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Srikrishnarka P, Kumaran D, Kini AR, Kumar V, Nagar A, Islam MR, Nagarajan R, Pradeep T. Observing Real-Time Adhesion of Microparticles on Glass Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:17071-17079. [PMID: 37971209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Fouling on glass surfaces reduces the solar panel efficiency and increases water consumption for cleaning. Superhydrophobic coatings on glass enable self-cleaning by allowing water droplets to carry away dirt particles. Observing the interaction between charged particles and surfaces provides insights into effective cleaning. Using a high-speed camera and a long-distance objective, we analyzed the in situ deposition of variously functionalized and charged silica dust microparticles on chemically treated glass. The ambient charges for the control, hydrophobic, and positively charged particles were approximately -0.5, -0.13, and +0.5 nC, respectively. We found that a positively charged particle of 2.3 ± 1.2 μm diameter adhered to hydroxylated glass in ∼0.054 s, compared to 0.40 and 0.45 s for quaternary ammonium- and fluorosilane-functionalized hydrophobic glass. Experiments suggest that quaternary ammonium-functionalized glass surfaces are about 77.8% more resistant to soiling than bare surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pillalamarri Srikrishnarka
- DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Dhivyaraja Kumaran
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Amoghavarsha Ramachandra Kini
- DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Vishal Kumar
- DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Ankit Nagar
- DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Md Rabiul Islam
- DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Ramamurthy Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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Fatima S, Mishra SK, Ahlawat A, Dimri AP. Physico-Chemical Properties and Deposition Potential of PM 2.5 during Severe Smog Event in Delhi, India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15387. [PMID: 36430104 PMCID: PMC9690713 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present work studies a severe smog event that occurred in Delhi (India) in 2017, targeting the characterization of PM2.5 and its deposition potential in human respiratory tract of different population groups in which the PM2.5 levels raised from 124.0 µg/m3 (pre-smog period) to 717.2 µg/m3 (during smog period). Higher concentration of elements such as C, N, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Fe, Cl, Ca, Ti, Cr, Pb, Fe, K, Cu, Cl, P, and F were observed during the smog along with dominant organic functional groups (aldehyde, ketones, alkyl halides (R-F; R-Br; R-Cl), ether, etc.), which supported potential contribution from transboundary biomass-burning activities along with local pollution sources and favorable meteorological conditions. The morphology of individual particles were found mostly as non-spherical, including carbon fractals, aggregates, sharp-edged, rod-shaped, and flaky structures. A multiple path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model showed significant deposition potential of PM2.5 in terms of deposition fraction, mass rate, and mass flux during smog conditions in all age groups. The highest PM2.5 deposition fraction and mass rate were found for the head region followed by the alveolar region of the human respiratory tract. The highest mass flux was reported for 21-month-old (4.7 × 102 µg/min/m2), followed by 3-month-old (49.2 µg/min/m2) children, whereas it was lowest for 21-year-old adults (6.8 µg/min/m2), indicating babies and children were more vulnerable to PM2.5 pollution than adults during smog. Deposition doses of toxic elements such as Cr, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn, and Ni were also found to be higher (up to 1 × 10-7 µg/kg/day) for children than adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Fatima
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Mishra
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ajit Ahlawat
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ashok Priyadarshan Dimri
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
- Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Navi Mumbai 410206, India
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Putman AL, Jones DK, Blakowski MA, DiViesti D, Hynek SA, Fernandez DP, Mendoza D. Industrial Particulate Pollution and Historical Land Use Contribute Metals of Concern to Dust Deposited in Neighborhoods Along the Wasatch Front, UT, USA. GEOHEALTH 2022; 6:e2022GH000671. [PMID: 36340997 PMCID: PMC9627553 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Salt Lake Valley, UT, USA, is proximal to the desiccating Great Salt Lake (GSL). Prior work has found that this lakebed/playa contributes metals-laden dust to snow in the Wasatch and Uinta Mountains. Dust and industrial particulate pollution are also delivered to communities along the Wasatch Front, but their sources, compositions, and fluxes are poorly characterized. In this study, we analyzed the dust deposited in 18 passive samplers positioned near the GSL, in cities in and near the Salt Lake Valley for total dust flux, the <63 µm dust fraction, 87Sr/86Sr, and trace element geochemistry. We compared spatial patterns in metal flux and abundance with community-level socioeconomic metrics. We observed the highest dust fluxes at sites near the GSL playa. Within the urban corridor, 87Sr/86Sr and trace element relative abundances suggest that most of the dust to which people are regularly exposed may be fugitive dust from local soil materials. The trace metal content of dust deposited along the Wasatch Front exceeded Environmental Protection Agency screening levels and exhibited enrichment relative to both the upper continental crust and the dust collected adjacent to GSL. Sources of metals to dust deposited along the Wasatch Front may include industrial activities like mining, oil refining, as well as past historical pesticide and herbicide applications. Arsenic and vanadium indicated a statistically significant positive correlation with income, whereas lead, thallium, and nickel exhibited higher concentrations in the least wealthy and least white neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie L. Putman
- Utah Water Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyWest Valley CityUTUSA
| | - Daniel K. Jones
- Utah Water Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyWest Valley CityUTUSA
| | - Molly A. Blakowski
- Utah Water Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyWest Valley CityUTUSA
- Department of Watershed SciencesUtah State UniversityLoganUTUSA
| | - Destry DiViesti
- Utah Water Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyWest Valley CityUTUSA
| | - Scott A. Hynek
- Utah Water Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyWest Valley CityUTUSA
| | - Diego P. Fernandez
- Department of Geology and GeophysicsUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Daniel Mendoza
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Department of City & Metropolitan PlanningUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Division of Pulmonary MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
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Xu H, Chen L, Chen J, Bao Z, Wang C, Gao X, Cen K. Unexpected rise of atmospheric secondary aerosols from biomass burning during the COVID-19 lockdown period in Hangzhou, China. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2022; 278:119076. [PMID: 35370436 PMCID: PMC8958265 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
After the global outbreak of COVID-19, the Chinese government took many measures to control the spread of the virus. The measures led to a reduction in anthropogenic emissions nationwide. Data from a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer in an eastern Chinese megacity (Hangzhou) before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown (5 January to February 29, 2020) was used to understand the effect lockdown had on atmospheric particles. The collected single particle mass spectra were clustered into eight categories. Before the lockdown, the proportions of particles ranked in order of: EC (57.9%) < K-SN (13.6%) < Fe-rich (10.2%) < ECOC (6.7%) < K-Na (6.6%) < OC (3.4%) < K-Pb (1.0%) < K-Al (0.7%). During the lockdown period, the EC and Fe-rich particles decreased by 42.8% and 93.2% compared to before lockdown due to reduced vehicle exhaust and industrial activity. By contrast, the K-SN and K-Na particles containing biomass burning tracers increased by 155.2% and 45.2% during the same time, respectively. During the lockdown, the proportions of particles ranked in order of: K-SN (39.7%) < EC (38.1%) < K-Na (11.0%) < ECOC (7.7%) < OC (1.2%) < K-Pb (0.9%) < Fe-rich (0.8%) < K-Al (0.6%). Back trajectory analysis indicated that both inland (Anhui and Shandong provinces) and marine transported air masses may have contributed to the increase in K-SN and K-Na particles during the lockdown, and that increased number of fugitive combustion points (i.e., household fuel, biomass combustion) was a contributing factor. Therefore, the results imply that regional synergistic control measures on fugitive combustion emissions are needed to ensure good air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Linghong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jiansong Chen
- Hangzhou Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Zhier Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Kefa Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Manchanda C, Kumar M, Singh V. Meteorology governs the variation of Delhi's high particulate-bound chloride levels. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132879. [PMID: 34774914 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A significant number of past studies have reported Delhi to witness some of the highest levels of particulate-bound chloride compared to anywhere else in the world. The present study employs long-term, highly time-resolved chloride measurements at the IIT Delhi campus from February 2020 to April 2021. The present work sheds light on the dependence of high chloride levels in Delhi on the winds from the northwest direction. The study makes use of linear regression models and stepped linear models to quantify the role of meteorological variables in driving the seasonal variation of chloride in Delhi. The results indicate that ∼85-88% of the variation in chloride concentration observed in Delhi can be attributed to meteorological parameters, mainly temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), and percentage of wind incoming from the northwest (%NW). The results also suggest that the primary chloride emissions remain relatively consistent year-round, and are regionally transported from Delhi's northwest. The results of this study provide valuable insights in understanding the nature of the sources and the variability associated with the chloride levels in Delhi and thus provide a basis for future emission control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag Manchanda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Mayank Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
| | - Vikram Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
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Air Pollution and Mobility, What Carries COVID-19? ECONOMETRICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/econometrics9040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper tests if air pollution serves as a carrier for SARS-CoV-2 by measuring the effect of daily exposure to air pollution on its spread by panel data models that incorporates a possible commonality between municipalities. We show that the contemporary exposure to particle matter is not the main driver behind the increasing number of cases and deaths in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. Remarkably, we also find that the cross-dependence between municipalities in the Mexican region is highly correlated to public mobility, which plays the leading role behind the rhythm of contagion. Our findings are particularly revealing given that the Mexico City Metropolitan Area did not experience a decrease in air pollution during COVID-19 induced lockdowns.
