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Yang Q, Liao W, Wei Z, Qiu R, Zheng Q, Wu Q, Chen Y. Degradation and humification of steroidal estrogens in the soil environment: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:142043. [PMID: 38626810 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Emerging pollutants are toxic and harmful chemical substances characterized by environmental persistence, bioaccumulation and biotoxicity, which can harm the ecological environment and even threaten human health. There are four categories of emerging pollutants that are causing widespread concern, namely, persistent organic pollutants, endocrine disruptors, antibiotics, and microplastics. The distribution of emerging pollutants has spatial and temporal heterogeneity, which is influenced by factors such as geographical location, climatic conditions, population density, emission amount, etc. Steroidal estrogens (SEs) discussed in this paper belong to the category of endocrine disruptors. There are generally three types of fate for SEs in the soil environment: sorption, degradation and humification. Humification is a promising pathway for the removal of SEs, especially for those that are difficult to degrade. Through humification, these difficult-to-degrade SEs can be effectively transferred or fixed, thus reducing their impact on the environment and organisms. Contrary to the well-studied process of sorption and degradation, the role and promise of the humification process for the removal of SEs has been underestimated. Based on the existing research, this paper reviews the sources, classification, properties, hazards and environmental behaviors of SEs in soil, and focuses on the degradation and humification processes of SEs and the environmental factors affecting their processes, such as temperature, pH, etc. It aims to provide references for the follow-up research of SEs, and advocates further research on the humification of organic pollutants in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhui Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Weishan Liao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zebin Wei
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Qitang Wu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yangmei Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China.
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2
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Ao X, Zhang X, Sun W, Linden KG, Payne EM, Mao T, Li Z. What is the role of nitrate/nitrite in trace organic contaminants degradation and transformation during UV-based advanced oxidation processes? WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121259. [PMID: 38377923 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The effectiveness of UV-based advanced oxidation processes (UV-AOPs) in degrading trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) can be significantly influenced by the ubiquitous presence of nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) in water and wastewater. Indeed, NO3-/NO2- can play multiple roles of NO3-/NO2- in UV-AOPs, leading to complexities and conflicting results observed in existing research. They can inhibit the degradation of TrOCs by scavenging reactive species and/or competitively absorbing UV light. Conversely, they can also enhance the elimination of TrOCs by generating additional •OH and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Furthermore, the presence of NO3-/NO2- during UV-AOP treatment can affect the transformation pathways of TrOCs, potentially resulting in the nitration/nitrosation of TrOCs. The resulting nitro(so)-products are generally more toxic than the parent TrOCs and may become precursors of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) upon chlorination. Particularly, since the impact of NO3-/NO2- in UV-AOPs is largely due to the generation of RNS from NO3-/NO2- including NO•, NO2•, and peroxynitrite (ONOO-/ONOOH), this review covers the generation, properties, and detection methods of these RNS. From kinetic, mechanistic, and toxicologic perspectives, future research needs are proposed to advance the understanding of how NO3-/NO2- can be exploited to improve the performance of UV-AOPs treating TrOCs. This critical review provides a comprehensive framework outlining the multifaceted impact of NO3-/NO2- in UV-AOPs, contributing insights for basic research and practical applications of UV-AOPs containing NO3-/NO2-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwei Ao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Environmental and Energy Technology of MOST, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Environmental and Energy Technology of MOST, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China.
| | - Karl G Linden
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO 80303, United States.
| | - Emma M Payne
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Ted Mao
- Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou) Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China; MW Technologies, Inc., Ontario L8N1E, Canada
| | - Zifu Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Environmental and Energy Technology of MOST, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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An L, Chen B, Zhang Y, Li H, Huang R, Li F, Tang Y. Compound Similarity Network as a Novel Data Mining Strategy for High-Throughput Investigation of Degradation Pathways of Organic Pollutants in Industrial Wastewater Treatment. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3951-3959. [PMID: 38377587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Identification of degradation products and pathways is crucial for investigating emerging pollutants and evaluation of wastewater treatment methods. Nontargeted analysis is a powerful tool to comprehensively investigate the degradation pathways of organic pollutants in real-world wastewater samples but often generates large data sets, making it difficult to effectively locate the exact information on interests. Herein, to efficiently establish the linkages among compounds in the same degradation pathways, we introduce a compound similarity network (CSN) as a novel data mining strategy for LC-MS-based nontargeted analysis of complex wastewater samples. Different from molecular networks that cluster compounds based on MS/MS spectra similarity, our CSN strategy harnesses molecular fingerprints to establish linkages among compounds and thus is spectra-independent. The effectiveness of CSN was demonstrated by nontargeted identification of degradation pathways and products of organic pollutants in leather industrial wastewater that underwent laboratory-scale activated carbon adsorption (ACD) and ozonation treatments. Utilizing CSN in interpreting nontargeted data, we tentatively annotated 4324 compounds in the untreated leather industrial wastewater, 3246 after ACD, and 3777 after ACD/ozonation. We located 145 potential degradation pathways of organic pollutants in the ACD/ozonation process using CSN and validated 7 pathways with 15 chemical standards. CSN also revealed 5 clusters of emerging pollutants, from which 3 compounds were selected for in vitro cytotoxicity study to evaluate their potential biohazards as new pollutants. As CSN offers an efficient way to connect massive compounds and to find multiple degradation pathways in a high-throughput manner, we anticipate that it will find wide applications in nontargeted analysis of diverse environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong An
- Analytical & Testing Center, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Analytical & Testing Center, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities on Environmental Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Hailiang Li
- Analytical & Testing Center, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Rongfu Huang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities on Environmental Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Feng Li
- Analytical & Testing Center, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yanan Tang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
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Lei X, Xie Z, Sun Y, Qiu J, Yang X. Recent progress in identification of water disinfection byproducts and opportunities for future research. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122601. [PMID: 37742858 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Numerous disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed from reactions between disinfectants and organic/inorganic matter during water disinfection. More than seven hundred DBPs that have been identified in disinfected water, only a fraction of which are regulated by drinking water guidelines, including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, bromate, and chlorite. Toxicity assessments have demonstrated that the identified DBPs cannot fully explain the overall toxicity of disinfected water; therefore, the identification of unknown DBPs is an important prerequisite to obtain insights for understanding the adverse effects of drinking water disinfection. Herein, we review the progress in identification of unknown DBPs in the recent five years with classifications of halogenated or nonhalogenated, aliphatic or aromatic, followed by specific halogen groups. The concentration and toxicity data of newly identified DBPs are also included. According to the current advances and existing shortcomings, we envisioned future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziyan Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yijia Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junlang Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Li X, Liu S, Wang S, Feng L, Gao P, Liu Y, Zhang L. Removal performance of dissolved organic matter from municipal secondary effluent by different advanced treatment processes and preventing the formation of disinfection by-products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:109738-109750. [PMID: 37776432 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Various advanced treatment processes including ultrafiltration (UF), ozonation, enhanced coagulation, and biological aerated filter (BAF) have been applied to reduce dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the secondary effluent of municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTPs). In this study, DOM were characterized and the relationship between DOM characteristics and disinfection by-products (DBPs) generation was investigated systematically. Results showed that BAF and ozonation processes could significantly affect DOM characteristics in the treated effluents and the following DBP generation. UF and enhanced coagulation reduced the production of DBPs by removing large molecular hydrophobic organics. The removal of low molecule DOM by BAF resulted in a 67.6% reduction in trihalomethanes (THMs) production. Ozonation could oxidize large hydrophobic DOM into small hydrophilic molecules containing aldehyde and ketone groups, leading to 54% increase of halogenated aldehydes (HALs) and halogenated ketones (HKs). Humic acid (HA) was the main organic type in DOM and important precursor for THMs and dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) formation. The generation of trichloromethane (TCM) showed a significant positive correlation (R2 = 0.987) with the specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA). Large molecule hydrophobic DOM devoted the most to the formation of carbonaceous disinfection by-products and [Formula: see text]-N content was an important factor affecting the generation of nitrogenous disinfection by-products. These results are important for the optimization of advanced treatment process in MWTPs, and controlling DBPs should consider the removal of low MW hydrophobic DOM and the reduction of SUVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shiqi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Li Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yongze Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Liqiu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Sun G, Kaw HY, Zhou M, Guo P, Zhu L, Wang W. Chlorinated nucleotides and analogs as potential disinfection byproducts in drinking water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131242. [PMID: 36963195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Identification of emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs) of health relevance is important to uncover the health risk of drinking water observed in epidemiology studies. In this study, mutagenic chlorinated nucleotides were proposed as potential DBPs in drinking water, and the formation and transformation pathways of these DBPs in chlorination of nucleotides were carefully investigated. A total of eleven chlorinated nucleotides and analogs were provisionally identified as potential DBPs, such as monochloro uridine/cytidine/adenosine acid and dichloro cytidine acid, and the formation mechanisms involved chlorination, decarbonization, hydrolysis, oxidation and decarboxylation. The active sites of nucleotides that reacted with chlorine were on the aromatic heterocyclic rings of nucleobases, and the carbon among the two nitrogen atoms in the nucleobases tended to be transformed into carboxyl group or be eliminated, further forming ring-opening or reorganization products. Approximately 0.2-4.0 % (mol/mol) of these chlorinated nucleotides and analogs finally decomposed to small-molecule aliphatic DBPs, primarily including haloacetic acids, trichloromethane, and trichloroacetaldehyde. Eight intermediates, particularly chlorinated imino-D-ribose and imino-D-ribose, were tentatively identified in chlorination of uridine. This study provides the first set of preliminary evidence for indicating the promising occurrence of chlorinated nucleotides and analogs as potential toxicological-relevant DBPs after disinfection of drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangrong Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Han Yeong Kaw
