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Anderson JN, Paladino AJ, Blue R, Dangerfield DT, Eggly S, Martin MY, Schwartzberg LS, Vidal GA, Graetz I. Silent suffering: the impact of sexual health challenges on patient-clinician communication and adherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy among Black women with early-stage breast cancer. J Cancer Surviv 2023:10.1007/s11764-023-01511-0. [PMID: 38114711 PMCID: PMC11216545 DOI: 10.1007/s11764-023-01511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) increases sexual health challenges for women with early-stage breast cancer. Black women are more likely than women of other racial/ethnic groups to report adverse symptoms and least likely to initiate and maintain AET. Little is known about how sexual health challenges influence patient-clinician communication and treatment adherence. This study explores facilitators of and barriers to patient-clinician communication about sexual health and how those factors might affect AET adherence among Black women with early-stage breast cancer. METHODS We conducted 32 semi-structured, in-depth interviews among Black women with early-stage breast cancer in the U.S. Mid-South region. Participants completed an online questionnaire prior to interviews. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS Participants' median age was 59 (range 40-78 years, SD = 9.0). Adverse sexual symptoms hindered participants' AET adherence. Facilitators of patient-clinician communication about sexual health included female clinicians and peer support. Barriers included perceptions of male oncologists' disinterest in Black women's sexual health, perceptions of male oncologists' biased beliefs about sexual activity among older Black women, cultural norms of sexual silence among Southern Black women, and medical mistrust. CONCLUSIONS Adverse sexual symptoms and poor patient-clinician communication about sexual health contribute to lower AET adherence among Black women with early-stage breast cancer. New interventions using peer support models and female clinicians trained to discuss sexual health could ameliorate communication barriers and improve treatment adherence. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS Black women with early-stage breast cancer in the U.S. Mid-South may require additional resources to address sociocultural and psychosocial implications of cancer survivorship to enable candid discussions with oncologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeane N Anderson
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Andrew J Paladino
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 910 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38103, USA
| | - Ryan Blue
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 874 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Derek T Dangerfield
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Ave. NW #308, Washington, D.C, 20037, USA
| | - Susan Eggly
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 87 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Michelle Y Martin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 66 N. Pauline Street, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | | | - Gregory A Vidal
- West Cancer Center Research Institute, 7945 Wolf River Blvd, Germantown, TN, 38138, USA
| | - Ilana Graetz
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Lawlace M, Newcomb ME, Whitton SW. Minority stressors and suicidal ideation in sexual and gender minority youth assigned female at birth: Prospective associations and racial differences. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2022; 52:1168-1177. [PMID: 35998075 PMCID: PMC10087565 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Suicidal ideation (SI) disproportionately affects sexual and gender minority (SGM) versus cisgender/heterosexual youth, likely due to the minority stressors (MS) they face. Research has shown cross-sectional associations between SGM MS and suicidality; however, few studies have used longitudinal data or examined racial differences in the effects of MS on SI. The current study tested whether MS prospectively predict next-year SI and whether race moderates these prospective associations. METHOD Three hundred and sixty-nine Black, Latinx, and White SGM youth completed baseline measures of MS, SI, and demographics, and SI 6 and 12 months later. RESULTS Internalized stigma, microaggressions, and low support from family and from significant others demonstrated associations with next-year SI. When controlling for baseline SI, however, only low significant other support predicted next-year SI. Moderation analyses indicated that internalized stigma predicted SI for White, but not Black or Latinx, individuals and that lower friend support was associated with SI for Latinx, but not White or Black, individuals. CONCLUSIONS Though minority stressors appear to raise risk for SI among SGM, effects may differ by race. Internalized stigma may be particularly influential for SI among White SGM whereas lack of support from friends may be most influential for SI among Latinx SGM youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Lawlace
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael E Newcomb
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah W Whitton
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Thomas Tobin CS, Gutiérrez Á, Norris KC, Thorpe RJ. Discrimination, Racial Identity, and Hypertension Among Black Americans Across Young, Middle, and Older Adulthood. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2022; 77:1990-2005. [PMID: 35512278 PMCID: PMC9683505 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Substantial evidence documents the protective role of racial identity-or the meaning and significance that individuals attribute to race-among Black Americans, yet the impact of racial identity on physical health outcomes beyond young adulthood is unclear. To clarify the extent to which racial identity remains influential for physical health across the life course, this study investigated (a) the direct associations between discrimination, racial identity, and hypertension, (b) whether racial identity buffered the negative effects of discrimination, and (c) the extent to which these patterns varied among young (21-35), middle-aged (36-49), and older (>50) Black adults. METHODS Data from the Nashville Stress and Health Study (N = 627) were used to examine two identity dimensions: "racial centrality" (i.e., importance of Black identity to one's sense of self) and "closeness to other Black people" (COBP). Modified Poisson models estimated relationships between racial identity, discrimination, and hypertension. Interactions determined whether racial identity moderated the discrimination-hypertension association within and across age groups. RESULTS High centrality and moderate COBP were directly linked to elevated hypertension odds among young adults, but lower odds among older adults; racial identity was not directly associated with hypertension among middle-aged adults. Results also indicated that racial identity conditioned the discrimination-hypertension relationship in distinct ways across age groups. DISCUSSION Findings underscore the significance of racial identity as sources of both psychosocial vulnerability and resilience for minority aging. Clinicians and public health professionals should consider racial identity beyond young adulthood to promote healthy aging via hypertension management among Black Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney S Thomas Tobin
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ángela Gutiérrez
- Address correspondence to: Ángela Gutiérrez, PhD, MPH, Department of Social Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Irvine 128B 57 West Oxbow Trail, 1 Ohio University Drive, Athens, OH 45701-2979, USA. E-mail:
| | - Keith C Norris
- Divisions of Nephrology and General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roland J Thorpe
- Program for Research on Men’s Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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4