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Gong H, Cheng C, Li M, Yang S, Zhou Q, Zhong QE, Zhang Y, Xie Y, Zhou Z. The enhanced mixing states of oxalate with metals in single particles in Guangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:146962. [PMID: 33866183 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, internal mixing states of oxalate with metals in single particles have been reported from field studies, yet the role of metals in the formation processes of oxalate remains unclear due to the diversity of chemical components and complex atmospheric environment. In this study, the mixing states of oxalate with five metals, including zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), vanadium (V) and iron (Fe) were investigated in Guangzhou, China. It was found that 55% of oxalate-containing particles were internally mixed with these metals. The number fraction of oxalate in the metal-containing particles ranged from 5.4-26%, which is much higher than that in the total detected particles (4.0%), indicating significant enrichment of oxalate in the metal-containing particles. Enhanced oxalate production was found in the Fe- and V-containing particles based on distinctly higher relative peak area (RPA) ratios of oxalate to its precursors compared to the total particles, possibly due to enhanced aqueous phase reactions in the Fe- and V-containing particles. However, enrichment of oxalate in the Zn-, Pb-, and Cu-containing particles was possibly associated with complexation of gas phase oxalic acid with the metals, as indicated by the small increase in RPA ratios in these particles. On the other hand, the internal mixing of oxalate with metals was found to provide a way of efficient photolysis of oxalate-metal complexes, which led to a decrease in oxalate after sunrise in the metal-containing particles. In this study, the enhanced mixing states of oxalate with metals have revealed the important role of metals in the production and degradation of oxalate, providing insights for the evaluation of metals in the formation processes of organic aerosol in field studies, which is beneficial to the further study of air pollution in metal emission areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Gong
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Suxia Yang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China; Institute for Environment and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qianni Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qi En Zhong
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yutong Xie
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Fu Y, Peng X, Guo Z, Peng L, Lin Q, Li L, Li M, Chen D, Zhang G, Bi X, Wang X, Sheng G. Filter-based absorption enhancement measurement for internally mixed black carbon particles over southern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:144194. [PMID: 33373755 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the mixing state of black carbon (BC) on light absorption is of enduring interest due to its close connection to regional/global climate. Herein, we present concurrent measurements of both BC absorption enhancement (Eabs) and the chemical mixing state in southern China. Eabs was obtained by simultaneous measuring the light absorption coefficient using an aethalometer before and after being heated. The observed Eabs was categorized into non- (Eabs ≤ 1.0), slight (1.0 < Eabs ≤ 1.2), and higher (Eabs > 1.2) enhancement groups, and it was compared to the mixing state of elemental carbon (EC) particles detected by a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). The individual EC-containing particles were classified into four types, including EC with sodium and potassium ion peaks (NaK-EC), long EC cluster ions (Cn+/-, n ≥ 6) with sulfate (EC-Sul1), short EC cluster ions (Cn+/-, n < 6) with sulfate (EC-Sul2), and EC with OC and sulfate (ECOC-Sul). NaK-EC and EC-Sul2 are the dominant EC types. Slight enhancement group is mainly explained by the photochemical production of ammonium sulfate and organics on EC-Sul2 during afternoon hours. In contrast, the higher Eabs is primarily attributed to the enhanced mixing of ammonium chloride with NaK-EC during morning hours, without photochemistry. The characterization of source emissions indicates that NaK-EC is likely from coal combustion and is associated with a relatively higher amount of ammonium chloride. To our knowledge, this is the first report to state that EC particles associated with ammonium chloride have a relatively higher Eabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xiaocong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Ziyong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Long Peng
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, PR China
| | - Qinhao Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Duohong Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, PR China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Guoying Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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Arndt J, Healy RM, Setyan A, Flament P, Deboudt K, Riffault V, Alleman LY, Mbengue S, Wenger JC. Characterization and source apportionment of single particles from metalworking activities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116078. [PMID: 33243539 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Industrial metalworking facilities emit a variety of air toxics including volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals. In order to investigate these emissions, a 1-month multi-instrument field campaign was undertaken at an industrial site in Grande-Synthe, Dunkirk (France), in May and June 2012. One of the main objectives of the study was to provide new information on the chemical composition of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in the vicinity of metalworking facilities. An aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) was deployed to provide size-resolved chemical mixing state measurements of ambient single particles at high temporal resolution. This mixing state information was then used to apportion PM2.5 to local metalworking facilities influencing the receptor site. Periods when the site was influenced by metalworking sources were characterised by a pronounced increase in particles containing toxic metals (manganese, iron, lead) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with a variety of chemical mixing states. The association of specific particle classes with a nearby ferromanganese alloy manufacturing plant was confirmed through comparison with previous analysis of raw materials (ores) and chimney filter particle samples collected at the facility. Particles associated with emissions from a nearby steelworks were also identified. The contribution of local metalworking activities to PM2.5 at the receptor site for the period when the ATOFMS was deployed ranged from 1 to 65% with an average contribution of 17%, while the remaining mass was attributed to other local and regional sources. These findings demonstrate the impact of metalworking facilities on air quality downwind and provide useful single particle signatures for future source apportionment studies in communities impacted by metalworking emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovanna Arndt
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Robert M Healy
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ari Setyan
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de L'Atmosphère, Université Du Littoral Côte D'Opale, EA 4493-CNRS, 59140, Dunkerque, France
| | - Pascal Flament
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de L'Atmosphère, Université Du Littoral Côte D'Opale, EA 4493-CNRS, 59140, Dunkerque, France
| | - Karine Deboudt
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de L'Atmosphère, Université Du Littoral Côte D'Opale, EA 4493-CNRS, 59140, Dunkerque, France
| | - Véronique Riffault
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Sciences de L'Atmosphère et Génie de L'Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Laurent Y Alleman
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Sciences de L'Atmosphère et Génie de L'Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Saliou Mbengue
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Sciences de L'Atmosphère et Génie de L'Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - John C Wenger
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Liu Z, Hu B, Yang Y, Zhang D, Li W, Wen T, Xin J, Wang Y. Evaluating the size distribution characteristics and sources of atmospheric trace elements at two mountain sites: comparison of the clean and polluted regions in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:42713-42726. [PMID: 32720022 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10213-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Size-resolved trace metal concentrations at two background sites were assessed during a 1-year observation campaign, with the measurements performed in parallel at two mountain sites, where Mt. Dinghu (DHS) located in the rural region of Pearl River Delta (PRD) and Mt. Gongga (GGS) located in the Tibetan Plateau region. In total, 15 selected trace elements (Mg, Al, K, V, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Ag, Cd, Ba, Tl, and Pb) in aerosol samples were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The major metals in these two mountain sites were Fe, K, Mg, and Ca with concentrations ranging between 241 and 1452 ng/m3, 428 and 1351 ng/m3, 334 and 875 ng/m3, and 376 and 870 ng/m3, respectively, while the trace metals with the lowest concentrations were Mo, Ag, Cd, and Tl with concentrations lower than 4 ng/m3 in DHS and 2 ng/m3 in GGS. The pronounced seasonal variability in the trace elements was observed in DHS, with lower concentrations in spring and summer and relatively high in winter and autumn, whereas seasonal variance of trace elements is hardly observed in Mt. Gongga. The size distribution pattern of crustal elements of Al, Mg, K, Ba, and Fe was quite similar in DHS and GGS, which were mainly found in coarse particles peaked at 4.7-5.8 μm. In addition, V, Mo, Ag, and Tl were also concentrated in coarse particles, although the high enrichment factor (EF > 100) of which suggested anthropogenic origin, whereas trace metals of Cd, Mn, Zn, As, Cu, and Pb concentrated in fine mode particles. Specifically, these trace metals peak at approximately 1.5 μm in DHS, while those in GGS peaked at diameter smaller than 0.3 μm, indicating the responsible for long-range transport from the far urban and industrialized areas. Multivariate receptor model combined with the enrichment factor results demonstrated that the trace elemental components at these two background sites were largely contributed from the fossil fuel combustion (55.4% in DHS and 44.0% in GGS) and industrial emissions factors (20.1% vs. 26.5%), which are associated with long distance transport from the coastal area of Southeast China and the Northwestern India, respectively, as suggested by the backward air mass trajectory analysis. Local sources from soil dust contributed a minor variance for trace elements in DHS (9.7%) and GGS (13.8%), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yongjie Yang
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tianxue Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jinyuan Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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11
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Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Griffith SM, Wu G, Li L, Zhao Y, Li M, Zhou Z, Yu JZ. Field Evidence of Fe-Mediated Photochemical Degradation of Oxalate and Subsequent Sulfate Formation Observed by Single Particle Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6562-6574. [PMID: 32339453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we deployed a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) at a suburban coastal site in Hong Kong from February 04 to April 17, 2013 to study individual oxalate particles and a monitor for aerosols and gases in ambient air (MARGA) to track the bulk oxalate concentrations in particle matter smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5). A shallow dip in the bulk oxalate concentration was consistently observed before 10:00 am in the morning throughout the observation campaign, corresponding to a 20% decrease in the oxalate concentration on average during the decay process. Such a decrease in PM oxalate was found to be coincident with a decrease in Fe-containing oxalate particles, providing persuasive evidence of Fe-mediated photochemical degradation of oxalate. Oxalate mixed with Fe and Fe_NaK particles, from industry sources, were identified as the dominant factors for oxalate decay in the early morning. We further found an increase of sulfate intensity by a factor of 1.6 on these individual Fe-containing particles during the oxalate decomposition process, suggesting a facilitation of sulfur oxidation. This is the first report on the oxalate-Fe decomposition process with individual particle level information and provides unique evidence to advance our current understanding of oxalate and Fe cycling. The present work also indicates the importance of anthropogenic sourced iron in oxalate-Fe photochemical processing. In addition, V-containing oxalate particles, from ship emissions, also showed evidence of morning photodegradation and need further attention since current models rarely consider photochemical processing of oxalate_V particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
- Institute of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
| | - Yanjing Zhang
- Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Stephen M Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Guanru Wu
- Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Yunhui Zhao
- Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST, Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Institute of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
- Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong China
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12
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Wang C, Shao N, Xu J, Zhang Z, Cai Z. Pollution emission characteristics, distribution of heavy metals, and particle morphologies in a hazardous waste incinerator processing phenolic waste. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 388:121751. [PMID: 31796353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Secondary pollution emitted from hazardous waste incinerators (HWIs) can pose potential risks to the surrounding populations and environment. An investigation was conducted on pollutant emission status in a HWI combusting homogenized phenolic waste, woodchips, and electroplating sludge during the sampling period. Morphologies and elemental compositions of particles in flue gas and indoor air of the incinerator were characterized by TEM-EDS. Eight types of single particles were classified, as organic, soot, K-rich, S-rich, Na-rich, Fe-rich, mineral and fly ash particles. In the indoor air near the fly ash collector, organic and S-rich particles were the two most observed particles, taking 56 % and 30 %, respectively. While near the bottom ash collector, Fe-rich particles took approximately 30 %. Besides, the partitioning behavior of heavy metals in the incinerating process were investigated. Hg, Cd and Pb were mainly enriched in fly ash through evaporation, condensation, and adsorption; while Cr, Cu, Mn, and Ni were mostly remained in the bottom ash due to their low volatilities. This study provides information for regional air pollution source apportionment, but also helps understand the partitioning behavior of heavy metals for the secondary pollution control. Meanwhile, the visualized micro-compositions of indoor particles pave a way for occupational exposure risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Technology and Management of Shenzhen City, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, PR China
| | - Ningning Shao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Technology and Management of Shenzhen City, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Jiyun Xu
- China Everbright Greentech LTD, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Zuotai Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Technology and Management of Shenzhen City, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, PR China.