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meijiao Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pei Guo
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Sierra-Olea M, Kölle S, Bein E, Reemtsma T, Lechtenfeld OJ, Hübner U. Isotopically labeled ozone: A new approach to elucidate the formation of ozonation products. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119740. [PMID: 36822109 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As ozonation becomes a widespread treatment for removal of chemicals of emerging concern from wastewater treatment plant effluents, there are increasing concerns regarding the formation of ozonation products (OPs), and their possible impacts on the aquatic environment and eventually human health. In this study, a novel method was developed that utilizes heavy oxygen (18O2) for the production of heavy ozone ([18O1]O2, [18O2]O1, [18O3]) to actively label OPs from oxygen transfer reactions. To establish and validate this new approach, venlafaxine with a well-described oxygen transfer reaction (tertiary amine -> N-oxide) was chosen as a model compound. Observed 18O/16O ratios in the major OP venlafaxine N-oxide (NOV) correlated with expected 18O purities based on tracer experiments. These results confirmed the successful labeling with heavy oxygen and furthermore demonstrate the potential to monitor NOV as an indicator of 18O/16O ratios during ozonation. As a next step, 18O/16O ratios were used to elucidate the formation mechanism of previously described OPs from sulfamethoxazole (SMX). Seven OPs were detected including the frequently described nitro-SMX, which was formed with a maximum yield of 3.2% (of initial SMX). With the successful labeling of six of the seven OPs from sulfamethoxazole, it was possible to confirm their previously proposed formation pathways, and to distinguish oxygen transfer from electron transfer reactions. 18O/16O ratios in OPs indicate that hydroxylation of the aromatic ring and formation of nitro-groups mostly follows oxygen transfer reactions, while electron transfer reactions initiate the formation of hydroxylamine and the abstraction of NH2 leading to catechol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millaray Sierra-Olea
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - Simon Kölle
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - Emil Bein
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany; Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Oliver J Lechtenfeld
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany; ProVIS-Centre for Chemical Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Uwe Hübner
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, Garching D-85748, Germany.
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den Uijl MJ, Bagdonaite I, Schoenmakers PJ, Pirok BWJ, van Bommel MR. Incorporating a liquid-core-waveguide cell in recycling liquid chromatography for detailed studies of photodegradation reactions. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1688:463723. [PMID: 36549144 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a microfluidic photoreactor was embedded in a recycling liquid-chromatography system. Mixtures were separated on an analytical column and compounds of interest were subsequently introduced into the light-reactor cell. After degradation, the content of the light-reactor cell was reinjected onto the same column to separate the parent compound from its degradation products. A separated degradation product could be re-introduced into the photoreactor and irradiated again. The next generation of degradation products could again be separated on the same analytical column. This recycling procedure proved an excellent tool to elucidate degradation pathways. This was demonstrated using riboflavin, better known as vitamin B2. By degrading it in the first cycle, degradation products were isolated and subjected to a second degradation in the light-reactor cell. This allows pinpointing secondary products and connect these with primary degradation products. Compared to previous work, this configuration is simpler, cheaper, and more user-friendly, while offering the unique possibility to easily connect degradation products to the initial compounds in a mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi J den Uijl
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), The Netherlands.
| | - Ingrida Bagdonaite
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), The Netherlands
| | - Maarten R van Bommel
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), The Netherlands; University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam School for Heritage, Memory and Material Culture, Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, P.O. Box 94552, 1090 GN, Amsterdam
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Gao X, Yang P, Zhang Q, Kong D, Chen J, Ji Y, Lu J. Effects of nitrite on the degradation of carbamazepine by sulfate radical oxidation. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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10
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Zhu J, Yang L, Wang M, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Li Y. The influence of bromide and iodide ions on the sulfamethoxazole (SMX) halogenation during chlorination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157687. [PMID: 35908709 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) were produced during the chlorination process, posing a threat to drinking water safety and human health. In the presence of bromide and iodide ions, brominated and iodinated DBPs will be generated, which might be more toxic than the parent compound. However, there are few studies on brominated and iodinated DBPs of antibiotics. Therefore, in this study, the fates of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) during chlorination in different systems (Blank; SMX + NaClO; SMX+ NaClO+ Br-; SMX+ NaClO+I-; SMX+ NaClO+ Br- + I-) were investigated. In different systems, all the reaction followed a pseudo-first-order kinetics, while the reaction rates of NaClO with SMX were different, the reaction rates were in order of SMX + NaClO + Br- + I- > SMX + NaClO + Br- > SMX + NaClO + I- > SMX + NaClO. When Br- and I- existed simultaneously, the reaction rate was the fastest. Iodide played an important role in oxidation and promoted the chlorination of SMX. SMX mainly underwent S-C cleavage, S-N hydrolysis, desulfonation, and substitution reactions. Nine disinfection by-products, including three reported for the first time, were identified using a non-targeted approach, and degradation pathways were proposed. Furthermore, EPI Suite software was applied to predict the environmental accumulation potential and environmental persistence of the degradation products. The results indicated that SMX and degradation products had little environmental accumulative potential and environmental persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lumin Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Mengyuan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yuna Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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11
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Zhang H, Gao P, Liu Y, Du Z, Feng L, Zhang L. Effects of different types of nitrogen sources in water on the formation potentials of nitrogenous disinfection by-products in chloramine disinfection process based on isotope labeling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156692. [PMID: 35752235 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) raise increasing concerns because of their high genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and carcinogenicity compared to carbonaceous disinfection by-products (C-DBPs). Nitrogen-containing disinfectants, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and inorganic nitrogen may all promote the formation of N-DBPs. Therefore, it is urgent to explore the dominant nitrogen source of N-DBPs under the coexistence of multiple nitrogen sources. In this study, the effects of amino acids, nitrate, ammonia, and chloramine as different types of nitrogen sources on the formation of five N-DBPs were investigated systematically, including chloroacetonitrile (CAN), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), bromochloroacetonitrile (BCAN), dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN) and dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm). L-Aspartic acid (L-Asp) as the organic nitrogen source showed a high potential on the formation of N-DBPs by forming acetonitrile intermediates. Ammonia as the inorganic nitrogen source consumed oxidants and changed the existing form of chloramine, thus inhibiting the formation of N-DBPs. Instead of providing nitrogen to N-DBPs, nitrate as a salt promoted the volatilization of N-DBPs, thereby reducing the detected N-DBPs. Furthermore, an isotope labeling method was applied to clearly trace the nitrogen sources of N-DBPs via GC-MS with electron ionization. 15N-chloramine, 15N-amino acid, 15N-nitrate and 15N-ammonia were selected as the corresponding isotopic nitrogen sources. The results indicated that chloramine was the major nitrogen contributor to five N-DBPs during the chloramination of L-Asp under the coexistence of multiple nitrogen sources, ranging from 61 % to 79 %. The influence of environmental factors (reaction time, pH, and bromide) on the formation of N-DBPs during chloramination was also investigated. There was competition between brominated N-DBPs and chlorinated N-DBPs in chloramination. With the increase of reaction time or bromine, the formation potentials of chlorinated N-DBPs gradually decreased, while brominated N-DBPs gradually increased. Moreover, higher pH inhibited the generation of N-DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyuan Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yongze Liu
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ziwen Du
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Li Feng
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Liqiu Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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12
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Hu S, Chen X, Zhang B, Liu L, Gong T, Xian Q. Occurrence and transformation of newly discovered 2-bromo-6-chloro-1,4-benzoquinone in chlorinated drinking water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129189. [PMID: 35739719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Halobenzoquinones (HBQs) have been reported as an emerging category of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water with relatively high toxicity, and the previously reported HBQs include 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, 2,3,6-trichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, 2,6-dichloro-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone, 2,6-diiodo-1,4-benzoquinone, 2-chloro-6-iodo-1,4-benzoquinone, and 2-bromo-6-iodo-1,4-benzoquinone. In this study, another HBQ species, 2-bromo-6-chloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-BCBQ), was newly detected and identified in drinking water. The occurrence frequency and levels of 2,6-BCBQ were investigated, and its cytotoxicity was evaluated. Since the formed 2,6-BCBQ was found to be not stable in chlorination, its transformation kinetics and mechanisms in chlorination were further studied. The results reveal that 2,6-BCBQ was generated from Suwannee River humic acid with concentrations in the range of 4.4-47.9 ng/L during chlorination within 120 h, and it was present in all the tap water samples with concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 15.7 ng/L. Among all the tested bromochloro-DBPs, 2,6-BCBQ showed the highest cytotoxicity on the human hepatoma cells. The transformation of 2,6-BCBQ in chlorination followed a pseudo-first-order decay, which was significantly affected by the chlorine dose, pH, and temperature. Seven polar chlorinated and brominated intermediates (including HBQs, halohydroxybenzoquinones, and halohydroxycyclopentenediones) were detected in chlorinated 2,6-BCBQ samples, according to which the transformation pathways of 2,6-BCBQ in chlorination were proposed. Besides, four trihalomethanes and four haloacetic acids were also generated during chlorination of 2,6-BCBQ with molar transformation percentages of 1.6-13.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Lower Changjiang River Bureau of Hydrological and Water Resources Survey, Nanjing 210011, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Lanyao Liu
- Water Resources Department of Linyi, Linyi 276037, China
| | - Tingting Gong
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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13
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den Uijl MJ, van der Wijst YJHL, Groeneveld I, Schoenmakers PJ, Pirok BWJ, van Bommel MR. Combining Photodegradation in a Liquid-Core-Waveguide Cell with Multiple-Heart-Cut Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11055-11061. [PMID: 35905498 PMCID: PMC9366730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Photodegradation greatly affects everyday life. It poses
challenges
when food deteriorates or when objects of cultural heritage fade,
but it can also create opportunities applied in advanced oxidation
processes in water purification. Studying photodegradation, however,
can be difficult because of the time needed for degradation, the inaccessibility
of pure compounds, and the need to handle samples manually. A novel
light-exposure cell, based on liquid-core-waveguide (LCW) technology,
was embedded in a multiple-heart-cut two-dimensional liquid chromatography
system by coupling the LCW cell to the multiple-heart-cut valve. The
sample was flushed from the heart-cut loops into the cell by an isocratic
pump. Samples were then irradiated using different time intervals
and subsequently transferred by the same isocratic pump to a second-dimension
sample loop. The mixture containing the transformation products was
then subjected to the second-dimension separation. In the current
setup, about 30–40% of the selected fraction was transferred.
