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Gölz L, Blanc-Legendre M, Rinderknecht M, Behnstedt L, Coordes S, Reger L, Sire S, Cousin X, Braunbeck T, Baumann L. Development of a Zebrafish Embryo-Based Test System for Thyroid Hormone System Disruption: 3Rs in Ecotoxicological Research. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38804632 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
There is increasing concern regarding pollutants disrupting the vertebrate thyroid hormone (TH) system, which is crucial for development. Thus, identification of TH system-disrupting chemicals (THSDCs) is an important requirement in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) testing framework. The current OECD approach uses different model organisms for different endocrine modalities, leading to a high number of animal tests. Alternative models compatible with the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, refinement) principle are required. Zebrafish embryos, not protected by current European Union animal welfare legislation, represent a promising model. Studies show that zebrafish swim bladder inflation and eye development are affected by THSDCs, and the respective adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) have been established. The present study compared effects of four THSDCs with distinct molecular modes of action: Propylthiouracil (PTU), potassium perchlorate, iopanoic acid, and the TH triiodothyronine (T3) were tested with a protocol based on the OECD fish embryo toxicity test (FET). Effects were analyzed according to the AOP concept from molecular over morphological to behavioral levels: Analysis of thyroid- and eye-related gene expression revealed significant effects after PTU and T3 exposure. All substances caused changes in thyroid follicle morphology of a transgenic zebrafish line expressing fluorescence in thyrocytes. Impaired eye development and swimming activity were observed in all treatments, supporting the hypothesis that THSDCs cause adverse population-relevant changes. Findings thus confirm that the FET can be amended by TH system-related endpoints into an integrated protocol comprising molecular, morphological, and behavioral endpoints for environmental risk assessment of potential endocrine disruptors, which is compatible with the 3Rs principle. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-18. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gölz
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Current affiliation: Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Maximilian Rinderknecht
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Behnstedt
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sara Coordes
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luisa Reger
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sacha Sire
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, INRAE, Palavas, France
| | - Xavier Cousin
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, INRAE, Palavas, France
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Baumann
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Current affiliation: Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Section Environmental Health & Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Pesce E, Garde M, Rigolet M, Tindall AJ, Lemkine GF, Baumann LA, Sachs LM, Du Pasquier D. A Novel Transgenic Model to Study Thyroid Axis Activity in Early Life Stage Medaka. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:99-109. [PMID: 38117130 PMCID: PMC10786150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Identifying endocrine disrupting chemicals in order to limit their usage is a priority and required according to the European Regulation. There are no Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guidelines based on fish available for the detection of Thyroid axis Active Chemicals (TACs). This study aimed to fill this gap by developing an assay at eleuthero-embryonic life stages in a novel medaka (Oryzias latipes) transgenic line. This transgenic line expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) in thyrocytes, under the control of the medaka thyroglobulin gene promoter. The fluorescence expressed in the thyrocytes is inversely proportional to the thyroid axis activity. When exposed for 72 h to activators (triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)) or inhibitors (6-N-propylthiouracil (PTU), Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)) of the thyroid axis, the thyrocytes can change their size and express lower or higher levels of fluorescence, respectively. This reflects the regulation of thyroglobulin by the negative feedback loop of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid axis. T3, T4, PTU, and TBBPA induced fluorescence changes with the lowest observable effect concentrations (LOECs) of 5 μg/L, 1 μg/L, 8 mg/L, and 5 mg/L, respectively. This promising tool could be used as a rapid screening assay and also to help decipher the mechanisms by which TACs can disrupt the thyroid axis in medaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Pesce
- Laboratoire
WatchFrog S.A., 1 Rue
Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Évry, France
- UMR
7221 Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, CNRS, Muséum
National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP32, 7 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marion Garde
- Laboratoire
WatchFrog S.A., 1 Rue
Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Évry, France
| | - Muriel Rigolet
- UMR
7221 Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, CNRS, Muséum
National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP32, 7 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Andrew J. Tindall
- Laboratoire
WatchFrog S.A., 1 Rue
Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Évry, France
| | | | - Lisa A. Baumann
- University
of Heidelberg, Centre for Organismal
Studies, Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Vrije
Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute
for Life and Environment, Section Environmental Health & Toxicology, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laurent M. Sachs
- UMR
7221 Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, CNRS, Muséum
National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP32, 7 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - David Du Pasquier
- Laboratoire
WatchFrog S.A., 1 Rue
Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Évry, France
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3
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Wilhelmi P, Giri V, Zickgraf FM, Haake V, Henkes S, Driemert P, Michaelis P, Busch W, Scholz S, Flick B, Barenys M, Birk B, Kamp H, Landsiedel R, Funk-Weyer D. A metabolomics approach to reveal the mechanism of developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos exposed to 6-propyl-2-thiouracil. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110565. [PMID: 37236578 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A crucial component of a substance registration and regulation is the evaluation of human prenatal developmental toxicity. Current toxicological tests are based on mammalian models, but these are costly, time consuming and may pose ethical concerns. The zebrafish embryo has evolved as a promising alternative model to study developmental toxicity. However, the implementation of the zebrafish embryotoxicity test is challenged by lacking information on the relevance of observed morphological alterations in fish for human developmental toxicity. Elucidating the mechanism of toxicity could help to overcome this limitation. Through LC-MS/MS and GC-MS metabolomics, we investigated whether changes to the endogenous metabolites can indicate pathways associated with developmental toxicity. To this aim, zebrafish embryos were exposed to different concentrations of 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU), a compound known to induce developmental toxicity. The reproducibility and the concentration-dependence of the metabolome response and its association with morphological alterations were studied. Major morphological findings were reduced eye size, and other craniofacial anomalies; major metabolic changes included increased tyrosine, pipecolic acid and lysophosphatidylcholine levels, decreased methionine levels, and disturbance of the 'Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis' pathway. This pathway, and the changes in tyrosine and pipecolic acid levels could be linked to the mode of action of PTU, i.e., inhibition of thyroid peroxidase (TPO). The other findings suggested neurodevelopmental impairments. This proof-of-concept study demonstrated that metabolite changes in zebrafish embryos are robust and provide mechanistic information associated with the mode of action of PTU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Wilhelmi
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany; University of Barcelona, Research Group in Toxicology-GRET, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Varun Giri
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.
| | | | - Volker Haake
- BASF Metabolome Solutions, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Paul Michaelis
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wibke Busch
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Scholz
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Burkhard Flick
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Marta Barenys
- University of Barcelona, Research Group in Toxicology-GRET, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Birk
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | | | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany; Free University of Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Funk-Weyer
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
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Haigis AC, Vergauwen L, LaLone CA, Villeneuve DL, O'Brien JM, Knapen D. Cross-species applicability of an adverse outcome pathway network for thyroid hormone system disruption. Toxicol Sci 2023; 195:1-27. [PMID: 37405877 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone system disrupting compounds are considered potential threats for human and environmental health. Multiple adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) for thyroid hormone system disruption (THSD) are being developed in different taxa. Combining these AOPs results in a cross-species AOP network for THSD which may provide an evidence-based foundation for extrapolating THSD data across vertebrate species and bridging the gap between human and environmental health. This review aimed to advance the description of the taxonomic domain of applicability (tDOA) in the network to improve its utility for cross-species extrapolation. We focused on the molecular initiating events (MIEs) and adverse outcomes (AOs) and evaluated both their plausible domain of applicability (taxa they are likely applicable to) and empirical domain of applicability (where evidence for applicability to various taxa exists) in a THSD context. The evaluation showed that all MIEs in the AOP network are applicable to mammals. With some exceptions, there was evidence of structural conservation across vertebrate taxa and especially for fish and amphibians, and to a lesser extent for birds, empirical evidence was found. Current evidence supports the applicability of impaired neurodevelopment, neurosensory development (eg, vision) and reproduction across vertebrate taxa. The results of this tDOA evaluation are summarized in a conceptual AOP network that helps prioritize (parts of) AOPs for a more detailed evaluation. In conclusion, this review advances the tDOA description of an existing THSD AOP network and serves as a catalog summarizing plausible and empirical evidence on which future cross-species AOP development and tDOA assessment could build.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Cathrin Haigis
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Lucia Vergauwen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Carlie A LaLone
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, USA
| | - Daniel L Villeneuve
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, USA
| | - Jason M O'Brien
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Dries Knapen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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5
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Pannetier P, Poulsen R, Gölz L, Coordes S, Stegeman H, Koegst J, Reger L, Braunbeck T, Hansen M, Baumann L. Reversibility of Thyroid Hormone System-Disrupting Effects on Eye and Thyroid Follicle Development in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:1276-1292. [PMID: 36920003 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Early vertebrate development is partially regulated by thyroid hormones (THs). Environmental pollutants that interact with the TH system (TH system-disrupting chemicals [THSDCs]) can have massively disrupting effects on this essential phase. Eye development of fish is directly regulated by THs and can, therefore, be used as a thyroid-related endpoint in endocrine disruptor testing. To evaluate the effects of THSDC-induced eye malformations during early development, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed for 5 days postfertilization (dpf) to either propylthiouracil, a TH synthesis inhibitor, or tetrabromobisphenol A, which interacts with TH receptors. Subsequently, one half of the embryos were exposed further to the THSDCs until 8 dpf, while the other half of the embryos were raised in clean water for 3 days to check for reversibility of effects. Continued THSDC exposure altered eye size and pigmentation and induced changes in the cellular structure of the retina. This correlated with morphological alterations of thyroid follicles as revealed by use of a transgenic zebrafish line. Interestingly, effects were partly reversible after a recovery period as short as 3 days. Results are consistent with changes in TH levels measured in different tissues of the embryos, for example, in the eyes. The results show that eye development in zebrafish embryos is very sensitive to THSDC treatment but able to recover quickly from early exposure by effective repair mechanisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1276-1292. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Pannetier
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rikke Poulsen
- Environmental Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lisa Gölz
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sara Coordes
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanna Stegeman
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Koegst
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luisa Reger
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hansen
- Environmental Metabolomics Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lisa Baumann
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Section on Environmental Health & Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Guerrero-Limón G, Nivelle R, Bich-Ngoc N, Duy-Thanh D, Muller M. A Realistic Mixture of Persistent Organic Pollutants Affects Zebrafish Development, Behavior, and Specifically Eye Formation by Inhibiting the Condensin I Complex. TOXICS 2023; 11:357. [PMID: 37112584 PMCID: PMC10146850 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are posing major environmental and health threats due to their stability, ubiquity, and bioaccumulation. Most of the numerous studies of these compounds deal with single chemicals, although real exposures always consist of mixtures. Thus, using different tests, we screened the effects on zebrafish larvae caused by exposure to an environmentally relevant POP mixture. Our mixture consisted of 29 chemicals as found in the blood of a Scandinavian human population. Larvae exposed to this POP mix at realistic concentrations, or sub-mixtures thereof, presented growth retardation, edemas, retarded swim bladder inflation, hyperactive swimming behavior, and other striking malformations such as microphthalmia. The most deleterious compounds in the mixture belong to the per- and polyfluorinated acids class, although chlorinated and brominated compounds modulated the effects. Analyzing the changes in transcriptome caused by POP exposure, we observed an increase of insulin signaling and identified genes involved in brain and eye development, leading us to propose that the impaired function of the condensin I complex caused the observed eye defect. Our findings contribute to the understanding of POP mixtures, their consequences, and potential threats to human and animal populations, indicating that more mechanistic, monitoring, and long-term studies are imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Guerrero-Limón
- Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regeneration, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (G.G.-L.); (R.N.); (D.D.-T.)