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13
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Peng L, Li L, Lin Q, Li M, Zhang G, Bi X, Wang X, Sheng G. Does atmospheric processing produce toxic Pb-containing compounds? A case study in suburban Beijing by single particle mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 382:121014. [PMID: 31445413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A single particle aerosol mass spectrometry (SPAMS) was deployed to investigate the mixing state and chemical processing of Pb-rich particles in suburban Beijing. Based on a large dataset of mass spectra, Pb-rich particles were classified into Pb-O-Cl-N-S (55%), Pb-N (17%), Pb-N-S (15%), and Pb-EC (7%). Residual coal combustion, industrial activities, and meteorological conditions were identified as main factors regulating the variations of Pb-rich particles in the atmosphere. The highest abundance of the Pb-rich particles was observed during heating period (HP) primarily due to the increase in coal usage. Pb in Pb-O-Cl-N-S type was identified in forms of PbO, PbCl2, and Pb(NO3)2. Dominantly presented in the form of Pb(NO3)2, Pb-N type represented the completely transformed Pb-rich particles from PbO/PbCl2 by atmospheric processes. It is found that PbCl2 and PbO could be transformed to Pb(NO3)2, highly dependent on the amount of NO2 and RH. Significant enhancement of nitrate in Pb-O-Cl-N-S particles was observed when the RH was greater than 60%, emphasizing the importance of heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5 on the formation of Pb(NO3)2. Compared with non-carcinogenic PbCl2/PbO and insoluble PbO, soluble and carcinogenic Pb(NO3)2 produced by atmospheric processes may significantly enhance negative effects of Pb-rich particles on human health and the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Qinhao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Guoying Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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14
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Giannoukos S, Lee CP, Tarik M, Ludwig C, Biollaz S, Lamkaddam H, Baltensperger U, Henry Prevot AS, Slowik J. Real-Time Detection of Aerosol Metals Using Online Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 92:1316-1325. [PMID: 31825206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metal emissions are of major environmental and practical concern because of their highly toxic effects on human health and ecosystems. Current technologies available in the market for their detection are typically limited by a time resolution of 1 h or longer (e.g., via semicontinuous X-ray fluorescence measurements) or are nonquantitative (e.g., laser ablation mass spectrometry). In this work, we report the development of a novel technique for the real-time detection and monitoring of metal particles in situ using an extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) source coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). The experiments were conducted in negative ionization mode using disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) dihydrate to chelate with metals and form stable metal complexes. Results for water-soluble metal compounds were obtained. The following representative metal ions were examined: Pb, Cd, Zn, Ce (III), Ba, Ni, Fe(II), Fe(III), Cu(II), Cr, Mo, Co(II), Mg, Nd, Li, Ti, Ca, Cs, Ag, Tm, Er(III), La(III), Yb(III), Eu(III), Pr(III), Gd(III), Lu(III), Dy(III), Tb(III), Ho, and Ru(III). The results showed a very good linear mass response (R2 = 0.9983), low ng/m3 limits of detection (LoD), and a fast response time (1 s). The stability and repeatability of the developed EESI-TOF-MS were tested under complex dynamic and periodic experimental conditions, and negligible matrix effects were measured for internally and externally mixed metal particles. Benchmark testing against inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was also performed, highlighting the online measurement capabilities of aerosol metals with a LoD lower than those of ICP-MS. Proof-of-concept ambient measurements were performed in New Delhi, India, and very promising results were obtained, allowing further exploitation elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christian Ludwig
- Engineering (ENAC) , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
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15
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Li L, Wang Q, Zhang X, She Y, Zhou J, Chen Y, Wang P, Liu S, Zhang T, Dai W, Han Y, Cao J. Characteristics of single atmospheric particles in a heavily polluted urban area of China: size distributions and mixing states. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:11730-11742. [PMID: 30815815 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the chemical composition, size distribution, and mixing state of aerosol particles on heavy pollution days, single-particle aerosol mass spectrometry was conducted during 9-26 October 2015 in Xi'an, China. The measured particles were classified into six major categories: biomass burning (BB) particles, K-secondary particles, elemental carbon (EC)-related particles, metal-containing particles, dust, and organic carbon (OC) particles. BB and EC-related particles were the dominant types during the study period and mainly originated from biomass burning, vehicle emissions, and coal combustion. According to the ambient air quality index, two typical episodes were defined: clean days (CDs) and polluted days (PDs). Accumulation of BB particles and EC-related particles was the main reason for the pollution in Xi'an. Most types of particle size were larger on PDs than CDs. Each particle type was mixed with secondary species to different degrees on CDs and PDs, indicating that atmospheric aging occurred. The mixing state results demonstrated that the primary tracers were oxidized or vanished and that the amount of secondary species was increased on PDs. This study provides valuable information and a dataset to help control air pollution in the urban areas of Xi'an. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Xu Zhang
- Xi'an Environmental Monitor Station, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yuanyuan She
- Xi'an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jiamao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, 710061, China.
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
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16
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Frei E, Gaur A, Lichtenberg H, Heine C, Friedrich M, Greiner M, Lunkenbein T, Grunwaldt J, Schlögl R. Activating a Cu/ZnO : Al Catalyst – Much More than Reduction: Decomposition, Self‐Doping and Polymorphism. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elias Frei
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryFritz-Haber Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Abhijeet Gaur
- Karlsruher Institut für TechnologieITCP and IKFT Engesserstr. 20 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Henning Lichtenberg
- Karlsruher Institut für TechnologieITCP and IKFT Engesserstr. 20 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Christian Heine
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryFritz-Haber Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Matthias Friedrich
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryFritz-Haber Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Mark Greiner
- Department of Heterogeneous ReactionsMax-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34–36 45470 Mühlheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Thomas Lunkenbein
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryFritz-Haber Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Jan‐Dierk Grunwaldt
- Karlsruher Institut für TechnologieITCP and IKFT Engesserstr. 20 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department of Inorganic ChemistryFritz-Haber Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Germany
- Department of Heterogeneous ReactionsMax-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstrasse 34–36 45470 Mühlheim an der Ruhr Germany
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17
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Lu J, Ma L, Cheng C, Pei C, Chan CK, Bi X, Qin Y, Tan H, Zhou J, Chen M, Li L, Huang B, Li M, Zhou Z. Real time analysis of lead-containing atmospheric particles in Guangzhou during wintertime using single particle aerosol mass spectrometry. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 168:53-63. [PMID: 30384167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of lead on human health and the environment have long been a focus of research. To explore sources of lead in Guangzhou, China, we investigated atmospheric lead-containing particles (LCPs) during wintertime using a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). Based on mass spectral features, LCPs were classified into eight major particle types, including Pb-Cl and Pb-Cl-Li (coal combustion and waste incineration), Pb-Cl-EC and Pb-Cl-OC (diesel trucks and coal combustion), Pb-Cl-Fe (iron and steel industry), Pb-Cl-AlSi (dust), Pb-Sec (secondary formation), and Pb-Cl-Zn (industrial process); these sources (in parentheses) were identified by comparing atmospheric LCP mass spectra with authentic Pb emission source mass spectra. Sampling periods with LCP number fractions (NFs) more than three times the average LCP NF (APF = 4.35%) and below the APF were defined as high LCP NF periods (HLFPs: H1, H3, and H5) and low LCP NF APF periods (LLFPs: L2 and L4), respectively. Diurnal patterns and high Pb-Sec content during LLFPs indicate that photochemical activity and heterogeneous reactions may have controlled Pb-Sec particle formation. The inverse Pb-Cl and Pb-Sec particle diurnal trends during LLFPs suggest the replacement of Cl by sulfate and nitrate. On average over the five periods, ~ 76% of the LCPs likely arose from coal combustion and/or waste incineration, which were dominant sources during all five periods, followed by diesel trucks during LLFPs and iron- and steel-related sources during HLFPs; HLFP LCPs arose mainly from primary emissions. These results can be used to more efficiently control Pb emission sources and prevent harm to human and environmental health from Pb toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglin Lu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chenglei Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Yiming Qin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Haobo Tan
- Guangdong Ecological Meteorology Center, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jingbo Zhou
- Shijiazhuang Environmental Monitoring Station of Hebei Province, Shi Jiazhuang 050022, China
| | - Mubai Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environment Protection Engineering, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China
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18
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González LT, Longoria-Rodríguez FE, Sánchez-Domínguez M, Leyva-Porras C, Acuña-Askar K, Kharissov BI, Arizpe-Zapata A, Alfaro-Barbosa JM. Seasonal variation and chemical composition of particulate matter: A study by XPS, ICP-AES and sequential microanalysis using Raman with SEM/EDS. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 74:32-49. [PMID: 30340673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
During the winter period (January-March 2016), the total suspended particles (TSP) and particulate matter smaller than 2.5μm (PM2.5) were characterized by the application of various analytical techniques in four zones of the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey in Mexico. To evaluate the seasonal variation of some elements in the particulate matter, the results of this study were compared with those obtained during the summer season (July-September 2015). The speciation of the C1s signal by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the contribution of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons as the main components in both seasons. Conversely, carboxylic groups associated with biogenic emissions were detected only in winter. The percentages of SO42- ions were lower in winter, possibly caused by the decrease in the solar radiation, and relative humidity recorded. The results of the ICP analysis revealed that Fe, Zn and Cu were the most abundant metals in both TSP and PM2.5 in the two seasons. There were significant seasonal variations for concentrations of As, Ni and Zn in the urban area and for Fe, As, Cd, Ni and Zn in the industrial zone. This was attributed to the greater burning of fuels as well as to an increase in vehicular traffic, the effect of thermal inversion and changes in some meteorological parameters. The results of the sequential microanalysis by Raman spectroscopy and SEM/EDS allowed observation of deposits of carbonaceous material on the particles and to perform the speciation of particles rich in Fe and Pb, which helped infer their possible emission sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy T González