Multiple degradation products could be monitored. Degradation was
found to be faster when a smaller sample amount was introduced (0.3
μg as compared to 1.5 μg). The system was tested with
three applications, that is, fuchsin, a 19th-century synthetic organic
colorant, annatto, a lipophilic food dye, and vitamin B complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi J den Uijl
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yorn J H L van der Wijst
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Groeneveld
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten R van Bommel
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam School for Heritage, Memory and Material Culture, Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94552, 1090 GN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Scholes RC. Emerging investigator series: contributions of reactive nitrogen species to transformations of organic compounds in water: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:851-869. [PMID: 35546580 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00102k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) pose a potential risk to drinking water quality because they react with organic compounds to form toxic byproducts. Since the discovery of RNS formation in sunlit surface waters, these reactive intermediates have been detected in numerous sunlit natural waters and engineered water treatment systems. This critical review summarizes what is known regarding RNS, including their formation, contributions to contaminant transformation, and products resulting from RNS reactions. Reaction mechanisms and rate constants have been described for nitrogen dioxide (˙NO2) reacting with phenolic compounds. However, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding reactions of RNS with other types of organic compounds. Promising methods to quantify RNS concentrations and reaction rates include the use of selective quenchers and probe compounds as well as electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Additionally, high resolution mass spectrometry methods have enabled the identification of nitr(os)ated byproducts that form via RNS reactions in sunlit surface waters, UV-based treatment systems, treatment systems that employ chemical oxidants such as chlorine and ozone, and certain types of biological treatment processes. Recommendations are provided for future research to increase understanding of RNS reactions and products, and the implications for drinking water toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Scholes
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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15
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Groeneveld I, Bagdonaite I, Beekwilder E, Ariese F, Somsen GW, van Bommel MR. Liquid Core Waveguide Cell with In Situ Absorbance Spectroscopy and Coupled to Liquid Chromatography for Studying Light-Induced Degradation. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7647-7654. [PMID: 35587271 PMCID: PMC9161219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In many areas, studying
photostability or the mechanism of photodegradation
is of high importance. Conventional methods to do so can be rather
time-consuming, laborious, and prone to experimental errors. In this
paper we evaluate an integrated and fully automated system for the
study of light-induced degradation, comprising a liquid handler, an
irradiation source and exposure cell with dedicated optics and spectrograph,
and a liquid chromatography (LC) system. A liquid core waveguide (LCW)
was used as an exposure cell, allowing efficient illumination of the
sample over a 12 cm path length. This cell was coupled to a spectrograph,
allowing in situ absorbance monitoring of the exposed sample during
irradiation. The LCW is gas-permeable, permitting diffusion of air
into the cell during light exposure. This unit was coupled online
to LC with diode array detection for immediate and automated analysis
of the composition of the light-exposed samples. The analytical performance
of the new system was established by assessing linearity, limit of
detection, and repeatability of the in-cell detection, sample recovery
and carryover, and overall repeatability of light-induced degradation
monitoring, using riboflavin as the test compound. The applicability
of the system was demonstrated by recording a photodegradation time
profile of riboflavin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Groeneveld
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrida Bagdonaite
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Beekwilder
- Da Vinci Laboratory Solutions, Sydneystraat 5, 3047 BP Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Freek Ariese
- LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten R van Bommel
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, Amsterdam School for Heritage, Memory and Material Culture, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94552, 1091 GN Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Hu S, Kaw HY, Zhu L, Wang W. Formation and Cytotoxicity of Halophenylacetamides: A New Group of Nitrogenous Aromatic Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3181-3192. [PMID: 35175050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogenous aromatic halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water have received considerable attention recently owing to their relatively high toxicity. In this study, a new group of nitrogenous aromatic halogenated disinfection byproducts, halophenylacetamides (HPAcAms), were successfully identified for the first time in both the laboratory experiments and realistic drinking water. The formation mechanism of HPAcAms during chlorination of phenylalanine in the presence of Br- and I-, occurrence frequencies, and concentrations in authentic drinking water were investigated, and a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was developed based on the acquired cytotoxicity data. The results demonstrated that HPAcAms could be formed from phenylalanine in chlorination via electrophilic substitution, decarboxylation, hydrochloric acid elimination, and hydrolysis. The HPAcAm yields from phenylalanine were significantly affected by contact time, pH, chlorine dose, and temperature. Nine HPAcAms with concentrations in the range of 0.02-1.54 ng/L were detected in authentic drinking water samples. Most tested HPAcAms showed significantly higher cytotoxicity compared with dichloroacetamide, which is the most abundant aliphatic haloacetamide DBP. The QSAR model demonstrated that the cellular uptake efficiency and the polarized distributions of electrons of HPAcAms play essential roles in their cytotoxicity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Hu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Han Yeong Kaw
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
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17
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Li D, Liang W, Feng X, Ruan T, Jiang G. Recent advances in data-mining techniques for measuring transformation products by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Liu X, Park M, Beitel SC, Hoppe-Jones C, Meng XZ, Snyder SA. Formation of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts in MP UV-based water treatments of natural organic matters: The role of nitrate. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 204:117583. [PMID: 34478995 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
UV-based water treatment processes have been reported to induce genotoxicity during the treatments of surface water, drinking water and artificial water with natural organic matters (NOMs), causing genotoxicity concerns for the drinking water safety. Nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) were generally reported to be much more genotoxic than their non-nitrogenous analogues, and might be responsible for the genotoxicity in UV processes. Although nitrate-rich water was getting attention for the possibility of genotoxicity and N-DBPs during UV treatments, the impact mechanism of nitrate on the degradation of NOMs, the formation of N-DBPs and genotoxicity has not been explicated. Here simulation experiments of NOM degradation under medium-pressure (MP) UV and MP UV/H2O2 treatments were conducted to explore the effect of nitrate on the molecular characteristics of NOM, the nitrate-derived N-DBPs and the potential genotoxicity through non-targeted analysis and CALUX® reporter gene assays. The results showed that nitrate can accelerate the degradation of NOMs in the MP UV process but inhibit the degradation of NOMs in the MP UV/H2O2 process. During the degradation of NOMs, the molecular compositions varied by the effect of nitrate on oxygen atoms, molecule analogs, and saturation. A total of 105 and 374 nitrate-derived N-DBPs were identified in the MP UV and MP UV/H2O2 treatment, respectively. Most of these N-DBPs contain one nitrogen atom, and the representative features are nitro-, methoxy- (or hydroxyl-) and ester- groups on benzene. No genotoxicity was observed without nitrate spiking, whereas genotoxicity was induced after both MP UV and MP UV/H2O2 treatments when nitrate was spiked, which is worthy of attention for the drinking water safety management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Bio5 Institute, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1657 E Helen St, Tucson, AZ 85719, United States
| | - Minkyu Park
- Bio5 Institute, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1657 E Helen St, Tucson, AZ 85719, United States
| | - Shawn C Beitel
- Bio5 Institute, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1657 E Helen St, Tucson, AZ 85719, United States
| | - Christiane Hoppe-Jones
- Bio5 Institute, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1657 E Helen St, Tucson, AZ 85719, United States
| | - Xiang-Zhou Meng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing 314051, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Bio5 Institute, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1657 E Helen St, Tucson, AZ 85719, United States.