| | - Renaud Nivelle
- Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regeneration, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (G.G.-L.); (R.N.); (D.D.-T.)
| | - Nguyen Bich-Ngoc
- VNU School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vietnam National University (VNU), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam;
| | - Dinh Duy-Thanh
- Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regeneration, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (G.G.-L.); (R.N.); (D.D.-T.)
| | - Marc Muller
- Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regeneration, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (G.G.-L.); (R.N.); (D.D.-T.)
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7
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Matijević G, Babić S, Maršavelski A, Stipaničev D, Repec S, Čož-Rakovac R, Klobučar G. Estimating risk of cardiovascular pharmaceuticals in freshwaters using zebrafish embryotoxicity test - statins threat revealed. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137574. [PMID: 36528155 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular pharmaceuticals (CVPs) are globally present in inland waters and have also been found in the sediment and plasma of fish from the Sava River, Croatia. Based on the previous research, CVPs amiodarone (AMI), ramipril (RAM), simvastatin (SIM), and verapamil (VER) have been selected for this study. Their effect has been investigated, individually and in a mixture, on the development of the zebrafish embryo Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822) within the first 96 h of development. Upon exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of tested CVPs (0.1, 1, and 10 μg/L) zebrafish survival and development as apparent from observed morphological abnormalities, heartbeat rates and changes in behavior, hatching success, larval length and oxidative stress level were monitored. The CVP causing the highest mortality and pathological changes was SIM (1 and 10 μg/L), which corresponds well with the observed effects during zebrafish exposure to CVPs' mixtures (4 and 40 μg/L). All pharmaceuticals affected cardiac function and decreased heart rate. SIM (1 μg/L), VER and RAM (10 μg/L) decreased larval length, while induced oxidative stress was recorded in the SIM- and VER-exposed specimens. Behavioral alterations of zebrafish were observed only in AMI-treated group (10 μg/L). Our amino acid sequence comparison and structural and docking analysis showed a highly conserved binding site between human and zebrafish HMG-CoA reductase for SIM and its main metabolite simvastatin acid. Using these ecotoxicological bioassays on a zebrafish model with particular emphasis on sublethal endpoints, the risk of CVPs, especially statins, for fish in inland waters has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrijela Matijević
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Laboratory for Biotechnology in Aquaculture, Division of Materials Chemistry, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Babić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Laboratory for Biotechnology in Aquaculture, Division of Materials Chemistry, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia; Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting (BioProCro), Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aleksandra Maršavelski
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Horvatovac 102a, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Draženka Stipaničev
- Croatian Waters, Central Water Management Laboratory, Ulica Grada Vukovara 220, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Siniša Repec
- Croatian Waters, Central Water Management Laboratory, Ulica Grada Vukovara 220, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rozelindra Čož-Rakovac
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Laboratory for Biotechnology in Aquaculture, Division of Materials Chemistry, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia; Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting (BioProCro), Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Göran Klobučar
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Rooseveltov Trg 6, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Staveley JP, Freeman EL, McArdle ME, Ortego LS, Coady KK, Bone A, Lagadic L, Weltje L, Weyers A, Wheeler JR. Current testing programs for pesticides adequately capture endocrine activity and adversity for protection of vertebrate wildlife. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2023. [PMID: 36597818 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity and ecotoxicity of pesticide active ingredients are evaluated by a number of standardized test methods using vertebrate animals. These standard test methods are required under various regulatory programs for the registration of pesticides. Over the past two decades, additional test methods have been developed with endpoints that are responsive to endocrine activity and subsequent adverse effects. This article examines the available test methods and their endpoints that are relevant to an assessment of endocrine-disrupting properties of pesticides. Furthermore, the article highlights how weight-of-evidence approaches should be applied to determine whether an adverse response in (eco)toxicity tests is caused by an endocrine mechanism of action. The large number of endpoints in the current testing paradigms for pesticides make it unlikely that endocrine activity and adversity is being overlooked. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;00:1-21. © 2023 Bayer CropScience and The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lisa S Ortego
- Bayer Crop Science, Environmental Safety, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Katherine K Coady
- Bayer Crop Science, Environmental Safety, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Audrey Bone
- Bayer Crop Science, Environmental Safety, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Laurent Lagadic
- Bayer AG, Crop Science, Environmental Safety, Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Lennart Weltje
- BASF SE, Agricultural Solutions-Ecotoxicology, Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Arnd Weyers
- Bayer AG, Crop Science, Environmental Safety, Monheim am Rhein, Germany
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9
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Gaaied S, Oliveira M, Barreto A, Zakhama A, Banni M. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) affects DNA integrity and retina structure in zebrafish larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:85402-85412. [PMID: 35794326 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21793-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the potential risk of herbicides in non-target organisms is a crucial issue for environmental safety. 2,4-D is an herbicide of high environmental relevance that has been shown to exert toxic effects to soil and aquatic biota. In the present study, we investigated the possible genotoxic and retinal development effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide in early life stages zebrafish (Danio rerio). Genotoxicity was evaluated by measuring DNA damage using the comet assay and also by the mRNA expression of genes implicated in apoptosis and/or DNA repair. Retinal development toxicity was evaluated with histological approach. The results obtained revealed that 2,4-D alters DNA integrity of zebrafish larvae. Moreover, transcriptomic data showed a significant induction of p-53 and casp-3 genes and a significant decrease of lig-4 in larvae exposed to the highest tested concentration of 2,4-D (0.8 mg/L). This suggested that p-53 gene regulates the process of DNA repair and apoptosis with increased levels of 2,4-D. The histopathological analysis revealed that early exposure to 2,4-D damaged the structure of larvae retina. Overall, this study is the first to report the DNA damage, casp-3, lig-4 and p-53 regulation, as well as the ocular developmental toxicity in zebrafish larvae at environmentally relevant concentrations of 2,4-D herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Gaaied
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology "LR02AGR21", ISA, Chott-Mariem, 4042, Sousse, Tunisia.
| | - Miguel Oliveira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Angela Barreto
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Abdelfattah Zakhama
- Department of Pathology, Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Banni
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology "LR02AGR21", ISA, Chott-Mariem, 4042, Sousse, Tunisia
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10
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Li X, Zhao F, Fu C, Yang Y, Xu Q, Hao Y, Shi X, Chen D, Bi X, Gong Z, Wu S, Zhang H. Early- and whole-life exposures to florfenicol disrupts lipid metabolism and induces obesogenic effects in zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136429. [PMID: 36115475 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Florfenicol (FF), a widely used veterinary antibiotic, has been frequently detected in both aquatic environments and human body fluids. As a result, there is a growing concern on its health risks. Previous studies have revealed various toxicities of FF on animals, while there are relatively limited researches on its metabolic toxicity. Herein, by employing zebrafish as an in vivo model, endpoints at multiple levels of biological organization were measured to investigate the metabolic toxicity, especially disturbances on lipid metabolism, of this emerging pollutant. Our results indicated that early-life exposure (from 2 h past fertilization (hpf) to 15 days past fertilization (dpf)) to FF significantly increased body mass index (BMI) values, staining areas of visceral lipids, and triacylglycerol (TAG) and total cholesterol (TC) contents of larvae. Further, by analyzing expression patterns of genes encoding key proteins regulating lipid metabolism, our data suggested that promoted intestinal absorption and hepatic de novo synthesis of lipids, suppressed TAG decomposition, and inhibited FFA oxidation all contributed to TAG accumulation in larvae. Following whole-life exposure (from 2 hpf to 120 dpf), BMI values, TAG and TC contents all increased significantly in males, and significant increases of hepatic TAG levels were also observed in females. Moreover, FF exposure interfered with lipid homeostasis of males and females in a gender-specific pattern. Our study revealed the obesogenic effects of FF at environmentally relevant concentrations (1, 10, and 100 μg/L) and therefore will benefit assessment of its health risks. Additionally, our results showed that FF exposure caused a more pronounced obesogenic effect in zebrafish larvae than adults, as suggested by significant increases of all endpoints at individual, tissular, and molecular levels in larvae. Therefore, our study also advances the application of zebrafish larval model in assessing metabolic toxicity of chemicals, due to the higher susceptibility of larvae than adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao 266033, PR China
| | - Fei Zhao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao 266033, PR China.