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Química Analítica Ambiental, Código Postal 64570, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Francisco E Longoria-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados SC, Unidad Monterrey, Alianza Norte 202, Código Postal 66628, Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Margarita Sánchez-Domínguez
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados SC, Unidad Monterrey, Alianza Norte 202, Código Postal 66628, Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Cesar Leyva-Porras
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados SC, Miguel de Cervantes # 120, Código Postal 31109 Chihuahua, Chih., Mexico
| | - Karim Acuña-Askar
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio de Biorremediación Ambiental, Código Postal 64460, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Boris I Kharissov
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Química Analítica Ambiental, Código Postal 64570, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Alejandro Arizpe-Zapata
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados SC, Unidad Monterrey, Alianza Norte 202, Código Postal 66628, Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Juan M Alfaro-Barbosa
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Química Analítica Ambiental, Código Postal 64570, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
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Quintana-Belmares R, Hernández-Pérez G, Montiel-Dávalos A, Gustafsson Å, Miranda J, Rosas-Pérez I, López-Marure R, Alfaro-Moreno E. Urban particulate matter induces the expression of receptors for early and late adhesion molecules on human monocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 167:283-291. [PMID: 30077136 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to urban particulate matter (PM) is correlated with increases in the emergence of health services due to adverse events and deaths and is mainly related to cardiorespiratory complications. The translocation of particles from the lung into circulation has been proposed as a factor that may trigger systemic effects. Monocytes may be exposed to PM, and if the monocytes are activated, then they are likely to adhere to endothelial cells in a distant organ due to the expression of receptors for adhesion molecules. In the present study, we evaluated the expression of receptors for adhesion molecules (sLex, PSGL-1, LFA-1, VLA-4 and αVβ3) in monocytes (U937 cells) exposed for 3 or 18 h to PM10 (0.001, 0.003, 0.010, 0.030, 0.300, 3 or 30 µg/mL). Exposed cells were co-cultured with human endothelial cells that were naive or previously exposed to the same particles. When U937 cells were exposed to PM10, similar levels of expression for early and late receptors for adhesion molecules were observed from 30 ng/mL as those induced by TNF-α. Cells exposed to particles at concentrations above 30 ng/mL were more adhesive to naive or exposed human endothelial cells. Taken together, our results suggest that it is plausible that activated monocytes may play a role in systemic effects induced by PM10 due to the size distribution of the particles and the concentrations required to trigger the expression of receptors for adhesion molecules in monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Quintana-Belmares
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico
| | - Guillermina Hernández-Pérez
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico
| | - Angélica Montiel-Dávalos
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico
| | - Åsa Gustafsson
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Javier Miranda
- Experimental Physics Department, Institute of Physics, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Irma Rosas-Pérez
- Aerobiology Laboratory, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rebeca López-Marure
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico
| | - Ernesto Alfaro-Moreno
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden.
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20
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Jeon SK, Kwon MJ, Yang JS, Lee S. Identifying the source of Zn in soils around a Zn smelter using Pb isotope ratios and mineralogical analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:66-72. [PMID: 28549289 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The contribution by anthropogenic sources to abnormally high Zn concentrations in soils with naturally abundant Zn was investigated at a contaminated site surrounding a Zn smelter in eastern Korea. Nineteen soil samples were collected within a 2km radius of the smelter, and analyzed for metal concentrations and Pb isotope ratios using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer and -mass spectrometer, respectively. Higher Zn concentrations in locations closer to the smelter implied that the smelter was the source of the Zn pollution. Lead isotope ratios (206/207Pb) from soil samples assumed to be unaffected by the smelter were higher than those found in the contaminated area, suggesting that the raw materials of Zn concentrates (ZnS, sphalerites) and smelting by-products from the smelter with low 206/207Pb ratios were the anthropogenic Zn source impacting the area. To verify this finding, the mineralogical forms of Zn found in the different soil fractions were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning-electron-microscope energy-dispersive spectrometer analysis, and sulfur element analysis. Since approximately 50% of Zn concentrates have particle sizes less than 0.044 mm, the observation of sphalerites and elevated sulfur concentrations in the finer soil fraction (<0.044mm) provide substantial support to the hypothesis that the deposition of airborne Zn-containing dust from the smelter is responsible for the high Zn concentration in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Kyung Jeon
- Center for Water Resource Cycle, Green City Technology Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-792, Republic of Korea; Energy Environment Policy and Technology, Green School, Korea University (KU)-Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea; Mineral Analysis Department, Technology Management Division, Korea Resources Corporation, Wonju, Gangwon-do 26464, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Jae Kwon
- Energy Environment Policy and Technology, Green School, Korea University (KU)-Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, Gangwon-do 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Seok Yang
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, Gangwon-do 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghak Lee
- Center for Water Resource Cycle, Green City Technology Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-792, Republic of Korea; Energy Environment Policy and Technology, Green School, Korea University (KU)-Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Bondy AL, Wang B, Laskin A, Craig RL, Nhliziyo MV, Bertman SB, Pratt KA, Shepson PB, Ault AP. Inland Sea Spray Aerosol Transport and Incomplete Chloride Depletion: Varying Degrees of Reactive Processing Observed during SOAS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9533-9542. [PMID: 28732168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiphase reactions involving sea spray aerosol (SSA) impact trace gas budgets in coastal regions by acting as a reservoir for oxidized nitrogen and sulfur species, as well as being a source of halogen gases (HCl, ClNO2, etc.). Whereas most studies of multiphase reactions on SSA have focused on marine environments, far less is known about SSA transported inland. Herein, single-particle measurements of SSA are reported at a site >320 km from the Gulf of Mexico, with transport times of 7-68 h. Samples were collected during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) in June-July 2013 near Centreville, Alabama. SSA was observed in 93% of 42 time periods analyzed. During two marine air mass periods, SSA represented significant number fractions of particles in the accumulation (0.2-1.0 μm, 11%) and coarse (1.0-10.0 μm, 35%) modes. Chloride content of SSA particles ranged from full to partial depletion, with 24% of SSA particles containing chloride (mole fraction of Cl/Na ≥ 0.1, 90% chloride depletion). Both the frequent observation of SSA at an inland site and the range of chloride depletion observed suggest that SSA may represent an underappreciated inland sink for NOx/SO2 oxidation products and a source of halogen gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Bondy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Rebecca L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Manelisi V Nhliziyo
- Department of Chemistry, Tuskegee University , Tuskegee, Alabama 36088, United States
| | - Steven B Bertman
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University , Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, United States
| | - Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul B Shepson
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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22
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Entwistle JA, Hunt A, Boisa N, Dean JR. Enhancing the interpretation of in vitro bioaccessibility data by using computer controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) at the individual particle level. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 228:443-453. [PMID: 28558285 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The adverse health effects resulting from exposure to contaminated soil on internally displaced populations in Mitrovica, Kosovo can be determined by how the potentially harmful elements are bound in the soils. Certainly this was the case for Pb, present at concentrations ranging from 624 to 46,900 mg/kg, and at bioaccessibilities ranging <5% to nearly 90%. To assess why the soil Pb might differ so markedly in terms of its bioaccessibility, computer controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) was employed to determine how the Pb was associated with other elements at the individual particle (IP) level in soils from the area. It was found that the Pb-bearing particle types were, for the most part, different in each sample. We consider these differences as the main control on Pb bioaccessibility in these soils. Pb solubility at the IP level was evaluated by examining Pb-particles from these soils in the electron microscope before and after successive immersions in a simulated gastric fluid. This analysis (differential IP analysis) confirmed the CCSEM characterization that Pb associated with other higher atomic number elements (Fe, Zn, Cu and Ni) was less soluble than when it was present as isolated phases (e.g., as carbonate) or when it was bound with lower atomic number elements (Na, Al, Si, K, Ca). The heterogeneity in solubility and composition of the Pb-particles suggested that the Pb originated from a range of different anthropogenic activities. The nature of these different anthropogenic activities created the wide differences in Pb-bioaccessibilty by producing Pb bound in many different forms in the soil particles. This type of Pb-particle characterization highlights the role CCSEM analysis, and IP acid extraction, can play in providing supporting evidence alongside bioaccessibility data for applications in human health risk assessment and management of contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Entwistle
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Andrew Hunt
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
| | - Ndokiari Boisa
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - John R Dean
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
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Li R, Yang X, Fu H, Hu Q, Zhang L, Chen J. Characterization of typical metal particles during haze episodes in Shanghai, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 181:259-269. [PMID: 28448907 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol particles were collected during three heavy haze episodes at Shanghai in the winter of 2013. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to study the morphology and speciation of typical metal particles at a single-particle level. In addition, time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry (ATOFMS) was applied to identify the speciation of the Fe-containing particles. TEM analysis indicated that various metal-containing particles were hosted by sulfates, nitrates, and oxides. Fe-bearing particles mainly originated from vehicle emissions and/or steel production. Pb-, Zn-, and Sb-bearing particles were mainly contributed by anthropogenic sources. Fe-bearing particles were clustered into six groups by ATOFMS: Fe-Carbon, Fe-Inorganic, Fe-Trace metal, Fe-CN, Fe-PO3, and Fe-NO3. ATOFMS data suggested that Fe-containing particles corresponded to different origins, including industrial activities, resuspension of dusts, and vehicle emissions. Fe-Carbon and Fe-CN particles displayed significant diurnal variation, and high levels were observed during the morning rush hours. Fe-Inorganic and Fe-Trace metal particle levels peaked at night. Furthermore, Fe-Carbon and Fe-PO3 were mainly concentrated in the fine particles. Fe-CN, Fe-Inorganic, and Fe-Trace metal exhibited bimodal distribution. The mixing state of the particles revealed that all Fe-bearing particles tended to be mixed with sulfate and nitrate. The data presented herein is essential for elucidating the origin, evolution processes, and health effects of metal-bearing particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Qingqing Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liwu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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24