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Glover CS, Li H. PARENT SOCIALIZATION TO RACIAL COPING: IMPLICATIONS FOR BLACK EMERGING ADULTS’ GROWTH MINDSET AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING. RESEARCH IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15427609.2021.2014279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hill-Jarrett TG, Jones MK. Gendered racism and subjective cognitive complaints among older black women: The role of depression and coping. Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 36:479-502. [PMID: 33998956 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2021.1923804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Psychosocial stress is a risk factor for cognitive impairment and a potential pathway through which disparities in cognitive functioning emerge and disproportionately disadvantage older Black adults. Gendered racism is a psychosocial stressor that has negative implications for Black women's mental and physical health. This study tested the association between lifetime experiences of gendered racism and subjective cognitive complaints, taking into account the extent to which depressive symptoms and coping styles may explain this association. Method: Data from 75 older Black women (Mage = 62.43, SD = 6.23 years) were collected using an online survey assessing lifetime experiences of gendered racism, depressive symptoms, coping styles (i.e. spirituality, social support, problem-oriented/engagement, and disengagement), and subjective cognitive complaints (i.e. memory, attention, executive functioning, language, and overall cognition). The association between gendered racism and subjective cognitive complaints was examined with simple linear regression. Two mediation models examined depressive symptoms and coping styles as independent mediators of this association. Results: More gendered racism across the lifetime was associated with more subjective cognitive complaints separately through depressive symptoms and disengagement coping, but no other coping styles. Conclusion: Gendered racism is linked to increased subjective cognitive complaints via depressive symptoms and disengagement coping. The study highlights the importance of taking into account lived experiences (gendered racism) that are inextricably linked to social positioning (race and gender) within neuropsychology. Results evidence the negative impact of psychosocial stress, specifically gendered racism, on older Black women's subjective cognitive functioning, and illuminate avenues for clinical intervention and social justice advocacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martinque K Jones
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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The Weight of Racial Discrimination: Examining the Association Between Racial Discrimination and Change in Adiposity Among Emerging Adult Women Enrolled in a Behavioral Weight Loss Program. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2021; 9:909-920. [PMID: 33782906 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) emerging adult (EA) women are at disproportionate risk for obesity but experience limited benefit from behavioral weight loss (BWL) programs. Race-related stress could play a role; the goal of this study was to examine the association between racial discrimination (RD) and early (3 months) changes in adiposity, and to explore potential protective factors, among EA in an adapted BWL program. METHODS This is an ancillary study of non-Hispanic White (NHW) and NHB EA women enrolled in an adapted BWL trial (N = 49; 55.1% NHB; Age 21.2 (2.1); BMI = 33.0 + 4.3 kg/m2). At baseline, group- and personal-level RD (RD-group and RD-personal), racial identity (NHB women only), vigilant coping, and social support were assessed via validated questionnaires. Weight and waist circumference were measured objectively at 0 and 3 months. RESULTS NHW women manifested greater reductions in waist circumference relative to NHB women (p = .004). RD-personal did not predict change in waist circumference at 3 months (p = .402); however, the association between RD-group and change in waist circumference was statistically significant (p = .015), such that reporting greater group-level discrimination predicted a smaller decrease in waist circumference; the model explained 22% of the variance. Social support and vigilant coping were not statistically significant in the model. Among NHB women only, higher racial identity-centrality predicted greater reduction in waist circumference (p = .019). CONCLUSION Findings suggest racial discrimination could contribute to greater cardiometabolic risk during this developmental period. Future research should examine how experiences of racial discrimination unfold in the daily lives of NHB women to inform mechanistic interventions to enhance health and well-being. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02736981. Low Intensity Weight Loss for Young Adults.
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Saban KL, Motley D, Shawahin L, Mathews HL, Tell D, De La Pena P, Janusek LW. Preliminary evidence for a race-based stress reduction intervention for Black women at risk for cardiovascular disease. Complement Ther Med 2021; 58:102710. [PMID: 33727090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite evidence that chronic stress, racism, and discrimination impact the well-being and the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Black women, there are few evidence-based interventions that improve well-being and reduce the risk for CVD in women of minority groups. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the psychobehavioral and anti-inflammatory benefit of a race-based stress reduction program "Resilience, Stress, and Ethnicity (RiSE) for Black women at risk for CVD. METHODS Black women were recruited from the Chicagoland community and randomized to either the 8-week RiSE intervention (n = 40) or control group (n = 34). Participants were assessed for coping strategies, psychological distress, and blood levels of TNF-alpha and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) at baseline and at 4 and 8 weeks after baseline. RESULTS Participation in RiSE was associated with a more rapid decline in the use of avoidance coping (b = -0.3585, SE = 0.1705, p < .01). Reductions over time in TNF-alpha (b = -0.0163, SE = .0087, p = .08) and hsCRP (b= -0.4064, SE = 0.2270, p = .08) approached statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide preliminary evidence in Black women at risk for CVD that RiSE contributes to decreases in avoidance coping. Although preliminary, these results suggest RiSE to be an effective intervention to promote improved coping associated with racism and discrimination in minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Saban
- Loyola University Chicago, Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing, 2160 S First Ave, Center for Translational Research and Education, Maywood, IL, 60153, United States.
| | - Darnell Motley
- University of Chicago, The Center for Interdisciplinary Inquiry and Innovation in Sexual and Reproductive Health, 6030 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States.
| | - Lamise Shawahin
- Governors State University, Division of Psychology and Counseling, 1 University Parkway, University Park, IL, 60484, United States.
| | - Herbert L Mathews
- Loyola University Chicago, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 2160 S. First Ave., Center for Translational Research and Education, Maywood, IL, 60153, United States.
| | - Dina Tell
- Loyola University Chicago, Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing, 2160 S First Ave, Center for Translational Research and Education, Maywood, IL, 60153, United States.
| | - Paula De La Pena
- Loyola University Chicago, Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing, 2160 S First Ave, Center for Translational Research and Education, Maywood, IL, 60153, United States.
| | - Linda Witek Janusek
- Loyola University Chicago, Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing, 2160 S First Ave, Center for Translational Research and Education, Maywood, IL, 60153, United States.
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8
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Drolet CE, Lucas T. Perceived racism, affectivity, and C-reactive protein in healthy African Americans: Do religiosity and racial identity provide complementary protection? J Behav Med 2020; 43:932-942. [PMID: 32173787 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-020-00146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Perceived racism contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD) disparities among African Americans. Psychosocial factors that protect against the effects of perceived racism therefore may be reflected by indicators of CVD risk, including C-reactive protein (CRP). The current cross-sectional study examined whether CRP is linked to religiosity and racial identity-two culturally-enshrined individual differences that can protect against the harmful effects of racism. Healthy African Americans completed self-report measures of everyday racism, religious intensity (a measure of the importance of religion/spirituality), and racial centrality (a measure of racial identity strength). We measured positive and negative affectivity as outcomes (N = 534), and we collected a dried bloodspot measure of CRP (N = 118). Religious intensity and racial centrality were independently associated with greater positive affectivity, and interactively associated with negative affectivity and CRP-when perceived racism was high, strongly identified African Americans had significantly higher CRP, but lower negative affectivity, when they were also low in religious intensity. Results highlight that religiosity and racial identity may interactively protect against the effects of racism and may play a role in CVD disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Drolet
- Division of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 200 East 1st Street, Room 353, Flint, MI, 48502, USA
| | - Todd Lucas
- Division of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 200 East 1st Street, Room 353, Flint, MI, 48502, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 909 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, 5057 Woodward Ave., Detroit, MI, 48202, USA. .,Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California Irvine, 4201 SBSG, Irvine, CA, 92697-7085, USA.