| | - Chen Fu
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, PR China
| | - Yanyu Yang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao 266033, PR China
| | - Qianru Xu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao 266033, PR China
| | - Yinfei Hao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao 266033, PR China
| | - Xueqing Shi
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao 266033, PR China
| | - Dong Chen
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao 266033, PR China
| | - Xuejun Bi
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao 266033, PR China
| | - Zhilin Gong
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao 266033, PR China
| | - Shujian Wu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao 266033, PR China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 11 Fushun Road, Qingdao 266033, PR China
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11
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Gölz L, Baumann L, Pannetier P, Braunbeck T, Knapen D, Vergauwen L. AOP Report: Thyroperoxidase Inhibition Leading to Altered Visual Function in Fish Via Altered Retinal Layer Structure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:2632-2648. [PMID: 35942927 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are involved in the regulation of many important physiological and developmental processes, including vertebrate eye development. Thyroid hormone system-disrupting chemicals (THSDCs) may have severe consequences, because proper functioning of the visual system is a key factor for survival in wildlife. However, the sequence of events leading from TH system disruption (THSD) to altered eye development in fish has not yet been fully described. The development of this adverse outcome pathway (AOP) was based on an intensive literature review of studies that focused on THSD and impacts on eye development, mainly in fish. In total, approximately 120 studies (up to the end of 2021) were used in the development of this AOP linking inhibition of the key enzyme for TH synthesis, thyroperoxidase (TPO), to effects on retinal layer structure and visual function in fish (AOP-Wiki, AOP 363). In a weight-of-evidence evaluation, the confidence levels were overall moderate, with ample studies showing the link between reduced TH levels and altered retinal layer structure. However, some uncertainties about the underlying mechanism(s) remain. Although the current weight-of-evidence evaluation is based on fish, the AOP is plausibly applicable to other vertebrate classes. Through the re-use of several building blocks, this AOP is connected to the AOPs leading from TPO and deiodinase inhibition to impaired swim bladder inflation in fish (AOPs 155-159), together forming an AOP network describing THSD in fish. This AOP network addresses the lack of thyroid-related endpoints in existing fish test guidelines for the evaluation of THSDCs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2632-2648. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gölz
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Research Group, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Baumann
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Research Group, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pauline Pannetier
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Research Group, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Research Group, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dries Knapen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Lucia Vergauwen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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12
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Trawiński J, Skibiński R. Comparative analysis of in vivo and in silico toxicity evaluation of the organoiodine compounds towards D.magna using multivariate chemometric approach: A study on the example of amiodarone phototransformation products. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 292:133420. [PMID: 34958789 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present study the photochemical fate of organoiodine compound - amiodarone was performed. The drug turned out to be highly susceptible to UV-Vis irradiation, especially in the presence of humic substances and organic matrix. Qualitative LC-MS analysis revealed formation of twelve - mainly previously unreported - transformation products (TPs). Four major TPs were submitted to the toxicity analysis with the use of D. magna. All of the tested TPs presented higher toxic potential than the parent compound. The phenolic TPs were approximately 100 times more toxic than amiodarone. Toxic properties of the major TPs resulted in steadily increasing toxic potential of the photo-generated mixture over the time of irradiation. Moreover, the experimental toxicity data, concerning the TPs, were compared with results estimated by 6 in silico models with the use of a multivariate chemometric analysis. The results showed that the applied computational methods were able neither to correctly predict toxic properties of the studied compounds, nor the trends in change of their toxic parameters. Additional validation of in silico models ability to predict toxicity of iodinated organic compounds showed that the studied computational methods do not present sufficient prediction ability. Therefore their estimations concerning organoiodines should be verified using experimental tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Trawiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Robert Skibiński
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090, Lublin, Poland.
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13
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Dang Z, Arena M, Kienzler A. Fish toxicity testing for identification of thyroid disrupting chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 284:117374. [PMID: 34051580 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Identification of thyroid disrupting chemicals (TDCs), one of the most studied types of endocrine disruptors (EDs), is required according to EU regulations on industrial chemicals, pesticides, and biocides. Following that requirement, the use of fish as a unique non-mammalian model species for identification of EDs may be warranted. This study summarized and evaluated effects of TDCs on fish thyroid sensitive endpoints including thyroid hormones, thyroid related gene expression, immunostaining for thyroid follicles, eye size and pigmentation, swim bladder inflation as well as effects of TDCs on secondary sex characteristics, sex ratio, growth and reproduction. Changes in thyroid sensitive endpoints may reflect the balanced outcome of different processes of the thyroid cascade. Thyroid sensitive endpoints may also be altered by non-thyroid molecular or endocrine pathways as well as non-specific factors such as general toxicity, development, stress, nutrient, and the environmental factors like temperature and pH. Defining chemical specific effects on thyroid sensitive endpoints is important for identification of TDCs. Application of the AOP (adverse outcome pathway) concept could be helpful for defining critical events needed for testing and identification of TDCs in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhiChao Dang
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment A. van Leeuwenhoeklaan, 93720, BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Maria Arena
- European Food Safety Authority Via Carlo Magno 1/A, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Aude Kienzler
- European Food Safety Authority Via Carlo Magno 1/A, 43126, Parma, Italy
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14
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Reinwald H, König A, Ayobahan SU, Alvincz J, Sipos L, Göckener B, Böhle G, Shomroni O, Hollert H, Salinas G, Schäfers C, Eilebrecht E, Eilebrecht S. Toxicogenomic fin(ger)prints for thyroid disruption AOP refinement and biomarker identification in zebrafish embryos. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143914. [PMID: 33333401 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disruption (ED) can trigger far-reaching effects on environmental populations, justifying a refusal of market approval for chemicals with ED properties. For the hazard assessment of ED effects on the thyroid system, regulatory decisions mostly rely on amphibian studies. Here, we used transcriptomics and proteomics for identifying molecular signatures of interference with thyroid hormone signaling preceding physiological effects in zebrafish embryos. For this, we analyzed the thyroid hormone 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) and the thyroid peroxidase inhibitor 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (6-PTU) as model substances for increased and repressed thyroid hormone signaling in a modified zebrafish embryo toxicity test. We identified consistent gene expression fingerprints for both modes-of-action (MoA) at sublethal test concentrations. T3 and 6-PTU both significantly target the expression of genes involved in muscle contraction and functioning in an opposing fashion, allowing for a mechanistic refinement of key event relationships in thyroid-related adverse outcome pathways in fish. Furthermore, our fingerprints identify biomarker candidates for thyroid disruption hazard screening approaches. Perspectively, our findings will promote the AOP-based development of in vitro assays for thyroidal ED assessment, which in the long term will contribute to a reduction of regulatory animal tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Reinwald
- Fraunhofer Attract Eco'n'OMICs, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany; Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Azora König
- Fraunhofer Attract Eco'n'OMICs, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Steve U Ayobahan
- Fraunhofer Attract Eco'n'OMICs, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Julia Alvincz
- Fraunhofer Attract Eco'n'OMICs, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Levente Sipos
- Fraunhofer Attract Eco'n'OMICs, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Göckener
- Department Environmental and Food Analysis, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Gisela Böhle
- Department Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Orr Shomroni
- NGS-Services for Integrative Genomics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- NGS-Services for Integrative Genomics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Schäfers
- Department Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Elke Eilebrecht
- Department Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eilebrecht
- Fraunhofer Attract Eco'n'OMICs, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany.
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15
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Faheem M, Bhandari RK. Detrimental Effects of Bisphenol Compounds on Physiology and Reproduction in Fish: A Literature Review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 81:103497. [PMID: 32950715 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A is one of the most studied endocrine-chemicals, which is widely used all over the world in plastic manufacture. Because of its extensive use, it has become one of the most abundant chemical environmental pollutants, especially in aquatic environments. BPA is known to affect fish reproduction via estrogen receptors but many studies advocate that BPA affects almost all aspects of fish physiology. The possible modes of action include genomic, as well as and non-genomic mechanisms, estrogen, androgen, and thyroid receptor-mediated effects. Due to the high detrimental effects of BPA, various analogs of BPA are being used as alternatives. Recent evidence suggests that the analogs of BPA have similar modes of action, with accompanying effects on fish physiology and reproduction. In this review, a detailed comparison of effects produced by BPA and analogs and their mode of action is discussed.