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19
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Lu Y, Song ZM, Wang C, Liang JK, Hu Q, Wu QY. Nontargeted identification of chlorinated disinfection byproducts formed from natural organic matter using Orbitrap mass spectrometry and a halogen extraction code. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126198. [PMID: 34492962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter is a major source of precursors of hazardous chlorinated disinfection byproducts (Cl-DBPs) formed during water treatment, but the majority of Cl-DBPs are still unidentified. In this study, we used a self-written halogen extraction code to identify halogen isotopic patterns in combination with the R package MFAssignR, to identify Cl-DBPs from Orbitrap mass spectra. One hundred and eighty-nine Cl-DBPs were detected during chlorination of a Suwannee River natural organic matter solution, and the structures of 20 of these compounds are reported for the first time. Kendrick mass defect analysis and structural identification confirmed that chlorinated carboxylic acids are common and likely to form during chlorination. A toxicity prediction using quantitative structure-activity relationship models indicated that most of the chlorinated carboxylic acids may be highly toxic. Our analytical strategy can identify Cl-DBPs accurately from complex mixtures and may also be applicable to the identification of other halogenated disinfection byproducts formed during water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zhi-Min Song
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Jun-Kun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qing Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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20
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Li Y, Qin H, Li Y, Lu J, Zhou L, Chovelon JM, Ji Y. Trace level nitrite sensitized photolysis of the antimicrobial agents parachlormetaxylenol and chlorophene in water. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 200:117275. [PMID: 34087514 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite (NO2-)-sensitized photolysis plays an important role in the attenuation of effluent-derived trace organic contaminants (e.g., anilines, phenolic compounds, etc.) in surface waters. However, the kinetics, mechanisms, and influencing factors of photolysis of many emerging contaminants sensitized by NO2- still remain largely unknown. Herein, we report that NO2--sensitized photolysis of the antimicrobial agents parachlormetaxylenol (PCMX) and chlorophene (CP) in aqueous solution under ultraviolet 365 nm (UV365) radiation. A nonlinear increase in photolysis rate constants of PCMX and CP was observed with increasing NO2- concentration. Radical quenching studies and kinetic modeling revealed that hydroxyl radical (HO•) and nitrogen dioxide radicals (NO2•) contributed dominantly to the removal of PCMX and CP. Solid phase extraction (SPE) combined with high resolution-mass spectrometry (HR-MS) analysis identified a series of intermediate products including hydroxylated, nitrated, nitrosated, and dimerized derivatives. Experiments with isotopically labelled nitrite (15NO2-) showed that the nitro- and nitroso-substituents of intermediate products were derived from the nitrite nitrogen. Based on the identified products and theoretical computations, the mechanisms and pathways of NO2--sensitized photolysis of PCMX and CP are elucidated. Deoxygenation partially inhibited the formation of 4-chloro-3,5-dimethyl-2-nitrophenol (nitro-PCMX) while the presence of HO• scavenger such as isopropanol (i-PrOH) suppressed the further transformation of nitro-PCMX. The presence of Mississippi River natural organic matter (MRNOM) inhibited the removal of PCMX and CP, likely due to light screening and radical quenching. However, appreciable degradation of PCMX and CP was still observed in wastewater and wetland water matrices. Results of this study shed some light on the transformation and fate of PCMX and CP in NO2--rich wastewater effluents or effluent-impacted surface waters under solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hao Qin
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunong Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jean-Marc Chovelon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yuefei Ji
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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21
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Liu X, Park M, Beitel SC, Lopez-Prieto IJ, Zhu NZ, Meng XZ, Snyder SA. Exploring the genotoxicity triggers in the MP UV/H 2O 2-chloramination treatment of bisphenol A through bioassay coupled with non-targeted analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:145218. [PMID: 33736268 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known xenoestrogen, and UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation process (AOP) is one of the most effective technologies to remove BPA from water. Using BPA spiked tap water, a batch-scale photochemical experiment was conducted to investigate whether BPA can pose a genotoxicity concern during the medium pressure (MP) UV/H2O2 treatment and the post-chloramination. Samples at different UV exposure and post-chloramination durations were collected and analyzed by CALUX® gene reporter assays regarding estrogen receptor α (ERα) and p53 transcriptional activity. MP UV/H2O2 process did not cause extra estrogenic effects from the degradation of BPA, whereas genotoxicity occurred when the treated water was exposed with monochloramine. Seven frequently reported nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) were detected, but none of them were responsible for the observed genotoxicity. Employed with gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-QTOF-MS), four compounds possibly contributed to the genotoxicity were tentatively identified and two of them with aminooxy- or cyano- group were considered as "new" N-DBPs. This study demonstrated that by-products differ from their parent compounds in toxicity can be formed in the UV oxidation with post-disinfection process, which should become a cause for concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Bio5 Institute, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1657 E Helen St, Tucson, AZ 85719, United States; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Minkyu Park
- Bio5 Institute, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1657 E Helen St, Tucson, AZ 85719, United States
| | - Shawn C Beitel
- Bio5 Institute, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1657 E Helen St, Tucson, AZ 85719, United States
| | - Israel J Lopez-Prieto
- Bio5 Institute, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1657 E Helen St, Tucson, AZ 85719, United States
| | - Ning-Zheng Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing 314051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiang-Zhou Meng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing 314051, Zhejiang Province, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Bio5 Institute, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1657 E Helen St, Tucson, AZ 85719, United States.
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22
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UV/H2O2 oxidation of chloronitrobenzenes in waters revisited: Hydroxyl radical induced self-nitration. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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23
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Lu Y, Wang C, Zhang XY, Wang ZW, Song ZM, Du Y, Hu Q, Wu QY, Hu HY. Tracing nitrogenous byproducts during ozonation in the presence of bromide and ammonia using stable isotope labeling and high resolution mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123612. [PMID: 32814238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia has been widely used to inhibit bromate formation during ozonation. However, our recent study found that during ozonation in the presence of bromide and ammonia, toxicity increased under certain conditions that might be attributed to the formation of nitrogenous byproducts. Herein, a typical structural moiety of natural organic matter (NOM), hydroquinone, was evaluated for its potential to form nitrogenous byproducts. During ozonation of the hydroquinone solution containing bromide and ammonia, toxicity of organic byproducts increased significantly. As organic bromine was hardly detected, organic nitrogen was responsible for the increased toxicity. An effective method combining ultra-performance liquid chromatography in tandem with high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) with an isotope labeling strategy was used to trace nitrogenous byproducts. Four newly formed nitrogenous byproducts were detected, two of which were also detected in Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) solution treated under the same ozonation condition. Furthermore, the molecular structures and formation pathways of these nitrogenous byproducts were proposed. This study highlights that, despite the widespread use, adding ammonia to inhibit bromate formation during ozonation might increase the toxicity posed by nitrogenous byproducts. During ozonation in the presence of bromide and ammonia, particular attention should be paid to nitrogenous byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Xin-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zhi-Min Song
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Ye Du
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qing Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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24
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Nidheesh PV, Couras C, Karim AV, Nadais H. A review of integrated advanced oxidation processes and biological processes for organic pollutant removal. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2020.1864626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Catia Couras
- Department of Environment and Planning & CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ansaf V. Karim
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India
| | - Helena Nadais
- Department of Environment and Planning & CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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25
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Helmus R, Ter Laak TL, van Wezel AP, de Voogt P, Schymanski EL. patRoon: open source software platform for environmental mass spectrometry based non-target screening. J Cheminform 2021; 13:1. [PMID: 33407901 PMCID: PMC7789171 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-020-00477-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry based non-target analysis is increasingly adopted in environmental sciences to screen and identify numerous chemicals simultaneously in highly complex samples. However, current data processing software either lack functionality for environmental sciences, solve only part of the workflow, are not openly available and/or are restricted in input data formats. In this paper we present patRoon, a new R based open-source software platform, which provides comprehensive, fully tailored and straightforward non-target analysis workflows. This platform makes the use, evaluation and mixing of well-tested algorithms seamless by harmonizing various common (primarily open) software tools under a consistent interface. In addition, patRoon offers various functionality and strategies to simplify and perform automated processing of complex (environmental) data effectively. patRoon implements several effective optimization strategies to significantly reduce computational times. The ability of patRoon to perform time-efficient and automated non-target data annotation of environmental samples is demonstrated with a simple and reproducible workflow using open-access data of spiked samples from a drinking water treatment plant study. In addition, the ability to easily use, combine and evaluate different algorithms was demonstrated for three commonly used feature finding algorithms. This article, combined with already published works, demonstrate that patRoon helps make comprehensive (environmental) non-target analysis readily accessible to a wider community of researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Helmus
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas L Ter Laak
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,KWR Water Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie P van Wezel
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim de Voogt
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emma L Schymanski
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, L-4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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26
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27