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9
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Peterson LM, Stock ML, Monroe J, Molloy-Paolillo BK, Lambert SF. Racial exclusion causes acute cortisol release among emerging-adult African Americans: The role of reduced perceived control. The Journal of Social Psychology 2020; 160:658-674. [PMID: 32122284 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2020.1729685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Racial discrimination contributes to stress-related health disparities among African Americans, but less is known about the acute effects of racial exclusion on the hypo-pituitary-adrenocortical response and psychological mediators. Participants were 276 Black/African American emerging-adults (54% female; M age = 21.74, SD = 2.21) who were randomly assigned to be excluded or included by White peers via the game Cyberball. Racial exclusion (vs. inclusion) predicted: greater negative affect (F(1, 276) = 104.885, p < .0001), lower perceived control (F(1, 276) = 205.523, p < .0001), and greater cortisol release (F(1, 274) = 4.575, p = .033). Racial exclusion's impact on cortisol release was mediated by lower perceived control (95% CI: .027, .112), but not negative affect (-.041, .013). These findings suggest that racial exclusion contributes to acute cortisol release, and that reduced perceived control is a consequence of racial discrimination that has important implications for the health of those who experience discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle L Stock
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University
| | | | | | - Sharon F Lambert
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University
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10
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Goreis A, Asbrock F, Nater UM, Mewes R. What Mediates the Relationship Between Ethnic Discrimination and Stress? Coping Strategies and Perceived Social Support of Russian Immigrants in Germany. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:557148. [PMID: 33192672 PMCID: PMC7533615 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.557148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Experiences of ethnic discrimination may constitute major stressors for ethnic minority groups. This study examined the associations between different forms of ethnic discrimination and levels of perceived stress in Russian immigrants living in Germany, taking into account potential moderating (in-group identification) and mediating (coping and social support) factors. METHODS Russian immigrants (N = 308) were assessed using online questionnaires (e.g., perceived stress scale, behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotype treatment scale, and brief COPE). Three forms of ethnic discrimination were examined: active harm (e.g., open aggression), passive harm (e.g., paternalistic behavior), and everyday discrimination (e.g., receiving poor service). Moderation by in-group identification and mediation via coping and social support were tested. RESULTS Passive harm was more prevalent than everyday discrimination and active harm. Passive harm and everyday discrimination were associated with higher perceived stress (rs = .22 and .18, ps <.01), and in-group identification did not moderate these associations (ps >.27). The coping strategy self-blame mediated the association between active harm and stress. Substance use and self-blame mediated the association between passive harm and stress, whereas venting, behavioral disengagement, denial, self-blame, and social support mediated the association between everyday discrimination and stress. A direct effect remained for passive harm and everyday discrimination. CONCLUSION The present study revealed that Russian immigrants encounter different forms of ethnic discrimination, and that this is associated with higher levels of stress. This association was partly explained by coping and social support, illustrating possibilities for interventions aimed at improving the use of adaptive coping strategies and promoting social support-seeking for Russian immigrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Goreis
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Outpatient Unit for Research, Teaching and Practice, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Asbrock
- Department of Psychology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Urs M Nater
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ricarda Mewes
- Outpatient Unit for Research, Teaching and Practice, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Hsieh CM, Tsai BK. Effects of Social Support on the Stress-Health Relationship: Gender Comparison among Military Personnel. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16081317. [PMID: 31013723 PMCID: PMC6518057 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16081317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate how the role of workplace social support and gender affect the relationship between work stress and the physical and mental health of military personnel in Taiwan. The analysis results reveal that military personnel expressed significantly high perceptions of work-related stress. Social support from supervisors and colleagues is a crucial factor in buffering the effect of work-related stress on perceived health, and increasing the physical and mental health among military personnel. This study shows that male personnel who perceived higher stress and gained more social support from supervisors and colleagues than female personnel were less likely to have physical and mental issues than female personnel. Managerial implications and suggestions could serve as references in managing work-related stress, enhancing social support occurring in the military workplace, and reducing job dissatisfaction, which in turn improves the health and well-being of military personnel in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ming Hsieh
- International Bachelor Program of Agribusiness, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Bi-Kun Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Bio-Industry Management, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
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Talavera DC, Odafe M, Cheref S, Hong JH, Leslie R, Walker RL. Stress in Relation to Anxiety and Depression Among Racial/Ethnic Minority Women: The Differential Impact of Cultural Mismatch on Somatic and Cognitive Symptoms. JOURNAL OF MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jmcd.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Odafe
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston
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Felix AS, Shisler R, Nolan TS, Warren BJ, Rhoades J, Barnett KS, Williams KP. High-Effort Coping and Cardiovascular Disease among Women: A Systematic Review of the John Henryism Hypothesis. J Urban Health 2019; 96:12-22. [PMID: 30506136 PMCID: PMC6430283 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-018-00333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
African-American women living in the United States experience higher cardiovascular disease risk (CVD) mortality compared to White women. Unique mechanisms, including prolonged high-effort coping in the face of discriminatory stressors might contribute to these racial disparities. The John Henryism hypothesis is a conceptual framework used to explain poor health outcomes observed among individuals with low resources who repeatedly utilize active coping to overcome barriers. The aims of our study were to summarize the literature related to John Henryism and CVD-related factors with a particular focus on women and to identify gaps for areas of future inquiry. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and CINAHL to identify literature that used the John Henryism Active Coping scale. Reviewers independently reviewed eligible full-text study articles and conducted data extraction. We qualitatively summarized the literature related to John Henryism and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related health behaviors (e.g., smoking or physical activity) and risk factors (e.g., hypertension) with a focus on study populations inclusive of women. Our review included 21 studies that used the John Henryism Active Coping scale, of which 10 explicitly reported on the interaction between John Henryism and socioeconomic status (SES) and CVD-related factors. With respect to the original hypothesis, three studies reported results in line with the hypothesis, four were null, and three reported findings in opposition to the hypothesis. The remaining studies included in the review examined the main effects of John Henryism, with similarly mixed results. The literature related to the interaction between John Henryism and SES on CVD-related factors among women is mixed. Additional studies of John Henryism that incorporate biological measures, varied indicators of resources, and larger study populations may illuminate the relationship between coping and deleterious health outcomes among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S Felix
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, 346 Cunz Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Robert Shisler
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, 346 Cunz Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Timiya S Nolan
- Center for Women, Children, and Youth, College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Barbara J Warren
- Center for Women, Children, and Youth, College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer Rhoades
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, 346 Cunz Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kierra S Barnett
- Division of Health Behavior and Health Promotion, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Karen Patricia Williams
