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Jacobs W, Qin W, Riley TN, Parker ES, Owora AH, Leventhal A. Race/ethnic differences in the association of anxiety, depression, and discrimination with subsequent nicotine and cannabis use among young adults: A prospective longitudinal study. Addict Behav 2024; 153:107979. [PMID: 38394958 PMCID: PMC11152197 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.107979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The shifting patterns in nicotine and cannabis use among young adults is taking place at a time when there is also increased reports of psychosocial stressors such as anxiety, depression, and everyday discrimination. Although race/ethnicity has been found to moderate the impact of psychosocial stressors, there is limited research examining the association of anxiety, depression, and discrimination with patterns of nicotine and/or cannabis product use among diverse young adults. METHODS Data were from a longitudinal study of 2478 US young adults surveyed between 2019 and 2021. General estimating equation models were used to examine associations of self-reported psychological symptoms (depression, anxiety) and social stressors (discrimination) with substance use (any nicotine and cannabis product use; nicotine and cannabis vaping). RESULTS Young adults from different racial/ethnic groups differed significantly in their depression and discrimination scores with young adults of color having higher mean scores. Overall, higher depression and everyday discrimination score was associated with increased odds of past 6-month use of any nicotine/tobacco and cannabis products. Higher generalized anxiety score increased odds of any nicotine/tobacco and dual nicotine and cannabis product use. Higher everyday discrimination score was associated with increased odds nicotine and cannabis vaping overall. Stratified models showed variation in associations among different racial/ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS Psychosocial stressors are associated with increased substance use odds among young adults. However, these stressors have a differential impact on substance use odds among young adults from different racial/ethnic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wura Jacobs
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University, United States.
| | - Weisiyu Qin
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University, United States.
| | - Tennisha N Riley
- Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, Indiana University, United States.
| | - Erik S Parker
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University, United States.
| | - Arthur H Owora
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University, United States.
| | - Adam Leventhal
- Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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Trucco EM, Fallah-Sohy N, Cristello JV, Hartmann SA. The Role of Socialization Contexts on Adolescent Substance Use across Racial and Ethnic Groups. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2023; 10:412-421. [PMID: 37691834 PMCID: PMC10491413 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-023-00496-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review This review summarizes theories and empirical work regarding socialization contexts contributing to substance use across marginalized adolescents. Future directions and recommendations to minimize the perpetuation of racial stereotypes are provided. Recent Findings Neighborhoods high in social cohesion may offset substance use risk. Promoting school connectedness via increased support from teachers and peers could reduce school-based discrimination and enhance feelings of belongingness. The influence of peers on substance use engagement largely differs across racial groups and level of acculturation. Family cultural values emphasizing respect, obedience, and collectivism offer protection from substance use. Summary Despite lower prevalence rates of adolescent substance use within racial/ethnic groups, rates of negative consequences due to substances are far greater compared to White adolescents. Transcultural factors (e.g., strong family ties), as well as culture-specific factors, should be leveraged to delay the onset of substance use and prevent negative sequelae resulting from substance use initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M Trucco
- Florida International University, Psychology Department, 11200 SW 8 Street, AHC-1, Miami, FL, 33199
- Florida International University, Center for Children and Families, 11200 SW 8 Street, AHC-1, Miami, FL, 33199
- University of Michigan, Psychiatry Department, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Nilofar Fallah-Sohy
- Florida International University, Psychology Department, 11200 SW 8 Street, AHC-1, Miami, FL, 33199
- Florida International University, Center for Children and Families, 11200 SW 8 Street, AHC-1, Miami, FL, 33199
| | - Julie V Cristello
- Florida International University, Psychology Department, 11200 SW 8 Street, AHC-1, Miami, FL, 33199
- Florida International University, Center for Children and Families, 11200 SW 8 Street, AHC-1, Miami, FL, 33199
| | - Sarah A Hartmann
- Florida International University, Psychology Department, 11200 SW 8 Street, AHC-1, Miami, FL, 33199
- Florida International University, Center for Children and Families, 11200 SW 8 Street, AHC-1, Miami, FL, 33199