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Li R, Fu H, Hu Q, Li C, Zhang L, Chen J, Mellouki AW. Physiochemical characteristics of aerosol particles in the typical microenvironment of hospital in Shanghai, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:651-659. [PMID: 27986322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Health risk of populations dwelling in the hospital has been a global concern, but has not been adequately examined. PM2.5 and PM1 samples were collected in two indoor locations (outpatient department and inpatient department) and one outdoor location (courtyard) of the hospital in Shanghai. The concentrations of size-fractionated trace metals and the morphology of single particles were determined to accurately assess the health risk for populations in the hospital. The results indicated that the mean concentrations of PM2.5 and PM1 were in the order of outpatient department>courtyard>inpatient department. The mean concentrations of PM1 decreased with floors (first floor: 78.0μg/m3, second floor: 64.1μg/m3, fourth floor: 48.4μg/m3). However, the mean PM2.5 concentrations were in the order of first floor (124.0μg/m3)>fourth floor (91.4μg/m3)>second floor (90.6μg/m3), which was likely associated with the number of patients. The PM2.5 and PM1 concentrations have begun to increase rapidly from 9:00am and decreased after 15:00pm in the first floor, whereas they remain relatively stable in the second and fourth floor. The abundance of Mg, Ca, Al and K in the fine particles and coarse particles were both higher than other elements for all floors. The concentrations of trace metals (e.g., Zn, Ba, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ca, Ti, Na, and K) except Mg and Al in the coarse particles (>2.5μm) decreased with floors, whereas Zn, Ba, Fe, and Cr in the fine particles (<2.5μm) displayed opposite variation. Trace metals in the first floor were mainly concentrated in the >2.5μm and 1-2.5μm, whereas they chiefly peaked at 0.25-0.5μm and below 0.25μm in the second and fourth floor. Single particles analysis showed that mineral particles, soot, and Fe-rich particles were mainly concentrated in the first floor, indicating the impacts of walking of patients, traffic emissions, and food cooking, respectively. Sulfate particles were internally mixed with soot, fly ash and Fe-rich particles in the second floor, which suggested that these sulfate particles probably underwent aging processes during the atmospheric long-range transport. In the fourth floor, fly ash, sulfate particles, Zn-rich particles, and biogenic particles were identified under the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Higher abundance of sulfates and absence of chlorate hinted existence of heterogeneous reactions during long-range transport with the Cl- replaced by SO42-. The index of average daily intake (ADI), hazard quotient (HQ), and carcinogenic risks (CR) indicated that Cr pose carcinogenic risks to the surrounding populations, while non-carcinogenic risks of Mn, Zn, and Cr were not remarkable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Qingqing Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunlin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liwu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Abdel Wahid Mellouki
- ICARE-CNRS, 1C Avenue de la Recherche scientifique, 45071 Orleans, Cedex 02, France
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25
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Shen H, Peters TM, Casuccio GS, Lersch TL, West RR, Kumar A, Kumar N, Ault AP. Elevated Concentrations of Lead in Particulate Matter on the Neighborhood-Scale in Delhi, India As Determined by Single Particle Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4961-70. [PMID: 27077697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
High mass concentrations of atmospheric lead particles are frequently observed in the Delhi, India metropolitan area, although the sources of lead particles are poorly understood. In this study, particles sampled across Delhi (August - December 2008) were analyzed by computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (CCSEM-EDX) to improve our understanding of the spatial and physicochemical variability of lead-rich particles (>90% lead). The mean mass concentration of lead-rich particles smaller than 10 μm (PM10) was 0.7 μg/m(3) (1.5 μg/m(3) std. dev.) with high variability (range: 0-6.2 μg/m(3)). Four samples (16% of 25 samples) with PM10 lead-rich particle concentrations >1.4 μg/m(3) were defined as lead events and studied further. The temporal characteristics, heterogeneous spatial distribution, and wind patterns of events, excluded regional monsoon conditions or common anthropogenic sources from being the major causes of the lead events. Individual particle composition, size, and morphology analysis indicate informal recycling operations of used lead-acid batteries as the likely source of the lead events. This source is not typically included in emission inventories, and the observed isolated hotspots with high lead concentrations could represent an elevated exposure risk in certain neighborhoods of Delhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongru Shen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Thomas M Peters
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Gary S Casuccio
- RJ Lee Group, Inc., Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146, United States
| | - Traci L Lersch
- RJ Lee Group, Inc., Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146, United States
| | - Roger R West
- RJ Lee Group, Inc., Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146, United States
| | - Amit Kumar
- Society for Environmental Health, Delhi, India
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami , Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Đorđević D, Buha J, Stortini AM, Mihajlidi-Zelić A, Relić D, Barbante C, Gambaro A. Mass distributions and morphological and chemical characterization of urban aerosols in the continental Balkan area (Belgrade). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:851-859. [PMID: 26347417 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5271-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work presents characteristics of atmospheric aerosols of urban central Balkans area, using a size-segregated aerosol sampling method, calculation of mass distributions, SEM/EDX characterization, and ICP/MS analysis. Three types of mass distributions were observed: distribution with a pronounced domination of coarse mode, bimodal distribution, and distribution with minimum at 1 μm describing the urban aerosol. SEM/EDX analyses have shown morphological difference and variation in the content of elements in samples. EDX spectra demonstrate that particles generally contain the following elements: Al, Ca, K, Fe, Mg, Ni, K, Si, S. Additionally, the presence of As, Br, Sn, and Zn found in air masses from southeast segment points out the anthropogenic activities most probably from mining activities in southeastern part of Serbia. The ratio Al/Si equivalent to the ratio of desert dust was associated with air masses coming from southeastern and southwestern segments, pointing to influences from North Africa and Middle East desert areas whereas the Al/Si ratio in other samples is significantly lower. In several samples, we found high values of aluminum in the nucleation mode. Samples with low share of crustal elements in the coarse mode are collected when Mediterranean air masses prevailed, while high share in the coarse mode was associated with continental air masses that could be one of the approaches for identification of the aerosol origin. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Đorđević
- University of Belgrade, Centre of Chemistry - ICTM, Studentski trg 14-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - J Buha
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
- Technology and Society Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
| | - A M Stortini
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Dorsoduro 2137, 30123, Venice, Italy
| | - A Mihajlidi-Zelić
- University of Belgrade, Centre of Chemistry - ICTM, Studentski trg 14-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Relić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - C Barbante
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Dorsoduro 2137, 30123, Venice, Italy
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes - National Research Council (CNR-IDPA), Dorsoduro 2137, 30123, Venice, Italy
| | - A Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Dorsoduro 2137, 30123, Venice, Italy
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes - National Research Council (CNR-IDPA), Dorsoduro 2137, 30123, Venice, Italy
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27
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Takeichi Y, Inami N, Suga H, Miyamoto C, Ueno T, Mase K, Takahashi Y, Ono K. Design and performance of a compact scanning transmission X-ray microscope at the Photon Factory. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:013704. [PMID: 26827325 DOI: 10.1063/1.4940409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a new compact instrument designed for scanning transmission X-ray microscopy. It has piezo-driven linear stages, making it small and light. Optical components from the virtual source point to the detector are located on a single optical table, resulting in a portable instrument that can be operated at a general-purpose spectroscopy beamline without requiring any major reconstruction. Careful consideration has been given to solving the vibration problem common to high-resolution microscopy, so as not to affect the spatial resolution determined by the Fresnel zone plate. Results on bacteriogenic iron oxides, single particle aerosols, and rare-earth permanent magnets are presented as examples of its performance under diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Takeichi
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - N Inami
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - H Suga
- Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - C Miyamoto
- Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 113-0033, Japan
| | - T Ueno
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - K Mase
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Y Takahashi
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - K Ono
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
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Dall'Osto M, Paglione M, Decesari S, Facchini MC, O'Dowd C, Plass-Duellmer C, Harrison RM. On the Origin of AMS "Cooking Organic Aerosol" at a Rural Site. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:13964-13972. [PMID: 26529541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A number of field observations employing aerosol mass spectrometers (AMS) have demonstrated that organic matter rich in monocarboxylic acids and aliphatic carbonyls originating from cooking activities (the COA factor) contributes significantly to ambient organic matter (OM) in urban environments. Little is known about the contribution and nature of COA in rural localities. We studied the correlation of COA with chemical tracers at a rural site in the Po Valley, Italy. Our statistical approach, based on positive matrix factorization (PMF) shows that the COA factor was clearly linked to local emissions of chloride and methanesulfonic acid (MSA), chemical tracers not associated with cooking emissions, or with combustion sources. While the association with Cl is not understood at this stage, the emission of reduced sulfur compounds, aliphatic carbonyls and monocarboxylic acids is consistent with several agricultural practices (e.g., manure storage) and waste disposal systems (e.g., landfills) which characterize the suburban and rural areas of the Po Valley and of other many populated environments. It is concluded that the nature and origins of the AMS COA factor measured at a rural site are complex and include far more than the emissions from food cooking.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dall'Osto