- Center for Women, Children, and Youth, College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Lockwood KG, Marsland AL, Matthews KA, Gianaros PJ. Perceived discrimination and cardiovascular health disparities: a multisystem review and health neuroscience perspective. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1428:170-207. [PMID: 30088665 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There are distinct racial disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, with Black individuals at much greater risk than White individuals. Although many factors contribute to these disparities, recent attention has focused on the role of discrimination as a stress-related factor that contributes to racial disparities in CVD. As such, it is important to understand the mechanisms by which discrimination might affect CVD. Recent studies have examined these mechanisms by focusing on neurobiological mediators of CVD risk. Given this increase in studies, a systematic review of perceived discrimination and neurobiological mediators of CVD risk is warranted. Our review uses a multisystem approach to review studies on the relationship between perceived discrimination and (1) cardiovascular responses to stress, (2) hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis function, and (3) the immune system, as well as (4) the brain systems thought to regulate these parameters of peripheral physiology. In addition to summarizing existing evidence, our review integrates these findings into a conceptual model describing multidirectional pathways linking perceived discrimination with a CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly G Lockwood
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anna L Marsland
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Karen A Matthews
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter J Gianaros
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Hermosura AH, Haynes SN, Kaholokula JK. A Preliminary Study of the Relationship between Perceived Racism and Cardiovascular Reactivity and Recovery in Native Hawaiians. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2018; 5:1142-1154. [PMID: 29512031 PMCID: PMC6132570 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-018-0463-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Native Hawaiians, compared to other ethnic groups in Hawai‘i, have significantly higher mortality rates and die at a younger average age from cardiovascular disease (CVD). This may be partially explained by elevated cardiovascular responses to racial stressors. Our study examined the degree to which blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) reactivity and recovery, and ratings of subjective distress to racial stressors, differ as a function of Native Hawaiian college students’ levels of perceived racism. This study had three phases. Phase 1 involved the development of a blatant and subtle racial stressor. Phase 2 involved assigning 132 students into high- or low-perceived racism groups based on scores on two perceived interpersonal racism measures. Phase 3 involved a psychophysiology laboratory experiment conducted with 35 of the 132 students. BP, HR, and subjective distress were measured during exposure to the blatant and subtle racial stressors. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) recovery following exposure to both stressors was significant for both groups. Although not significant, three trends were observed among the high-perceived racism group, which included: (1) greater reactivity to exposure to the subtle stressor than to the blatant stressor, (2) incomplete HR recovery following exposure to both stressors, and (3) incomplete SBP and diastolic blood pressure recovery following exposure to the subtle stressor. Participants also reported significantly greater subjective distress following exposure to the blatant than to the subtle stressor. Specific interventions, such as increased self-awareness of physiological responses to racial stressors, targeted at at-risk individuals are necessary to reduce a person’s risk for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hepuapo'okela Hermosura
- Department of Native Hawaiian Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 677 Ala Moana Boulevard, Ste 1016, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
| | - Stephen N Haynes
- Department of Psychology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2530 Dole Street, Sakamaki C 400, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Joseph Keawe'aimoku Kaholokula
- Department of Native Hawaiian Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 677 Ala Moana Boulevard, Ste 1016, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
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Associations Between Discrimination and Cardiovascular Health Among Asian Indians in the United States. J Immigr Minor Health 2018; 18:1284-1291. [PMID: 27039100 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-016-0413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Asian Indians (AI) have a high risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The study investigated associations between discrimination and (1) cardiovascular risk and (2) self-rated health among AI. Higher discrimination scores were hypothesized to relate to a higher cardiovascular risk score (CRS) and poorer self-rated health. Asian Indians (n = 757) recruited between 2010 and 2013 answered discrimination and self-reported health questions. The CRS (0-8 points) included body-mass index, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and fasting blood glucose levels of AI. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to evaluate relationships between discrimination and the CRS and discrimination and self-rated health, adjusting for psychosocial and clinical factors. There were no significant relationships between discrimination and the CRS (p ≥ .05). Discrimination was related to poorer self-reported health, B = -.41 (SE = .17), p = .02. Findings suggest perhaps there are important levels at which discrimination may harm health.
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Prelow HM, Mosher CE, Bowman MA. Perceived Racial Discrimination, Social Support, and Psychological Adjustment Among African American College Students. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0095798406292677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine three competing models of the relations among perceived discrimination, social support, and indicators of psychological adjustment in a sample of 135 African American college students. The three competing models, social support buffering, social support mobilization, and social support deterioration, were tested within a regression framework. The buffering model, which predicted that social support would interact with perceived discrimination such that individuals with high levels of social support would be protected from the harmful effects of discrimination, was not supported. The social support mobilization model, which predicted that support networks would mobilize to support individuals exposed to discrimination, was also not supported. Support was only obtained for the social support deterioration model, which predicted that social support would decrease for those exposed to discrimination. Perceived racial discrimination was associated with lower perceptions of social support, greater symptoms of depression, and lower levels of life satisfaction.
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Peterson LM, Matthews KA, Derby CA, Bromberger JT, Thurston RC. The relationship between cumulative unfair treatment and intima media thickness and adventitial diameter: The moderating role of race in the study of women's health across the nation. Health Psychol 2016; 35:313-21. [PMID: 27018722 PMCID: PMC4817355 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Unfair treatment may have a detrimental effect on cardiovascular health. However, little research on chronic health outcomes uses cumulative measures of unfair treatment. We tested whether cumulative unfair treatment was associated with greater subclinical cardiovascular disease in a diverse sample of African-American, Caucasian, Chinese, and Hispanic women. We also examined whether this relationship varied by race. METHOD The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation is a longitudinal study of midlife women. Cumulative unfair treatment was calculated as the average of unfair treatment assessed over 10 years at 6 time points. Subclinical cardiovascular disease, specifically carotid intima media thickness and adventitial diameter, was assessed via carotid ultrasound conducted at study year 12 in 1,056 women. We tested whether cumulative unfair treatment was related to subclinical cardiovascular disease via linear regression, controlling for demographic factors including socioeconomic status and cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS The relation between unfair treatment and subclinical cardiovascular disease significantly varied by race (ps < .05), with unfair treatment related to higher intima media thickness (B = .03, SE = .01, p = .009) and adventitial diameter (B = .02, SE = .009, p = .013) only among Caucasian women. No significant relations between unfair treatment and subclinical cardiovascular disease outcomes were observed for African-American, Hispanic, and Chinese women. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that cumulative unfair treatment is related to worse subclinical cardiovascular disease among Caucasian women. These findings add to the growing literature showing that Caucasian women's experience of unfair treatment may have detrimental health implications. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carol A Derby
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
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Firat RB, Boyer P. Coalitional affiliation as a missing link between ethnic polarization and well-being: An empirical test from the European Social Survey. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2015; 53:148-161. [PMID: 26188444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many studies converge in suggesting (a) that ethnic and racial minorities fare worse than host populations in reported well-being and objective measures of health and (b) that ethnic/racial diversity has a negative impact on various measures of social trust and well-being, including in the host or majority population. However, there is much uncertainty about the processes that connect diversity variables with personal outcomes. In this paper, we are particularly interested in different levels of coalitional affiliation, which refers to people's social allegiances that guide their expectations of social support, in-group strength and cohesion. We operationalize coalitional affiliation as the extent to which people rely on a homogeneous social network, and we measure it with indicators of friendships across ethnic boundaries and frequency of contact with friends. Using multi-level models and data from the European Social Survey (Round 1, 2002-2003) for 19 countries, we demonstrate that coalitional affiliation provides an empirically reliable, as well as theoretically coherent, explanation for various effects of ethnic/racial diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rengin B Firat
- Dynamique du Langage, University of Lyon, France; Laboratory for Comparative Social Science Research, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russian Federation.