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Hu S, Gong T, Zhu H, Wang J, Li Z, Chen H, Huang Z, Zhang M, Xian Q. Formation and Decomposition of New Iodinated Halobenzoquinones during Chloramination in Drinking Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5237-5248. [PMID: 32212715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Previously four chlorinated and brominated halo-benzoquinones were reported as new disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water, which have drawn great concern due to their high toxicity. In this study, three new iodinated halobenzoquinones, including 2-chloro-6-iodo-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-CIBQ), 2-bromo-6-iodo-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-BIBQ), and 2,6-diiodo-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DIBQ), were detected and identified in drinking water for the first time. Their cytotoxicity was evaluated, and their formation under various conditions was examined. Since they were not stable during chloramination, their further decomposition during chloramination was also explored. The results indicated that the concentrations of 2,6-CIBQ, 2,6-BIBQ, and 2,6-DIBQ in drinking water were in the ranges of 0.7-1.3, 1.8-8.0, and 0.4-15.9 ng/L, respectively. Compared with 2,6-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone, the iodinated halobenzoquinones were generally more cytotoxic. The formation of 2,6-DIBQ during chloramination was significantly affected by the iodide concentration, pH, and natural organic matter. The five tested iodinated halobenzoquinones decomposed during chloramination following pseudo-first-order decay, with the decomposition rate constants in the rank order of 2,6-CIBQ > 2,6-BIBQ > 2,6-DIBQ > 2,3-diiodo-1,4-benzoquinone >2-iodo-1,4-benzoquinone. Nine polar halogenated intermediates as well as ten aliphatic halogenated DBPs were detected as the decomposition products of 2,6-DIBQ during chloramination, based on which the decomposition pathways of 2,6-DIBQ during chloramination were proposed and verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tingting Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hete Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haoran Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhijun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Meiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiming Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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28
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Ao X, Chen Z, Li S, Li C, Lu Z, Sun W. The impact of UV treatment on microbial control and DBPs formation in full-scale drinking water systems in northern China. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 87:398-410. [PMID: 31791513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To manage potential microbial risks and meet increasingly strict drinking water health standards, UV treatment has attracted increasing attention for use in drinking water systems in China. However, the effects of UV treatment on microbial control and disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation in real municipal drinking water systems are poorly understood. Here, we collected water samples from three real drinking water systems in Beijing and Tianjin to investigate the impacts of UV treatment on microbial control and DBP formation. We employed heterotrophic plate count (HPC), flow cytometry (FCM), quantitative PCR analysis, and high-throughput sequencing to measure microorganisms in the samples. Different trends were observed between HPC and total cell count (measured by FCM), indicating that a single indicator could not reflect the real degree of biological re-growth in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs). A significant increase in the 16S rRNA gene concentration was observed when the UV system was stopped. Besides, the bacterial community composition was similar at the phylum level but differed markedly at the genera level among the three DWDSs. Some chlorine-resistant bacteria, including potential pathogens (e.g., Acinetobacter) showed a high relative abundance when the UV system was turned off. It can be concluded that UV treatment can mitigate microbial re-growth to some extent. Finally, UV treatment had a limited influence on the formation of DBPs, including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and nitrogenated DBPs. The findings of this study may help to understand the performance of UV treatment in real drinking water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwei Ao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhongyun Chen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Simiao Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zedong Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China..
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29
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Chen M, Waigi MG, Li S, Sun K, Si Y. Fungal laccase-mediated humification of estrogens in aquatic ecosystems. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 166:115040. [PMID: 31505307 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens are a category of non-degradable organic pollutants prevalent in aquatic environments with reported health risks in human and wildlife reproduction. A biotechnological approach is proposed for utilizing fungal laccase-mediated humification reactions (L-MHRs) to remove estrogens from water. Through a reactive radical-mediated C-C, C-O-C, or C-N-C covalent coupling mechanism, multifarious complex polymeric structures are generated having limited solubilities, which significantly reduces their estrogenic activity and ecotoxicity. This review highlights the available literature associated with the self/cross-coupling mechanism of fungal L-MHRs in catalyzing the single-electron oxidation of estrogens and humic acid (HA). Advances in identifying unknown estrogen-HA cross-coupling products using high-resolution mass spectrometry combined with 13C-isotope labeling and 13C NMR may provide key research directions beneficial to aquatic ecological restoration measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Michael Gatheru Waigi
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shunyao Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Youbin Si
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
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30
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Brienza M, Manasfi R, Chiron S. Relevance of N-nitrosation reactions for secondary amines in nitrate-rich wastewater under UV-C treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 162:22-29. [PMID: 31254883 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the transformation of secondary amine pharmaceuticals in UV-C/NO3- and in nitrate-rich wastewater at 254 nm by taking diclofenac, diphenylamine, mefenamic acid and furosemide as probe compounds. The degradation of targeted compounds were positively related to nitrate concentration and mainly caused by the formation of peroxynitrite and related reactive nitrogen species (e.g., nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide radicals). Major transformation products were identified to provide fundamental understanding of the selective oxidation of secondary amine with reactive nitrogen species. UV photolysis, hydroxyl radical oxidation, nitration and nitrosation processes were found to be the most significant transformation pathways. In case of diphenylamine, for which most of the identified intermediates were available as standard, the relative significance of each transformation route could be established, highlighting for the first time the important role of N-nitrosation processes in UV/NO3- treatment followed by the decomposition of the resulting N-nitroso compounds by an alpha hydroxylation mechanism. This specific transformation pathway was of concern because it constitutes the molecular basis of N-nitrosamine carcinogenicity and may contribute to the increase in effluent genotoxicity under UV-C treatment in addition to the formation of nitrophenols. Hydrogenocarbonate ions at concentration values higher than 300 mg/L appeared to be a protective specie against nitrosation processes due to the formation of carbamate adducts but H2O2 in UV-C/H2O2 could be responsible for an exacerbation of the N-nitrosation pathway due to an addition source of hydroxyl radical in the system. The occurrence of major transformation products of diclofenac was confirmed in nitrate-rich wastewater under UV-C treatment at pilot-scale operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Brienza
- UMR HydroSciences Montpellier, Montpellier University, IRD, 15 Ave Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Rayana Manasfi
- UMR HydroSciences Montpellier, Montpellier University, IRD, 15 Ave Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Serge Chiron
- UMR HydroSciences Montpellier, Montpellier University, IRD, 15 Ave Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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31
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Liu Z, Craven CB, Huang G, Jiang P, Wu D, Li XF. Stable Isotopic Labeling and Nontarget Identification of Nanogram/Liter Amino Contaminants in Water. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13213-13221. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshan Liu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Caley B. Craven
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Guang Huang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Ping Jiang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Di Wu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
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32
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Yang M, Zhang X, Liang Q, Yang B. Application of (LC/)MS/MS precursor ion scan for evaluating the occurrence, formation and control of polar halogenated DBPs in disinfected waters: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 158:322-337. [PMID: 31051377 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water disinfection can result in the unintended formation of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs), which have been the subject of intensive investigation over the past 40 years. Robust methods for evaluating and characterizing the formation of halogenated DBPs are prerequisites for ultimately controlling the formation of DBPs and ensuring quality and safe disinfected water. Only a fraction of the total organic halogen (TOX) formed during disinfection has been chemically identified or even well characterized by the classical (derivatization-)gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method. Such a method may not be amenable to the detection of polar halogenated DBPs, which constitute a major portion of the TOX that is still unaccounted for. Accordingly, a novel precursor ion scan (PIS) method using (liquid chromatography/) electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was developed for the rapid selective detection of all polar halogenated DBPs-no matter whether the DBPs are known or unknown-in water. This article reviews recent literature on the application of the PIS method for evaluating the occurrence, formation and control of polar halogenated DBPs in disinfected waters. The challenges in developing the PIS method were briefly summarized. Application of the powerful method pinpointed >150 previously unknown DBPs and revealed the formation, speciation and transformation of halogenated DBPs in disinfected drinking water, wastewater effluents, and swimming pool water. For the same source water, positive correlations were found between the total ion intensity (TII) levels in the PIS spectra of m/z 35/79/126.9 and the total organic chlorine/bromine/iodine levels in the disinfected water sample, and a disinfected sample with a higher TII level generally showed a higher toxic potency. Accordingly, the TII value can be used as a surrogate to comparatively reflect the water quality and assess the efficiency of a DBP control approach. To achieve a more comprehensive and systematic understanding of the DBP compositions in different waters and thus better control the DBP formation and reduce their overall toxicity, topics for future work were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Qiuhong Liang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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33
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Hernández F, Bakker J, Bijlsma L, de Boer J, Botero-Coy AM, Bruinen de Bruin Y, Fischer S, Hollender J, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Lamoree M, López FJ, Laak TLT, van Leerdam JA, Sancho JV, Schymanski EL, de Voogt P, Hogendoorn EA. The role of analytical chemistry in exposure science: Focus on the aquatic environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 222:564-583. [PMID: 30726704 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure science, in its broadest sense, studies the interactions between stressors (chemical, biological, and physical agents) and receptors (e.g. humans and other living organisms, and non-living items like buildings), together with the associated pathways and processes potentially leading to negative effects on human health and the environment. The aquatic environment may contain thousands of compounds, many of them still unknown, that can pose a risk to ecosystems and human health. Due to the unquestionable importance of the aquatic environment, one of the main challenges in the field of exposure science is the comprehensive characterization and evaluation of complex environmental mixtures beyond the classical/priority contaminants to new emerging contaminants. The role of advanced analytical chemistry to identify and quantify potential chemical risks, that might cause adverse effects to the aquatic environment, is essential. In this paper, we present the strategies and tools that analytical chemistry has nowadays, focused on chromatography hyphenated to (high-resolution) mass spectrometry because of its relevance in this field. Key issues, such as the application of effect direct analysis to reduce the complexity of the sample, the investigation of the huge number of transformation/degradation products that may be present in the aquatic environment, the analysis of urban wastewater as a source of valuable information on our lifestyle and substances we consumed and/or are exposed to, or the monitoring of drinking water, are discussed in this article. The trends and perspectives for the next few years are also highlighted, when it is expected that new developments and tools will allow a better knowledge of chemical composition in the aquatic environment. This will help regulatory authorities to protect water bodies and to advance towards improved regulations that enable practical and efficient abatements for environmental and public health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat S/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain.