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Merrill JE, López G, Doucette H, Pielech M, Corcoran E, Egbert A, Wray TB, Gabrielli J, Colby SM, Jackson KM. Adolescents' perceptions of alcohol portrayals in the media and their impact on cognitions and behaviors. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2023; 37:758-770. [PMID: 36757982 PMCID: PMC10409881 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to alcohol in the media is pervasive and may influence adolescents' perceptions and use of alcohol. The purpose of this study was to better understand how adolescents perceive alcohol-related content in both entertainment and social media, with a focus on the valence of portrayals (i.e., positive, negative) and impacts on cognitions and behaviors. METHOD Participants were 40 high school students (60% female). Nine focus groups were conducted via videoconferencing, stratified by grade (9th/10th, 11th/12th) and gender. Transcripts were analyzed via template-style thematic analyses to identify themes. RESULTS Six themes were developed, including (a) some portrayals of alcohol may increase likelihood of using alcohol, (b) some portrayals of alcohol in the media can discourage drinking, (c) sometimes truly negative consequences of alcohol are portrayed positively or downplayed, (d) media portrayals of alcohol are perceived to be based in reality but are at times exaggerated, (e) adolescent and adult alcohol use is portrayed differently in entertainment media, and (f) the extent to which adolescents are influenced by the media may depend on their preexisting attitudes, beliefs, and education. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents have awareness of media portrayals of alcohol, both positive and negative, and their associated impacts. Findings highlight the need for much more work to understand the conditions under which, and for whom, exposure to different types of positive portrayals of alcohol in the media translate into positive expectancies about alcohol or drinking motives. Such work may ultimately inform intervention targets to reduce early initiation and/or risky drinking among adolescents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E. Merrill
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Gabriela López
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Hannah Doucette
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Melissa Pielech
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Erin Corcoran
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA
| | - Amy Egbert
- The Miriam Hospital/Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903
| | - Tyler B. Wray
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Joy Gabrielli
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA
| | - Suzanne M. Colby
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Kristina M. Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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He R, He J, Zhang H. Generational differences in the relationship between media exposure and health behaviors during COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1039122. [PMID: 36874860 PMCID: PMC9980421 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1039122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on a questionnaire survey (N = 857), this study analyzed generational differences in the public health behaviors of COVID-19 and provided an explanation for generational differences from the perspective of media exposure. There are significant differences in media exposure and health behaviors between the Mesozoic generation (35-55) and the young generation (18-34) during the lull. The Mesozoic generation paid greater attention to information on pandemics. Consequently, their health behaviors surpass that of the young generation. On the basis of social cognitive theory and protection motivation theory, this study develops a mediating model of media exposure on health behaviors, demonstrating that media exposure can influence health behaviors through the mediating effects of perceived severity, self-efficacy, and response efficacy, but not via perceived susceptibility. Moreover, a moderated mediation study found that generation moderates the indirect effect of media exposure on health behaviors via perceived susceptibility. Media exposure influences Mesozoic healthy behaviors positively by decreasing their perceived susceptibility. The implication of this study is that the development of health communication theory must account for generational differences and disease-specific characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin He
- School of Media and Communication, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia He
- USC-SJTU Institute of Cultural and Creative Industry, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- School of Journalism and Communication, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Haeny AM, Gibbons FX, Fleischli ME, Gerrard M, Lopez J, Beach SRH. Racial centrality mediates the association between adolescent racial discrimination and adult cigarette smoking outcomes among Black Americans. Soc Sci Med 2023; 316:115225. [PMID: 35931591 PMCID: PMC10163899 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate racial centrality as a mediator of the association between Black adolescents' racial discrimination experiences and their cigarette use in early adulthood. METHODS The data were drawn from the Family and Community Health Study, which is a longitudinal study of Black American families that began in 1996. Families with a child in 5th grade who identified as Black or African American were recruited from Iowa and Georgia. At baseline, there were 838 Black American children. Hierarchical regressions and bootstrap tests of the indirect effects were used to investigate whether racial centrality at Wave 5 (mean age = 21.6 years) mediated the association between adolescent discrimination at Waves 1-4 (mean ages = 10.5-18.8 years) and adult cigarette use at wave 6 (mean age = 23.5 years). RESULTS Bivariate associations indicated racial discrimination was significantly associated positively with racial centrality and adult use of cigarettes. Racial centrality indirectly affected the association between racial discrimination and cigarette use such that greater racial centrality was associated with less cigarette use. Further, racial centrality predicted cessation among those who had smoked. Finally, racial centrality was higher among those who never smoked and those who had smoked and quit, relative to those who currently smoke. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that having strong Black racial centrality is a mediator that reduces the risk of cigarette use among young adults who experience racial discrimination in adolescence. In addition, racial centrality also predicts smoking cessation among young Black Americans who smoke. Translational implications of these findings are discussed.