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16
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Stinckens E, Vergauwen L, Blackwell BR, Ankley GT, Villeneuve DL, Knapen D. Effect of Thyroperoxidase and Deiodinase Inhibition on Anterior Swim Bladder Inflation in the Zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6213-6223. [PMID: 32320227 PMCID: PMC7477623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A set of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) linking inhibition of thyroperoxidase and deiodinase to impaired swim bladder inflation in fish has recently been developed. These AOPs help to establish links between these thyroid hormone (TH) disrupting molecular events and adverse outcomes relevant to aquatic ecological risk assessment. Until now, very little data on the effects of TH disruption on inflation of the anterior chamber (AC) of the swim bladder were available. The present study used zebrafish exposure experiments with three model compounds with distinct thyroperoxidase and deiodinase inhibition potencies (methimazole, iopanoic acid, and propylthiouracil) to evaluate this linkage. Exposure to all three chemicals decreased whole body triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations, either through inhibition of thyroxine (T4) synthesis or through inhibition of Dio mediated conversion of T4 to T3. A quantitative relationship between reduced T3 and reduced AC inflation was established, a critical key event relationship linking impaired swim bladder inflation to TH disruption. Reduced inflation of the AC was directly linked to reductions in swimming distance compared to controls as well as to chemical-exposed fish whose ACs inflated. Together the data provide compelling support for AOPs linking TH disruption to impaired AC inflation in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Stinckens
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Lucia Vergauwen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Brett R. Blackwell
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Gerald T. Ankley
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Daniel L. Villeneuve
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Dries Knapen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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17
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Gaaied S, Oliveira M, Domingues I, Banni M. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide effects on zebrafish larvae: development, neurotransmission and behavior as sensitive endpoints. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:3686-3696. [PMID: 30778938 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of pesticides toxicity using zebrafish early life stages is relevant for aquatic systems safety. This study aimed to evaluate the short-term effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos from 3 h post fertilization to 96 hpf. A set of 2,4-D concentrations ranging from 0.32 to 80 mg/L were tested and median lethal concentration (LC50) at 96-h was calculated as 2.86 mg/L. A sub-teratogenic concentrations range from 0.02 to 0.8 mg/L was then used to assess effects at ontogenic, biochemical, and behavioral levels. The main developmental defects were tail deformities and pericardial edema at concentrations equal or above 0.32 mg/L. Cholinesterase activity (at 96 hpf) and larvae swimming behavior (at 120 hpf) were affected even at the lowest tested dose (0.02 mg/L). The behavior analysis was a sensitive endpoint, with a decrease in the swimming distance of exposed larvae during light period. The effect of 2,4-D in ChE was translated by an inhibition of the enzyme activity in all treated groups. These findings demonstrate that 2,4-D can alter the cholinergic system by affecting ChE activity which may be involved in the locomotion reduction of exposed larvae and emphasize the potential of neurotransmission and behavioral endpoints as early warning signs of herbicides contamination in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Gaaied
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, ISA, Chott-Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Miguel Oliveira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Inês Domingues
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mohamed Banni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, ISA, Chott-Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia.
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18
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Ayobahan SU, Eilebrecht E, Kotthoff M, Baumann L, Eilebrecht S, Teigeler M, Hollert H, Kalkhof S, Schäfers C. A combined FSTRA-shotgun proteomics approach to identify molecular changes in zebrafish upon chemical exposure. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6599. [PMID: 31036921 PMCID: PMC6488664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The fish short-term reproduction assay (FSTRA) is a common in vivo screening assay for assessing endocrine effects of chemicals on reproduction in fish. However, the current reliance on measures such as egg number, plasma vitellogenin concentration and morphological changes to determine endocrine effects can lead to false labelling of chemicals with non-endocrine modes- of-action. Here, we integrated quantitative liver and gonad shotgun proteomics into the FSTRA in order to investigate the causal link between an endocrine mode-of-action and adverse effects assigned to the endocrine axis. Therefore, we analyzed the molecular effects of fadrozole-induced aromatase inhibition in zebrafish (Danio rerio). We observed a concentration-dependent decrease in fecundity, a reduction in plasma vitellogenin concentrations and a mild oocyte atresia with oocyte membrane folding in females. Consistent with these apical measures, proteomics revealed a significant dysregulation of proteins involved in steroid hormone secretion and estrogen stimulus in the female liver. In the ovary, the deregulation of estrogen synthesis and binding of sperm to zona pellucida were among the most significantly perturbed pathways. A significant deregulation of proteins targeting the transcriptional activity of estrogen receptor (esr1) was observed in male liver and testis. Our results support that organ- and sex-specific quantitative proteomics represent a promising tool for identifying early gene expression changes preceding chemical-induced adverse outcomes. These data can help to establish consistency in chemical classification and labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve U Ayobahan
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schmallenberg, Germany. .,Institute of Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Elke Eilebrecht
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schmallenberg, Germany.
| | - Matthias Kotthoff
- Department 2, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany
| | - Lisa Baumann
- Aquatic Ecology & Toxicology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eilebrecht
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Teigeler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute of Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Kalkhof
- Institute for Bioanalysis, University of Applied Sciences Coburg, Coburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schäfers
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schmallenberg, Germany
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19
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Spaan K, Haigis AC, Weiss J, Legradi J. Effects of 25 thyroid hormone disruptors on zebrafish embryos: A literature review of potential biomarkers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:1238-1249. [PMID: 30625654 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
It is estimated that many organic compounds found in our environment can interfere with the thyroid system and act as thyroid hormone (TH) disruptor. Despite that, there is a clear lack of assays to identify TH disruptors. Recently zebrafish embryos were suggested as screening tool to identify compounds which impact thyroid synthesis. Effects on hormone level, gene transcript expression, eye development and swim bladder inflation are suggested as potential biomarker for TH disruptors. In order to assess the applicability of these biomarkers we performed a literature review. The effects of 25 known TH disrupting compounds were compared between studies. The studies were limited to exposures with embryos prior 7 days of development. The different study designs and the lack of standardized methods complicated the comparison of the results. The most common responses were morphological alterations and gene transcript expression changes, but no specific biomarker for TH disruption could be identified. In studies addressing TH disruption behavioral effects were more commonly monitored than in studies not mentioning the TH pathway. TH disruption in developing zebrafish embryos might be caused by different modes of action e.g. disruption of follicle development, binding of TH, activation of TH receptors causing different effects. Timing of developmental processes in combination with exposure duration might also play a role. On the other side compound characteristics (uptake, stability, metabolization) could also cause differences between substances. Further studies are necessary to gain better understanding into the mechanisms of TH disruption in early zebrafish development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra Spaan
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden; Environment & Health, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ann-Cathrin Haigis
- Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jana Weiss
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jessica Legradi
- Environment & Health, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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20
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Cyanobacterial Neurotoxin Beta-Methyl-Amino-l-Alanine Affects Dopaminergic Neurons in Optic Ganglia and Brain of Daphnia magna. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10120527. [PMID: 30544796 PMCID: PMC6315693 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-proteinogenic amino acid beta-methyl-amino-l-alanine (BMAA) is a neurotoxin produced by cyanobacteria. BMAA accumulation in the brain of animals via biomagnification along the food web can contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Parkinsonism dementia complex (ALS/PDC), the latter being associated with a loss of dopaminergic neurons. Daphnia magna is an important microcrustacean zooplankton species that plays a key role in aquatic food webs, and BMAA-producing cyanobacteria often form part of their diet. Here, we tested the effects of BMAA on putative neurodegeneration of newly identified specific dopaminergic neurons in the optic ganglia/brain complex of D. magna using quantitative tyrosine-hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and fluorescence cytometry. The dopaminergic system was analysed in fed and starved isogenic D. magna adults incubated under different BMAA concentrations over 4 days. Increased BMAA concentration showed significant decrease in the stainability of dopaminergic neurons of D. magna, with fed animals showing a more extreme loss. Furthermore, higher BMAA concentrations tended to increase offspring mortality during incubation. These results are indicative of ingested BMAA causing neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in D. magna and adversely affecting reproduction. This may imply similar effects of BMAA on known human neurodegenerative diseases involving dopaminergic neurons.
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21
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An automated screening method for detecting compounds with goitrogenic activity using transgenic zebrafish embryos. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203087. [PMID: 30157258 PMCID: PMC6114901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge on environmentally relevant chemicals that may interfere with thyroid signaling is scarce. Here, we present a method for the screening of goitrogens, compounds that disrupt the thyroid gland function, based on the automatic orientation of zebrafish in a glass capillary and a subsequent imaging of reporter gene fluorescence in the thyroid gland of embryos of the transgenic zebrafish line tg(tg:mCherry). The tg(tg:mCherry) reporter gene indicates a compensatory upregulation of thyroglobulin, the thyroid hormone precursor, in response to inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis. Fish embryos were exposed to a negative control compound (3,4-dichloroaniline), or a concentration series of known goitrogenic compounds (resorcinol, methimazole, potassium perchlorate, 6-propyl-2-thiouracil, ethylenethiourea, phloroglucinol, pyrazole) with maximum exposure concentration selected based on mortality and/or solubility. Exposure to 3,4-dichloroaniline decreased the fluorescence signal. All goitrogenic compounds exhibited clear concentration-dependent inductions of reporter fluorescence 1.4 to 2.6 fold above control levels. Concentration-response modelling was used to calculate goitrogenic potencies based on EC50 values. The new automated method offers an efficient screening approach for goitrogenic activity.