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC , Pg Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham Edgbaston , Birmingham, United Kingdom
- School of Physics, National University of Ireland , Galway, Ireland
| | - M Paglione
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC) , Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - S Decesari
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC) , Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - M C Facchini
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC) , Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - C O'Dowd
- School of Physics, National University of Ireland , Galway, Ireland
| | - Christian Plass-Duellmer
- Meteorologische Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg, Albin Schwaiger Weg 10, 82383 Hohenpeißenberg, Germany
| | - Roy M Harrison
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham Edgbaston , Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Environmental Sciences/Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University , P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Hu Y, Lin J, Zhang S, Kong L, Fu H, Chen J. Identification of the typical metal particles among haze, fog, and clear episodes in the Beijing atmosphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:369-380. [PMID: 25555257 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
For a better understanding of metal particle morphology and behaviors in China, atmospheric aerosols were sampled in the summer of 2012 in Beijing. The single-particle analysis shows various metal-bearing speciations, dominated by oxides, sulfates and nitrates. A large fraction of particles is soluble. Sources of Fe-bearing particles are mainly steel industries and oil fuel combustion, whereas Zn- and Pb-bearing particles are primarily contributed by waste incineration, besides industrial combustion. Other trace metal particles play a minor rule, and may come from diverse origins. Mineral dust and anthropogenic source like vehicles and construction activities are of less importance to metal-rich particles. Statistics of 1173 analyzed particles show that Fe-rich particles (48.5%) dominate the metal particles, followed by Zn-rich particles (34.9%) and Pb-rich particles (15.6%). Compared with the abundances among clear, haze and fog conditions, a severe metal pollution is identified in haze and fog episodes. Particle composition and elemental correlation suggest that the haze episodes are affected by the biomass burning in the southern regions, and the fog episodes by the local emission with manifold particle speciation. Our results show the heterogeneous reaction accelerated in the fog and haze episodes indicated by more zinc nitrate or zinc sulfate instead of zinc oxide or carbonate. Such information is useful in improving our knowledge of fine airborne metal particles on their morphology, speciation, and solubility, all of which will help the government introduce certain control to alleviate metal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjie Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analysis Techniques, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Suanqin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lingdong Kong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Guo L, Hu Y, Hu Q, Lin J, Li C, Chen J, Li L, Fu H. Characteristics and chemical compositions of particulate matter collected at the selected metro stations of Shanghai, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 496:443-452. [PMID: 25105755 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A campaign was conducted to assess and compare the air quality at the different metro platforms at Shanghai City, focusing on particulate matter (PM) levels, chemical compositions, morphology and mineralogy, as well as species of iron. Our results indicated that the average PM₂.₅ concentrations for the three metro lines were 177.7 μg/m(3), 105.7 μg/m(3) and 82.5 μg/m(3), respectively, and the average PM1 concentrations for the three lines were 122.3 μg/m(3), 84.1 μg/m(3) and 59.6 μg/m(3), respectively. Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Sr, Ba and Pb concentrations in all of the sampling sites were significantly higher than that in the urban ambient air, implicating that these trace metals may be associated with the metro systems working. Individual airborne dusts were studied for morphology and mineralogy characteristics. The results revealed that the presence of most individual particles were with no definite shape and most of them were with a large metal content. Furthermore, Fe-rich particles had significantly higher abundance in the metro systems, which were more frequently encountered in the underground lines than the aboveground line. The 2D distribution map of an interested Fe-rich particle showed an uneven Fe distribution, implying that a hollow or core of other substance exists in the particle center during the formation process. Cluster analysis revealed that Fe-rich particles were possibly a mixture of Fe species. Fitting of X-ray absorption near-edge fine structure spectra (XANES) showed the main iron species within the particles collected from the three contrasting metro lines of Shanghai to be hematite, magnetite, iron-metal and mineral Fe. Hematite and mineral Fe were all found in three lines, while magnetite only existed in aboveground metro line. Iron-metal was determined in both the older and younger underground lines, based on the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. As diverse Fe species have different physical-chemical characteristics and toxicity, the speciation of Fe-containing metro particles is important in the context of public health and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunjie Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qingqing Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analysis Techniques, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Chunlin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lina Li
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analysis Techniques, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Dall'Osto M, Hellebust S, Healy RM, O'Connor IP, Kourtchev I, Sodeau JR, Ovadnevaite J, Ceburnis D, O'Dowd CD, Wenger JC. Apportionment of urban aerosol sources in Cork (Ireland) by synergistic measurement techniques. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 493:197-208. [PMID: 24950495 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The sources of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) during wintertime at a background urban location in Cork city (Ireland) have been determined. Aerosol chemical analyses were performed by multiple techniques including on-line high resolution aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Aerodyne HR-ToF-AMS), on-line single particle aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TSI ATOFMS), on-line elemental carbon-organic carbon analysis (Sunset_EC-OC), and off-line gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and ion chromatography analysis of filter samples collected at 6-h resolution. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) has been carried out to better elucidate aerosol sources not clearly identified when analyzing results from individual aerosol techniques on their own. Two datasets have been considered: on-line measurements averaged over 2-h periods, and both on-line and off-line measurements averaged over 6-h periods. Five aerosol sources were identified by PMF in both datasets, with excellent agreement between the two solutions: (1) regional domestic solid fuel burning--"DSF_Regional," 24-27%; (2) local urban domestic solid fuel burning--"DSF_Urban," 22-23%; (3) road vehicle emissions--"Traffic," 15-20%; (4) secondary aerosols from regional anthropogenic sources--"SA_Regional" 9-13%; and (5) secondary aged/processed aerosols related to urban anthropogenic sources--"SA_Urban," 21-26%. The results indicate that, despite regulations for restricting the use of smoky fuels, solid fuel burning is the major source (46-50%) of PM2.5 in wintertime in Cork, and also likely other areas of Ireland. Whilst wood combustion is strongly associated with OC and EC, it was found that peat and coal combustion is linked mainly with OC and the aerosol from these latter sources appears to be more volatile than that produced by wood combustion. Ship emissions from the nearby port were found to be mixed with the SA_Regional factor. The PMF analysis allowed us to link the AMS cooking organic aerosol factor (AMS_PMF_COA) to oxidized organic aerosol, chloride and locally produced nitrate, indicating that AMS_PMF_COA cannot be attributed to primary cooking emissions only. Overall, there are clear benefits from factor analysis applied to results obtained from multiple techniques, which allows better association of aerosols with sources and atmospheric processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Dall'Osto
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Pg Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Stig Hellebust
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Laboratoire Chimie Environment, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille 13 331, France
| | - Robert M Healy
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ian P O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ivan Kourtchev
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R Sodeau
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jurgita Ovadnevaite
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Darius Ceburnis
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Colin D O'Dowd
- School of Physics and Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - John C Wenger
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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32
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Schreck E, Dappe V, Sarret G, Sobanska S, Nowak D, Nowak J, Stefaniak EA, Magnin V, Ranieri V, Dumat C. Foliar or root exposures to smelter particles: consequences for lead compartmentalization and speciation in plant leaves. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 476-477:667-76. [PMID: 24508855 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In urban areas with high fallout of airborne particles, metal uptake by plants mainly occurs by foliar pathways and can strongly impact crop quality. However, there is a lack of knowledge on metal localization and speciation in plants after pollution exposure, especially in the case of foliar uptake. In this study, two contrasting crops, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and rye-grass (Lolium perenne L.), were exposed to Pb-rich particles emitted by a Pb-recycling factory via either atmospheric or soil application. Pb accumulation in plant leaves was observed for both ways of exposure. The mechanisms involved in Pb uptake were investigated using a combination of microscopic and spectroscopic techniques (electron microscopy, laser ablation, Raman microspectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy). The results show that Pb localization and speciation are strongly influenced by the type of exposure (root or shoot pathway) and the plant species. Foliar exposure is the main pathway of uptake, involving the highest concentrations in plant tissues. Under atmospheric fallouts, Pb-rich particles were strongly adsorbed on the leaf surface of both plant species. In lettuce, stomata contained Pb-rich particles in their apertures, with some deformations of guard cells. In addition to PbO and PbSO4, chemical forms that were also observed in pristine particles, new species were identified: organic compounds (minimum 20%) and hexagonal platy crystals of PbCO3. In rye-grass, the changes in Pb speciation were even more egregious: Pb-cell wall and Pb-organic acid complexes were the major species observed. For root exposure, identified here as a minor pathway of Pb transfer compared to foliar uptake, another secondary species, pyromorphite, was identified in rye-grass leaves. Finally, combining bulk and spatially resolved spectroscopic techniques permitted both the overall speciation and the minor but possibly highly reactive lead species to be determined in order to better assess the health risks involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schreck
- Université de Toulouse, INP, UPS, EcoLab (Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement), ENSAT, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; CNRS, EcoLab, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 14 Avenue E. Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Dappe
- LASIR (UMR CNRS 8516), Université de Lille 1, Bât. C5, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Géraldine Sarret
- ISTerre, UMR 5275, Université Grenoble I, CNRS, F-38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Sophie Sobanska