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Peterson LM, Orr JA, Rogelberg SD, Olsen N. Social-contextual factors interact with masculinity to influence college men's HPV vaccination intentions: The role of descriptive norms, prototypes, and physician gender. J Behav Med 2022; 45:825-840. [PMID: 36066688 PMCID: PMC9446639 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-022-00350-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Men’s low HPV vaccination uptake and HPV-related disease incidence are public health issues; gendered social–contextual factors likely play a role. In Study 1, college men (N = 130; Mage = 19.55; white = 58.1%) reported their social cognitions (male-referent descriptive norms and prototypes), self-reliance masculinity ideology, and vaccination intentions. In Study 2, college men (N = 106; Mage = 19.32; white = 61.3%) were randomly assigned to receive HPV vaccination information from a man or woman physician-avatar. Descriptive norms and favorable prototypes (bs ≥ .337; ps ≤ .016) were associated with higher HPV vaccination intentions. Men with higher self-reliance masculinity had higher HPV vaccination intentions with a man physician and when they perceived greater vaccination among men (ps ≤ .035). Men with higher self-reliance masculinity are more sensitive to gendered social–contextual effects in HPV vaccination decision-making. Gendered social–contextual factors should be integrated into public health interventions to increase college men’s HPV vaccination uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel M Peterson
- Department of Psychology, Bryn Mawr College, 101 N Merion Ave, Bryn Mawr, PA, 19010, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Orr
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sasha D Rogelberg
- The Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nils Olsen
- Department of Organizational Sciences and Communication, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Television, News Media, Social Media and Adolescents’ and Young Adults’ Violations of the COVID-19 Lockdown Measures: A Prototype Willingness Model. TELEMATICS AND INFORMATICS 2022; 70:101817. [PMID: 35431424 PMCID: PMC9006402 DOI: 10.1016/j.tele.2022.101817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, television and social media informed and entertained people. This cross-sectional study among adolescents and young adults (n = 859, 71.94% female, Mage = 20.55, SDage = 4.59) examined the associations between pro- and anti-governmental (social) media and youth’s violations of the lockdown measures following the prototype willingness model (PWM). Data were collected during Belgium’s first and strictest lockdown. The results largely confirmed the applicability of the PWM in a public health context. Posting of and exposure to anti-governmental social media messages positively related to violations of the regulations via higher descriptive norm perceptions of peers violating the measures and positive attitudes towards violations. Pro-governmental media interactions (i.e., exposure to news media and pro-governmental social media messages) negatively related to violations via negative attitudes towards violations. No support emerged for the role of (televised) series, prototype favorability, or subjective norms in the PWM. Differences in posting versus exposure of social media messages were found. Posting generally related stronger to risk cognitions and behaviors compared to exposure. Gender and age moderated some of the examined relations in the PWM. Implications for media research and health campaigns are discussed.