| | - Pascal Boyer
- Dynamique du Langage, University of Lyon, France; Departments of Psychology and Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, United States
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Lucas T, Hayman LW, Blessman JE, Asabigi K, Novak JM. Gain versus loss-framed messaging and colorectal cancer screening among African Americans: A preliminary examination of perceived racism and culturally targeted dual messaging. Br J Health Psychol 2015; 21:249-67. [DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Todd Lucas
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences; Wayne State University; Detroit Michigan USA
- Department of Psychology; Wayne State University; Detroit Michigan USA
| | - Lenwood W. Hayman
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences; Wayne State University; Detroit Michigan USA
| | - James E. Blessman
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences; Wayne State University; Detroit Michigan USA
- Department of Health and Wellness Promotion; City of Detroit; Michigan USA
| | - Kanzoni Asabigi
- Department of Health and Wellness Promotion; City of Detroit; Michigan USA
| | - Julie M. Novak
- Department of Communication; Wayne State University; Detroit Michigan USA
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Buckner JD, Shah SM, Dean KE, Zvolensky MJ. Cannabis use frequency and use-related impairment among African-American and White users: the impact of cannabis use motives. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2015; 21:318-331. [PMID: 26264291 PMCID: PMC4752436 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2015.1065311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cannabis use motives are differentially related to cannabis-related impairment and coping motives appear to have the strongest relation to use-related impairment. However, it is currently unknown whether African-American individuals differ from White persons in reasons for using cannabis. It is also unknown whether motives' relations to cannabis use and related impairment vary as a function of race. The present study examined the role of race on cannabis use motives and tested whether motives' relations with cannabis use and related impairment differed by race. DESIGN The sample consisted of 111 (67.6% non-Hispanic White, 32.4% African-American) current cannabis-using adults. RESULTS African-American participants did not significantly differ from White participants on cannabis use frequency or use-related impairment. African-American participants endorsed more social motives than White participants. Race interacted with social, coping, and conformity motives to predict cannabis-related impairment such that these motives were positively related to cannabis impairment among African-American, but not White, participants. CONCLUSION Although African-American and White participants do not differ in their cannabis use frequency or cannabis-related impairment, they appear to use cannabis for different reasons. Further, conformity, coping, and social motives were differentially associated with cannabis-related impairment as a function of race. Findings suggest motives for cannabis use should be contexualised in the context of race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D. Buckner
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University; 236 Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. Telephone: 1-225-578-4096
| | - Sonia M. Shah
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University; 236 Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. Telephone: 1-225-578-4096
| | - Kimberlye E. Dean
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University; 236 Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. Telephone: 1-225-578-4096
| | - Michael J. Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston 126 Heyne Building, Houston, TX 77204. Telephone: 1-713-743-8056
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Nadimpalli SB, James BD, Yu L, Cothran F, Barnes LL. The association between discrimination and depressive symptoms among older African Americans: the role of psychological and social factors. Exp Aging Res 2015; 41:1-24. [PMID: 25494668 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2015.978201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND/STUDY CONTEXT: Several studies have demonstrated a link between perceived discrimination and depression in ethnic minority groups, yet most have focused on younger or middle-aged African Americans and little is known about factors that may moderate the relationship. METHODS Participants were 487 older African Americans (60-98 years old) enrolled in the Minority Aging Research Study. Discrimination, depressive symptoms, and psychological and social resources were assessed via interview using validated measures. Ordinal logistic regression models were used to assess (1) the main relationship between discrimination and depression and (2) resilience, purpose in life, social isolation, and social networks as potential moderators of this relationship. RESULTS In models adjusted for age, sex, education, and income, perceived discrimination was positively associated with depressive symptoms (odds ratio [OR]: 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10-1.31; p < .001). However, there was no evidence of effect modification by resilience, purpose in life, social isolation, or social networks (all ps ≤ .05). CONCLUSION Findings provide support for accumulating evidence on the adverse mental health effects of discrimination among older African Americans. Because the association was not modified by psychological or social factors, these findings do not support a role for a buffering effect of resources on discrimination and depressive symptoms. Further studies are needed to examine a wider range of coping resources among older adults.
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Wagner J, Lampert R, Tennen H, Feinn R. Exposure to Discrimination and Heart Rate Variability Reactivity to Acute Stress among Women with Diabetes. Stress Health 2015; 31:255-62. [PMID: 24194397 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to racial discrimination has been linked to physiological reactivity. This study investigated self-reported exposure to racial discrimination and parasympathetic [high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV)] and sympathetic (norepinephrine and cortisol) activity at baseline and then again after acute laboratory stress. Lifetime exposure to racial discrimination was measured with the Schedule of Racist Events scale. Thirty-two women (16 Black and 16 White) with type 2 diabetes performed a public speaking stressor. Beat-to-beat intervals were recorded on electrocardiograph recorders, and HF-HRV was calculated using spectral analysis and natural log transformed. Norepinephrine and cortisol were measured in blood. Higher discrimination predicted lower stressor HF-HRV, even after controlling for baseline HF-HRV. When race, age, A1c and baseline systolic blood pressure were also controlled, racial discrimination remained a significant independent predictor of stressor HF-HRV. There was no association between lifetime discrimination and sympathetic markers. In conclusion, preliminary data suggest that among women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), exposure to racial discrimination is adversely associated with parasympathetic, but not sympathetic, reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Wagner
- MC3910 Division of Behavioral Sciences and Community Health, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Rachel Lampert
- Department of Cardiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Howard Tennen
- Howard Tennen, Department of Community Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Cente, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Richard Feinn
- Quinnipiac University School of Medicine, Hamden, CT, USA
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Leonard NR, Gwadz MV, Ritchie A, Linick JL, Cleland CM, Elliott L, Grethel M. A multi-method exploratory study of stress, coping, and substance use among high school youth in private schools. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1028. [PMID: 26257685 PMCID: PMC4511824 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing awareness that students' experiences of stress may impede academic success, compromise mental health, and promote substance use. We examined these factors in an under-studied population, private/independent high school students, using a multi-method (qualitative and quantitative), iterative data collection and analytic process. We first conducted qualitative interviews with faculty and staff at a number of highly competitive private schools, followed by an anonymous quantitative survey with 128 11th grade students from two of these settings. We then conducted a qualitative exploration of the quantitative results with a subset of students. Next, a set of Expert Panel members participated in qualitative interviews to reflect on and interpret study findings. Overall, we found students experienced high levels of chronic stress, particularly in relation to academic performance and the college admissions process. While students described a range of effective, adaptive coping strategies, they also commonly internalized these serious pressures and turned to alcohol and drugs to cope with chronic stress, although not typically at problematic levels. We discuss study implications for both schools and families derived from the Expert Panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle R Leonard
- College of Nursing, New York University, New York NY, USA ; Teachers College, Columbia University, New York NY, USA
| | - Marya V Gwadz
- College of Nursing, New York University, New York NY, USA
| | - Amanda Ritchie
- College of Nursing, New York University, New York NY, USA
| | - Jessica L Linick
- College of Nursing, New York University, New York NY, USA ; Teachers College, Columbia University, New York NY, USA
| | | | - Luther Elliott
- National Development and Research Institutes, Inc., New York NY, USA
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Hall JM, Fields B. "It's Killing Us!" Narratives of Black Adults About Microaggression Experiences and Related Health Stress. Glob Qual Nurs Res 2015; 2:2333393615591569. [PMID: 28462310 PMCID: PMC5342632 DOI: 10.1177/2333393615591569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Perceived racism contributes to persistent health stress leading to health disparities. African American/Black persons (BPs) believe subtle, rather than overt, interpersonal racism is increasing. Sue and colleagues describe interpersonal racism as racial microaggressions: "routine" marginalizing indignities by White persons (WPs) toward BPs that contribute to health stress. In this narrative, exploratory study, Black adults (n = 10) were asked about specific racial microaggressions; they all experienced multiple types. Categorical and narrative analysis captured interpretations, strategies, and health stress attributions. Six iconic narratives contextualized health stress responses. Diverse mental and physical symptoms were attributed to racial microaggressions. Few strategies in response had positive outcomes. Future research includes development of coping strategies for BPs in these interactions, exploration of WPs awareness of their behaviors, and preventing racial microaggressions in health encounters that exacerbate health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Hall
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Becky Fields
- Roane State Community College, Harriman, Tennessee, USA
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Wagner JA, Tennen H, Finan PH, Ghuman N, Burg MM. Self-reported racial discrimination and endothelial reactivity to acute stress in women. Stress Health 2013; 29:214-21. [PMID: 22962001 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of self-reported racial discrimination on endothelial responses to acute laboratory mental stress among post-menopausal women. One-hundred thirteen women (n = 94 self-identified as White and n = 19 self-identified as racial/ethnic minority), 43% with type 2 diabetes, reported lifetime experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination. Repeated assessments of flow-mediated dilation were performed at baseline, immediately after 5 min of mental arithmetic and at 20-min recovery. Both White and racial/ethnic minority women reported lifetime discrimination, with rates significantly higher among minorities. Self-reported lifetime discrimination was associated with attenuated flow-mediated dilation at recovery. Confounding variables, including clinical characteristics, mood, personality traits, other life stressors and general distress, did not better account for the effect of racial discrimination. Neither race/ethnicity nor diabetes status moderated the effect. The perceived stressfulness of the mental arithmetic was not associated with the endothelial response. In conclusion, self-reported lifetime discrimination is associated with attenuated endothelial recovery from acute mental stress. Elucidating the effects of discrimination and the biological mechanisms through which it affects the vasculature may suggest interventions to improve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Wagner
- Division of Behavioral Sciences and Community Health, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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Hall JM, Fields B. Continuing the conversation in nursing on race and racism. Nurs Outlook 2013; 61:164-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Brittian AS, Toomey RB, Gonzales NA, Dumka LE. Perceived Discrimination, Coping Strategies, and Mexican Origin Adolescents' Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors: Examining the Moderating Role of Gender and Cultural Orientation. APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE 2013; 17:4-19. [PMID: 23833550 DOI: 10.1080/10888691.2013.748417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The literature identifying effective coping strategies related to perceived discrimination has yielded mixed findings, suggesting that recommendations for effective coping may vary by individual and group differences. The current study examined the influence of perceived discrimination and coping strategies on Mexican origin adolescents' later internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors, and assessed the moderating roles of gender and cultural orientation. Participants included 189 adolescents (46% male, 54% female) interviewed at 7th and 8th grade. Results suggested that the associations between perceived discrimination and internalizing symptoms were buffered by distraction coping among youth that were low on Anglo orientation but not among youth high on Anglo orientation. In addition, the associations between perceived discrimination and externalizing behaviors were buffered by social support seeking, but only among youth that were low on Mexican orientation. Directions for future research and application of the current research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aerika S Brittian
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago
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Pieterse AL, Carter RT, Ray KV. Racism-Related Stress, General Life Stress, and Psychological Functioning Among Black American Women. JOURNAL OF MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-1912.2013.00025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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The protective role of racial identity and Africentric worldview in the association between racial discrimination and blood pressure. Psychosom Med 2012; 74:509-16. [PMID: 22685241 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0b013e3182583a50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the protective effects of racial identity and Africentric worldview on the association between racial discrimination and blood pressure (BP). METHODS Two hundred ten African American young adults completed questionnaires assessing demographic characteristics, prior racial discrimination experiences, racial identity, and Africentric worldview. Resting BP was assessed before and after completion of the study measures. RESULTS Racial discrimination was unrelated to BP in the overall sample (systolic BP, p = .444; diastolic BP [DBP], p = .915; mean arterial pressure, p = .774). However, racial identity and Africentric worldview moderated the association between racial discrimination and BP. Racial discrimination was negatively related to DBP for participants who felt that others viewed African Americans less favorably and who endorsed the uniqueness of the African American experience (B = -2.59, standard error [SE] = 1.29, p = .046). These individuals also had the lowest DBP at high levels of racial discrimination. Racial discrimination was positively associated with DBP for individuals with low levels of Africentric orientation (B = 1.43, SE = 0.72, p = .048) but was unrelated to DBP at moderate (B = 0.24, SE = 0.65, p = .718) and high (B = -0.96, SE = 1.01, p = .341) levels of Africentric worldview. CONCLUSIONS Racial and cultural personal characteristics such as racial identity and Africentric orientation may serve an important protective function for BP in African American young adults.
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Zeiders KH, Doane LD, Roosa MW. Perceived discrimination and diurnal cortisol: examining relations among Mexican American adolescents. Horm Behav 2012; 61:541-8. [PMID: 22342577 PMCID: PMC3319173 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Perceived discrimination remains a salient and significant environmental stressor for ethnic and racial minority youth. Although many studies have examined the impact of racial/ethnic discrimination on mental health symptomatology and physical health, little is known of the potential physiological processes underlying such experiences, especially during adolescence. In an attempt to understand how varying perceptions of discrimination relate to functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis), the current study examined the relation between Mexican American adolescents' (N = 100, M(age) = 15.3 years old) perceptions of discrimination and aspects of their diurnal cortisol profiles. Three salivary samples (wakeup, +30 waking, bedtime) were collected across 3 days (total of 9 samples). Utilizing multi-level modeling, results revealed that adolescents' perceived discrimination related to greater overall cortisol output (area under the curve; AUC) after controlling for other life stressors, depressive symptoms, family income, acculturation level, daily stress levels and daily behaviors. Findings also revealed that perceived discrimination was marginally related to a steeper cortisol awakening response (CAR). Together, these findings suggest that perceived discrimination is a salient and impactful stressor for Mexican American adolescents. Understanding the physiological correlates of discrimination can provide insight into larger health disparities among ethnic and racial minority individuals.
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Racism and hypertension: a review of the empirical evidence and implications for clinical practice. Am J Hypertens 2011; 24:518-29. [PMID: 21331054 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2011.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite improved hypertension (HTN) awareness and treatment, racial disparities in HTN prevalence persist. An understanding of the biopsychosocial determinants of HTN is necessary to address racial disparities in the prevalence of HTN. This review examines the evidence directly and indirectly linking multiple levels of racism to HTN. METHODS Published empirical research in EBSCO databases investigating the relationships of three levels of racism (individual/interpersonal, internalized, and institutional racism) to HTN was reviewed. RESULTS Direct evidence linking individual/interpersonal racism to HTN diagnosis is weak. However, the relationship of individual/interpersonal racism to ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) is more consistent, with all published studies reporting a positive relationship of interpersonal racism to ABP. There is no direct evidence linking internalized racism to BP. Population-based studies provide some evidence linking institutional racism, in the forms of residential racial segregation (RRS) and incarceration, to HTN incidence. Racism shows associations to stress exposure and reactivity as well as associations to established HTN-related risk factors including obesity, low levels of physical activity and alcohol use. The effects vary by level of racism. CONCLUSIONS Overall the findings suggest that racism may increase risk for HTN; these effects emerge more clearly for institutional racism than for individual level racism. All levels of racism may influence the prevalence of HTN via stress exposure and reactivity and by fostering conditions that undermine health behaviors, raising the barriers to lifestyle change.
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Heard E, Whitfield KE, Edwards CL, Bruce MA, Beech BM. Mediating Effects of Social Support on the Relationship Among Perceived Stress, Depression, and Hypertension In African Americans. J Natl Med Assoc 2011; 103:116-22. [DOI: 10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Stigma and discrimination toward obese persons are pervasive and pose numerous consequences for their psychological and physical health. Despite decades of science documenting weight stigma, its public health implications are widely ignored. Instead, obese persons are blamed for their weight, with common perceptions that weight stigmatization is justifiable and may motivate individuals to adopt healthier behaviors. We examine evidence to address these assumptions and discuss their public health implications. On the basis of current findings, we propose that weight stigma is not a beneficial public health tool for reducing obesity. Rather, stigmatization of obese individuals threatens health, generates health disparities, and interferes with effective obesity intervention efforts. These findings highlight weight stigma as both a social justice issue and a priority for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Puhl
- Director of Research and Weight Stigma Initiatives, Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, Yale University, 309 Edwards St, New Haven, CT 06520-8369, USA.
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Pascoe EA, Smart Richman L. Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull 2009. [PMID: 19586161 DOI: 10.1037/a0016059.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Perceived discrimination has been studied with regard to its impact on several types of health effects. This meta-analysis provides a comprehensive account of the relationships between multiple forms of perceived discrimination and both mental and physical health outcomes. In addition, this meta-analysis examines potential mechanisms by which perceiving discrimination may affect health, including through psychological and physiological stress responses and health behaviors. Analysis of 134 samples suggests that when weighting each study's contribution by sample size, perceived discrimination has a significant negative effect on both mental and physical health. Perceived discrimination also produces significantly heightened stress responses and is related to participation in unhealthy and nonparticipation in healthy behaviors. These findings suggest potential pathways linking perceived discrimination to negative health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Pascoe
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0086, USA.
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Abstract
Perceived discrimination has been studied with regard to its impact on several types of health effects. This meta-analysis provides a comprehensive account of the relationships between multiple forms of perceived discrimination and both mental and physical health outcomes. In addition, this meta-analysis examines potential mechanisms by which perceiving discrimination may affect health, including through psychological and physiological stress responses and health behaviors. Analysis of 134 samples suggests that when weighting each study's contribution by sample size, perceived discrimination has a significant negative effect on both mental and physical health. Perceived discrimination also produces significantly heightened stress responses and is related to participation in unhealthy and nonparticipation in healthy behaviors. These findings suggest potential pathways linking perceived discrimination to negative health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Pascoe
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0086, USA.
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37
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Smart Richman L, Leary MR. Reactions to discrimination, stigmatization, ostracism, and other forms of interpersonal rejection: a multimotive model. Psychol Rev 2009; 116:365-83. [PMID: 19348546 DOI: 10.1037/a0015250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a new model that provides a framework for understanding people's reactions to threats to social acceptance and belonging as they occur in the context of diverse phenomena such as rejection, discrimination, ostracism, betrayal, and stigmatization. People's immediate reactions are quite similar across different forms of rejection in terms of negative affect and lowered self-esteem. However, following these immediate responses, people's reactions are influenced by construals of the rejection experience that predict 3 distinct motives for prosocial, antisocial, and socially avoidant behavioral responses. The authors describe the relational, contextual, and dispositional factors that affect which motives determine people's reactions to a rejection experience and the ways in which these 3 motives may work at cross-purposes. The multimotive model accounts for the myriad ways in which responses to rejection unfold over time and offers a basis for the next generation of research on interpersonal rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Smart Richman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Lewis TT, Barnes LL, Bienias JL, Lackland DT, Evans DA, Mendes de Leon CF. Perceived discrimination and blood pressure in older African American and white adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009; 64:1002-8. [PMID: 19429703 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glp062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study was designed to examine the cross-sectional association between perceived discrimination and blood pressure (BP) in a sample of older African American and white adults. We hypothesized that perceived discrimination would be associated with higher levels of BP and that this association would be stronger for older African Americans compared with whites. METHODS Participants were 4,694 (60% African American, 60% women) community-dwelling older adults. Perceived discrimination and other relevant risk factors were assessed via interview, and BP was measured using standard sphygmomanometers. Multivariate linear regression models were conducted to test associations among race, perceived discrimination, and BP. RESULTS In models adjusted for age, sex, race, and education, perceived discrimination was not associated with higher levels of systolic blood pressure (p=.10) but was associated with higher levels of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (p=.01). Further analyses revealed that the association between perceived discrimination and DBP was present in older African Americans (p=.0003) but not whites (p=.46). Results persisted after adjusting for relevant risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that discrimination may be a unique risk factor for elevated DBP in older African Americans. Because these findings are cross-sectional, additional research is needed to determine whether the observed associations persist over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tené T Lewis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, 60 College Street, 4th Floor, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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Williams DR, Mohammed SA. Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research. J Behav Med 2009; 32:20-47. [PMID: 19030981 DOI: 10.1007/s10864-008-9184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides a review and critique of empirical research on perceived discrimination and health. The patterns of racial disparities in health suggest that there are multiple ways by which racism can affect health. Perceived discrimination is one such pathway and the paper reviews the published research on discrimination and health that appeared in PubMed between 2005 and 2007. This recent research continues to document an inverse association between discrimination and health. This pattern is now evident in a wider range of contexts and for a broader array of outcomes. Advancing our understanding of the relationship between perceived discrimination and health will require more attention to situating discrimination within the context of other health-relevant aspects of racism, measuring it comprehensively and accurately, assessing its stressful dimensions, and identifying the mechanisms that link discrimination to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Williams
- Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Williams DR, Mohammed SA. Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research. J Behav Med 2009; 32:20-47. [PMID: 19030981 PMCID: PMC2821669 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1756] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a review and critique of empirical research on perceived discrimination and health. The patterns of racial disparities in health suggest that there are multiple ways by which racism can affect health. Perceived discrimination is one such pathway and the paper reviews the published research on discrimination and health that appeared in PubMed between 2005 and 2007. This recent research continues to document an inverse association between discrimination and health. This pattern is now evident in a wider range of contexts and for a broader array of outcomes. Advancing our understanding of the relationship between perceived discrimination and health will require more attention to situating discrimination within the context of other health-relevant aspects of racism, measuring it comprehensively and accurately, assessing its stressful dimensions, and identifying the mechanisms that link discrimination to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Williams
- Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Williams DR, Mohammed SA. Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research. J Behav Med 2008. [PMID: 19030981 DOI: 10.1007/s10865–008–9185–0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a review and critique of empirical research on perceived discrimination and health. The patterns of racial disparities in health suggest that there are multiple ways by which racism can affect health. Perceived discrimination is one such pathway and the paper reviews the published research on discrimination and health that appeared in PubMed between 2005 and 2007. This recent research continues to document an inverse association between discrimination and health. This pattern is now evident in a wider range of contexts and for a broader array of outcomes. Advancing our understanding of the relationship between perceived discrimination and health will require more attention to situating discrimination within the context of other health-relevant aspects of racism, measuring it comprehensively and accurately, assessing its stressful dimensions, and identifying the mechanisms that link discrimination to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Williams
- Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Chen E, Matthews KA, Zhou F. Interpretations of ambiguous social situations and cardiovascular responses in adolescents. Ann Behav Med 2008; 34:26-36. [PMID: 17688394 DOI: 10.1007/bf02879918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has documented effects of ambiguous outcome social situations on individual differences in cardiovascular reactivity in laboratory contexts. PURPOSE This study tested whether interpretations of ambiguous social situations are associated with daily life cardiovascular responses using ambulatory approaches. METHODS There were 206 high school adolescents assessed on interpretations of ambiguous social situations in the laboratory who then completed ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) for 2 days. RESULTS Adolescents who perceived threat during ambiguous situations exhibited higher systolic BP when talking to others compared to occasions of not talking with anyone, whereas the opposite was true for those with low threat perception. For high-threat adolescents, higher systolic BP was found when interacting with friends, whereas for low threat adolescents, lower systolic BP was found when interacting with parents. Greater threat interpretations were also associated with elevated HR at night. CONCLUSIONS Understanding how adolescents perceive social interactions may help in gauging their daily cardiovascular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Chen
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychology, Vancouver, Canada.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Racism has been identified as a psychosocial stressor that may contribute to disparities in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease. The goal of the present article was to investigate the relationship of perceived racism to ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) in a sample of American-born Blacks and Latinos. METHODS Participants included English-speaking Black or Latino(a) adults between the ages of 24 and 65. They completed daily mood diaries and measures of perceived racism, socioeconomic status, and hostility. Participants were outfitted with ABP monitors; 357 provided data on waking hours only, and 245 provided data on both waking and nocturnal ABP. RESULTS Perceived racism was positively associated with nocturnal ABP even when controlling for personality factors and socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that racism may influence cardiovascular disease risk through its effects on nocturnal BP recovery.
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Clark R, Gochett P. Interactive effects of perceived racism and coping responses predict a school-based assessment of blood pressure in black youth. Ann Behav Med 2006; 32:1-9. [PMID: 16827624 DOI: 10.1207/s15324796abm3201_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research indicates that perceived racism and coping responses are associated with basal blood pressure (BP) levels and BP reactivity in Black adults. No study could be found, however, that has explored the independent and interactive effects of perceived racism and coping responses in a cohort who probably has the greatest risk of developing primary hypertension--Black youth. PURPOSE This study examined the relationship of perceived racism and coping responses to a continuous measure of BP and to a categorical measure of BP status (normal vs. high-normal or high). METHODS The convenience sample consisted of 217 Black youth (M age = 11.4 years, SD = 1.3). Participants reported on perceived racism and coping responses (Accepting It, Self-Blame, Taking Action, and Talking to Someone). BP was assessed with an automated monitor in school. RESULTS Approximately 32% of the sample had average BP levels that were high-normal or high. Hierarchical linear and logistic regression analyses were used to assess the predictive utility of perceived racism and the four coping responses to the continuous and categorical BP assessments. Although perceived racism and the coping response variables did not emerge as significant independent predictors in the linear or logistic regression analyses, perceived racism interacted with Accepting It (p = .009) in the linear regression analysis predicting systolic BP. Follow-up linear regression analyses indicated that perceived racism was not significantly associated with systolic BP among participants low in Accepting It but was inversely related to systolic BP among participants high in Accepting It. Perceived racism also interacted with Accepting It (p = .016) and Talking to Someone (p = .0009) in the logistic regression analysis predicting BP status. Follow-up logistic regression analyses revealed that (a) perceived racism was not significantly associated with BP status among participants low in Accepting It but was inversely related to BP status among participants high in Accepting It, and (b) perceived racism was inversely associated with BP status among participants low in Talking to Someone but was not significantly related to BP status among participants high in Talking to Someone. CONCLUSIONS The contribution of environmental and psychosocial factors to hypertension risk should be considered when exploring correlates of continuous and categorical assessments of BP in Black youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney Clark
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, USA
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