most dominant PAE (70-96%). The highest total PAEs (Σ6PAEs) contents in soil (2.12mgkg(-1)) and street dust (5.45mgkg(-1)) samples were obtained for the samples from city parks. In all soil samples, Σ6PAEs exceeded the soil sustainable quality limit sets by the relevant Serbian Regulation, but were much lower than the limit requiring remediation measures. Concerning the estimated DIs, children were more susceptible to PAEs intake than adults regardless of the exposure routes. All the estimated DIs values were far below the known reference values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana D Škrbić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Yaqin Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Nataša Đurišić-Mladenović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jie Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin 300071, China
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48
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Gao CJ, Liu LY, Ma WL, Ren NQ, Guo Y, Zhu NZ, Jiang L, Li YF, Kannan K. Phthalate metabolites in urine of Chinese young adults: Concentration, profile, exposure and cumulative risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 543:19-27. [PMID: 26575634 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used in consumer products. People are frequently exposed to phthalates due to their applications in daily life. In this study, 14 phthalate metabolites were analyzed in 108 urine samples collected from Chinese young adults using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The total concentrations of 14 phthalate metabolites ranged from 71.3 to 2670 ng/mL, with the geometric mean concentration of 306 ng/mL. mBP and miBP were the two most abundant compounds, accounting for 48% of the total concentrations. Principal component analysis suggested two major sources of phthalates: one dominated by the DEHP metabolites and one by the group of mCPP, mBP and miBP metabolites. The estimated daily intakes of DMP, DEP, DBP, DiBP and DEHP were 1.68, 2.14, 4.12, 3.52 and 1.26-2.98 μg/kg-bw/day, respectively. In a sensitivity analysis, urinary concentration and body weight were the most influential variables for human exposure estimation. Furthermore, cumulative risk for hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were evaluated. Nearly half of Chinese young adults had high HI values exceeding the safe threshold. This is the first study on the occurrence and human exposure to urinary phthalate metabolites with Chinese young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Jing Gao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Ning-Zheng Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- The Second Campus Hospital, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States.
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49
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Cao Y, Liu J, Liu Y, Wang J, Hao X. An integrated exposure assessment of phthalates for the general population in China based on both exposure scenario and biomonitoring estimation approaches. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 74:34-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Hoseini SJ, Fath RH. Formation of nanoneedle Cu(0)/CuS nanohybrid thin film by the disproportionation of a copper(i) complex at an oil–water interface and its application for dye degradation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14995b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A toluene–water planar interface has been used as an ideal template for the self-assembly of a nanoneedle Cu(0)/CuS nanohybrid thin film and Cu(0)/CuS nanoneedles as efficient catalysts for dye degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Jafar Hoseini
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- Yasouj University
- Yasouj 7591874831
- Iran
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