| | - J Bakker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, P.O. Box 1, 3720, BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - L Bijlsma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat S/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - J de Boer
- Vrije Universiteit, Department Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A M Botero-Coy
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat S/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Y Bruinen de Bruin
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Directorate E - Space, Security and Migration, Italy
| | - S Fischer
- Swedish Chemicals Agency (KEMI), P.O. Box 2, SE-172 13, Sundbyberg, Sweden
| | - J Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - B Kasprzyk-Hordern
- University of Bath, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - M Lamoree
- Vrije Universiteit, Department Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F J López
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat S/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - T L Ter Laak
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430, BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - J A van Leerdam
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430, BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - J V Sancho
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat S/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - E L Schymanski
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, L-4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - P de Voogt
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430, BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090, GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E A Hogendoorn
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, P.O. Box 1, 3720, BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Zhang A, Jia A, Park M, Li Y, Snyder SA. Genotoxicity assay and potential byproduct identification during different UV-based water treatment processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 217:176-182. [PMID: 30415116 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Formation of genotoxic byproducts during different ultraviolet (UV) -related water/wastewater treatment processes (including medium pressure (MP) UV oxidation, LP UV oxidation, chlorination, biological activated carbon (BAC) treatment, H2O2 oxidation, and two or more combined processes) was investigated by Ames fluctuation test using Salmonella strains TA98 and TA100 with and without rat liver enzyme extract S9. Byproducts responsible for genotoxicity were identified. The results showed that MP UV can induce mutagenicity and LP UV treatment does not induce mutagenicity. H2O2 oxidation could degrade part of genotoxic compounds. Compared with chlorination, BAC treatment is more effective in removing genotoxicity. Mutagenicity was found mostly in samples tested with TA100 instead of TA98, especially with TA100 without S9, indicating that guanosine and/or cytosine adducts contribute to mutation or toxicological effects in MP UV treated samples. Potential genotoxic byproducts were selected, most of which were nitrogenous organic compounds with more than 10 carbon atoms. Nitrosamines and histidine were excluded from potential genotoxic candidates. The results could contribute to evaluation of mutagenicity of various UV-based water treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai Jia
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Minkyu Park
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Yongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
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35
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Brunner AM, Vughs D, Siegers W, Bertelkamp C, Hofman-Caris R, Kolkman A, Ter Laak T. Monitoring transformation product formation in the drinking water treatments rapid sand filtration and ozonation. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 214:801-811. [PMID: 30296768 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transformation products (TPs) can be formed from organic micropollutants in the water cycle through both biological and technological processes. Despite the TPs' potentially altered toxicity compared to their parent compounds, transformation processes are not routinely monitored, and in particular those induced by drinking water treatment remain elusive. This lack of information is mainly due to the technical challenges in analyzing TPs, which are often unknown compounds occurring in low concentrations. Their analysis requires sophisticated analytical techniques such as non-target screening (NTS) based on high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS) methods combined with novel data analysis approaches. Here, we addressed the challenges of TP analysis and the scarcity of TP research concerning studies in drinking water. We performed lab-scale experiments to monitor TP formation of three organic micropollutants prevalent in drinking water sources, i.e. carbamazepine, clofibric acid and metolachlor, during rapid sand filtration and ozonation, two readily applied biotic and abiotic drinking water treatments, respectively. To facilitate TP identification in the NTS data, halogenated and/or isotopically labeled parent compounds were used, revealing potential TPs through their isotopic patterns. The experimental results showed that degradation of the parent compounds and TP formation were treatment and compound specific. In silico TP prediction and literature mining enabled suspect screening of the non-target data and thereby significantly enhanced TP identification. Overall, the developed workflow enables an efficient and more comprehensive assessment of drinking water quality changes during water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mizzi Brunner
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands.
| | - Dennis Vughs
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Wolter Siegers
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Cheryl Bertelkamp
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Roberta Hofman-Caris
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Kolkman
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Ter Laak
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
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36
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Hull NM, Linden KG. Synergy of MS2 disinfection by sequential exposure to tailored UV wavelengths. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 143:292-300. [PMID: 29986239 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The advantages of polychromatic ultraviolet (UV) light for viral disinfection can be optimized for disinfection using emerging tailored wavelength sources including KrCl excimer lamps and light emitting diodes (LEDs). Disinfection of the common viral surrogate MS2 bacteriophage was measured after exposure to these emerging sources and conventional low pressure (LP) mercury UV lamps in individual or sequential exposures. The first dose response for any virus (MS2) exposed to a KrCl excimer lamp is reported, showing the high efficiency of fluence-based disinfection because of increased viral susceptibility at the low wavelengths emitted by the excilamp. Sequential exposure dose responses indicated synergy from sequential exposures of LP and excimer lamps, which were competitive on an electrical basis at worst-and best-case scenarios of wall plug efficiency with current medium pressure (MP) disinfection. Best-case scenarios for electrical efficiency also showed all sequential exposures to be competitive with MP UV disinfection. Predictive models for sequential exposure dose responses were assessed to support the current feasibility of incorporating sequential UV exposures to optimize tailored wavelength viral disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Hull
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, 4001 Discovery Dr, UCB 607, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Karl G Linden
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, 4001 Discovery Dr, UCB 607, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA.
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37
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Miklos DB, Remy C, Jekel M, Linden KG, Drewes JE, Hübner U. Evaluation of advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment - A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 139:118-131. [PMID: 29631187 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 965] [Impact Index Per Article: 160.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study provides an overview of established processes as well as recent progress in emerging technologies for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). In addition to a discussion of major reaction mechanisms and formation of by-products, data on energy efficiency were collected in an extensive analysis of studies reported in the peer-reviewed literature enabling a critical comparison of various established and emerging AOPs based on electrical energy per order (EEO) values. Despite strong variations within reviewed EEO values, significant differences could be observed between three groups of AOPs: (1) O3 (often considered as AOP-like process), O3/H2O2, O3/UV, UV/H2O2, UV/persulfate, UV/chlorine, and electron beam represent median EEO values of <1 kWh/m3, while median energy consumption by (2) photo-Fenton, plasma, and electrolytic AOPs were significantly higher (EEO values in the range of 1-100 kWh/m3). (3) UV-based photocatalysis, ultrasound, and microwave-based AOPs are characterized by median values of >100 kWh/m3 and were therefore considered as not (yet) energy efficient AOPs. Specific evaluation of 147 data points for the UV/H2O2 process revealed strong effects of operational conditions on reported EEO values. Besides water type and quality, a major influence was observed for process capacity (lab-vs. pilot-vs. full-scale applications) and, in case of UV-based processes, of the lamp type. However, due to the contribution of other factors, correlation of EEO values with specific water quality parameters such as UV absorbance and dissolved organic carbon were not substantial. Also, correlations between EEO and compound reactivity with OH-radicals were not significant (photolytically active compounds were not considered). Based on these findings, recommendations regarding the use of the EEO concept, including the upscaling of laboratory results, were derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Miklos
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Christian Remy
- Kompetenzzentrum Wasser Berlin gGmbH, Cicerostrasse 24, D-10709 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martin Jekel
- Technische Universität Berlin, Chair of Water Quality Control, KF4, Str. des 17. Juni 135, D-10623, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Karl G Linden
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 607, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Uwe Hübner
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
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38
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Tian Z, Vila J, Yu M, Bodnar W, Aitken MD. Tracing the Biotransformation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Soil Using Stable Isotope-Assisted Metabolomics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2018; 5:103-109. [PMID: 31572742 PMCID: PMC6767928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation of organic pollutants may result in the formation of oxidation products more toxic than the parent contaminants. However, to trace and identify those products, and the metabolic pathways involved in their formation, is still challenging within complex environmental samples. We applied stable isotope-assisted metabolomics (SIAM) to PAH-contaminated soil collected from a wood treatment facility. Soil samples were separately spiked with uniformly 13C-labeled fluoranthene, pyrene, or benzo[a]anthracene at a level below that of the native contaminant, and incubated for 1 or 2 weeks under aerobic biostimulated conditions. Combining high-resolution mass spectrometry and automated SIAM workflows, chemical structures of metabolites and metabolic pathways in the soil were proposed. Ring-cleavage products, including previously unreported intermediates such as C11H10O6 and C15H12O5, were detected originating from fluoranthene and benzo[a]anthracene, respectively. Sulfate conjugates of dihydroxy compounds were found as major metabolites of pyrene and benzo[a]anthracene, suggesting the potential role of fungi in their biotransformation in soils. A series of unknown N-containing metabolites were identified from pyrene, but their structural elucidation requires further investigation. Our results suggest that SIAM can be successfully applied to understand the fate of organic pollutants in environmental samples, opening lines of evidence for novel mechanisms of microbial transformation within such complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Tian
- Department of Environmental Sciences and
Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431 USA
| | - Joaquim Vila
- Department of Environmental Sciences and
Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431 USA
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo,
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Wanda Bodnar
- Department of Environmental Sciences and
Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431 USA
| | - Michael D. Aitken
- Department of Environmental Sciences and
Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, CB 7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431 USA
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Vughs D, Baken KA, Kolkman A, Martijn AJ, de Voogt P. Application of effect-directed analysis to identify mutagenic nitrogenous disinfection by-products of advanced oxidation drinking water treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:3951-3964. [PMID: 27447472 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes are important barriers for organic micropollutants in (drinking) water treatment. It is however known that medium pressure UV/H2O2 treatment may lead to mutagenicity in the Ames test, which is no longer present after granulated activated carbon (GAC) filtration. Many nitrogen-containing disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) result from the reaction of photolysis products of nitrate with (photolysis products of) natural organic material (NOM) during medium pressure UV treatment of water. Identification of the N-DBPs and the application of effect-directed analysis to combine chemical screening results with biological activity would provide more insight into the relation of specific N-DBPs with the observed mutagenicity and was the subject of this study. To this end, fractions of medium pressure UV-treated and untreated water extracts were prepared using preparative HPLC and tested using the Ames fluctuation test. In addition, high-resolution mass spectrometry was performed on all fractions to assess the presence of N-DBPs. Based on toxicity data and read across analysis, we could identify five N-DBPs that are potentially genotoxic and were present in relatively high concentrations in the fractions in which mutagenicity was observed. The results of this study offer opportunities to further evaluate the identity and potential health concern of N-DBPs formed during advanced oxidation UV drinking water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vughs
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - K A Baken
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - A Kolkman
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - A J Martijn
- PWN Water Supply Company North Holland, P.O. Box 2100, 1990 AC, Velserbroek, The Netherlands
| | - P de Voogt
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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40
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UV Induced Mutagenicity in Water: Causes, Detection, Identification and Prevention. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 29124705 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
At first it seemed that UV processes for disinfection and advanced oxidation were "harmless", as they didn't involve the addition of "dangerous" chemicals nor seemed to result in the formation of toxic byproducts. However, recently it has become clear that also during UV processes mutagentic/genotoxic byproducts may be formed. It was found that these are nitrogen containing aromatic compounds, which are formed by the reaction of photolysis products of nitrate with (photolysis products of) natural organic matter. Now more has become clear on the formation process of these compounds, it is possible to limit or even prevent their formation during e.g. UV/H2O2 processes. Besides, it appears to be possible to remove such byproducts by means of filtration processes. Thus, UV based processes can safely be applied in water treatment.
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41
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Hollender J, Schymanski EL, Singer HP, Ferguson PL. Nontarget Screening with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry in the Environment: Ready to Go? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11505-11512. [PMID: 28877430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The vast, diverse universe of organic pollutants is a formidable challenge for environmental sciences, engineering, and regulation. Nontarget screening (NTS) based on high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has enormous potential to help characterize this universe, but is it ready to go for real world applications? In this Feature article we argue that development of mass spectrometers with increasingly high resolution and novel couplings to both liquid and gas chromatography, combined with the integration of high performance computing, have significantly widened our analytical window and have enabled increasingly sophisticated data processing strategies, indicating a bright future for NTS. NTS has great potential for treatment assessment and pollutant prioritization within regulatory applications, as highlighted here by the case of real-time pollutant monitoring on the River Rhine. We discuss challenges for the future, including the transition from research toward solution-centered and robust, harmonized applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Emma L Schymanski
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Heinz P Singer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - P Lee Ferguson
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University , Box 90287, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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42
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Castro G, Rodríguez I, Ramil M, Cela R. Evaluation of nitrate effects in the aqueous photodegradability of selected phenolic pollutants. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 185:127-136. [PMID: 28688846 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of nitrate in the aqueous photodegradation of five phenolic environmental pollutants (ortho-phenylphenol, OPP; methyl paraben, MeP; propyl paraben, PrP; Triclosan, TCS and bisphenol A, BPA) is evaluated. Time-course of precursor compounds and formation of transformation products (TPs) were investigated by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Nitrate showed a positive effect in the removal of selected pollutants. Observed TPs resulted from hydroxylation, aromatic nitration (with or without molecule cleavage) and nitro dehalogenation processes. The above reactions involved the participation of ·OH and ·NO2 radicals arising from photolysis of nitrate. Nitro TPs were produced in a different extent depending on the structure of the precursor pollutant, nitrate concentration, light source (254 nm UV and solar light) and water matrix (ultrapure, surface and urban wastewater). Some of these nitro TPs were also observed during UV irradiation of untreated and unbuffered wastewater, either naturally polluted with parent phenolic compounds or spiked with these species at the sub μg L-1 level. Nitration reactions were particularly favourable for OPP with the generated nitro TPs displaying a higher stability than the precursor molecule and the hydroxylated TPs of the same compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Castro
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - I Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
| | - M Ramil
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - R Cela
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
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43
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Umbuzeiro GDA, Heringa M, Zeiger E. In Vitro Genotoxicity Testing: Significance and Use in Environmental Monitoring. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 157:59-80. [PMID: 27631084 DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
There is ongoing concern about the consequences of mutations in humans and biota arising from environmental exposures to industrial and other chemicals. Genetic toxicity tests have been used to analyze chemicals, foods, drugs, and environmental matrices such as air, water, soil, and wastewaters. This is because the mutagenicity of a substance is highly correlated with its carcinogenicity. However, no less important are the germ cell mutations, because the adverse outcome is related not only to an individual but also to population levels. For environmental analysis the most common choices are in vitro assays, and among them the most widely used is the Ames test (Salmonella/microsome assay). There are several protocols and methodological approaches to be applied when environmental samples are tested and these are discussed in this chapter, along with the meaning and relevance of the obtained responses. Two case studies illustrate the utility of in vitro mutagenicity tests such as the Ames test. It is clear that, although it is not possible to use the outcome of the test directly in risk assessment, the application of the assays provides a great opportunity to monitor the exposure of humans and biota to mutagenic substances for the purpose of reducing or quantifying that exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minne Heringa
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Errol Zeiger
- Errol Zeiger Consulting, 800 Indian Springs Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
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44
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Dai D, Prussin AJ, Marr LC, Vikesland PJ, Edwards MA, Pruden A. Factors Shaping the Human Exposome in the Built Environment: Opportunities for Engineering Control. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7759-7774. [PMID: 28677960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The "exposome" is a term describing the summation of one's lifetime exposure to microbes and chemicals. Such exposures are now recognized as major drivers of human health and disease. Because humans spend ∼90% of their time indoors, the built environment exposome merits particular attention. Herein we utilize an engineering perspective to advance understanding of the factors that shape the built environment exposome and its influence on human wellness and disease, while simultaneously informing development of a framework for intentionally controlling the exposome to protect public health. Historically, engineers have been focused on controlling chemical and physical contaminants and on eradicating microbes; however, there is a growing awareness of the role of "beneficial" microbes. Here we consider the potential to selectively control the materials and chemistry of the built environment to positively influence the microbial and chemical components of the indoor exposome. Finally, we discuss research gaps that must be addressed to enable intentional engineering design, including the need to define a "healthy" built environment exposome and how to control it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjuan Dai
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Aaron J Prussin
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Linsey C Marr
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Peter J Vikesland
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Marc A Edwards
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Amy Pruden
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg Virginia 24061, United States
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45
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Thorn KA, Cox LG. Nitrosation and Nitration of Fulvic Acid, Peat and Coal with Nitric Acid. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154981. [PMID: 27175784 PMCID: PMC4866739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrohumic acids, produced from base extraction of coals and peats oxidized with nitric acid, have received considerable attention as soil ammendments in agriculture. The nitration chemistry however is incompletely understood. Moreover, there is a need to understand the reaction of nitric acid with natural organic matter (NOM) in general, in the context of a variety of environmental and biogeochemical processes. Suwannee River NOM, Suwannee River fulvic acid, and Pahokee Peat fulvic acid were treated with 15N-labeled nitric acid at concentrations ranging from 15% to 22% and analyzed by liquid and solid state 15N NMR spectroscopy. Bulk Pahokee peat and Illinois #6 coal were also treated with nitric acid, at 29% and 40% respectively, and analyzed by solid state 15N NMR spectroscopy. In addition to nitro groups from nitration of aromatic carbon, the 15N NMR spectra of all five samples exhibited peaks attributable to nitrosation reactions. These include nitrosophenol peaks in the peat fulvic acid and Suwannee River samples, from nitrosation of phenolic rings, and N-nitroso groups in the peat samples, from nitrosation of secondary amides or amines, the latter consistent with the peat samples having the highest naturally abundant nitrogen contents. Peaks attributable to Beckmann and secondary reactions of the initially formed oximes were present in all spectra, including primary amide, secondary amide, lactam, and nitrile nitrogens. The degree of secondary reaction product formation resulting from nitrosation reactions appeared to correlate inversely with the 13C aromaticities of the samples. The nitrosation reactions are most plausibly effected by nitrous acid formed from the reduction of nitric acid by oxidizable substrates in the NOM and coal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A. Thorn
- U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, MS 408, Denver, Colorado, 80225-0046, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Larry G. Cox
- U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, MS 408, Denver, Colorado, 80225-0046, United States of America
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Lee Y, Gerrity D, Lee M, Gamage S, Pisarenko A, Trenholm RA, Canonica S, Snyder SA, von Gunten U. Organic Contaminant Abatement in Reclaimed Water by UV/H2O2 and a Combined Process Consisting of O3/H2O2 Followed by UV/H2O2: Prediction of Abatement Efficiency, Energy Consumption, and Byproduct Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3809-3819. [PMID: 26909504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UV/H2O2 processes can be applied to improve the quality of effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants by attenuating trace organic contaminants (micropollutants). This study presents a kinetic model based on UV photolysis parameters, including UV absorption rate and quantum yield, and hydroxyl radical (·OH) oxidation parameters, including second-order rate constants for ·OH reactions and steady-state ·OH concentrations, that can be used to predict micropollutant abatement in wastewater. The UV/H2O2 kinetic model successfully predicted the abatement efficiencies of 16 target micropollutants in bench-scale UV and UV/H2O2 experiments in 10 secondary wastewater effluents. The model was then used to calculate the electric energies required to achieve specific levels of micropollutant abatement in several advanced wastewater treatment scenarios using various combinations of ozone, UV, and H2O2. UV/H2O2 is more energy-intensive than ozonation for abatement of most micropollutants. Nevertheless, UV/H2O2 is not limited by the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and bromate whereas ozonation may produce significant concentrations of these oxidation byproducts, as observed in some of the tested wastewater effluents. The combined process of O3/H2O2 followed by UV/H2O2, which may be warranted in some potable reuse applications, can achieve superior micropollutant abatement with reduced energy consumption compared to UV/H2O2 and reduced oxidation byproduct formation (i.e., NDMA and/or bromate) compared to conventional ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunho Lee
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , 123, Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Ueberlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Gerrity
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas , Box 454015, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4015, United States
- Trussell Technologies, Inc. , 6540 Lusk Boulevard, Suite C274, San Diego, California 92121, United States
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority , P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-9954, United States
| | - Minju Lee
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Ueberlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil, and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sujanie Gamage
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority , P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-9954, United States
| | - Aleksey Pisarenko
- Trussell Technologies, Inc. , 6540 Lusk Boulevard, Suite C274, San Diego, California 92121, United States
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority , P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-9954, United States
| | - Rebecca A Trenholm
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority , P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-9954, United States
| | - Silvio Canonica
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Ueberlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona , 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0011, United States
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Ueberlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil, and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Martijn BJ, Van Rompay AR, Penders EJM, Alharbi Y, Baggelaar PK, Kruithof JC, Rietjens IMCM. Development of a 4-NQO toxic equivalency factor (TEF) approach to enable a preliminary risk assessment of unknown genotoxic compounds detected by the Ames II test in UV/H₂O₂ water treatment samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:338-345. [PMID: 26378870 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An approach to enable a preliminary risk assessment of unknown genotoxic compounds formed by MP UV/H2O2 treatment of nitrate rich water, is described. Since the identity and concentration of specific genotoxic compounds is not established yet, a compound specific risk assessment cannot be performed. This limitation is circumvented by introducing a toxic equivalency factor, converting the concentration of unknown genotoxic compounds expressed by an Ames II test response into equivalent concentrations of 4-nitroquinoline oxide (4-NQO), to enable a preliminary risk assessment. Based on the obtained 4-NQO equivalent concentrations for the tested water samples and 4-NQO carcinogenicity data, an indication of the associated risk of the by MP UV/H2O2 treatment produced nitrated genotoxic compounds is obtained via the margin of exposure (MOE) approach. Based on a carcinogen study by Tang et al. (2004), a body weight of 70 kg and a drinking water consumption of 2 L per day, the 4-NQO equivalent concentration should not exceed 80 ng/L associated with a negligible risk. Application of this approach on samples from MP UV/H2O2 treated water of a full scale drinking water production facility, a 4-NQO equivalent concentration of 107 ng/L was established. These results indicate a safety concern in case this water would be distributed as drinking water without further post treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram J Martijn
- Wageningen University, Division of Toxicology, P.O. Box 8000, 6700 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wetsus European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113; 8900 CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; PWN Water Supply Company North Holland, P.O. Box 2113, 1990 AC Velserbroek, The Netherlands.
| | - An R Van Rompay
- VITO - Environmental Risk & Health - Team ABS, Industriezone Vlasmeer 7, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Eric J M Penders
- Het Waterlaboratorium, P.O Box 734, 2300 RS Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Yousif Alharbi
- Wageningen University, Division of Toxicology, P.O. Box 8000, 6700 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joop C Kruithof
- Wetsus European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113; 8900 CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Wageningen University, Division of Toxicology, P.O. Box 8000, 6700 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Richardson S, Postigo C. Discovery of New Emerging DBPs by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. APPLICATIONS OF TIME-OF-FLIGHT AND ORBITRAP MASS SPECTROMETRY IN ENVIRONMENTAL, FOOD, DOPING, AND FORENSIC ANALYSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Susana Y. Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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50
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Kim D, Amy GL, Karanfil T. Disinfection by-product formation during seawater desalination: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 81:343-355. [PMID: 26099832 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to increased freshwater demand across the globe, seawater desalination has become the technology of choice in augmenting water supplies in many parts of the world. The use of chemical disinfection is necessary in desalination plants for pre-treatment to control both biofouling as well as the post-disinfection of desalinated water. Although chlorine is the most commonly used disinfectant in desalination plants, its reaction with organic matter produces various disinfection by-products (DBPs) (e.g., trihalomethanes [THMs], haloacetic acids [HAAs], and haloacetonitriles [HANs]), and some DBPs are regulated in many countries due to their potential risks to public health. To reduce the formation of chlorinated DBPs, alternative oxidants (disinfectants) such as chloramines, chlorine dioxide, and ozone can be considered, but they also produce other types of DBPs. In addition, due to high levels of bromide and iodide concentrations in seawater, highly cytotoxic and genotoxic DBP species (i.e., brominated and iodinated DBPs) may form in distribution systems, especially when desalinated water is blended with other source waters having higher levels of organic matter. This article reviews the knowledge accumulated in the last few decades on DBP formation during seawater desalination, and summarizes in detail, the occurrence of DBPs in various thermal and membrane plants involving different desalination processes. The review also identifies the current challenges and future research needs for controlling DBP formation in seawater desalination plants and to reduce the potential toxicity of desalinated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daekyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Gary L Amy
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA.
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