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Tauty S, Martin P, Bourmaud A, Chapoton B, de La Rochebrochard E, Alberti C. Sexual health promotion messages for young people in Netflix most-watched series content (2015-2020): mixed-methods analysis study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e052826. [PMID: 34907062 PMCID: PMC8672015 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sexual health is a major issue for young people, and there is a need to promote it. Sexual health promotion messages may be included in Netflix series that are widely watched by young people, with important emotional dimensions in scenarios. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the explicit sexual health promotion messages integrated in Netflix series popular among young people, and to describe them and how they are delivered. METHODS We selected two types of Netflix series, aimed at young people: (1) series whose synopsis is mainly about sexual health and (2) all-subject series. We extracted data from 65 episodes of 6 of the most-watched Netflix series. We used a data extraction grid on EpiData. We analysed sexual health themes and sexual health promotion messages. We described the series and listed all the sexual health and other health themes discussed. For each promotion message, we described scene contents and extracted dialogues. RESULTS We found 62 promotion messages in the 6 analysed series. The two series that highlight sexual health in their synopsis account for 81% (n=50/62) of these identified promotion messages. Messages mainly focus on sexual harassment and violence (19%), on sexually transmitted infections protection (18%) and on contraception (15%). Messages are mainly delivered as verbal information, and mostly feature 16-18 years old characters in school. Analysis highlighted four main points concerning scenarios in these series: (1) there are different ways to deliver sexual health promotion messages; (2) there is depiction of negative value judgements and gender norms; (3) some information may be incomplete or misleading and (4) risky behaviours are represented. CONCLUSION Netflix series incorporate diverse sexual health promotion messages for young people. Further research could assess how these messages are perceived and whether they increase the knowledge, skills and positive health behaviours of young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solenne Tauty
- ECEVE U1123, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Paris, France
- UFR Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Martin
- ECEVE U1123, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Paris, France
- UFR Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- UR14 - Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights, Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques (INED), Aubervilliers, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Aurélie Bourmaud
- ECEVE U1123, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Paris, France
- UFR Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Boris Chapoton
- UR4161, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Elise de La Rochebrochard
- UR14 - Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights, Institut National d'Etudes Démographiques (INED), Aubervilliers, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Corinne Alberti
- ECEVE U1123, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Paris, France
- UFR Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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Alhabash S, Kanver D, Lou C, Smith SW, Tan PN. Trick or Drink: Offline and Social Media Hierarchical Normative Influences on Halloween Celebration Drinking. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2021; 36:1942-1948. [PMID: 32806968 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2020.1808406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined the relationship between perceived societal and personal celebration drinking norms, social media use, and alcohol consumption during Halloween. The study used a survey of a nationally representative, convenience, and cross-sectional sample of underage youth (18-20 years old; N = 525). Participants self-reported their own drinking, perceived descriptive norms among peers and close friends, and alcohol-related social media posting and interaction during Halloween. Results revealed that underage youth's estimation of societal drinking norms related to their proximal close friends' drinking norms, which in turn, influenced self-reported number of drinks consumed during Halloween. Social media posting and interaction with alcohol-related content were associated with greater descriptive normative perceptions and self-reported drinking. Extending the hierarchical social norms approach, our findings showed that normative perceptions about proximal reference groups' drinking, along with alcohol-related social media activities, were associated with greater number of drinks consumed during Halloween.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Alhabash
- Department of Advertising and Public Relations, College of Communication Arts and Science, Michigan State University
| | - Duygu Kanver
- Information and Media Ph.D. Program, School of Journalism, College of Communication Arts & Sciences, Michigan State University
| | - Chen Lou
- Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University
| | - Sandi W Smith
- Department of Communication, College of Communication Arts & Sciences, Michigan State University
| | - Pang-Ning Tan
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University
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Peterson LM, Helweg-Larsen M, DiMuccio S. Descriptive Norms and Prototypes Predict COVID-19 Prevention Cognitions and Behaviors in the United States: Applying the Prototype Willingness Model to Pandemic Mitigation. Ann Behav Med 2021; 55:1089-1103. [PMID: 34487142 PMCID: PMC8499892 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, prevention behavior adoption occurred in a rapidly changing context. In contrast to expectancy-value theories, the Prototype Willingness Model (PWM) is well-suited for investigating novel and socially informed behaviors. PURPOSE We explored whether PWM social cognitions predicted coronavirus prevention behaviors. METHOD A representative sample of United States adults (N = 738; Mage = 46.8; 51.8% women; 78% white; April 2020) who had not had COVID-19 reported PWM predictor variables (perceived vulnerability, prevention descriptive norms, prototypes engaging in prevention behavior, and prevention behavioral intentions). Two weeks later, participants reported their prevention behaviors (handwashing, mask-wearing, social distancing, etc.) and future public health behavioral willingness (contact tracing, temperature checks, etc.). RESULTS Controlling for putative demographic, past behavior, and coronavirus-contextual (e.g., local infection rates) covariates, mediation models indicated that higher norms and favorable prototypes were associated with greater prevention behavioral intentions, which in turn predicted increased prevention behavior, F(18, 705) = 92.20, p < .001, R2 = .70. Higher norms and favorable prototypes associated both directly and indirectly (through greater prevention behavioral intention) with greater willingness to engage in emerging public health behaviors, F(15, 715) = 21.49, p < .001, R2 = .31. CONCLUSIONS Greater descriptive norms and favorable prototypes for prevention behavior predicted: (a) future prevention behaviors through increases in behavioral intentions and (b) willingness to participate in emerging public health behaviors. These results held across demographic groups, political affiliation, and severity of regional outbreaks. Public health efforts to curb pandemics should highlight normative prevention participation and enhance positive prototypes.
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Jackson KM, Janssen T, Cox MJ, Colby SM, Barnett NP, Sargent J. Mechanisms Underlying Associations between Media Alcohol Exposure, Parenting, and Early Adolescent Drinking: A Moderated Sequential Mediation Model. J Youth Adolesc 2021; 50:1896-1910. [PMID: 33515374 PMCID: PMC10975647 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-020-01373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to alcohol content in the media, especially in movies, is a demonstrated risk factor for adolescent alcohol use. This paper examines processes underlying this association and whether parenting mitigates such harms. A mediational model of parental restriction of mature media (W1), alcohol content exposure (W2), alcohol expectancies, peer norms (W3), and alcohol outcomes (W4) was tested using annual assessments from a study of adolescent drinking (N = 879; 52% female; 21% Non-White; 12% Hispanic). When restrictions are not in place, adolescents report greater exposure to alcohol content, leading to higher perceived peer drinking. Parental monitoring did not buffer the link between exposure and peer norms. Parental media restriction and perceptions about peers comprise mechanisms by which alcohol-saturated media influences youth drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Jackson
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-4, Providence, Rhode, 02912, Island.
| | - Tim Janssen
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-4, Providence, Rhode, 02912, Island
| | - Melissa J Cox
- East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Suzanne M Colby
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-4, Providence, Rhode, 02912, Island
| | - Nancy P Barnett
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-4, Providence, Rhode, 02912, Island
| | - James Sargent
- C. Everett Koop Institute, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
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Riehm KE, Thrul J, Barrington-Trimis JL, Kelleghan A, Mojtabai R, Leventhal AM. Prospective Association of Digital Media Use with Alcohol Use Initiation and Progression Among Adolescents. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:877-885. [PMID: 33586788 PMCID: PMC8076081 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although adolescents commonly use digital media and consume alcohol , longitudinal evidence of the association between these behaviors is scant. This study examined the association between the frequency of digital media use and the subsequent initiation or progression of alcohol use. We also examined whether these associations were moderated by gender and race/ethnicity. METHODS The study included 2,473 adolescents from a prospective cohort in the Los Angeles, CA area who were surveyed in fall 2015 (11th grade, baseline for the current study) and every 6 months through the end of high school (Spring 2017, 12th grade). At baseline, youth self-reported the total number of 14 digital media activities (e.g., checking social media, streaming music/videos, texting) they engaged in at a high frequency (i.e., many times a day) over the past week. Scores ranged from 0 (i.e., no reported high-frequency digital media use) to 14 (i.e., reported engagement in all 14 digital media activities at a high frequency). Self-report measures of ever using alcohol, number of days of alcohol use in the past 30 days (0 to 30), binge drinking (yes/no), and covariates (i.e., demographics and measures of behavioral health and other substance use) were assessed at each time point. RESULTS Among respondents who at baseline reported never using alcohol (n = 1,214), high-frequency engagement in each additional digital media activity was associated with 4% higher odds of initiating alcohol use (aOR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.07) across follow-up. Among respondents who at baseline reported ever using alcohol (n = 1,259), baseline high-frequency engagement in each additional digital media activity was associated at follow-up with 3% more days of alcohol use in the past 30 days (aIRR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.06). Digital media use and binge drinking were not statistically significantly associated at follow-up. There was no evidence of moderation by gender or race/ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS Digital media use frequency was modestly associated with increased risk of initiation and progression of alcohol use in adolescence. Additional research is needed to determine potential mechanisms for these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira E Riehm
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica L Barrington-Trimis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Annemarie Kelleghan
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ramin Mojtabai
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Thompson A, Hollis S, Herman KC, Reinke WM, Hawley K, Magee S. Evaluation of a Social Media Campaign on Youth Mental Health Stigma and Help-Seeking. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/2372966x.2020.1838873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve Hollis
- Columbia/Boone County Public Health and Human Services
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Mechanisms of a near-orthogonal ultra-fast evolution of human behaviour as a source of culture development. Behav Brain Res 2020; 384:112521. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Jackson KM, Bartholow BD. Psychological Processes Underlying Effects of Alcohol Marketing on Youth Drinking. J Stud Alcohol Drugs Suppl 2020:81-96. [PMID: 32079564 PMCID: PMC7064005 DOI: 10.15288/jsads.2020.s19.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence increasingly suggests that alcohol marketing plays a significant role in facilitating underage drinking. This article presents a review of empirical studies and relevant theoretical models proposing plausible psychological mechanisms or processes responsible for associations between alcohol-related marketing and youth drinking. METHOD We review key psychological processes pertaining to cognitive mechanisms and social cognitive models that operate at the individual or intrapersonal level (attitude formation, expectancies) and the social or interpersonal level (personal identity, social identity, social norms). We use dominant psychological and media theories to support our statements of putative causal inferences, including the Message Interpretation Processing Model, Prototype Willingness Model, and Reinforcing Spirals Model. RESULTS Based on the evidence, we propose an integrated conceptual model that depicts relevant psychological processes as they work together in a complex chain of influence, and we highlight those constructs that have received the greatest support in the literature. CONCLUSIONS The evidence to date suggests that perceptions of others' behaviors and attitudes in relation to alcohol (social norms) may be a more potent driver of youth drinking than evaluations of drinking outcomes (expectancies). Considerably more research--especially experimental research--is needed to understand the extent to which theoretically relevant psychological processes have unique effects on adolescent and young adult drinking behavior, with the ultimate goal of identifying modifiable intervention targets to produce reductions in the initiation and maintenance of underage alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M. Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies,
Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence,
Rhode Island
| | - Bruce D. Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Sciences,
University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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16
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Chen-Sankey JC, Unger JB, Bansal-Travers M, Niederdeppe J, Bernat E, Choi K. E-cigarette Marketing Exposure and Subsequent Experimentation Among Youth and Young Adults. Pediatrics 2019; 144:peds.2019-1119. [PMID: 31659003 PMCID: PMC6836725 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has become increasingly prevalent among US youth and young adults in recent years. Exposure to e-cigarette marketing may stimulate e-cigarette use. In this study, we estimated the longitudinal association between e-cigarette marketing exposure and e-cigarette experimentation among US youth and young adult never tobacco users. METHODS The analysis included nationally representative samples of youth (ages 12-17; n = 8121) and young adult (ages 18-24; n = 1683) never tobacco users from wave 2 (2014-2015) and wave 3 (2015-2016) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. In the study, researchers measured past-month exposure to e-cigarette marketing through various places (eg, Web sites and events) at wave 2 and e-cigarette experimentation at wave 3. Statistical analysis included multivariable regressions to examine the associations between wave 2 e-cigarette marketing exposure and wave 3 e-cigarette experimentation. RESULTS At wave 2, 70.7% of youth and 73.9% of young adult never tobacco users reported past-month exposure to e-cigarette marketing; at wave 3, 4.9% and 4.5% of youth and young adults experimented with e-cigarettes, respectively. Youth and young adults exposed to e-cigarette marketing at wave 2 were more likely (adjusted odds ratio = 1.53, 95% confidence interval = 1.07-2.17; and adjusted odds ratio = 2.73, 95% confidence interval = 1.16-6.42, respectively) to have experimented with e-cigarettes at wave 3 than those not exposed. Marketing exposure through each place at wave 2 was associated with e-cigarette experimentation at wave 3. CONCLUSIONS E-cigarette marketing exposure predicted subsequent e-cigarette experimentation among youth and young adult never tobacco users. Increased restrictions on marketing through various channels may help minimize their exposure to e-cigarette marketing messages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Cen Chen-Sankey
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, Maryland;
| | - Jennifer B. Unger
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Maansi Bansal-Travers
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; and
| | - Edward Bernat
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Kelvin Choi
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, Maryland
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17
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Bleakley A, Ellithorpe ME, Hennessy M. Understanding the Nature of Media Effects From Onscreen Exposure to Alcohol, Sex, and Their Combination. J Adolesc Health 2019; 65:51-56. [PMID: 30948271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Combinations of risk behaviors are common in popular media, which make it difficult to understand how exposure to risk content affects adolescent risk behaviors. The purpose of this study was to determine whether media effects associated with exposure to multiple risk behaviors (i.e., combined alcohol and sex, sex only, alcohol only, and no risk) in television content have specific or more general effects on attitudes and norms associated with performing these behaviors. METHODS Adolescents aged 14-17 years from an opt-in Qualtrics panel (n = 338) were randomized into one of four conditions, which varied the presence of risk behaviors (i.e., combined alcohol and sex, sex only, alcohol only, and no risk) that were featured in a brief video clip from a popular television show. We tested the content effects on behavioral attitudes and norms for performing each of the behaviors. RESULTS Analysis of variance analyses showed that exposure to combined alcohol and sex resulted in more positive attitudes toward engaging in combining alcohol and sex, drinking, and smoking. Exposure to the sex only, alcohol only, and no risk videos did not influence any attitudes or norms. CONCLUSIONS A brief exposure to combined risk behaviors in media may increase positive attitudes related to the combination behavior (alcohol and sex), a component behavior (alcohol), and also more general risk-taking behaviors (smoking).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Bleakley
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Morgan E Ellithorpe
- Department of Advertising and Public Relations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Michael Hennessy
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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18
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Reports of perceived racial discrimination among African American children predict negative affect and smoking behavior in adulthood: A sensitive period hypothesis. Dev Psychopathol 2019; 30:1629-1647. [PMID: 30451139 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418001244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We examined the prospective relations between a cultural risk factor, perceived racial discrimination (PRD), and subsequent negative affect and health behavior (smoking) in a panel of 889 African American children (part of the Family and Community Health Study). Cultural moderators (protective factors) of these relations were also examined. PRD was assessed six times from ages 10.5 (Wave 1) to 24.5 (Wave 6), and negative affect (anger and depressive symptoms) was assessed at Wave 2 (age 12.5) and Wave 6 (age 24.5). Results indicated that Wave 1 PRD predicted Wave 6 smoking, controlling for multiple factors related to smoking and/or PRD, including smoking at age 15.5. Structural equation models indicated that these relations between Wave 1 PRD and smoking were mediated by both early and later negative affect. The models also indicated that Wave 1 PRD had a direct impact on Wave 6 anger (assessed 14 years later), controlling for the effects of PRD on early affect. Cultural socialization was associated with lower rates of adolescent smoking, and it buffered the relation between PRD and Wave 6 anger. The impact of early PRD experiences along with suggestions for culturally informed interventions and preventive interventions that might buffer against early PRD effects are discussed.
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19
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Fairman BJ, Furr-Holden CD, Johnson RM. When Marijuana Is Used before Cigarettes or Alcohol: Demographic Predictors and Associations with Heavy Use, Cannabis Use Disorder, and Other Drug-related Outcomes. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2019; 20:225-233. [PMID: 29770947 PMCID: PMC6240409 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-018-0908-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent loosening of state and federal policy restrictions on marijuana, along with changes in social norms regarding marijuana use and decreases in prevalence of other types of substance use, may lead to increases in youth initiating marijuana before other types of substances such as alcohol and tobacco. We investigated predictors and potential consequences of initiating marijuana before other drugs for youth aged 12-21-years in the USA. Nationally representative, cross-sectional survey data from the US National Survey on Drug Use and Health supplied self-reported age of first marijuana, cigarettes, alcohol, other tobacco, and other illegal drug use among 12-21-year-old samples from 2004 to 2014 (n = 275,559). We first examined the degree to which initiating marijuana use first was associated with sex, age, race/ethnicity, and survey year. Then, we examined whether using marijuana first predicted heavy marijuana use, cannabis use disorder (CUD), alcohol use disorder (AUD), nicotine dependence (ND), or lifetime use of other illegal drugs. Among all survey youth (substance users and non-users), the proportion using marijuana first increased from 4.8 to 8.8% from 2004 to 2014. Those using marijuana first (vs. alcohol or cigarettes first) were more likely to be male and older and Black, American Indian/Alaskan Native, multiracial, or Hispanic than White or Asian. Among substance users and adjusting for age of onset and the number of substances used, using marijuana first was associated higher odds of heavy current marijuana use and CUD. In recent years, youth have been increasingly likely to use marijuana as their first drug and sequence of initiation is associated with race/ethnicity, gender, and age. Using marijuana first might increase the chance of heavy use and CUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Fairman
- Health Behavior Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA.
| | - C Debra Furr-Holden
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Renee M Johnson
- Department of Mental Health, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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20
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Bigman G, Wilkinson AV, Vandewater EA, Daniel CR, Koehly LM, Spitz MR, Sargent JD. Viewing images of alcohol use in PG-13-rated movies and alcohol initiation in Mexican-heritage youth. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2019; 19:521-536. [PMID: 30652524 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2018.1548319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mexican American adolescents report high rates of alcohol consumption as well as media use. Viewing alcohol images in the media is associated with increased alcohol consumption; however, to date, this association has not been examined across different ethnic groups in the United States. To bridge this gap, we examined the association between viewing alcohol use images in PG-13-rated movies and alcohol initiation in Mexican-heritage adolescents. A cohort of 1,154 Mexican-heritage youth, average age 14 years, was followed for 2 years; in 2008-2009, participants reported alcohol use in the past 30 days and again in 2010-2011. Exposure to alcohol use images in PG-13-rated movies was estimated from 50 movies randomly selected from a pool of 250 of the top box office hits in the United States using previously validated methods. A series of generalized linear models, adjusting for age, gender, peer and family alcohol use, family functioning, anxiety, sensation-seeking tendency, and acculturation were completed. Multiple imputation was utilized to address missing data. Overall, N = 652 participants reported no alcohol use in 2008-2009; by 2010-2011, 33.6% (n = 219) had initiated alcohol use. Adjusted models indicated an independent association between exposure to alcohol use images in PG-13-rated movies and alcohol initiation (comparing quartiles 3 to 1: RR =1.53; 95% CI [1.11, 2.10]). The findings emphasize that the relationship between viewing alcohol use scenes in American films and alcohol initiation holds among Mexican-heritage adolescents and underscore the need to limit adolescents' exposure to such powerful images in PG-13-rated movies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galya Bigman
- UTHealth School of Public Health in Austin and Michael and Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, Austin, Texas
| | - Anna V Wilkinson
- UTHealth School of Public Health in Austin and Michael and Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, Austin, Texas
| | - Elizabeth A Vandewater
- UTHealth School of Public Health in Austin and Michael and Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, Austin, Texas
| | - Carrie R Daniel
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Laura M Koehly
- National Human Genome Research Institute U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Margaret R Spitz
- Baylor College of Medicine, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - James D Sargent
- Department of Pediatrics Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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21
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Jaigarun P, Corte C, McCreary LL, Finnegan L, Hughes TL, Thorkildsen T. Attributes of the drinker prototype among Thai adolescents. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2018.1502501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patcharee Jaigarun
- Boromarajonani College of Nursing, Sanpasithiprasong, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
| | - Colleen Corte
- College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Linda L. McCreary
- College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lorna Finnegan
- College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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22
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Dillard AJ, