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Castel R, Tassistro V, Lebarillier S, Dupuy N, Noack Y, Orsière T, Malleret L. Chemical and genotoxic characterization of bioaccessible fractions as a comprehensive in vitro tool in assessing the health risk due to dust-bound contaminant ingestion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33248-3. [PMID: 38691285 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33248-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
In the last two decades, awareness grew on the matter of the impact of environment on human health. Contaminants sorbed onto soil and settled dust can be ingested and thus represent a hazard, particularly to young children, who play on the ground and bring their hands and objects to their mouth. Metal(loid)s and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of concern as they are both carcinogenic to humans and ubiquitous in outdoor environments. The present study aims to assess the total and bioaccessible fractions of PAHs and metal(loid)s present in settled dust of four preschools located in industrial, urban, and suburban areas. On the one hand, children's incremental life cancer risks (ILCR) were calculated according to ingestion pathway. On the other hand, the genotoxicities of the bioaccessible dust-bonded contaminants were determined on gastric cells. PAH concentrations ranged from 50.9 to 2267.3 ng/g, and the bioaccessible fraction represented 10.7% of the total in average. Metal(loid) concentration ranged from 12,430 to 38,941 µg/g, and the mean bioaccessibility was of 40.1%. Cancer risk ranged from 2.8.105 to 8.6.105, indicating that there is a potential cancer risk for children linked to the ingestion of settled dust. The inorganic bioaccessible fraction induced little DNA (< 20%TailDNA) and chromosomal damages (30% increase in micronuclei), whereas the organic bioaccessible fraction induced higher DNA (17-63%TailDNA) and chromosomal damages (88% increase in micronuclei). Such experimental approach needs to be deepen, as a tool complementary to cancer risk calculation, since the latter only lays on a set of targeted contaminants with known toxicity values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Castel
- Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Marseille, France
- IMBE, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, AU, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Nathalie Dupuy
- IMBE, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, AU, Marseille, France
| | - Yves Noack
- CEREGE, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Thierry Orsière
- IMBE, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, AU, Marseille, France
| | - Laure Malleret
- Laboratoire Chimie Environnement, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Marseille, France.
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Starr JM, Valentini E, Parker B, Graham SE, Waldron F. In vitro modeling of the post-ingestion mobilization and bioaccessibility of pesticides sorbed to soil and house dust. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123295. [PMID: 38184152 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Soils and dusts can act as sinks for semivolatile lipophilic organic compounds and children ingest relatively large amounts of both soils and dusts. Following intake, sorbed chemicals may desorb (mobilize) and become available for intestinal absorption (bioaccessible). When chemicals are not degraded in the digestive tract, mobilization can approximate bioaccessibility. Alternatively, when gastrointestinal degradation of mobilized chemicals does occur, it can be useful to separate mobilization from bioaccessibility. In this study we used synthetic digestive fluids in a sequential, three-compartment (saliva, gastric, and intestinal) in vitro assay to construct mobilization and bioaccessibility models for 16 pesticides (log Kow 2.5-6.8) sorbed to 32 characterized soils and house dusts. To address the potential loss of mobilized pesticides due to absorption, the assays were repeated using a solid phase sorbent (tenax) added to the digestive fluid immediately after addition of the intestinal fluid components. We found that pesticide mobilization was predicted by pesticide log Kow and the carbon content of the soils and dusts. Pesticide loss measurably reduced the bioaccessibility of most pesticides, and bioaccessibility was largely predicted by log Kow and pesticide loss rate constants. Introduction of the sink increased mobilization by x̄ = 4 ± 6% (soil) and x̄ = 9 ± 7% (dust) while bioaccessibility increases were x̄ = 41 ± 21% (soil) and x̄ = 24 ± 12% (dust). The physicochemical properties of the soils, dusts, and pesticides used in this study successfully predicted the in vitro mobilization and bioaccessibility of the pesticides. This suggests that modeling of pesticide mobilization and bioaccessibility could reduce uncertainty in exposure and risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Starr
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Evelyn Valentini
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Bethany Parker
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow at the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Stephen E Graham
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Faith Waldron
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow at the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Chen XX, Li C, Selvaraj KK, Ji QS, Fang ZH, Yang SG, Li SY, Zhang LM, He H. Correlation analysis between the in vivo bioavailability and in vitro bioaccessibility of nitro PAHs in soil: Application of simplified FOREhST in vitro methods based on the Chinese pharmacopoeia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168722. [PMID: 38008317 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the relative bioavailability (RBA) of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) in soil samples (n = 30) was assessed using an in vivo mouse model. Based on the correlation between the bioaccessibility data obtained from the Tenax improved traditional Fed ORganic Estimation human Simulation Test (FOREhST) in vitro method (TITF) and the bioavailability data obtained from in vivo experiments, the TITF method was further optimized and simplified by referring to the "Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China: Volume IV, 2020" to adjust the formulation and parameters of the gastrointestinal fluid (GIF) in order to establish a simpler and lower cost in vitro method for the determination of the bioaccessibilities of NPAHs. The dose-accumulation relationship of the in vivo experiment showed that the linear dose-response was better in adipose tissue (R2 = 0.77-0.93), and the accumulation of NPAHs in adipose tissue was higher than that in kidney or liver tissue. Depending on the mouse adipose model, the NPAHs-RBA ranged from 1.88 % to 73.92 %, and a strongly significant negative relationship (R2 = 0.94, p < 0.05) was found between the NPAHs-RBA and Log Kow. The simplified experiment of the TITF showed that the composition of the GIF medium had a significant effect on the bioaccessibilities of NPAHs. The NPAH bioaccessibilities measured by the Tenax improved simplified FOREhST method (TISF) (9.0-36.5 %) were higher than that of the traditional FOREhST method (6.8-22.8 %) but significantly lower than that of the TITF method (16.8-55.2 %). With an increase in the bile concentration in the GIF (from 6 to 10 g/L), the bioaccessibilities of NPAHs increased from 9.0 to 36.5 % to 12.9-42.4 %. The accuracies of the four in vitro methods for predicting the bioavailabilities of NPAHs was in the following order: Tenax improved simplified FOREhST method with increased bile concentration (TITF-IB) (R2 = 0.54-0.87) ≈ TITF (R2 = 0.55-0.85) > TISF (R2 = 0.41-0.77) > FOREhST (R2 = 0.02-0.68). These results indicated that the simple in vitro method could also effectively predict the bioavailabilities of NPAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Xian Chen
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Krishna Kumar Selvaraj
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qing-Song Ji
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Fang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shao-Gui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shi-Yin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li-Min Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing 210023, China; Green Economy Development Institute, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Response Technology, Nanjing 210023, China; College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China.
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4
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Armada D, Martinez-Fernandez A, Celeiro M, Dagnac T, Llompart M. Assessment of the bioaccessibility of PAHs and other hazardous compounds present in recycled tire rubber employed in synthetic football fields. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159485. [PMID: 36257444 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recycled tire crumb rubber (RTCR) surfaces contain harmful and carcinogenic substances, which can be ingested by the users of these facilities, mainly athletes and children. In this work, the potential in-vitro oral bioaccessibility of eighteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from RTCR employed as infill in synthetic football fields was studied in human synthetic body fluids (saliva, gastric, duodenal and bile), prepared according the Unified Bioaccessibility Method. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) using commercial sorbents and a new green material based on cork (cork industry by-product) were used to isolate the bioaccessible PAHs before gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The method was optimized and validated attending the analytical figures of merit. The feasibility of cork biosorbent for the extraction of the compounds was demonstrated, as well as the suitability of the UBM method to perform the digestion with good precision. The application to real samples collected from football fields demonstrated the presence of 17 of the 18 target PAHs in the biofluids. Most volatile PAHs such as NAP, ACY, ACE, FLU, PHN and ANC, achieved the highest bioaccessibility percentage levels. The carcinogenic B[a]P was detected in 75 % of the samples at concentrations up to 2.5 ng g-1 (bioaccessible fraction). Children exposure assessment was carried out to identify potential risk. Other hazardous and environmentally problematic compounds such as N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-quinone), recently related with the dead of coho salmon, and hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM), among others, were also detected. This is the first study in which the bioaccesibility from real crumb rubber samples of 15 out of the 16 PAHs considered as priority pollutants by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the presence of 6PPD-quinone and HMMM in the bioaccessible fractions is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Armada
- CRETUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antia Martinez-Fernandez
- CRETUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Celeiro
- CRETUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Thierry Dagnac
- Agronomic Research Centre (AGACAL-CIAM), Unit of Organic Contaminants, Apartado 10, E-15080 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Maria Llompart
- CRETUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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5
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Qiu J, Zhang L, Cao Y, Zhao P, Zhang J, Li A. Bioaccessibility of paralytic shellfish toxins in different cooked shellfish using the simulated digestive model. Food Chem 2022; 390:133094. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Chormare R, Kumar MA. Environmental health and risk assessment metrics with special mention to biotransfer, bioaccumulation and biomagnification of environmental pollutants. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134836. [PMID: 35525441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The environment pollutants, which are landed up in environment because of human activities like urbanization, mining and industrializations, affects human health, plants and animals. The living organisms present in environment are constantly affected by the toxic pollutants through direct contact or bioaccumulation of chemicals from the environment. The toxic and hazardous pollutants are easily transferred to different environmental matrices like land, air and water bodies such as surface and ground waters. This comprehensive review deeply discusses the routes and causes of different environmental pollutants along with their toxicity, impact, occurrences and fate in the environment. Environment health and risk assessment tools that are used to evaluate the harmfulness, exposure of living organisms to pollutants and the amount of pollutant accumulated are explained with help of bio-kinetic models. Biotransfer, toxicity factor, biomagnification and bioaccumulation of different pollutants in the air, water and marine ecosystems are critically addressed. Thus, the presented survey would be collection of correlations those addresses the factors involved in assessing the environmental health and risk impacts of distinct environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishikesh Chormare
- Process Design and Engineering Cell, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhava Anil Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India; Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, 364 002, Gujarat, India.
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7
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Chen X, Li H, Kong X, Cheng X, Li C, He H, Selvaraj KK, Yang S, Li S, Zhang L. Evaluating the adsorption performance of Tenax TA® in different containers: An isolation tool to study the bioaccessibility of nitro-PAHs in spiked soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150429. [PMID: 34844299 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The improved in vitro gastrointestinal simulation methods, with the addition of the adsorption sink, are considered as a promising tool for predicting the bioaccessibility of contaminants. However, the problem associated with the recovery of the adsorption sink from the complex matrix needs more understand. Although previous studies tried to solve this shortcoming by using the containers (a vessel to hold the adsorption sink), there is no systematic comparison study on the impact of containers on bioaccessibility till now, especially for nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs). In order to understand the problem, commonly used containers in previous studies (dialysis bags and stainless-steel screen) were selected and deployed in the Fed Organic Estimation Human Simulation Test (FOREhST) method to compare the effects of these containers on the bioaccessibility of nitro-PAHs desorbed from the five different types of soils into the gastrointestinal fluid (GIF). Results showed that in order to maintain a constant sorptive gradient for the high molecular weight (MW) nitro-PAHs, 0.25 g of Tenax TA® were required in FOREhST. Compared with Tenax TA® encapsulated in dialysis bag (Tenax-EDBG), the use of Tenax TA® encapsulated in dissolution basket (Tenax-EDBT) significantly increased the bioaccessibility of nitro-PAHs in the soil from 5.6-31.4% to 17.2-70.6%, due to the better diffusion performance. The bioaccessibility of nitro-PAHs by FOREhST extraction with Tenax-EDBT showed a significant negative correlation with soil total organic carbon (TOC), whereas a weak correlation with pH. This study provides the researchers with a more standardized in vitro method to quantify the bioaccessibility of PAHs and their derivatives in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxian Chen
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huiming Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiangcheng Kong
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinying Cheng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China; College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, PR China.
| | - Krishna Kumar Selvaraj
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, China; Green Economy Development Institute, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China
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Chen X, Cheng X, Meng H, Selvaraj KK, Li H, He H, Du W, Yang S, Li S, Zhang L. Past, present, and future perspectives on the assessment of bioavailability/bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A 20-year systemic review based on scientific econometrics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 774:145585. [PMID: 33607432 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccessibility/bioavailability (bioac-bioav) is an important criterion in the risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), especially in the restoration of contaminated sites. Although, the bioac-bioav concept is widely employed in PAH risk assessment for both humans and wildlife, their growth and integration in risk assessment models are seldom discussed. Consequently, the relevant literature listed on Web of Science (WOS)™ was retrieved and analyzed using the bibliometric software Citespace in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of this issue. Due to the limitations of the literature search software, we manually searched the articles about PAHs bioac-bioav that were published before 2000. This stage focuses on research on the distribution coefficient of PAHs between different environmental phases and laid the foundation for the adsorption-desorption of PAHs in subsequent studies of the bioac-bioav of PAHs. The research progress on PAH bioac-bioav from 2000 to the present was evaluated using the Citespace software based on country- and discipline-wise publication volumes and research hotspots. The development stages of PAH bioac-bioav after 2000 were divided into four time segments. The first three segments (2000-2005, 2006-2010, and 2011-2015) focused on the degradation of PAHs and their in vivo (bioavailability)-in vitro (bioaccessibility) evaluation method and risk assessment. Meanwhile, the current (2016-present) research focuses on the establishment of analytical methods for assessing PAH derivatives at environmental concentrations and the optimization of various in vitro digestion methods, including chemical optimization (sorptive sink) and biological optimization (Caco-2 cell). The contents are aimed at supplying researchers with a deeper understanding of the development of PAH bioac-bioav.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxian Chen
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xinying Cheng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Han Meng
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Kumar Krishna Selvaraj
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Huiming Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China; College of Ecological and Resource Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key laboratory of Eco-Industrial Green Technology, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, Fujian 354300, PR China.
| | - Wenchao Du
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Engineering Lab of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Green Economy Development Institute, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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Anae J, Ahmad N, Kumar V, Thakur VK, Gutierrez T, Yang XJ, Cai C, Yang Z, Coulon F. Recent advances in biochar engineering for soil contaminated with complex chemical mixtures: Remediation strategies and future perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:144351. [PMID: 33453509 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal/metalloids (HMs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil have caused serious environmental problems, compromised agriculture quality, and have detrimental effects on all forms of life including humans. There is a need to develop appropriate and effective remediation methods to resolve combined contaminated problems. Although conventional technologies exist to tackle contaminated soils, application of biochar as an effective renewable adsorbent for enhanced bioremediation is considered by many scientific researchers as a promising strategy to mitigate HM/PAH co-contaminated soils. This review aims to: (i) provide an overview of biochar preparation and its application, and (ii) critically discuss and examine the prospects of (bio)engineered biochar for enhancing HMs/PAHs co-remediation efficacy by reducing their mobility and bioavailability. The adsorption effectiveness of a biochar largely depends on the type of biomass material, carbonisation method and pyrolysis conditions. Biochar induced soil immobilise and remove metal ions via various mechanisms including electrostatic attractions, ion exchange, complexation and precipitation. PAHs remediation mechanisms are achieved via pore filling, hydrophobic effect, electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bond and partitioning. During last decade, biochar engineering (modification) via biological and chemical approaches to enhance contaminant removal efficiency has garnered greater interests. Hence, the development and application of (bio)engineered biochars in risk management, contaminant management associated with HM/PAH co-contaminated soil. In terms of (bio)engineered biochar, we review the prospects of amalgamating biochar with hydrogel, digestate and bioaugmentation to produce biochar composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Anae
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Nafees Ahmad
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK; Environmental Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Centre, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Tony Gutierrez
- Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering (IMPEE), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Xiao Jin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chao Cai
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zhugen Yang
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Frederic Coulon
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK.
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Trujillo-Rodríguez MJ, Gomila RM, Martorell G, Miró M. Microscale extraction versus conventional approaches for handling gastrointestinal extracts in oral bioaccessibility assays of endocrine disrupting compounds from microplastic contaminated beach sand. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115992. [PMID: 33246769 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The unified bioaccessibility method (UBM) was harnessed to assess in vitro oral bioaccessibility pools of dialkyl phthalate congeners (with methyl, -ethyl, -butylbenzyl, -n-butyl, -2-ethylhexyl, and -n-octyl moieties) and bisphenol A at the 17 μg g-1 level in beach sand contaminated with polyethylene microplastics. A variety of sample preparation approaches prior to the analysis of the UBM gastrointestinal extracts, including traditional methods (protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, and solid-phase extraction) and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) were comprehensively evaluated for clean-up and analyte enrichment. DLLME was chosen among all tested approaches on account of the high extraction efficiency (73-95%, excluding bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and di-n-octyl phthalate), high sample throughput (∼7 min per set of samples), and environmental friendliness as demonstrated by the analytical eco-scale score of 83, and the green analytical procedure index pictogram with green/yellow labeling. The release of the less hydrophobic plastic-laden compounds (dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate and bisphenol A) from the contaminated sample into the body fluids was significant, with bioaccessibility values ranging from 30 to 70%, and from 43 to 74% in gastric and gastrointestinal fluids, respectively, and with relative standard deviation < 17% in all cases. The majority of the compounds were leached during gastric digestion, likely as the combined action of the low pH and the gastric enzymes. The risk exposure analysis revealed that accumulation/concentration in the body fluids is potentially relevant for dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate and bisphenol A, with relative accumulation ratios ranging from 1.1 ± 0.1 to 2.6 ± 0.4. The average daily intake values for the suite of compounds, corrected with the bioaccessibility fraction, ranged from 60 to 430 ng kg of body weight-1·day-1, in all cases, far below the tolerable daily intakes, thus indicating the lack of children health risk by ingestion of microplastic-laden sand with elevated concentrations of plasticizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Trujillo-Rodríguez
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Rosa M Gomila
- Serveis Cientificotècnics, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, E- 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Gabriel Martorell
- Serveis Cientificotècnics, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, E- 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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11
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Lu M, Li G, Yang Y, Yu Y. A review on in-vitro oral bioaccessibility of organic pollutants and its application in human exposure assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:142001. [PMID: 32892057 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Generally, human oral exposure assessments of contaminants have not considered the absorption factor in the human gastrointestinal tract, thus overestimating human exposure and associated health risk. Currently, more researchers are adding the absorption factor into human exposure assessment, and bioaccessibility measured by in-vitro methods is generally replacing bioavailability for estimation because of the cheap and rapid determination. However, no single unified in-vitro method is used for bioaccessibility measurement of organic pollutants, although several methods have been developed for these pollutants and have shown good in vitro-in vivo correlation between bioaccessibility and bioavailability. The present review has focused on the development of in-vitro methods, validation of these methods through in-vivo assays, determination of factors influencing bioaccessibility, application of bioaccessibility in human exposure assessment, and the challenges faced. Overall, most in-vitro methods were validated using bioavailability, and better in vitro-in vivo correlations were obtained when absorption sinks were added to the digestion solution to mimic dynamic absorption of organic chemicals by small intestine. Incorporating bioaccessibility into the estimation of human exposure by oral ingestion significantly decreases the estimated exposure dose. However, more investigations on bioaccessibility of hydrophobic organic compounds are urgently needed because many challenges for in-vitro methods remain to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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12
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Beriro DJ, Cave M, Kim A, Craggs J, Wragg J, Thomas R, Taylor C, Nathanail CP, Vane C. Soil-sebum partition coefficients for high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAH). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 398:122633. [PMID: 32512434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In vitro high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAH) soil-sebum partition coefficients (KSS) were measured for twelve soils collected from former UK gasworks. Concentrations of ∑16 USEPA PAH in the soils ranged from 51 to 1440 mg/kg. Time series extractions (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h) at skin temperature (32 °C) of HMW-PAH from sebum to soil for two samples were conducted to determine the maximum release time-step. The maximum HMW-PAH release time-step was determined as 4 h, which was subsequently used as the extraction time for the remaining samples. The 4 h extraction for all samples showed HMW-PAH KSS ranging from 0.06 to 1.4 (median = 0.59; mean = 0.59; standard deviation = 0.27; median absolute deviation = 0.29). Evaluation of KSS data for the 4 h extractions showed that soil type and selected HMW-PAH properties (literature based molecular weight and octanol-carbon partition coefficients) affect the amount of HMW-PAH released from soil into sebum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Beriro
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK.
| | - Mark Cave
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Alex Kim
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Jonathan Craggs
- University of Nottingham, School of Geography, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Joanna Wragg
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK
| | | | - Christopher Taylor
- National Grid Property Holdings Ltd. National Grid House, Warwick Technology Park, Gallows Hill, Warwick, CV34 6DA, UK
| | - C Paul Nathanail
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK; Land Quality Management, Sir Colin Campbell Building, University of Nottingham Innovation Park, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK
| | - Christopher Vane
- British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK
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13
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Trujillo-Rodríguez MJ, Rosende M, Miró M. Combining in vitro oral bioaccessibility methods with biological assays for human exposome studies of contaminants of emerging concern in solid samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Starr JM, Li W, Graham SE, Shen H, Waldron F. Is food type important for in vitro post ingestion bioaccessibility models of polychlorinated biphenyls sorbed to soil? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 704:135421. [PMID: 31806324 PMCID: PMC7051099 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soils are sorbents for many organic compounds and children consume relatively large amounts of soil. To improve the estimated health risks from this exposure pathway, we examined the role of co-ingested foods in determining the post-ingestion bioaccessibility (mobilization) of 18 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) sorbed to 10 characterized soils. The bioaccessibility test system (DIN 19738, 2004) was an in vitro, 3-compartment, digestive tract containing salts, protein, and bile. Each soil was fortified with PCBs, then, digestive fluids appropriate to each compartment, were added sequentially. Next, digestive fluid and soil were seperated and PCB concentrations in both media were measured. This complete test system was then reduced to assess contributions of individual endogenous digestive fluid constituents (water, salts, pancreatin, bile, and mucin) and representative foods: protein (bovine serum albumin (BSA)), sugar (glucose), and fat (oleic acid). Then, the influence of increasing concentrations of BSA, glucose, and oleic acid was evaluated (individually) complete test systems. In a subset of the samples, solid phase microextraction (SPME) was used to measure freely dissolved PCBs. Across all treatments, percent soil organic carbon was the most influential bioaccessibility determinant, accounting for ≥87% of the explained variation. When evaluated individually, pancreatin, mucin, BSA, bile, and oleic acid each effectively increased PCB bioaccessibility and reduced freely dissolved PCB concentrations. This suggests competitive sorption of PCBs by organic constituents of the digestive constituents. Without sink material, intra-PCB mobilization differences were observed as freely dissolved PCB concentrations inversely correlated (p < 0.05) with their respective log Kow's. When added to the complete digestive fluid, increasing oleic acid mass increased PCB bioaccessibility (p < 0.05), while adding more BSA or glucose did not (p > 0.05). This indicates that fat intake may be the sole consideration needed when modeling dietary contributions to bioaccessibility of soil sorbed PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Starr
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Weiwei Li
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow at the United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Stephen E Graham
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Haitao Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, 310051 Hangzhou, China
| | - Faith Waldron
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow at the United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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15
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Vane CH, Kim AW, Moss-Hayes V, Turner G, Mills K, Chenery SR, Barlow TS, Kemp AC, Engelhart SE, Hill TD, Horton BP, Brain M. Organic pollutants, heavy metals and toxicity in oil spill impacted salt marsh sediment cores, Staten Island, New York City, USA. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 151:110721. [PMID: 32056581 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sediment cores from Staten Island's salt marsh contain multiple historical oil spill events that impact ecological health. Microtox solid phase bioassay indicated moderate to high toxicity. Multiple spikes of TPH (6524 to 9586 mg/kg) and Σ16 PAH (15.5 to 18.9 mg/kg) were co-incident with known oil spills. A high TPH background of 400-700 mg/kg was attributed to diffuse sources. Depth-profiled metals Cu (1243 mg/kg), Zn (1814 mg/kg), Pb (1140 mg/kg), Ni (109 mg/kg), Hg (7 mg/kg), Cd 15 (mg/kg) exceeded sediment quality guidelines confirming adverse biological effects. Changes in Pb206/207 suggested three metal contaminant sources and diatom assemblages responded to two contamination events. Organic and metal contamination in Saw Mill Creek Marsh may harm sensitive biota, we recommend caution in the management of the 20-50 cm sediment interval because disturbance could lead to remobilisation of pre-existing legacy contamination into the waterway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Vane
- British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK.
| | - Alexander W Kim
- British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Vicky Moss-Hayes
- British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Grenville Turner
- British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Keely Mills
- British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Simon R Chenery
- British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Thomas S Barlow
- British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Andrew C Kemp
- Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Simon E Engelhart
- Department of Geography, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Troy D Hill
- United States Department of the Interior, South Florida Natural Resources Center, Homestead, FL 33030, USA
| | - Benjamin P Horton
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Matthew Brain
- Department of Geography, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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16
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Rosende M, Prieto A, Etxebarria N, Martorell G, Miró M. Automatic Mesofluidic System Combining Dynamic Gastrointestinal Bioaccessibility with Lab-on-Valve-Based Sorptive Microextraction for Risk Exposure of Organic Emerging Contaminants in Filter-Feeding Organisms. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5739-5746. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Rosende
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, 48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Nestor Etxebarria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza z/g, 48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Gabriel Martorell
- Serveis Cientificotècnics, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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17
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Zeng Y, Fan Y, Yan X, Zheng J, Chen SJ, Mai BX. In vitro oral and inhalation bioaccessibility of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in airborne particles and influence of relevant parameters. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 170:134-140. [PMID: 30579987 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccessibility of environmental contaminants has been assessed widely using in vitro simulation; however, the physiological parameters used vary greatly. In this study, we assessed the influence of various physiological parameters and food material on the oral or inhalation bioaccessibility of PM2.5-bound hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs), including halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results showed that physiologically based pepsin and pancreatin have a small influence on the HOC liberation from particles. The bioaccessibility increased dramatically when the bile salt concentrations exceeding the critical micelle concentration, and application of porcine bile salts probably lead to underestimated bioaccessibility. Protein and carbohydrates significantly increased the bioaccessibility of most HOCs, while a significant bioaccessibility reduction was caused by green tea. The bioaccessibility of most HOCs was not promoted by liquor under normal physiological condition, but was significantly promoted under fast condition. Long residence time of PM2.5 in the lung (15 days) would result in higher mobilization of PAHs into the lung fluid than short time (one day). However, the inverse time-dependence for OPFRs suggests degradation in the lung fluid. A mechanism of hydrolysis of organophosphorus ester is hypothesized, and the half lives ranged from 17 to 90 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - She-Jun Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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18
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Kang Y, Zeng D, Man YB, Liu J, Yang Y, Li S, Situ K, Xiong W, Zeng L, Zhang Q, Luo J, Pan W, Jiang F, Wong MH. Comparison of sorption kinetics of PAHs by sorptive sinks and caco-2 cell and the correlation between bioaccessibility and bioavailability of PAHs in indoor dust. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:170-178. [PMID: 30021174 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sorptive sinks are extensively used in the bioaccessibility of organic contaminants, but their suitability for simulating the intestinal cell is seldom reported. In the present study, the sorption efficiency of PAHs by sorptive sinks including silica, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (polyE), tenax, and C18 were compared with that by caco-2 cells. The elimination rate constants of phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene by caco-2 cell were 0.0417 ± 0.006 min-1, 0.0411 ± 0.0074 min-1, 0.0362 ± 0.006 min-1, and 0.0526 ± 0.0037 min-1, respectively, which were more closely to that of silica and polyE compared to other materials. This indicated that these materials might be the preferable sorptive sinks to simulate absorption of PAHs by intestinal cells. The bioaccessibility of phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene in indoor dust ranged from 15.5-43.5%, 9.10-38.8%, 10.0-37.9%, and 6.00-21.9%, respectively, based on physiologically based extraction test (PBET) and the sorptive sinks added in the intestinal solution led to 1.17 to 8.47-fold enhancement of bioaccessibility. The correlation of in vivo PAHs relative bioavailability (RBA) and in vitro digestion bioaccessibility with or without the sorptive sinks of indoor dust were measured, and the results indicated that silica and polyE were more likely to predict PAHs RBA of indoor dust, which was consistent with the results of sorption kinetics assay. The present results indicate that silica and polyE have the potential to simulate caco-2 cell and the inclusion of these materials in the PBET is likely to predict PAHs RBA in indoor dust. Capsule: Silica and polyE were more likely to simulate absorption of PAHs by intestinal cells, and to predict PAHs RBA of indoor dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Kang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006,People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Diya Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006,People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Bon Man
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006,People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006,People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwei Li
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006,People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiqiao Situ
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006,People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006,People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixuan Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006,People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyun Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006,People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Luo
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006,People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijian Pan
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006,People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006,People's Republic of China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Souza LA, Rosende M, Korn MGA, Miró M. Flow-through dynamic microextraction system for automatic in vitro assessment of chyme bioaccessibility in food commodities. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1026:51-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Raffy G, Mercier F, Glorennec P, Mandin C, Le Bot B. Oral bioaccessibility of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in settled dust: A review of measurement methods, data and influencing factors. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 352:215-227. [PMID: 29621676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Many semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), suspected of reprotoxic, neurotoxic or carcinogenic effects, were measured in indoor settled dust. Dust ingestion is a non-negligible pathway of exposure to some of these SVOCs, and an accurate knowledge of the real exposure is necessary for a better evaluation of health risks. To this end, the bioaccessibility of SVOCs in dust needs to be considered. In the present work, bioaccessibility measurement methods, SVOCs' oral bioaccessibility data and influencing factors were reviewed. SVOC bioaccessibilities (%) ranged from 11 to 94, 8 to 100, 3 to 92, 1 to 81, 6 to 52, and 2 to 17, for brominated flame retardants, organophosphorus flame retardants, polychlorobiphenyls, phthalates, pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, respectively. Measurements method produced varying results depending on the inclusion of food and/or sink in the model. Characteristics of dust, e.g., organic matter content and particle size, also influenced bioaccessibility data. Last, results were influenced by SVOC properties, such as octanol/water partition coefficient and migration pathway into dust. Factors related to dust and SVOCs could be used in prediction models. To this end, more bioaccessibility studies covering more substances should be performed, using methods that are harmonized and validated by comparison to in-vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Raffy
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F 35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Fabien Mercier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Université Paris Est, CSTB - Scientific and Technical Center for Building, OQAI - French Indoor Air Quality Observatory, 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès Champs-sur-Marne 77447 Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F 35000, Rennes, France
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21
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Kademoglou K, Williams AC, Collins CD. Bioaccessibility of PBDEs present in indoor dust: A novel dialysis membrane method with a Tenax TA® absorption sink. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:1-8. [PMID: 29175617 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human uptake of flame retardants (FRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) via indoor dust ingestion is commonly considered as 100% bioaccessible, leading to potential risk overestimation. Here, we present a novel in vitro colon-extended physiologically-based extraction test (CE-PBET) with Tenax TA® as an absorptive "sink" capable to enhance PBDE gut bioaccessibility. A cellulose-based dialysis membrane (MW cut-off 3.5kDa) with high pH and temperature tolerance was used to encapsulate Tenax TA®, facilitating efficient physical separation between the absorbent and the dust, while minimizing re-absorption of the ingested PBDEs to the dust particles. As a proof of concept, PBDE-spiked indoor dust samples (n=3) were tested under four different conditions; without any Tenax TA® addition (control) and with three different Tenax TA® loadings (i.e. 0.25, 0.5 or 0.75g). Our results show that in order to maintain a constant sorptive gradient for the low MW PBDEs, 0.5g of Tenax TA® are required in CE-PBET. Tenax TA® inclusion (0.5g) resulted in 40% gut bioaccessibility for BDE153 and BDE183, whereas greater bioaccessibility values were seen for less hydrophobic PBDEs such as BDE28 and BDE47 (~60%). When tested using SRM 2585 (n=3), our new Tenax TA® method did not present any statistically significant effect (p>0.05) between non-spiked and PBDE-spiked SRM 2585 treatments. Our study describes an efficient method where due to the sophisticated design, Tenax TA® recovery and subsequent bioaccessibility determination can be simply and reliably achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Kademoglou
- Soil Research Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, RG6 6DW Reading, UK.
| | - Adrian C Williams
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, RG6 6AD Reading, UK
| | - Chris D Collins
- Soil Research Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, RG6 6DW Reading, UK.
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22
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James K, Peters RE, Cave MR, Wickstrom M, Siciliano SD. In vitro prediction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioavailability of 14 different incidentally ingested soils in juvenile swine. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:682-689. [PMID: 29056386 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Predicting mammalian bioavailability of PAH mixtures from in vitro bioaccessibility results has proven to be an elusive goal. In an attempt to improve in vitro predictions of PAH soil bioavailability we investigated how energetic input influences PAH bioaccessibility by using a high and low energetic shaking method. Co-inertia analysis (COIA), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were also used to examine PAH-PAH interactions during ingestion. PAH bioaccessibility was determined from 14 historically contaminated soils using the fed organic estimation of the human simulation test (FOREhST) with inclusion of a silicone rod as a sorption sink and compared to bioavailability estimates from the juvenile swine model. Shaking method significantly affected PAH bioaccessibility in the FOREhST model, with PAH desorption from the high energy FOREhST almost an order of magnitude greater compared to the low energy FOREhST. PAH-PAH interactions significantly influenced PAH bioavailability and when these interactions were used in a linear model, the model predicted benzo(a)anthracene bioavailability with an slope of 1 and r2 of 0.66 and for benzo(a)pyrene bioavailability has a slope of 1 and r2 of 0.65. Lastly, to confirm the effects as determined by COIA and SEM, we spiked low levels of benzo(a)anthracene into historically contaminated soils, and observed a significant increase in benzo(a)pyrene bioaccessibility. By accounting for PAH interactions, and reducing the energetics of in vitro extractions, we were able to use bioaccessibility to predict bioavailability across 14 historically contaminated soils. Our work suggests that future work on PAH bioavailability and bioaccessibility should focus on the dynamics of how the matrix of PAHs present in the soil interact with mammalian systems. Such interactions should not only include the chemical interactions discussed here but also the interactions of PAH mixtures with mammalian uptake systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle James
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Rachel E Peters
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mark R Cave
- British Geological Survey, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Wickstrom
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Steven D Siciliano
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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23
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Yu L, Duan L, Naidu R, Semple KT. Abiotic factors controlling bioavailability and bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil: Putting together a bigger picture. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 613-614:1140-1153. [PMID: 28954375 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The bioavailability and bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil underpin the risk assessment of contaminated land with these contaminants. Despite a significant volume of research conducted in the past few decades, comprehensive understanding of the factors controlling the behaviour of soil PAHs and a set of descriptive soil parameters to explain variations in PAH bioavailability and bioaccessibility are still lacking. This review focuses on the role of source materials on bioavailability and bioaccessibility of soil PAHs, which is often overlooked, along with other abiotic factors including contaminant concentration and mixture, soil composition and properties, as well as environmental factors. It also takes into consideration the implications of different types of risk assessment (ecological and human health) on bioavailability and bioaccessibility of PAHs in soil. We recommend that future research should (1) account for the effects of source materials on bioavailability and bioaccessibility of soil PAHs; (2) adopt non-disruptive methods to analyse soil components controlling PAH sequestration; (3) integrate both natural organic matter (NOM) and xenobiotic organic matter (XOM) while evaluating the influences of soil organic matter (SOM) on the behaviour of PAHs; and (4) consider the dissimilar desorption scenarios in ecological risk assessment and human health risk assessment while assessing PAH bioavailability and bioaccessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbo Yu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE Pty Ltd), ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Luchun Duan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE Pty Ltd), ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE Pty Ltd), ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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Zhang S, Li C, Li Y, Zhang R, Gao P, Cui X, Ma LQ. Bioaccessibility of PAHs in contaminated soils: Comparison of five in vitro methods with Tenax as a sorption sink. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:968-974. [PMID: 28582742 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
For hydrophobic organic contaminants, physiologically based in vitro methods may need to include a sorption sink to simulate in vivo intestinal uptake. We compared PAH bioaccessibility in contaminated soils using five in vitro methods including physiologically based extraction test (PBET), in vitro digestion assay (IVD), method from Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN), unified bioaccessibility method (UBM), and fed organic estimation human simulation test (FOREhST) in the absence and presence of Tenax as a sorption sink. The PAH bioaccessibility without Tenax were pretty low with values ranging from below detection limit to 13.4%, indicating the limited capacity of these in vitro models to accommodate PAHs. With addition of Tenax, bioaccessibility increased to 0.59-75.5% for all PAH congeners. Even with the dominant effect of sorption sink, bioaccessibility values significantly varied among all the five methods with DIN result being the highest at 7.0-34.8%. Based on multiple linear regression, Tenax, incubation time, and bile contents are identified to be the most important factors in controlling bioaccessibility. The understanding of these key factors for bioaccessibility is highly necessary to standardize in vitro methods, which helps to refine the assessment of health risk through exposure to ingested contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunzi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruirui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Gao
- Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Xinyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
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25
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Ranjbar Jafarabadi A, Riyahi Bakhtiari A, Aliabadian M, Shadmehri Toosi A. Spatial distribution and composition of aliphatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and hopanes in superficial sediments of the coral reefs of the Persian Gulf, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 224:195-223. [PMID: 28216134 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first quantitative report on petroleum biomarkers from the coral reefs systems of the Persian Gulf. 120 reef surface sediment samples from ten fragile coral reef ecosystems were collected and analyzed for grain size, biogenic elements, elemental ratios, and petroleum biomarkers (n-alkanes, PAHs1 and Hopanes) to assess the sources and early diagenesis of sedimentary organic matter. The mean grain size of the reef sediments ranged from 13.56 to 37.11% (Clay), 26.92 to 51.73% (Sand) and 35.97 to 43.85% (Silt). TOC2 (3.35-9.72 mg.g-1) and TON3 (0.4-1.10 mg.g-1) were identified as influencing factors on the accumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons, whilst BC4 (1.08-3.28 mg.g-1) and TIN5 (0.13-0.86) did not exhibit any determining effect. Although BC and TIN demonstrated heterogeneous spatial distribution, TOC and TON indicated homogenous distribution with continually upward trend in concentration from the east to west ward of the Gulf. The mean calculated TOC/TN ratios vacillated according to the stations (p < 0.05) from 2.96 at Shidvar Island to 8.64 at Hengam Island. The high TOC/TN ratios were observed in the Hengam (8.64), Kharg (8.04) and Siri (6.29), respectively, suggesting a predominant marine origin. The mean concentrations of ∑C11-35n-alkanes, ∑30 PAHs and ∑9Hopanes were found in the ranges of 385-937 μg.g-1dw, (overall mean:590 μg.g-1dw), 326-793 ng.g-1dw (499 ng.g-1dw), 88 to 568 ng.g-1 d (258 ng.g-1dw), respectively. Higher concentrations of detected petroleum biomarkers in reef sediments were chiefly distributed near main industrial areas, Kharg, Lavan and Siri, whilst the lower concentrations were in Hormoz and Qeshm. In addition, one-way ANOVA6 analysis demonstrated considerably significant differences (p < 0.05) among concentration of detected total petroleum hydrocarbons between most sampling locations. Some sampling sites especially Kharg, Lavan, Siri and Lark indicated higher concentration of n-alkanes due to the higher maintenance of organic matter by high clay content in the sediments. Furthermore, most sediment samples, except for Hormoz, Qeshm and Hengam showed an even carbon preference for n-alkanes which could be correlated to bacterial input. NPMDS7 analysis also demonstrated that among the congeners of petroleum biomarkers, n-C12,n-C14, n-C16,n-C18 and n-C20 for n-alkanes, Phe8 and Naph9 along with their Alkyl homologues for PAHs (2-3 rings accounted for 60%) and C30αβ and C29αβ for Hopanes were discriminated from their other congeners in the whole study area. Our results based on the PCA10 analysis and diagnostic indices of AHs11 and PAHs along with ring classification of PAHs, in addition, the ubiquitous presence of UCM,12 and Hopanes revealed that the main sources of the pollution were petroleum and petroleum combustion mainly from offshore oil exploration and extraction, discharge of pollutants from shipping activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ranjbar Jafarabadi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, TarbiatModares University(TMU), Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, TarbiatModares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Mansour Aliabadian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Shadmehri Toosi
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, Iran
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26
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Quintana JB, Rosende M, Montes R, Rodríguez-Álvarez T, Rodil R, Cela R, Miró M. In-vitro estimation of bioaccessibility of chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust by fasting and fed physiologically relevant extraction tests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:540-549. [PMID: 27993474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the evaluation of in-vitro physiologically relevant extraction tests for ascertainment of the bioaccessible fractions of emerging flame retardants from indoor dust in the gastric and gastrointestinal compartments. Standardized bioaccessibility tests under both fasting (UBM-like test) and fed (FOREhST test) conditions simulating the macronutrient composition of an average child diet were harnessed for investigation of the oral bioaccessibility of chlorinated organophosphate esters, namely, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCP), in household and automobile cabin dust samples with varying concentration levels of contaminants. Minimal processing of the biomimetic extracts (only protein precipitation using acetonitrile) was proven feasible by analysis with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS/MS). An inversely proportional relationship was identified between log Kow and oral bioaccessibility concentrations for TCEP, TCPP and TDCP in both dust samples with maximum bioaccessibility fractions for TCEP within the range of 50-103%. Non-bioaccessible fractions were determined by matrix-solid phase dispersion. Limits of quantification of LC-MS/MS in surrogate digestive fluids ranging from 0.4-0.8ng/mL suffice for determination of freely dissolved fractions of the two less hydrophobic species. Our results indicate that lipophilic food commodities used under fed-state gastrointestinal extraction conditions do not increase availability of TCEP, TCPP and TDCP in body fluids, and therefore conservative conditions in human health risk explorations for the target moderately polar flame retardants might be obtained with simplified tests under fasting conditions. This also holds true for the UBM/FOREhST bioaccessibility data for SRM 2585 (organic contaminants in house dust). Estimated average daily intake doses for toddlers incorporating oral bioaccessibility data afforded body burdens for the three chlorinated alkyl phosphates of ca. 3000 to 700 times below reference dose values, which indicate that long-term exposure to chlorinated organophosphate esters via accidental ingestion of indoor dust does not pose health risks to toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - María Rosende
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tania Rodríguez-Álvarez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
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27
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Umeh AC, Duan L, Naidu R, Semple KT. Residual hydrophobic organic contaminants in soil: Are they a barrier to risk-based approaches for managing contaminated land? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 98:18-34. [PMID: 27745947 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Risk-based approaches to managing contaminated land, rather than approaches based on complete contaminant removal, have gained acceptance as they are likely to be more feasible and cost effective. Risk-based approaches aim to minimise risks of exposure of a specified contaminant to humans. However, adopting a risk-based approach over alternative overly-conservative approaches requires that associated uncertainties in decision making are understood and minimised. Irrespective of the nature of contaminants, a critical uncertainty is whether there are potential risks associated with exposure to the residual contaminant fractions in soil to humans and other ecological receptors, and how they should be considered in the risk assessment process. This review focusing on hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs), especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), suggests that there is significant uncertainty on the residual fractions of contaminants from risk perspectives. This is because very few studies have focused on understanding the desorption behaviour of HOCs, with few or no studies considering the influence of exposure-specific factors. In particular, it is not clear whether the exposure of soil-associated HOCs to gastrointestinal fluids and enzyme processes release bound residues. Although, in vitro models have been used to predict PAH bioaccessibility, and chemical extractions have been used to determine residual fractions in various soils, there are still doubts about what is actually being measured. Therefore it is not certain which bioaccessibility method currently represents the best choice, or provides the best estimate, of in vivo PAH bioavailability. It is suggested that the fate and behaviour of HOCs in a wide range of soils, and that consider exposure-specific scenarios, be investigated. Exposure-specific scenarios are important for validation purposes, which may be useful for the development of standardised methods and procedures for HOC bioaccessibility determinations. Research is needed to propose the most appropriate testing methods and for assessing potential risks posed by residual fractions of HOCs. Such investigations may be useful for minimising uncertainties associated with a risk-based approach, so that consideration may then be given to its adoption on a global scale. This review critically appraises existing information on the bioavailability of HOC residues in soil to establish whether there may be risks from highly sequestered contaminant residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Umeh
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Luchun Duan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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28
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Guney M, Chapuis RP, Zagury GJ. Lung bioaccessibility of contaminants in particulate matter of geological origin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:24422-24434. [PMID: 27080406 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been associated with adverse health effects. While inhalation exposure to airborne PM is a prominent research subject, exposure to PM of geological origin (i.e., generated from soil/soil-like material) has received less attention. This review discusses the contaminants in PM of geological origin and their relevance for human exposure and then evaluates lung bioaccessibility assessment methods and their use. PM of geological origin can contain toxic elements as well as organic contaminants. Observed/predicted PM lung clearance times are long, which may lead to prolonged contact with lung environment. Thus, certain exposure scenarios warrant the use of in vitro bioaccessibility testing to predict lung bioavailability. Limited research is available on lung bioaccessibility test development and test application to PM of geological origin. For in vitro tests, test parameter variation between different studies and concerns about physiological relevance indicate a crucial need for test method standardization and comparison with relevant animal data. Research is recommended on (1) developing robust in vitro lung bioaccessibility methods, (2) assessing bioaccessibility of various contaminants (especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) in PM of diverse origin (surface soils, mine tailings, etc.), and (3) risk characterization to determine relative importance of exposure to PM of geological origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Guney
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Robert P Chapuis
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Gerald J Zagury
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3A7, Canada.
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29
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Herrera MA, Rosende M, Arruda MAZ, Miró M. On-line coupling of physiologically relevant bioaccessibility testing to inductively coupled plasma spectrometry: Proof of concept for fast assessment of gastrointestinal bioaccessibility of micronutrients from soybeans. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 939:1-9. [PMID: 27639139 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In-vitro physiologically relevant gastrointestinal extraction based on the validated Unified BARGE Method (UBM) is in this work hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry in a batch-flow configuration for real-time monitoring of oral bioaccessibility assays with high temporal resolution. A fully automated flow analyzer is designed to foster in-line filtration of gastrointestinal extracts at predefined times (≤15 min) followed by on-line multi-elemental analysis of bioaccessible micro-nutrients, viz., Cu, Fe and Mn, in well-defined volumes of extracts (300 μL) of transgenic and non-transgenic soybean seeds taken as model samples. The hyphenated flow setup allows for recording of temporal extraction profiles to gain full knowledge of the kinetics of the gastrointestinal digestion processes, including element leaching and concomitant precipitation and complexation reactions hindering bioavailability. Simplification of the overall standard procedure is also feasible by identification of steady-state extraction conditions. Our findings indicate that reliable measurement of oral bioaccessible pools of Cu, Fe and Mn in soybean might be obtained in less than 180 min rather than 240 min as endorsed by UBM. Using a matrix-matched external calibration, limits of detection according to the 3s criteria were 0.5 μg/g for Mn, 0.6 μg/g for Cu and 2.3 μg/g for Fe. Trueness of the automatic bioaccessibility method was confirmed by mass balance validation with recoveries ranging from 87 to 116% regardless of the target element and sample. Cu was the micronutrient with the highest oral bioaccessibility ranging from 73% to 83% (7.5-7.9 μg/g) for non-transgenic and transgenic soybeans, respectively, followed by Mn and Fe within the ranges of 29-31% (10.8-11.4 μg/g) and 11-15% (8-14 μg/g), respectively, regardless of transgenesis. The proposed kinetic method is proven suitable for fast and expedient estimation of the nutritional value of soybeans and elucidation of the potential effect of transgenesis onto bioaccessible fractions of elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Alejandra Herrera
- GEPAM Group, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - María Rosende
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Marco Aurélio Zezzi Arruda
- GEPAM Group, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manuel Miró
- FI-TRACE Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
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30
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Cui XY, Xiang P, He RW, Juhasz A, Ma LQ. Advances in in vitro methods to evaluate oral bioaccessibility of PAHs and PBDEs in environmental matrices. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 150:378-389. [PMID: 26921590 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cleanup goals for sites contaminated with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are often established based on total contaminant concentrations. However, mounting evidence suggests that understanding contaminant bioavailability in soils is necessary for accurate assessment of contaminant exposure to humans via oral ingestion pathway. Animal-based in vivo tests have been used to assess contaminant bioavailability in soils; however, due to ethical issues and cost, it is desirable to use in vitro assays as alternatives. Various in vitro methods have been developed, which simulate human gastrointestinal (GI) tract using different digestion fluids. These methods can be used to predict POP bioavailability in soils, foods, and indoor dust after showing good correlation with in vivo animal data. Here, five common in vitro methods are evaluated and compared using PAHs and PBDEs as an example of traditional and emerging POPs. Their applications and limitations are discussed while focusing on method improvements and future challenges to predict POP bioavailability in different matrices. The discussions should shed light for future research to accurately assess human exposure to POPs via oral ingestion pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Cui
- State Key Lab of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- State Key Lab of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Rui-Wen He
- State Key Lab of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Albert Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Lab of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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31
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Cachada A, da Silva EF, Duarte AC, Pereira R. Risk assessment of urban soils contamination: The particular case of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 551-552:271-284. [PMID: 26878639 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of soil quality and characterization of potential risks to the environment and human health can be a very difficult task due to the heterogeneity and complexity of the matrix, the poor understanding about the fate of contaminants in the soil matrix, scarcity of toxicological/ecotoxicological data and variability of guidelines. In urban soils these difficulties are enhanced by the patchy nature of urban areas and the presence of complex mixtures of organic and inorganic contaminants resulting from diffuse pollution caused by urban activities (e.g. traffic, industrial activity, and burning of carbon sources for heating). Yet, several tools are available which may help to assess the risks of soil contamination in a simpler, cost effective and reliable way. Within these tools, a tiered risk assessment (RA) approach, first based on a chemical screening in combination with geostatistical tools, may be very useful in urban areas. However, there is still much to improve and a long way to go in order to obtain a reliable RA, especially in the case of hydrophobic organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This paper aims at proposing a RA framework to assess the environmental and human health risks of PAHs present in urban soils, based on existing models. In addition, a review on ecotoxicological, toxicological, and exposure assessment data was made, as well as of the existing soil quality guidelines for PAHs that can be used in the RA process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cachada
- University of Aveiro, Department of Chemistry & CESAM, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
| | - E Ferreira da Silva
- University of Aveiro, Department of Geosciences & GeoBioTec-GeoBioSciences, Geotechnologies and Geoengineering Research Center, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A C Duarte
- University of Aveiro, Department of Chemistry & CESAM, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - R Pereira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Oporto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Oporto, Portugal
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32
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Ruby MV, Lowney YW, Bunge AL, Roberts SM, Gomez-Eyles JL, Ghosh U, Kissel JC, Tomlinson P, Menzie C. Oral Bioavailability, Bioaccessibility, and Dermal Absorption of PAHs from Soil-State of the Science. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2151-64. [PMID: 26824144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the state of the science regarding oral bioavailability, bioaccessibility, and dermal absorption of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (cPAHs) in soil by humans, and discusses how chemical interactions may control the extent of absorption. Derived from natural and anthropomorphic origins, PAHs occur in a limited number of solid and fluid matrices (i.e., PAH sources) with defined physical characteristics and PAH compositions. Existing studies provide a strong basis for establishing that oral bioavailability of cPAHs from soil is less than from diet, and an assumption of 100% relative bioavailability likely overestimates exposure to cPAHs upon ingestion of PAH-contaminated soil. For both the oral bioavailability and dermal absorption studies, the aggregate data do not provide a broad understanding of how different PAH source materials, PAH concentrations, or soil chemistries influence the absorption of cPAHs from soil. This article summarizes the existing studies, identifies data gaps, and provides recommendations for the direction of future research to support new default or site-specific bioavailability adjustments for use in human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Ruby
- Integral Consulting Inc., Louisville, Colorado 80027, United States
| | | | - Annette L Bunge
- Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | | | - Jose L Gomez-Eyles
- University of Maryland , Baltimore County, Maryland 20742, United States
- Integral Consulting Inc., Seattle, Washington 98104, United States
| | - Upal Ghosh
- University of Maryland , Baltimore County, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - John C Kissel
- University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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33
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James K, Peters RE, Cave MR, Wickstrom M, Lamb EG, Siciliano SD. Predicting Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Bioavailability to Mammals from Incidentally Ingested Soils Using Partitioning and Fugacity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1338-1346. [PMID: 26741299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Soil and dust ingestion is one of the major human exposure pathways to contaminated soil; however, pollutant transfer from ingested substances to humans cannot currently be confidently predicted. Soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) bioavailability is likely dependent upon properties linked to chemical potential and partitioning such as fugacity, fugacity capacity, soil organic carbon, and partitioning to simulated intestinal fluids. We estimated the oral PAH bioavailability of 19 historically contaminated soils fed to juvenile swine. Between soils, PAH blood content, with the exception of benzo(a)pyrene, was not linked to fugacity. In contrast, between individual PAHs, using partitioning explained PAH blood content (area under the curve = 0.47 log fugacity + 0.34, r(2) = 0.68, p < 0.005, n = 14). Soil fugacity capacity predicts PAH soil concentration with an average slope of 0.30 (μg PAH g(-1) soil) Pa(-1) and r(2)'s of 0.61-0.73. Because PAH blood content was independent of soil concentration, soil fugacity correlated to PAH bioavailability via soil fugacity's link to soil concentration. In conclusion, we can use fugacity to explain PAH uptake from a soil into blood. However, something other than partitioning is critical to explain the differences in PAH uptake into blood between soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle James
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Canada
- Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Rachel E Peters
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Canada
- Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Mark R Cave
- British Geological Survey, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Wickstrom
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Eric G Lamb
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Steven D Siciliano
- Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon S7N 5A8, Canada
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Li C, Sun H, Juhasz AL, Cui X, Ma LQ. Predicting the Relative Bioavailability of DDT and Its Metabolites in Historically Contaminated Soils Using a Tenax-Improved Physiologically Based Extraction Test (TI-PBET). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1118-1125. [PMID: 26716472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to their static nature, physiologically based in vitro assays often fail to provide sufficient sorption capacity for hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs). The addition of a sorption sink to in vitro intestinal solution has the potential to mimic dynamic intestinal uptake for HOCs, thereby increasing their desorption from soil. However, the effectiveness of sorption sinks for improving in vitro assays needs to be compared with in vivo data. In this study, Tenax was added as a sorption sink into the physiologically based extraction test (PBET), while DDT and its metabolites (DDTr) were investigated as typical HOCs. Tenax added at 0.01-0.2 g to the PBET intestinal solution sorbed ∼100% of DDTr in 6.3-19 min, indicating its ability as an effective sorption sink. DDTr bioaccessibility in six contaminated soils using Tenax-improved PBET (TI-PBET; 27-56%) was 3.4-22 fold greater than results using the PBET (1.2-15%). In vivo DDTr relative bioavailability (RBA) was measured using a mouse adipose model with values of 17.9-65.4%. The inclusion of Tenax into PBET improved the in vivo-in vitro correlation from r(2) = 0.36 (slope = 2.1 for PBET) to r(2) = 0.62 (slope = 1.2 for TI-PBET), illustrating that the inclusion of Tenax as a sorption sink improved the in vitro prediction of DDTr RBA in contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Albert L Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia , Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Xinyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
- Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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35
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Juhasz AL, Tang W, Smith E. Using in vitro bioaccessibility to refine estimates of human exposure to PAHs via incidental soil ingestion. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 145:145-153. [PMID: 26697808 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PAH bioaccessibility in contaminated soil was determined using the organic physiologically based extraction test with the inclusion of a sorption sink. Silicone cord was incorporated into the assay in order to overcome the limited capacity of the in vitro medium to accommodate desorbable PAHs. Initially, silicone cord sorption efficacy was determined by assessing sorption kinetics using PAH-spiked sand (phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene; 10-1000mgkg(-1)). Irrespective of PAH and concentration, >95% of the initial PAH mass partitioned into the silicone cord within 12h although rates were lower at higher concentration and with increasing hydrophobicity. When PAH bioaccessibility was assessed in contaminated soil (n=18), contamination source (i.e. pyrogenic versus petrogenic) influenced PAH bioaccessibility. Individual PAH bioaccessibility ranged up to 81.7±2.7% although mean values ranged from 2.1 (acenaphthalene) to 20.8% (benzo[k]fluoranthene) with upper 95% confidence intervals of the means of 4.5 and 28.3% respectively. Although a PAH in vivo-in vitro correlation is yet to be established, bioaccessibility approaches incorporating sorption sinks represent a robust approach for estimating PAH bioavailability as the desorbable fraction may be a conservative measure of the absorbable fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert L Juhasz
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Wayne Tang
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Euan Smith
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
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36
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Collins CD, Craggs M, Garcia-Alcega S, Kademoglou K, Lowe S. 'Towards a unified approach for the determination of the bioaccessibility of organic pollutants'. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 78:24-31. [PMID: 25728561 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccessibility studies have been widely used as a research tool to determine the potential human exposure to ingested contaminants. More recently they have been practically applied for soil borne toxic elements. This paper reviews the application of bioaccessibility tests across a range of organic pollutants and contaminated matrices. Important factors are reported to be: the physiological relevance of the test, the components in the gut media, the size fraction chosen for the test and whether it contains a sorptive sink. The bioaccessibility is also a function of the composition of the matrix (e.g. organic carbon content of soils) and the physico-chemical characteristics of the pollutant under test. Despite the widespread use of these tests, there are a large number of formats used and very few validation studies with animal models. We propose a unified format for a bioaccessibility test for organic pollutants. The robustness of this test should first be confirmed through inter laboratory comparison, then tested in-vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Craggs
- Soil Research Centre, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | | | | | - Stephen Lowe
- Soil Research Centre, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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37
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Meyer W, Kons S, Achten C. Impact of reference geosorbents on oral bioaccessibility of PAH in a human in vitro digestive tract model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:5164-5170. [PMID: 25391232 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3804-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Former studies on human oral bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from natural soil samples using human in vitro digestive tract models (physiologically based extraction tests, PBET) show highly variable results (0-100% of mobilized PAH). Apart from other factors, the type and amount of present geosorbents are assumed to be significant for the degree of desorption/release of PAH into the digestive juice. Therefore, in this study, the reference geosorbents pure quartz sand, Na-montmorillonite clay, Pahokee peat, and charcoal "Sommerhit" were spiked with selected deuterated PAH and employed as single materials in a PBET. Lowest bioaccessibility was determined in charcoal, representing black carbon (0.1 ± 0.1 % for ∑10 PAH-d) in contrast to higher bioaccessibility in peat (6.4 ± 2.2%) and clay (4.8 ± 1.1%). Highest bioaccessibility was determined in sand (26.9 ± 7.5%). The results show a systematic impact of heterogeneous geosorbents on human oral bioaccessibility of PAH and particularly black carbon acting as a very strong geosorbent that reduces human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Meyer
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology-Applied Geology, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 24, 48149, Münster, Germany
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38
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Zhang Y, Pignatello JJ, Tao S, Xing B. Bioacessibility of PAHs in fuel soot assessed by an in vitro digestive model: effect of including an absorptive sink. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:3905-3912. [PMID: 25692464 DOI: 10.1021/es505898v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with soot or black carbon can enter the human digestive tract by unintentional ingestion of soil or other particles. This study investigated the bioaccessibility of 11 PAHs in a composite fuel soot sample using an in vitro digestive model that included silicone sheet as an absorptive sink during the small intestinal digestion stage. The sheet was meant to simulate the passive transfer of PAHs in lumen fluid across the small intestinal epithelium, which was postulated to promote desorption of labile PAHs from the soot by steepening the soot-fluid concentration gradient. We show that the presence of silicone sheet during a 4 h default digestion time significantly increased the apparent bioaccessible fraction (Bapp, %), defined as the sum in the sheet and digestive fluid relative to the total PAH determined. The ability to increase Bapp for most PAHs leveled off above a sheet-to-soot ratio of 2.0 g per 50 mg, indicating that the sheet is an effective absorptive sink and promotes desorption in the mentioned way. Enhancement of Bapp by the sheet correlated positively with the octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow), even though the partition coefficient of PAH between sheet and digestive fluid (which contains bile acid micelles) correlated negatively with Kow. It was hypothesized that PAHs initially in the soot exist in labile and nonlabile states. The fraction of labile PAH still sorbed to the soot residue after digestion, and the maximum possible (limiting) bioaccessibility (Blim) could be estimated by varying the sheet-to-soot ratio. We show conclusively that the increase in bioccessibility due to the presence of the sheet is accounted for by a corresponding decrease in fraction of labile PAH still sorbed to the soot. The Blim ranged from 30.8 to 62.4%, independent of molecular size. The nonlabile fraction of individual PAHs (69.2-37.6% in this case) is therefore large and needs to be taken into account in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- †Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Joseph J Pignatello
- ‡Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504-1106, United States
| | - Shu Tao
- †Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- §Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9246, United States
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Duan L, Palanisami T, Liu Y, Dong Z, Mallavarapu M, Kuchel T, Semple KT, Naidu R. Effects of ageing and soil properties on the oral bioavailability of benzo[a]pyrene using a swine model. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 70:192-202. [PMID: 24937044 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Oral bioavailability of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) was studied in a swine model using eight spiked soil samples after incubation for 50 and/or 90 days. Silica sand was used as a reference material and the relative bioavailability (RB) of B[a]P in soils was calculated as the quotient of the area under the plasma B[a]P curve (AUC) for soil and AUC for the silica sand. Significantly reduced RB was observed in all study soils after 90 days ageing, ranging from 22.1±0.4% to 62.7±10.1%, except for one very sandy soil (sand content 87.6%) where RB was unchanged (108.1±8.0%). Apart from this, bioavailability decreased during ageing with the decrease (from day 50 to day 90) being only significant for a clayey soil containing expandable clay minerals. Statistical analyses of B[a]P RB at day 90 (eight soils) and soil properties showed no direct correlation between RB and specific soil properties such as total organic carbon (TOC) and clay content which were commonly linked to organic contaminant sequestration. However, strongly significant relationships (p<0.001) were found between RB and the fine particle associated carbon (FPAC) defined as (Silt+Clay)/TOC, and between RB and the soil mesopore (<6nm; p<0.001) fraction, after two samples with high pH and high EC being excluded from the analyses. The bioaccessibility estimated by four in vitro extraction methods: dichloromethane/acetone sonication (DCM/Ace), butanol vortex (BuOH), hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin extraction (HPCD) and Milli Q water leaching methods at different sampling time (1 day, 50 days and 90 days after spiking) also showed a decreasing trend. Significant correlations were found between B[a]P RB and DCM/Ace (R(2)=0.67, p<0.05) extractable fraction and BuOH (R(2)=0.75, p<0.01) extractable fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luchun Duan
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes SA5095, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes SA5095, Australia
| | - Thavamani Palanisami
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes SA5095, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes SA5095, Australia
| | - Yanju Liu
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes SA5095, Australia
| | - Zhaomin Dong
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes SA5095, Australia
| | - Megharaj Mallavarapu
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes SA5095, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes SA5095, Australia
| | - Tim Kuchel
- South Australia Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide SA5000, Australia
| | - Kirk T Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes SA5095, Australia; Co-operative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes SA5095, Australia.
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40
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Juhasz AL, Weber J, Stevenson G, Slee D, Gancarz D, Rofe A, Smith E. In vivo measurement, in vitro estimation and fugacity prediction of PAH bioavailability in post-remediated creosote-contaminated soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 473-474:147-154. [PMID: 24368196 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, PAH bioavailability was assessed in creosote-contaminated soil following bioremediation in order to determine potential human health exposure to residual PAHs from incidental soil ingestion. Following 1,000 days of enhanced natural attenuation (ENA), a residual PAH concentration of 871 ± 8 mg kg(-1) (∑16 USEPA priority PAHs in the <250 μm soil particle size fraction) was present in the soil. However, when bioavailability was assessed to elucidate potential human exposure using an in vivo mouse model, the upper-bound estimates of PAH absolute bioavailability were in excess of 65% irrespective of the molecular weight of the PAH. These results indicate that a significant proportion of the residual PAH fraction following ENA may be available for absorption following soil ingestion. In contrast, when PAH bioavailability was estimated/predicted using an in vitro surrogate assay (FOREhST assay) and fugacity modelling, PAH bioavailability was up to 2000 times lower compared to measured in vivo values depending on the methodology used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert L Juhasz
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - John Weber
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | | | - Daniel Slee
- National Measurement Institute, Pymble, NSW 2073, Australia
| | - Dorota Gancarz
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Gilles Plains, SA 5086, Australia
| | - Allan Rofe
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Gilles Plains, SA 5086, Australia
| | - Euan Smith
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
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41
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Adetunde OT, Mills GA, Olayinka KO, Alo BI. Assessment of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons via involuntary ingestion of soil from contaminated soils in Lagos, Nigeria. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2014; 49:1661-1671. [PMID: 25320853 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2014.951223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Soils from 12 sites in Lagos area, Nigeria impacted by anthropogenic activities were extracted by ultrasonication and analysed for the concentration of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The concentration of the sum of PAHs ranged from 0.2 to 254 μg/g at these sites. The sum benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent dose (BaPeq) at the sites ranged from 0.0 (K, forest soil) to 16.7 μg/g (C, the lubricating oil depot soil). Mean daily intake (MDI) for the composite soils samples when compared that of food revealed that some of the individual PAH in samples from sites A (Dump site), C (Depot and loading point for used for black oil), F (Dump site), G(petroleum depot), H (Roadside) and L (Car park) exceeded the recommended the recommended MDI threshold for food, indicating some risk associated with activities on these sites based on this ingestion estimate exceeded value. 8.2 × 10(-6), 7.1 × 10(-7), 1.2 × 10(-4), 4.9 × 10(-7), 7.3 × 10(-7), 1.4 × 10(-5), 7.9 × 10(-5), 4.6 × 10(-6), 3.4 × 10(-7), 2.4 × 10(-7), 2.2 × 10(-7) and 1.1 × 10(-4) estimated theoretical cancer risk (ER) for an adult with a body weight of 70 kg working on sites were composite soil samples A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K and L respectively were sampled. The ER from occupational exposure to surface soil based on oral ingestion were all higher than the target risk of 1 × 10(-6) for normal exposure but were all within the 1 × 10(-4) for extreme exposure for most of the sites except for site C and L. The differences in concentration and risk were related to the different activities (e.g., handling of petroleum products, open burning, bush burning) undertaken at these locations. However, it should be noted here that the resultant risk could be overestimated, since these calculations were based on an exhaustive extraction technique which may be different from uptake by the human guts (bioavailability study).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatoyin T Adetunde
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Lagos Akoka , Yaba , Lagos , Nigeria
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Harris KL, Banks LD, Mantey JA, Huderson AC, Ramesh A. Bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: relevance to toxicity and carcinogenesis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:1465-80. [PMID: 23898780 PMCID: PMC4081012 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.823157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bioaccessibility is a growing area of research in the field of risk assessment. As polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants, they are the toxicants of focus to establish cancer risks in humans. Orally ingested PAHs also cause toxicity and even affect the pharmacokinetic behavior of some therapeutic agents. Toward this end, bioaccessibility is being used as a tool to assess the risk of PAHs via dietary exposures. AREAS COVERED This review covers some in vitro bioaccessibility models for PAHs that have been used for the past one-and-a-half decade. This review also considers the factors that influence bioaccessibility and debates the merits and limitations of using a bioaccessibility concept for estimating risk from ingestion of PAH-contaminated soil and food. Finally, the authors discuss the implications of bioaccessibility for PAH-induced toxicity and cancers in the context of risk assessment. EXPERT OPINION So far, much of the focus on PAH bioaccessibility is centered on soil as a preferential matrix. However, ingestion of PAHs through diet far exceeds the amount accidentally ingested through soil. Therefore, bioaccessibility could be exploited as a tool to assess the relative risk of various dietary ingredients tainted with PAHs. While bioaccessibility is a promising approach for assessing PAH risk arising from various types of contaminated soils, none of the models proposed appears to be valid. Bioaccessibility values, derived from in vitro studies, still require validation from in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Harris
- Meharry Medical College, Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology , 1005 D.B. Todd Blvd, Nashville, TN, 37208 , USA +1 615 327 6486 ; +1 615 327 6442 ;
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Collins CD, Mosquera-Vazquez M, Gomez-Eyles JL, Mayer P, Gouliarmou V, Blum F. Is there sufficient 'sink' in current bioaccessibility determinations of organic pollutants in soils? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 181:128-132. [PMID: 23850629 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccessibility tests can be used to improve contaminated land risk assessments. For organic pollutants a 'sink' is required within these tests to better mimic their desorption under the physiological conditions prevailing in the intestinal tract, where a steep diffusion gradient for the removal of organic pollutants from the soil matrix would exist. This is currently ignored in most PBET systems. By combining the CEPBET bioaccessibility test with an infinite sink, the removal of PAH from spiked solutions was monitored. Less than 10% of spiked PAH remained in the stomach media after 1 h, 10% by 4 h in the small intestine compartment and c.15% after 16 h in the colon. The addition of the infinite sink increased bioaccessibility estimates for field soils by a factor of 1.2-2.8, confirming its importance for robust PBET tests. TOC or BC were not the only factors controlling desorption of the PAH from the soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Collins
- Soil Research Centre, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DW, UK.
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Micić V, Kruge MA, Hofmann T. Variations of common riverine contaminants in reservoir sediments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 458-460:90-100. [PMID: 23644357 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Organic molecules in reservoir sediments can be used as tracers of contaminant inputs into rivers. Vertical variations in the molecular records can be ascribed to pre-depositional alteration within the water column, or in situ post-depositional alteration. We report the molecular stratigraphy of four common riverine contaminant groups in sediment of the largest reservoir on the Danube River, the Iron Gate I Reservoir. Sediments were rapidly deposited, with little variation in texture and, as revealed by analytical pyrolysis, in the concentration and composition of natural sedimentary organic matter. However, a detailed molecular inspection did reveal differences in distribution and organic carbon (OC)-normalized concentrations of contaminants. The OC-normalized concentrations of nonylphenol increased by one order of magnitude with depth down the 70 cm sediment core. There is a strong correlation between sediment depth and the ratio of nonylphenol to its precursor (nonylphenol monoethoxylate). This indicated that nonylphenol was produced in situ. While the relative proportions of C10-C14 linear alkylbenzenes remained constant with increasing depth, they exhibited variations in isomer distribution. These variations, which are due to different degrees of degradation, appear to have occurred within the water column prior to sedimentation of suspended solids. The distribution of 40 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons revealed origins from both pyrogenic and petrogenic sources. The differences in their compositions were not depth-related, but rather were associated with variations in the sorption capacities of texturally different sediments. Perylene showed slightly higher concentrations at greater depths, while the OC-normalized concentration of retene systematically increased with sediment depth. This is consistent with formation of retene and perylene via very early diagenetic transformation. The presence of petroleum biomarkers indicated minor contamination by fossil fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Micić
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, UZA II, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Koch I, Moriarty M, Sui J, Rutter A, Saper RB, Reimer KJ. Bioaccessibility of mercury in selected Ayurvedic medicines. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 454-455:9-15. [PMID: 23538135 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Five Ayurvedic medicines with mercury concentrations of 85mg/kg and higher were characterized with respect to their speciation and their bioaccessibility. X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that the mercury in the Ayurvedic medicines was inorganic and best matched to cinnabar, even in samples that had been hypothesized to contain mercury through plant sources only. The bioaccessibility (bioaccessible concentrations and percent bioaccessibility) was measured using two methods: a two-phase physiologically based extraction test (PBET gastric, G and gastric+intestinal phase, GI); and the fed organic estimation human simulation test (FOREhST). The percent bioaccessibility of mercury in all Ayurvedic samples was very low (<5%), corresponding to the low solubility of cinnabar, but it increased with increasing dissolved organic carbon content of the bioaccessibility solutions (PBET-G<PBET-GI<FOREhST). Filtration of FOREhST solutions reduced the bioaccessible mercury concentrations to undetectable values for most of the Ayurvedic samples. Incorporation of percent relative bioaccessibility of mercury into risk calculations decreased daily intake estimates by 29-900 times, and reduced them to acceptable levels for three of the five medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Koch
- Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, K7K 7B4, Canada
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Vane CH, Rawlins BG, Kim AW, Moss-Hayes V, Kendrick CP, Leng MJ. Sedimentary transport and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from managed burning of moorland vegetation on a blanket peat, South Yorkshire, UK. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 449:81-94. [PMID: 23416203 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the concentrations of 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from managed burning of moorland vegetation and compares them to PAH in catchment vegetation, underlying peats, head water suspended sediment (HSS), stream water and reservoir sediment cores. Total PAH ranged from 203 to 11,112 μg/kg in the blanket peats, 101-290 μg/kg in the fresh moorland vegetation, 4186 μg/kg at the burnt site, 17,439 μg/kg in the HSS, 56 ng/L in the stream water and 987 to 7346 μg/kg in the reservoir sediments. No total or individual PAH concentrations exceeded the published sediment quality guidelines. The perylene content of selected moorland vegetation (sphagnum, heather and bilberry) ranged from 10 to 18% as compared to only 2% for the sediment hosted PAH. A comparison of whole and <250 μm fractions from the burnt surface layer revealed a near threefold increase in PAH concentration in the fine fraction and a change in the PAH distribution such that naphthalene>>phenanthrene>2-methylnaphthalene. Elevated total PAH contents were observed close to the blanket peat sediment surface (0-10 cm) and then declined at greater depths. The high PAH content of the HSS was attributed to the high sorption capacity of the organic-rich particles (TOC 25.8% (wt/wt)). The distribution of individual PAH in reservoir cores and HSS was consistent and the results of the principal component analysis and isomeric ratios suggest mainly pyrolytic inputs, from either vegetation burning and coal combustion. A comparison of the reservoir core PAH profiles shows that the source(s) have remained largely unchanged since the reservoir construction in 1929A.D. reflecting consistent moorland management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Vane
- British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK.
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Gouliarmou V, Collins CD, Christiansen E, Mayer P. Sorptive physiologically based extraction of contaminated solid matrices: incorporating silicone rod as absorption sink for hydrophobic organic contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:941-948. [PMID: 23214713 DOI: 10.1021/es303165u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The oral bioaccessibility of soil contaminants is increasingly assessed with physiologically based extraction tests (PBETs): the contaminant fraction that is desorbed into simulated digestive fluids is measured and classified as bioaccessible. However, this approach can lead to underestimations if the capacity of the fluids is insufficient to provide infinite sink conditions. Desorption will then progressively decrease and finally stop when equilibrium between soil and medium is reached. To circumvent this artifact, we incorporated a silicone rod as an absorption sink into the PBET to continuously absorb mobilized contaminants and maintain the desorption gradient. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons served as model contaminants and the colon extended PBET as the extraction model. The inclusion of the silicone rod sink (1) increased the extraction capacity of the test by orders of magnitude, (2) ensured near infinite sink conditions, and (3) allowed for simple back-extraction of PAHs for their quantification by GC-MS. The silicone rod provided fast enrichment when applied to the stomach and small intestine compartment, but was somewhat slower in the richer colon compartment. Finally, the sorptive-PBET was applied to wood soot and a kindergarten soil. The present article provides the basis for how an absorption sink can be integrated into PBET models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Gouliarmou
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, P.O. Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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Abrahams PW, Davies TC, Solomon AO, Trow AJ, Wragg J. Human geophagia, calabash chalk and undongo: mineral element nutritional implications. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53304. [PMID: 23308189 PMCID: PMC3538771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The prime aim of our work is to report and comment on the bioaccessible concentrations – i.e., the soluble content of chemical elements in the gastrointestinal environment that is available for absorption – of a number of essential mineral nutrients and potentially harmful elements (PHEs) associated with the deliberate ingestion of African geophagical materials, namely Calabash chalk and Undongo. The pseudo-total concentrations of 13 mineral nutrients/PHEs were quantified following a nitric-perchloric acid digestion of nine different Calabash chalk samples, and bioaccessible contents of eight of these chemical elements were determined in simulated saliva/gastric and intestinal solutions obtained via use of the Fed ORganic Estimation human Simulation Test (FOREhST) in vitro procedure. The Calabash chalk pseudo-total content of the chemical elements is often below what may be regarded as average for soils/shales, and no concentration is excessively high. The in vitro leachate solutions had concentrations that were often lower than those of the blanks used in our experimental procedure, indicative of effective adsorption: lead, a PHE about which concern has been previously raised in connection with the consumption of Calabash chalk, was one such chemical element where this was evident. However, some concentrations in the leachate solutions are suggestive that Calabash chalk can be a source of chemical elements to humans in bioaccessible form, although generally the materials appear to be only a modest supplier: this applies even to iron, a mineral nutrient that has often been linked to the benefits of geophagia in previous academic literature. Our investigations indicate that at the reported rates of ingestion, Calabash chalk on the whole is not an important source of mineral nutrients or PHEs to humans. Similarly, although Undongo contains elevated pseudo-total concentrations of chromium and nickel, this soil is not a significant source to humans for any of the bioaccessible elements investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Abrahams
- Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, United Kingdom.
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Nathanail CP, Ogden RC. Derivation of a site-specific assessment criterion for benzo[a]pyrene in red shale at a former coking works. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2013; 48:594-603. [PMID: 23442110 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2013.731353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A former coking works in England is being remediated to enable its redevelopment. We have developed site specific human health risk assessment criteria (SSAC) for benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) based on detailed characterisation of red shale proposed for reuse in an area allocated for residential development. Samples of red shale were analysed using the Colon-enhanced Physiologically Based Extraction Test (CEPBET) to estimate the bioaccessibility of BaP. The results indicate that between 5% and 28% of the red shale BaP is bioaccessible. A cautious value of 50% was used in calculating an SSAC. The CLEA human health assessment model was used to calculate the SSAC and any changes to the default input parameters have been discussed and justified. Based on the fact that BaP appears to be a point-of-contact, rather than a systemic, carcinogen in animal studies, individual assessment criteria were estimated for the oral, inhalation and dermal routes of entry in-line with current UK guidance. An overall SSAC of 2.5 mg/kg for BaP in red shale for the residential with home-grown produce land use was then derived as the lowest of the three route-specific assessment criteria. This value is specific to both the site and the material being assessed. The approach adopted however can be applied on other sites and for other materials to inform detailed quantitative risk assessments.
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Lorenzi D, Entwistle J, Cave M, Wragg J, Dean JR. The application of an in vitro gastrointestinal extraction to assess the oral bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from a former industrial site. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 735:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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