- LASIR (UMR CNRS 8516), Université de Lille 1, Bât. C5, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Dorota Nowak
- Department of Chemistry, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Al. Kraśnicka 102, 20-718 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jakub Nowak
- Department of Chemistry, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Al. Kraśnicka 102, 20-718 Lublin, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Anna Stefaniak
- Department of Chemistry, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Al. Kraśnicka 102, 20-718 Lublin, Poland
| | - Valérie Magnin
- ISTerre, UMR 5275, Université Grenoble I, CNRS, F-38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Vincent Ranieri
- CEA-INAC, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Camille Dumat
- Université de Toulouse, INP, UPS, EcoLab (Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement), ENSAT, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; CNRS, EcoLab, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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Pietrodangelo A, Pareti S, Perrino C. Improved identification of transition metals in airborne aerosols by SEM-EDX combined backscattered and secondary electron microanalysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:4023-4031. [PMID: 24194417 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2261-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The SEM EDX backscattered electron (BSE) atomic number contrast has been largely used in this work, in combination with conventional secondary electron microanalysis, to investigate the presence of metal particles in airborne particulate collected at three sites (industrial, residential, and rural background) in the Po Valley (Italy). Individual particle x-ray microanalysis was used for this aim. In many cases, the presence of metal particles was not evident by secondary electron imaging and it was instead revealed by BSE detection. Metal particles were observed either as isolated (not clustered to other particles), or gathered together (homogeneous clusters). In addition, the BSE microanalysis put on evidence two main types of association of metals to other particulate components: heterogeneous clusters and metals embedded or enclosed in other materials. In this study, the first association (heterogeneous clusters) was observed mostly between Fe-bearing metallic particles and soot aggregates (or other carbonaceous particles) and it was found in the particulate matter (PM) of all studied sites. The second association, conversely, seems to be characterized by more selective relationships between composition/size of metal particles and type of other particulate components. These associations could be evidenced only when using the BSE Z-contrast and mainly concern three cases: (1) unusual silicate-carbonate mixed aggregates were observed at the industrial site only. In these aggregates, embedded Mn, Cr, Co, Bi, W, and Zr fine particles were selectively observed. (2) Ni and V rich ultrafine particles were only observed as embedded particles in the surface structure of carbon cenospheres. (3) Pb or Pb-Zn bearing fine and ultrafine particles were largely detected only in oxygenated organic aerosols in the ultrafine PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pietrodangelo
- C.N.R. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Via Salaria, Km 29, 300, Monterotondo, Rome, 00015, Italy,
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Sakata K, Sakaguchi A, Tanimizu M, Takaku Y, Yokoyama Y, Takahashi Y. Identification of sources of lead in the atmosphere by chemical speciation using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:343-352. [PMID: 25076525 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sources of Pb pollution in the local atmosphere together with Pb species, major ions, and heavy metal concentrations in a size-fractionated aerosol sample from Higashi-Hiroshima (Japan) have been determined by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, ion chromatography, and ICP-MS/AES, respectively. About 80% of total Pb was concentrated in fine aerosol particles. Lead species in the coarse aerosol particles were PbC2O4, 2PbCO3 Pb(OH)2, and Pb(NO3)2, whereas Pb species in the fine aerosol particles were PbC2O4, PbSO4, and Pb(NO3)2. Chemical speciation and abundance data suggested that the source of Pb in the fine aerosol particles was different from that of the coarse ones. The dominant sources of Pb in the fine aerosol particles were judged to be fly ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator and heavy oil combustion. For the coarse aerosol particles, road dust was considered to be the main Pb source. In addition to Pb species, elemental concentrations in the aerosols were also determined. The results suggested that Pb species in size-fractionated aerosols can be used to identify the origin of aerosol particles in the atmosphere as an alternative to Pb isotope ratio measurement.
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Li W, Wang T, Zhou S, Lee S, Huang Y, Gao Y, Wang W. Microscopic observation of metal-containing particles from Chinese continental outflow observed from a non-industrial site. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:9124-31. [PMID: 23883299 DOI: 10.1021/es400109q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric metal-containing particles adversely affect human health because of their physiological toxicity. Mixing state, size, phase, aspect ratio, and sphericity of individual metal-containing particles collected in Hong Kong air in winter are examined through transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Eighteen percent of the sulfate particles have one or more tiny metal inclusions. Size distributions of metal and fly ash particles (or inclusions) with diameters from 15 nm to 2.7 μm show the same peak at 210 nm. The major metal particles were classified as Fe-rich (e.g., hematite), Zn-rich (e.g., zinc sulfate and zinc oxide), Pb-rich (e.g., anglesite), Mn-rich, and As-rich, which were likely emitted from industries and coal-fired power plants at high temperatures in mainland China. Compared to fly ash and S-rich particles, metal particles display a lower sphericity of 0.51 and a higher aspect ratio of 1.47, which means their shapes are poorly defined. The elemental mapping of individual particles reveal that sulfate areas without metal inclusions also contain minor Fe, Mn, or Zn. Therefore, the internal mixing of metals and acidic constituents likely solubilize metals and modify metal inclusion shapes. Solubilization of metals in airborne particles can extend their toxicity into nontoxicity parts in the particles. The structure of the metal-containing particles may provide important information for assessing health effects of fine sulfate and nitrate particles with metal inclusions in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P R China.
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Manzano-León N, Quintana R, Sánchez B, Serrano J, Vega E, Vázquez-López I, Rojas-Bracho L, López-Villegas T, O'Neill MS, Vadillo-Ortega F, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A, Rosas I, Osornio-Vargas AR. Variation in the composition and in vitro proinflammatory effect of urban particulate matter from different sites. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2013; 27:87-97. [PMID: 23335408 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Spatial variation in particulate matter-related health and toxicological outcomes is partly due to its composition. We studied spatial variability in particle composition and induced cellular responses in Mexico City to complement an ongoing epidemiologic study. We measured elements, endotoxins, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in two particle size fractions collected in five sites. We compared the in vitro proinflammatory response of J774A.1 and THP-1 cells after exposure to particles, measuring subsequent TNFα and IL-6 secretion. Particle composition varied by site and size. Particle constituents were subjected to principal component analysis, identifying three components: C(1) (Si, Sr, Mg, Ca, Al, Fe, Mn, endotoxin), C(2) (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), and C(3) (Zn, S, Sb, Ni, Cu, Pb). Induced TNFα levels were higher and more heterogeneous than IL-6 levels. Cytokines produced by both cell lines only correlated with C(1) , suggesting that constituents associated with soil induced the inflammatory response and explain observed spatial differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Manzano-León
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Av. San Fernando 22, Col. Sección XVI, C.P. 14080, México, D.F., México
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Serrano-Sierra A, Torres-Jardón R, Zhu H, Yuan Y, Smith D, Delgado-Chávez R, Cross JV, Medina-Cortina H, Kavanaugh M, Guilarte TR. The impact of environmental metals in young urbanites' brains. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 2013; 65:503-11. [PMID: 22436577 PMCID: PMC3383886 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution exposures are linked to cognitive and olfaction deficits, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration including frontal hyperphosphorylated tau and diffuse amyloid plaques in Mexico City children and young adults. Mexico City residents are chronically exposed to fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) concentrations (containing toxic combustion and industrial metals) above the annual standard (15 μg/m(3)) and to contaminated water and soil. Here, we sought to address the brain-region-specific effects of metals and key neuroinflammatory and DNA repair responses in two air pollution targets: frontal lobe and olfactory bulb from 12 controls vs. 47 Mexico City children and young adults average age 33.06±4.8 SE years. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (metal analysis) and real time PCR (for COX2, IL1β and DNA repair genes) in target tissues. Mexico City residents had higher concentrations of metals associated with PM: manganese (p=0.003), nickel and chromium (p=0.02) along with higher frontal COX2 mRNA (p=0.008) and IL1β (p=0.0002) and COX2 (p=0.005) olfactory bulb indicating neuroinflammation. Frontal metals correlated with olfactory bulb DNA repair genes and with frontal and hippocampal inflammatory genes. Frontal manganese, cobalt and selenium increased with age in exposed subjects. Together, these findings suggest PM-metal neurotoxicity causes brain damage in young urbanites, the olfactory bulb is a target of air pollution and participates in the neuroinflammatory response and since metal concentrations vary significantly in Mexico City urban sub-areas, place of residency has to be integrated with the risk for CNS detrimental effects particularly in children.
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38
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Wang B, Laskin A, Roedel T, Gilles MK, Moffet RC, Tivanski AV, Knopf DA. Heterogeneous ice nucleation and water uptake by field-collected atmospheric particles below 273 K. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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39
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Sorooshian A, Csavina J, Shingler T, Dey S, Brechtel FJ, Sáez AE, Betterton EA. Hygroscopic and chemical properties of aerosols collected near a copper smelter: implications for public and environmental health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:9473-80. [PMID: 22852879 PMCID: PMC3435440 DOI: 10.1021/es302275k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter emissions near active copper smelters and mine tailings in the southwestern United States pose a potential threat to nearby environments owing to toxic species that can be inhaled and deposited in various regions of the body depending on the composition and size of the particles, which are linked by particle hygroscopic properties. This study reports the first simultaneous measurements of size-resolved chemical and hygroscopic properties of particles next to an active copper smelter and mine tailings by the towns of Hayden and Winkelman in southern Arizona. Size-resolved particulate matter samples were examined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ion chromatography, and a humidified tandem differential mobility analyzer. Aerosol particles collected at the measurement site are enriched in metals and metalloids (e.g., arsenic, lead, and cadmium) and water-uptake measurements of aqueous extracts of collected samples indicate that the particle diameter range of particles most enriched with these species (0.18-0.55 μm) overlaps with the most hygroscopic mode at a relative humidity of 90% (0.10-0.32 μm). These measurements have implications for public health, microphysical effects of aerosols, and regional impacts owing to the transport and deposition of contaminated aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States.
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40
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Laskin A, Moffet RC, Gilles MK, Fast JD, Zaveri RA, Wang B, Nigge P, Shutthanandan J. Tropospheric chemistry of internally mixed sea salt and organic particles: Surprising reactivity of NaCl with weak organic acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Hodzic A, Wiedinmyer C, Salcedo D, Jimenez JL. Impact of trash burning on air quality in Mexico City. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:4950-7. [PMID: 22458823 DOI: 10.1021/es203954r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution experienced by expanding urban areas is responsible for serious health effects and death for millions of people every year. Trash burning is a common disposal method in poor areas, yet it is uncontrolled in many countries, and its contribution to air pollution is unclear due to uncertainties in its emissions. Here we develop a new trash burning emission inventory for Mexico City based on inverse socioeconomic levels and recently measured emission factors, and apply a chemistry-transport model to analyze the effects on pollutant concentrations. Trash burning is estimated to emit 25 tons of primary organic aerosols (POA) per day, which is comparable to fossil fuel POA emissions in Mexico City, and causes an increase in average organic aerosol concentrations of ∼0.3 μg m(-3) downtown and up to 2 μg m(-3) in highly populated suburbs near the sources of emission. An evaluation using submicrometer antimony suggests that our emission estimates are reasonable. Mitigation of trash burning could reduce the levels of organic aerosols by 2-40% and those of PM(2.5) by 1-15% over the metropolitan area. The trash burning contributions to carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds were found to be very small (<3%), and consequently the contributions to secondary nitrate, sulfate, and secondary organic aerosols are also very small.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hodzic
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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42
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Pratt KA, Prather KA. Mass spectrometry of atmospheric aerosols--recent developments and applications. Part II: On-line mass spectrometry techniques. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:17-48. [PMID: 21449003 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Many of the significant advances in our understanding of atmospheric particles can be attributed to the application of mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry provides high sensitivity with fast response time to probe chemically complex particles. This review focuses on recent developments and applications in the field of mass spectrometry of atmospheric aerosols. In Part II of this two-part review, we concentrate on real-time mass spectrometry techniques, which provide high time resolution for insight into brief events and diurnal changes while eliminating the potential artifacts acquired during long-term filter sampling. In particular, real-time mass spectrometry has been shown recently to provide the ability to probe the chemical composition of ambient individual particles <30 nm in diameter to further our understanding of how particles are formed through nucleation in the atmosphere. Further, transportable real-time mass spectrometry techniques are now used frequently on ground-, ship-, and aircraft-based studies around the globe to further our understanding of the spatial distribution of atmospheric aerosols. In addition, coupling aerosol mass spectrometry techniques with other measurements in series has allowed the in situ determination of chemically resolved particle effective density, refractive index, volatility, and cloud activation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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43
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Quintana R, Serrano J, Gómez V, de Foy B, Miranda J, Garcia-Cuellar C, Vega E, Vázquez-López I, Molina LT, Manzano-León N, Rosas I, Osornio-Vargas AR. The oxidative potential and biological effects induced by PM10 obtained in Mexico City and at a receptor site during the MILAGRO Campaign. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:3446-3454. [PMID: 21899937 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
As part of a field campaign that studied the impact of Mexico City pollution plume at the local, sub-regional and regional levels, we studied transport-related changes in PM(10) composition, oxidative potential and in vitro toxicological patterns (hemolysis, DNA degradation). We collected PM(10) in Mexico City (T(0)) and at a suburban-receptor site (T(1)), pooled according to two observed ventilation patterns (T(0) → T(1) influence and non-influence). T(0) samples contained more Cu, Zn, and carbon whereas; T(1) samples contained more of Al, Si, P, S, and K (p < 0.05). Only SO(4)(-2) increased in T(1) during the influence periods. Oxidative potential correlated with Cu/Zn content (r = 0.74; p < 0.05) but not with biological effects. T(1) PM(10) induced greater hemolysis and T(0) PM(10) induced greater DNA degradation. Influence/non-influence did not affect oxidative potential nor biological effects. Results indicate that ventilation patterns had little effect on intrinsic PM(10) composition and toxicological potential, which suggests a significant involvement of local sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Quintana
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
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44
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Nikolopoulou M, Kleissl J, Linden PF, Lykoudis S. Pedestrians' perception of environmental stimuli through field surveys: focus on particulate pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:2493-502. [PMID: 21492905 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The between perception of individual exposure to different environmental stimuli; microclimate, noise and especially particulate matter (PM) was examined. Microclimate, noise and PM were monitored during field surveys with 260 questionnaire-guided interviews at a road construction site and a traffic site on the UC San Diego campus. The overall comfort was determined primarily by the thermal environment. The air quality was considered to be poor by 42% of the interviewees at the construction site, which was burdened with higher PM counts and sound levels. Overall, higher PM concentrations were correlated with perception of poor air quality. Similarity between the overall air quality and how dusty it feels suggests that visual clues of PM, such as dust, affect the perception of air quality and pollution. The effect of medical or smoking history on the perceived air quality was also examined. People with a medical history of hay fever voted more frequently for poor air quality conditions than those without, whereas current smokers were the least sensitive to ambient air quality conditions. Through the exposure-response relationships between the various perception votes and PM, it was possible to predict perceived air cleanliness using the PM count. Understanding the human assessment of environmental stimuli could inform the design and development of urban spaces, in relation to the allocation of uses and activities, along with air quality management schemes.
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45
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Hunt A, Johnson DL. Differential Individual Particle Analysis (DIPA): applications in particulate matter characterization. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2011; 40:742-750. [PMID: 21546660 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2010.0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Operator-controlled and computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) are used extensively to characterize particulate matter in environmental media. Analysis in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with chemical extraction is a potentially powerful tool that is capable of determining how various sample components are associated at the individual particle level. This involves initial characterization in a SEM, after which the material is exposed to a liquid or gas phase reaction for a specified time, and once exposure is concluded, the particles are reanalyzed in the SEM. This particle analysis by difference, or differential individual particle analysis (DIPA), possesses considerable potential for describing the behavior of environmental particles under changing chemical conditions. Here we describe DIPA applications with illustrative examples drawn from the analysis of particulate matter modified by reactions in a fluid environment. In situ DIPA permits the same particles to be analyzed in the SEM before and after modification. Repeated exposure to the same, or different modifying conditions, provides information on the time dependence of specific reactions. Significant numbers of particles can be analyzed using CCSEM, and the same particles can be analyzed after the reaction by accurate sample relocation in the SEM. Ex situ DIPA, which involves a bulk sample modification, uses CCSEM to characterize significant numbers of particles pre- and postreaction. The CCSEM approach is extremely efficient; recent developments in silicon drift detectors have increased the speed of characteristic X-rays detection, and very large numbers of particles can be analyzed in a short period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hunt
- Earth and environmental Sciences Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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46
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Chang-Graham AL, Profeta LTM, Johnson TJ, Yokelson RJ, Laskin A, Laskin J. Case study of water-soluble metal containing organic constituents of biomass burning aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:1257-1263. [PMID: 21218819 DOI: 10.1021/es103010j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Natural and prescribed biomass fires are a major source of aerosols that may persist in the atmosphere for several weeks. Biomass burning aerosols (BBA) can be associated with long-range transport of water-soluble N-, S-, P-, and metal-containing species. In this study, BBA samples were collected using a particle-into-liquid sampler (PILS) from laboratory burns of vegetation collected on military bases in the southeastern and southwestern United States. The samples were then analyzed using high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/HR-MS) that enabled accurate mass measurements for hundreds of species with m/z values between 70 and 1000 and assignment of elemental formulas. Mg, Al, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Ba-containing organometallic species were identified. The results suggest that the biomass may have accumulated metal-containing species that were re-emitted during biomass burning. Further research into the sources, dispersion, and persistence of metal-containing aerosols, as well as their environmental effects, is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Chang-Graham
- Chemical and Materials Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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47
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Ghorai S, Tivanski AV. Hygroscopic Behavior of Individual Submicrometer Particles Studied by X-ray Spectromicroscopy. Anal Chem 2010; 82:9289-98. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101797k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Ghorai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
| | - Alexei V. Tivanski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
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48
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Moffet RC, Henn T, Laskin A, Gilles MK. Automated Chemical Analysis of Internally Mixed Aerosol Particles Using X-ray Spectromicroscopy at the Carbon K-Edge. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7906-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1012909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Moffet
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720-8226, Department of Physics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
| | - Tobias Henn
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720-8226, Department of Physics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720-8226, Department of Physics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
| | - Mary K. Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720-8226, Department of Physics, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352
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49
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Geng H, Kang S, Jung HJ, Choël M, Kim H, Ro CU. Characterization of individual submicrometer aerosol particles collected in Incheon, Korea, by quantitative transmission electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Pratt KA, Twohy CH, Murphy SM, Moffet RC, Heymsfield AJ, Gaston CJ, DeMott PJ, Field PR, Henn TR, Rogers DC, Gilles MK, Seinfeld JH, Prather KA. Observation of playa salts as nuclei in orographic wave clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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