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22
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Green AJ, Hoyo C, Mattingly CJ, Luo Y, Tzeng JY, Murphy SK, Buchwalter DB, Planchart A. Cadmium exposure increases the risk of juvenile obesity: a human and zebrafish comparative study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:1285-1295. [PMID: 29511319 PMCID: PMC6054604 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0036-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human obesity is a complex metabolic disorder disproportionately affecting people of lower socioeconomic strata, and ethnic minorities, especially African Americans and Hispanics. Although genetic predisposition and a positive energy balance are implicated in obesity, these factors alone do not account for the excess prevalence of obesity in lower socioeconomic populations. Therefore, environmental factors, including exposure to pesticides, heavy metals, and other contaminants, are agents widely suspected to have obesogenic activity, and they also are spatially correlated with lower socioeconomic status. Our study investigates the causal relationship between exposure to the heavy metal, cadmium (Cd), and obesity in a cohort of children and in a zebrafish model of adipogenesis. DESIGN An extensive collection of first trimester maternal blood samples obtained as part of the Newborn Epigenetics Study (NEST) was analyzed for the presence of Cd, and these results were cross analyzed with the weight-gain trajectory of the children through age 5 years. Next, the role of Cd as a potential obesogen was analyzed in an in vivo zebrafish model. RESULTS Our analysis indicates that the presence of Cd in maternal blood during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of juvenile obesity in the offspring, independent of other variables, including lead (Pb) and smoking status. Our results are recapitulated in a zebrafish model, in which exposure to Cd at levels approximating those observed in the NEST study is associated with increased adiposity. CONCLUSION Our findings identify Cd as a potential human obesogen. Moreover, these observations are recapitulated in a zebrafish model, suggesting that the underlying mechanisms may be evolutionarily conserved, and that zebrafish may be a valuable model for uncovering pathways leading to Cd-mediated obesity in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Cathrine Hoyo
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Carolyn J Mattingly
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yiwen Luo
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Jung-Ying Tzeng
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Susan K Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecological Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - David B Buchwalter
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Antonio Planchart
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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23
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Rehberger K, Baumann L, Hecker M, Braunbeck T. Intrafollicular thyroid hormone staining in whole-mount zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos for the detection of thyroid hormone synthesis disruption. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:997-1010. [PMID: 29568982 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-018-0488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals are known to impact multiple hormonal axes of vertebrates, among which the thyroid system is crucial for multiple developmental and physiological processes. Thus, the present study focused on the semi-quantitative visualization of intrafollicular triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4) in zebrafish embryos as a potential test system for the detection of disrupted thyroid hormone synthesis. To this end, an antibody-based fluorescence double-staining protocol for whole-mount zebrafish embryos and larvae was adapted to simultaneously detect intrafollicular T3 and T4. During normal development until 10 days post-fertilization (dpf), the number of thyroid follicles increased along the ventral aorta. Concentrations of T4 and T3, measured by fluorescence intensity, increased until 6 dpf, but decreased thereafter. Exposure of zebrafish embryos to propylthiouracil (PTU), a known inhibitor of TH synthesis, resulted in a significant decrease in the number of follicles that stained for T3, whereas a trend for increase in follicles that stained for T4 was observed. In contrast, fluorescence intensity for both thyroid hormones decreased significantly after exposure to PTU. Overall, the zebrafish embryo appears to be suitable for the simultaneous visualization and detection of changing intrafollicular TH contents during normal development and after PTU treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Rehberger
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Baumann
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Markus Hecker
- School of the Environment & Sustainability and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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24
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Abazari R, Mahjoub AR. Amine-Functionalized Al-MOF#@yxSm2O3–ZnO: A Visible Light-Driven Nanocomposite with Excellent Photocatalytic Activity for the Photo-Degradation of Amoxicillin. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:2529-2545. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Abazari
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Mahjoub
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
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25
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Fraser TWK, Khezri A, Lewandowska-Sabat AM, Henry T, Ropstad E. Endocrine disruptors affect larval zebrafish behavior: Testing potential mechanisms and comparisons of behavioral sensitivity to alternative biomarkers. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 193:128-135. [PMID: 29078070 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) are a tool for assessing endocrine disruption during early development. Here, we investigated the extent to which a simple light/dark behavioral test at five days post fertilization could compliment current methods within the field. We exposed fertilized embryos to hormones (17β-estradiol, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, progesterone, and hydrocortisone) and other relevant compounds (17α ethinylestradiol, bisphenol A, bisphenol S, nonylphenol, flutamide, nilutamide, linuron, drospirenone, potassium perchlorate, mifepristone, and fadrozole) to screen for behavioral effects between 96 and 118h post fertilization (hpf). With the exception of progesterone, all the hormones tested resulted in altered behaviors. However, some inconsistencies were observed regarding the age of the larvae at testing. For example, the xenoestrogens 17α- ethinylestradiol and nonylphenol had behavioral effects at 96hpf, but not at 118hpf. Furthermore, although thyroxine exposure had pronounced effects on behavior, the thyroid disruptor potassium perchlorate did not. Finally, we were unable to demonstrate a role of nuclear receptors following testosterone and 17α- ethinylestradiol exposure, as neither the androgen receptor antagonist flutamide nor the general estrogen receptor inhibitor fulvestrant (ICI) could rescue the observed behavioral effects, respectively. Similarly, molecular markers for androgen and estrogen disruption were upregulated at concentrations below which behavioral effects were observed. These results demonstrate hormones and endocrine disruptors can alter the behavior of larval zebrafish, but the mechanistic pathways remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W K Fraser
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Abdolrahman Khezri
- Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna M Lewandowska-Sabat
- Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Theodore Henry
- Centre for Marine Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Ropstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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26
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Gómez-Canela C, Prats E, Tauler R, Raldúa D. Analysis of neurobehavioural data by chemometric methods in ecotoxicological studies. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 145:583-590. [PMID: 28802139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of chemometric tools in behavioural data management workflows allows for the early identification of most relevant endpoints complementarily to statistical confirmatory approaches. In this work, the effects of two model neurotoxicants, chlorpyrifos (CPF) and nicotine, exposures on behavioural profiles of adult zebrafish at three different times (2, 6 and 24h) were evaluated using open field test (OFT) paradigm experiments. Two chemometric methods like Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Analysis of Variance-Simultaneous Component Analysis (ASCA) have been used to interpret the changes observed in the obtained behavioural data. A decreased of the locomotor activity, an anxiolytic effect and an altered exploratory behaviour were the most affected behavioural endpoints in the CPF exposures. However, an increase of the locomotor activity and an anxiogenic effect were observed in the nicotine exposures. Finally, an excellent correlation between the ASCA results and the results obtained using traditional statistical procedures for both compounds were encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Gómez-Canela
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Eva Prats
- Centre d'Investigació i Desenvolupament, CID-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Romà Tauler
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Demetrio Raldúa
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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27
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Chen R, Yuan L, Zha J, Wang Z. Developmental toxicity and thyroid hormone-disrupting effects of 2,4-dichloro-6-nitrophenol in Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 185:40-47. [PMID: 28187359 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, to evaluate embryonic toxicity and the thyroid-disrupting effects of 2,4-dichloro-6-nitrophenol (DCNP), embryos and adults of Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) were exposed to 2, 20, and 200μg/L DCNP. In the embryo-larval assay, increased percentages of mortality and occurrence of malformations, decreased percentage of hatching, and decreased body length and body weight were observed after DCNP treatment. Moreover, the whole-body T3 levels were significantly increased at 20 and 200μg/L treatments, whereas the T4 levels were markedly decreased significantly (p<0.05) for all DCNP concentrations. In the adult fish assay, plasma T3 levels were significantly increased whereas plasma T4 levels were significantly reduced in the fish treated with 20 and 200μg/L (p<0.05). In addition, DCNP exposure significantly changed the transcription levels of thyroid system related genes, including dio1, dio2, me, nis, tr, and ttr. The increased responsiveness of thyroid hormone and mRNA expression levels of thyroid system related genes suggested that DCNP could disrupt the thyroid hormone synthesis and transport pathways. Therefore, our findings provide new insights of DCNP as a thyroid hormone-disrupting chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Lilai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, PR China
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28
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Campos B, Rivetti C, Kress T, Barata C, Dircksen H. Depressing Antidepressant: Fluoxetine Affects Serotonin Neurons Causing Adverse Reproductive Responses in Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6000-6007. [PMID: 27128505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely used antidepressants. As endocrine disruptive contaminants in the environment, SSRIs affect reproduction in aquatic organisms. In the water flea Daphnia magna, SSRIs increase offspring production in a food ration-dependent manner. At limiting food conditions, females exposed to SSRIs produce more but smaller offspring, which is a maladaptive life-history strategy. We asked whether increased serotonin levels in newly identified serotonin-neurons in the Daphnia brain mediate these effects. We provide strong evidence that exogenous SSRI fluoxetine selectively increases serotonin-immunoreactivity in identified brain neurons under limiting food conditions thereby leading to maladaptive offspring production. Fluoxetine increases serotonin-immunoreactivity at low food conditions to similar maximal levels as observed under high food conditions and concomitantly enhances offspring production. Sublethal amounts of the neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine known to specifically ablate serotonin-neurons markedly decrease serotonin-immunoreactivity and offspring production, strongly supporting the effect to be serotonin-specific by reversing the reproductive phenotype attained under fluoxetine. Thus, SSRIs impair serotonin-regulation of reproductive investment in a planktonic key organism causing inappropriately increased reproduction with potentially severe ecological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Campos
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Jordi Girona 18, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University , Svante Arrhenius väg 18A, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudia Rivetti
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Jordi Girona 18, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University , Svante Arrhenius väg 18A, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Timm Kress
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University , Svante Arrhenius väg 18A, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlos Barata
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) , Jordi Girona 18, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Heinrich Dircksen
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University , Svante Arrhenius väg 18A, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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LaLone CA, Berninger JP, Villeneuve DL, Ankley GT. Leveraging existing data for prioritization of the ecological risks of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals to aquatic organisms. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2014.0022. [PMID: 25405975 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal innovation has led to the discovery and use of thousands of human and veterinary drugs. With this comes the potential for unintended effects on non-target organisms exposed to pharmaceuticals inevitably entering the environment. The impracticality of generating whole-organism chronic toxicity data representative of all species in the environment has necessitated prioritization of drugs for focused empirical testing as well as field monitoring. Current prioritization strategies typically emphasize likelihood for exposure (i.e. predicted/measured environmental concentrations), while incorporating only rather limited consideration of potential effects of the drug to non-target organisms. However, substantial mammalian pharmacokinetic and mechanism/mode of action (MOA) data are produced during drug development to understand drug target specificity and efficacy for intended consumers. An integrated prioritization strategy for assessing risks of human and veterinary drugs would leverage available pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic data for evaluation of the potential for adverse effects to non-target organisms. In this reiview, we demonstrate the utility of read-across approaches to leverage mammalian absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination data; analyse cross-species molecular target conservation and translate therapeutic MOA to an adverse outcome pathway(s) relevant to aquatic organisms as a means to inform prioritization of drugs for focused toxicity testing and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlie A LaLone
- Water Resources Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1985 Buford Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Jason P Berninger
- National Research Council, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Daniel L Villeneuve
- Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
| | - Gerald T Ankley
- Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, 6201 Congdon Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804, USA
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30
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Comparative analysis of goitrogenic effects of phenylthiourea and methimazole in zebrafish embryos. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 57:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Braunbeck T, Kais B, Lammer E, Otte J, Schneider K, Stengel D, Strecker R. The fish embryo test (FET): origin, applications, and future. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:16247-61. [PMID: 25395325 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3814-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Originally designed as an alternative for the acute fish toxicity test according to, e.g., OECD TG 203, the fish embryo test (FET) with the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been optimized, standardized, and validated during an OECD validation study and adopted as OECD TG 236 as a test to assess toxicity of embryonic forms of fish. Given its excellent correlation with the acute fish toxicity test and the fact that non-feeding developmental stages of fish are not categorized as protected stages according to the new European Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, the FET is ready for use not only for range-finding but also as a true alternative for the acute fish toxicity test, as required for a multitude of national and international regulations. If-for ethical reasons-not accepted as a full alternative, the FET represents at least a refinement in the sense of the 3Rs principle. Objections to the use of the FET have mainly been based on the putative lack of biotransformation capacity and the assumption that highly lipophilic and/or high molecular weight substances might not have access to the embryo due to the protective role of the chorion. With respect to bioactivation, the only substance identified so far as not being activated in the zebrafish embryo is allyl alcohol; all other biotransformation processes that have been studied in more detail so far were found to be present, albeit, in some cases, at lower levels than in adult fish. With respect to larger molecules, the extension of the test duration to 96 h (i.e., beyond hatch) has-at least for the substances tested so far-compensated for the reduced access to the embryo; however, more research is necessary to fully explore the applicability of the FET to substances with a molecular weight >3 kDa as well as substances with a neurotoxic mode of action. An extension of the endpoints to also cover sublethal endpoints makes the FET a powerful tool for the detection of teratogenicity, dioxin-like activity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity, neurotoxicity, as well as various forms of endocrine disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Britta Kais
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Lammer
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Otte
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Schneider
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Stengel
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ruben Strecker
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Fetter E, Smetanová S, Baldauf L, Lidzba A, Altenburger R, Schüttler A, Scholz S. Identification and Characterization of Androgen-Responsive Genes in Zebrafish Embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:11789-11798. [PMID: 26308493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Responsive genes for fish embryos have been identified so far for some endocrine pathways but not for androgens. Using transcriptome analysis and multiple concentration-response modeling, we identified putative androgen-responsive genes in zebrafish embryos exposed to 0.05-5000 nM 11-ketotestosterone for 24 h. Four selected genes with sigmoidal concentration-dependent expression profiles (EC50 = 6.5-30.0 nM) were characterized in detail. The expression of cyp2k22 and slco1f4 was demonstrated in the pronephros; lipca was detected in the liver, and sult2st3 was found in the olfactory organs and choroid plexus. Their expression domains, the function of human orthologs, and a pathway analysis suggested a role of these genes in the metabolism of hormones. Hence, it was hypothesized that they were induced to compensate for elevated hormone levels. The induction of sult2st3 and cyp2k22 by 11-ketotestosterone was repressed by co-exposure to the androgen receptor antagonist nilutamide supporting a potential androgen receptor mediated regulation. Sensitivity (expressed as EC50 values) of sult2st3 and cyp2k22 gene expression induction after exposure to other steroidal hormones (11-ketotestosterone ∼ testosterone > progesterone > cortisol > ethinylestradiol) correlated with their known binding affinities to zebrafish androgen receptor. Hence, these genes might represent potential markers for screening of androgenic compounds in the zebrafish embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Fetter
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Soňa Smetanová
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University , Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lisa Baldauf
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annegret Lidzba
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rolf Altenburger
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Schüttler
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Scholz
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Department Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Carr JA, Murali S, Hu F, Goleman WL, Carr DL, Smith EE, Wages M. Changes in gastric sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) activity are associated with differences in thyroid gland sensitivity to perchlorate during metamorphosis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 219:16-23. [PMID: 25448256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated stage-dependent changes in sensitivity of the thyroid gland to perchlorate during development of African clawed frog tadpoles (Xenopus laevis) in relation to non-thyroidal iodide transporting tissues. Perchlorate-induced increases in thyroid follicle cell size and colloid depletion were blunted when exposures began at Nieuwkoop-Faber (NF) stage 55 compared to when exposures began at NF stages 49 or 1-10. To determine if the development of other iodide transporting tissues may contribute to this difference we first examined which tissues expressed transcripts for the sodium dependent iodide symporter (NIS). RT-PCR analysis revealed that NIS was expressed in stomach and small intestine in addition to the thyroid gland of X. laevis tadpoles. NIS mRNA was not detected in lung, kidney, skin, gill, muscle, heart or liver. Perchlorate sensitive (125)I uptake was found in stomach, lung, kidney, gill, and small intestine but not muscle, liver, or heart. Perchlorate-sensitive (125)I uptake by stomach was 6-10 times greater than in any other non-thyroidal tissue in tadpoles. While NF stage 49 tadpoles exhibited perchlorate-sensitive uptake in stomach it was roughly 4-fold less than that observed in NF stage 55 tadpoles. Although abundance of NIS gene transcripts was greater in stomachs from NF stage 55 compared to NF stage 49 tadpoles this difference was not statistically significant. We conclude that gastric iodide uptake increases between NF stages 49 and 55, possibly due to post-translational changes in NIS glycosylation or trafficking within gastric mucosal cells. These developmental changes in gastric NIS gene expression may affect iodide availability to the thyroid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Carr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States.
| | - Sharanya Murali
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States
| | - Fang Hu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States
| | - Wanda L Goleman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States
| | - Deborah L Carr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States
| | - Ernest E Smith
- The Institute for Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Mike Wages
- The Institute for Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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Montes R, Rodríguez I, Casado J, López-Sabater M, Cela R. Determination of the cardiac drug amiodarone and its N-desethyl metabolite in sludge samples. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1394:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Baghcheghi Y, Shahneh AZ, Ganjkhanlou M, Motlagh MK, Yousefi AR. Effect of hypothyroidism on growth performance, carcass composition and meat quality of fat-tailed Lori-Bakhtiari lambs. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an14516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of induction hypothyroidism by propylthiouracil (PTU) on the growth performance and meat quality of fat-tailed Lori-Bakhtiari lambs. Eighteen Lori-Bakhtiari male lambs were randomly assigned to one of three groups (n = 6) and received daily treatments (gavage) consisting of 0 (Control: C), 10 (Low: L) or 20 (High: H) mg PTU/kg bodyweight/day for 60 days. PTU decreased plasma triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentration in both L and H (P < 0.0001). Lambs treated with PTU (L and H) had lower feed intake (P < 0.004), feed conversion efficiency (P < 0.003), and greater intramuscular fat than C lambs (P < 0.035). Meat from the L and H lambs had lower cooking loss and shear force, and also higher L* (lightness) than C lambs (P < 0.004, P < 0.015 and P < 0.025, respectively). The meat of H and L lambs was more tender than C lambs (P < 0.032). However, the meat of H lambs required fewer chews before swallowing than C lambs (P < 0.041). Generally, induction of mild hypothyroidism appeared to improve feed conversion efficiency and meat quality of lambs.
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Tollefsen KE, Scholz S, Cronin MT, Edwards SW, de Knecht J, Crofton K, Garcia-Reyero N, Hartung T, Worth A, Patlewicz G. Applying Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) to support Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:629-40. [PMID: 25261300 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemical regulation is challenged by the large number of chemicals requiring assessment for potential human health and environmental impacts. Current approaches are too resource intensive in terms of time, money and animal use to evaluate all chemicals under development or already on the market. The need for timely and robust decision making demands that regulatory toxicity testing becomes more cost-effective and efficient. One way to realize this goal is by being more strategic in directing testing resources; focusing on chemicals of highest concern, limiting testing to the most probable hazards, or targeting the most vulnerable species. Hypothesis driven Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA) have been proposed as practical solutions to such strategic testing. In parallel, the development of the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework, which provides information on the causal links between a molecular initiating event (MIE), intermediate key events (KEs) and an adverse outcome (AO) of regulatory concern, offers the biological context to facilitate development of IATA for regulatory decision making. This manuscript summarizes discussions at the Workshop entitled "Advancing AOPs for Integrated Toxicology and Regulatory Applications" with particular focus on the role AOPs play in informing the development of IATA for different regulatory purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Stefan Scholz
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Mark T Cronin
- Liverpool John Moores University, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Stephen W Edwards
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development (ORD), Research Triangle Park (RTP), NC 2771, USA.
| | - Joop de Knecht
- Environment Health and Safety Division, Environment Directorate, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2 rue André Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.
| | - Kevin Crofton
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development (ORD), Research Triangle Park (RTP), NC 2771, USA.
| | - Natalia Garcia-Reyero
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA.
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Andrew Worth
- European Commission-Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, Systems Toxicology Unit, Via E. Fermi, Ispra, Varese, Italy.
| | - Grace Patlewicz
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, Stine-Haskell 320/212, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Off-target effects represent one of the major concerns in the development of new pharmaceuticals, requiring large-scale animal toxicity testing. Faster, cheaper and more reliable assays based on zebrafish embryos (ZE) are being developed as major tools for assessing toxicity of chemicals during the drug-discovery process. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews techniques aimed to the analysis of in vivo sublethal toxic effects of drugs on major physiological functions, including the cardiovascular, nervous, neuromuscular, gastrointestinal and thyroid systems among others. Particular emphasis is placed on high-throughput screening techniques (HTS), including robotics, imaging technologies and image-analysis software. EXPERT OPINION The analysis of off-target effects of candidate drugs requires systemic analyses, as they often involve the complete organism rather than specific, tissue- or cell-specific targets. The unique physical and physiological characteristics of ZE make this system an essential tool for drug discovery and toxicity assessment. Different HTS methodologies applicable to ZE allow the screening of large numbers of different chemicals for many diverse and relevant toxic endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrio Raldúa
- IDAEA-CSIC, Environmental Chemistry , Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona , Spain +34 93400 6157 ; +34 93204 5904 ;
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Zhang NS, Li HY, Liu JS, Yang WD. Gene expression profiles in zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver after acute exposure to okadaic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:791-802. [PMID: 24637248 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA), a main component of diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins, is a strong and specific inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A. However, not all of the OA-induced effects can be explained by this phosphatase inhibition, and controversial results on OA are increasing. To provide clues on potential mechanisms of OA other than phosphatase inhibition, here, acute toxicity of OA was evaluated in zebrafish, and changes in gene expression in zebrafish liver tissues upon exposure to OA were observed by microarray. The i.p. ED50 (6 h) of OA on zebrafish was 1.54 μg OA/g body weight (bw). Among the genes analyzed on the zebrafish array, 55 genes were significantly up-regulated and 36 down-regulated in the fish liver tissue upon exposure to 0.176 μg OA/g bw (low-dose group, LD) compared with the low ethanol control (LE). However, there were no obvious functional clusters for them. On the contrary, fish exposure to 1.760 μg OA/g bw (high-dose group, HD) yielded a great number of differential expressed genes (700 up and 285 down) compared with high ethanol control (HE), which clustered in several functional terms such as p53 signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, glutathione metabolism and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, etc. These genes were involved in protein phosphatase activity, translation factor activity, heat shock protein binding, as well as transmembrane transporter activity. Our findings may give some useful information on the pathways of OA-induced injury in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-sheng Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Wageningen University and Research Centre, Centre for Water and Climate, Alterra, PO Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hong-ye Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Jie-sheng Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Wei-dong Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China.
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Garcia-Reyero N, Escalon BL, Prats E, Stanley JK, Thienpont B, Melby NL, Barón E, Eljarrat E, Barceló D, Mestres J, Babin PJ, Perkins EJ, Raldúa D. Effects of BDE-209 contaminated sediments on zebrafish development and potential implications to human health. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 63:216-23. [PMID: 24317228 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers are compounds widely used as flame-retardants, which are of increasing environmental concern due to their persistence, and potential adverse effects. This study had two objectives. First, we assessed if BDE-209 in sediment was bioavailable and bioaccumulated into zebrafish embryos. Secondly, we assessed the potential impact on human and environmental health of bioavailable BDE-209 using human in vitro cell assays and zebrafish embryos. Zebrafish were exposed from 4h to 8days post-fertilization to sediments spiked with 12.5mg/kg of BDE-209. Zebrafish larvae accumulated ten fold more BDE-209 than controls in unspiked sediment after 8days. BDE-209 impacted expression of neurological pathways and altered behavior of larvae, although BDE-209 had no visible affect on thyroid function or motoneuron and neuromast development. Zebrafish data and in silico predictions suggested that BDE-209 would also interact with key human transcription factors and receptors. We therefore tested these predictions using mammalian in vitro assays. BDE-209 activated human aryl hydrocarbon receptor, peroxisome proliferator activating receptors, CF/b-cat, activator protein 1, Oct-MLP, and the estrogen receptor-related alpha (ERRα) receptor in cell-based assays. BDE-209 also inhibited human acetylcholinesterase activity. The observation that BDE-209 can be bioaccumulated from contaminated sediment highlights the need to consider this as a potential environmental exposure route. Once accumulated, our data also show that BDE-209 has the potential to cause impacts on both human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natàlia Garcia-Reyero
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA.
| | - B Lynn Escalon
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Eva Prats
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo, CID-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jacob K Stanley
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Benedicte Thienpont
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nicolas L Melby
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Enrique Barón
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Mestres
- Chemotargets, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Patrick J Babin
- Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolism, Université Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Edward J Perkins
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Demetrio Raldúa
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Guo Y, Zhou B. Thyroid endocrine system disruption by pentachlorophenol: an in vitro and in vivo assay. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 142-143:138-145. [PMID: 24001430 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the disruption caused to the thyroid endocrine system by pentachlorophenol (PCP) using in vitro and in vivo assays. In the in vitro assay, rat pituitary GH3 cells were exposed to 0, 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 μM PCP. PCP exposure significantly downregulated basal and triiodothyronine (T3)-induced Dio 1 transcription, indicating the antagonistic activity of PCP in vitro. In the in vivo assay, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0, 1, 3, and 10 μg/L of PCP until 14 days post-fertilization. PCP exposure resulted in decreased thyroxine (T4) levels, but elevated contents of whole-body T3. PCP exposure significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of genes along hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, including those encoding thyroid-stimulating hormone, sodium/iodide symporter, thyroglobulin, Dio 1 and Dio 2, alpha and beta thyroid hormone receptor, and uridinediphosphate-glucuronosyl-transferase. PCP exposure did not influence the transcription of the transthyretin (TTR) gene. The results indicate that PCP potentially disrupts the thyroid endocrine system both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Heijlen M, Houbrechts AM, Darras VM. Zebrafish as a model to study peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism in vertebrate development. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2013; 188:289-96. [PMID: 23603432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To unravel the role of thyroid hormones (THs) in vertebrate development it is important to have suitable animal models to study the mechanisms regulating TH availability and activity. Zebrafish (Danio rerio), with its rapidly and externally developing transparent embryo has been a widely used model in developmental biology for some time. To date many of the components of the zebrafish thyroid axis have been identified, including the TH transporters MCT8, MCT10 and OATP1C1, the deiodinases D1, D2 and D3, and the receptors TRα and TRβ. Their structure and function closely resemble those of higher vertebrates. Interestingly, due to a whole genome duplication in the early evolution of ray-finned fishes, zebrafish possess two genes for D3 (dio3 and dio3a) and for TRα (thraa and thrab). Transcripts of all identified genes are present during embryonic development and several of them show dynamic spatio-temporal distribution patterns. Transient morpholino-knockdown of D2, D3 or MCT8 expression clearly disturbs embryonic development, confirming the importance of each of these regulators during early life stages. The recently available tools for targeted stable gene knockout will further increase the value of zebrafish to study the role of peripheral TH metabolism in pre- and post-hatch/post-natal vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Heijlen
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Thienpont B, Barata C, Raldúa D. Modeling mixtures of thyroid gland function disruptors in a vertebrate alternative model, the zebrafish eleutheroembryo. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 269:169-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Coady K, Marino T, Thomas J, Sosinski L, Neal B, Hammond L. An evaluation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay and the Fish Short-Term Reproduction Assay. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 90:143-150. [PMID: 23357564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was evaluated in both the Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay (AMA) and the Fish Short Term Reproduction Assay (FSTRA). In the AMA, tadpoles were exposed to mean measured 2,4-D concentrations of 0 (water control), 0.273, 3.24, 38.0 and 113 mg acid equivalents (ae)/L for either seven or 21 days. In the FSTRA, fathead minnows were exposed to mean measured 2,4-D concentrations of 0 (water control), 0.245, 3.14, 34.0, and 96.5 mg ae/L for 21 days. The respective concentrations of 2,4-D were not overtly toxic to either Xenopus laevis tadpoles or fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). In the AMA, there were no signs of either advanced or delayed development, asynchronous development, or significant histopathological effects of the thyroid gland among 2,4-D exposed tadpoles evaluated on either day seven or day 21 of the exposure. Therefore, following the AMA decision logic, 2,4-D is considered "likely thyroid inactive" in the AMA with a No Observable Effect Concentration (NOEC) of 113 mg ae 2,4-D/L. In the FSTRA, there were no significant differences between control and 2,4-D exposed fish in regard to fertility, wet weight, length, gonado-somatic indices, tubercle scores, or blood plasma concentrations of vitellogenin. Furthermore, there were no treatment-related histopathologic changes in the testes or ovaries in any 2,4-D exposed group. The only significant effect was a decrease in fecundity among fish exposed to 96.5 mg ae 2,4-D/L. The cause of the reduced fecundity at the highest concentration of 2,4-D tested in the assay was most likely due to a generalized stress response in the fish, and not due to a specific endocrine mode of action of 2,4-D. Based on fish reproduction, the NOEC in the FSTRA was 34.0 mg ae 2,4-D/L.
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Liu C, Wang Q, Liang K, Liu J, Zhou B, Zhang X, Liu H, Giesy JP, Yu H. Effects of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and triphenyl phosphate on receptor-associated mRNA expression in zebrafish embryos/larvae. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 128-129:147-57. [PMID: 23306105 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) are frequently detected in biota, including fish. However, knowledge of the toxicological and molecular effects of these currently used flame retardants is limited. In the present study, an in vivo screening approach was developed to evaluate effects of TDCPP and TPP on developmental endpoints and receptor-associated expression of mRNA in zebrafish embryos/larvae. Exposure to TDCPP or TPP resulted in significantly smaller rates of hatching and survival, in dose- and time-dependent manners. The median lethal concentration (LC(50)) was 7.0 mg/L for TDCPP and 29.6 mg/L for TPP at 120 hour post-fertilization (hpf). Real-time PCR revealed alterations in expression of mRNAs involved in aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs)-, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)-, estrogenic receptors (ERs)-, thyroid hormone receptor alpha (TRα)-, glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-, and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)-centered gene networks. Exposure to positive control chemicals significantly altered abundances of mRNA in corresponding receptor-centered gene networks, a result that suggests that it is feasible to use zebrafish embryos/larvae to evaluate effects of chemicals on mRNA expression in these gene networks. Exposure to TDCPP altered transcriptional profiles in all six receptor-centered gene networks, thus exerting multiple toxic effects. TPP was easily metabolized and its potency to change expression of mRNA involved in receptor-centered gene networks was weaker than that of TDCPP. The PPARα- and TRα-centered gene networks might be the primary pathways affected by TPP. Taken together, these results demonstrated that TDCPP and TPP could alter mRNA expression of genes involved in the six receptor-centered gene networks in zebrafish embryos/larvae, and TDCPP seemed to have higher potency in changing the mRNA expression of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse & School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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Scholz S, Renner P, Belanger SE, Busquet F, Davi R, Demeneix BA, Denny JS, Léonard M, McMaster ME, Villeneuve DL, Embry MR. Alternatives to in vivo tests to detect endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in fish and amphibians--screening for estrogen, androgen and thyroid hormone disruption. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012. [PMID: 23190036 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.737762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disruption is considered a highly relevant hazard for environmental risk assessment of chemicals, plant protection products, biocides and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, screening tests with a focus on interference with estrogen, androgen, and thyroid hormone pathways in fish and amphibians have been developed. However, they use a large number of animals and short-term alternatives to animal tests would be advantageous. Therefore, the status of alternative assays for endocrine disruption in fish and frogs was assessed by a detailed literature analysis. The aim was to (i) determine the strengths and limitations of alternative assays and (ii) present conclusions regarding chemical specificity, sensitivity, and correlation with in vivo data. Data from 1995 to present were collected related to the detection/testing of estrogen-, androgen-, and thyroid-active chemicals in the following test systems: cell lines, primary cells, fish/frog embryos, yeast and cell-free systems. The review shows that the majority of alternative assays measure effects directly mediated by receptor binding or resulting from interference with hormone synthesis. Other mechanisms were rarely analysed. A database was established and used for a quantitative and comparative analysis. For example, a high correlation was observed between cell-free ligand binding and cell-based reporter cell assays, between fish and frog estrogenic data and between fish embryo tests and in vivo reproductive effects. It was concluded that there is a need for a more systematic study of the predictive capacity of alternative tests and ways to reduce inter- and intra-assay variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Scholz
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.
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Lee O, Takesono A, Tada M, Tyler CR, Kudoh T. Biosensor zebrafish provide new insights into potential health effects of environmental estrogens. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:990-6. [PMID: 22510978 PMCID: PMC3404660 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental estrogens alter hormone signaling in the body that can induce reproductive abnormalities in both humans and wildlife. Available testing systems for estrogens are focused on specific systems such as reproduction. Crucially, however, the potential for significant health impacts of environmental estrogen exposures on a variety of body systems may have been overlooked. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to develop and apply a sensitive transgenic zebrafish model to assess real-time effects of environmental estrogens on signaling mechanisms in a whole body system for use in integrated health assessments. METHODS We created a novel transgenic biosensor zebrafish containing an estrogen-inducible promoter derived with multiple tandem estrogen responsive elements (EREs) and a Gal4ff-UAS system for enhanced response sensitivity. RESULTS Using our novel estrogen-responsive transgenic (TG) zebrafish, we identified target tissues for environmental estrogens; these tissues have very high sensitivity even at environmentally relevant concentrations. Exposure of the TG fish to estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) induced specific expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in a wide variety of tissues including the liver, heart, skeletal muscle, otic vesicle, forebrain, lateral line, and ganglions, most of which have not been established previously as targets for estrogens in fish. Furthermore, we found that different EDCs induced GFP expression with different tissue response patterns and time trajectories, suggesting different potential health effects. CONCLUSION We have developed a powerful new model for understanding toxicological effects, mechanisms, and health impacts of environmental estrogens in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okhyun Lee
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Ji C, Jin X, He J, Yin Z. Use of TSHβ:EGFP transgenic zebrafish as a rapid in vivo model for assessing thyroid-disrupting chemicals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 262:149-55. [PMID: 22571824 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that a wide range of chemicals have the ability to interfere with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Novel endpoints should be evaluated in addition to existing methods in order to effectively assess the effects of these chemicals on the HPT axis. Thyroid-stimulating hormone subunit β (TSHβ) plays central regulatory roles in the HPT system. We identified the regulatory region that determines the expression level of zebrafish TSHβ in the anterior pituitary. In the transgenic zebrafish with EGFP driven by the TSHβ promoter, the similar responsive patterns between the expression levels of TSHβ:EGFP and endogenous TSHβ mRNA in the pituitary are observed following treatments with goitrogen chemicals and exogenous thyroid hormones (THs). These results suggest that the TSHβ:EGFP transgenic reporter zebrafish may be a useful alternative in vivo model for the assessment of chemicals interfering with the HPT system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ji
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Raldúa D, Thienpont B, Babin PJ. Zebrafish eleutheroembryos as an alternative system for screening chemicals disrupting the mammalian thyroid gland morphogenesis and function. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 33:188-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Pelayo S, Oliveira E, Thienpont B, Babin PJ, Raldúa D, André M, Piña B. Triiodothyronine-induced changes in the zebrafish transcriptome during the eleutheroembryonic stage: implications for bisphenol A developmental toxicity. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 110-111:114-122. [PMID: 22281776 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid disruption during early development is a current matter of concern due to its significant human health implications. We present here a transcriptome analysis of thyroid hormone-regulated genes in zebrafish during the eleutheroembryonic stage (days 2-5 post fertilization) to detect potential markers of thyroid disruption. Exposure to 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyroxine (T3, 50 nM) induced changes in a minor portion (less than 2%) of the zebrafish transcriptome, with a significant fraction of genes involved in the haematopoietic system, eye formation, and ossification/skeletal system, including the thyroid receptor thra gene. Some of the transcriptomic changes were reflected macroscopically, as an allometric decrease of eye size and an increase on thra hybridization signal in the skeletal tissue. Using this information, changes on transcription of three genes (adult alpha globin gene si:ch211-5 k11.6, embryonic globin gene hbae3, and long wavelength cone opsin gene opn1/w1) were analyzed to monitor the effect of the suspected thyroid disrupter bisphenol A (BPA) on the thyroid system during this period of development of zebrafish. BPA acted as a weak T3 agonist when tested alone, but it strongly enhanced the effect of subsaturating concentrations of T3. In thyroxine immunofluorescence quantitative disruption tests (TIQDT), BPA did not prevent the ability of thyroid follicles to synthesize thyroxine, a landmark for direct goitrogens. Our results suggest that BPA potentiates the effect of endogenous T3 in early development and demonstrate the requirement for the use of in vivo, multi-endpoint methods to evaluate thyroid disruption hazards on early developmental processes in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Pelayo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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50
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Overturf MD, Overturf CL, Baxter D, Hala DN, Constantine L, Venables B, Huggett DB. Early life-stage toxicity of eight pharmaceuticals to the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 62:455-64. [PMID: 22048524 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-011-9723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Human pharmaceuticals are routinely being detected in the environment, and there is growing concern about whether these drugs could elicit effects on aquatic organisms. Regulatory paradigms have shifted accordingly, with a greater emphasis on chronic toxicity data compared with acute data. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 210 Early Life Stage Test has been proposed as a good measure of the potential for pharmaceuticals to elicit chronic toxicity. To begin building a data set regarding the early life-stage toxicity of pharmaceuticals to fish, fathead minnows (FHM) were exposed to amiodarone, carbamazepine, clozapine, dexamethasone, fenofibrate, ibuprofen, norethindrone, or verapamil. Survival and growth were used to assess chronic toxicity in FHM at 28 days posthatch. Exposure of FHM to carbamazepine, fenofibrate, and ibuprofen resulted in no significant adverse effects at the concentrations tested. FHM survival was not impacted by verapamil exposure; however, growth was significantly decreased at 600 μg/L. Dexamethasone-exposed FHM showed a significant decrease in survival at a concentration of 577 μg/L; however, growth was not impacted at the concentration tested. Norethindrone exposure resulted in a significant decrease in survival and dry weight at 14.8 and 0.74 μg/L, respectively. Exposure to amiodarone and clozapine resulted in a significant decrease in survival and a significant increase in growth at concentrations of 1020 and 30.8 μg/L, respectively. Although the effect levels derived in this study are greater then concentrations observed in the environment, these data suggest that synthetic progestins may require additional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Overturf
- Department of Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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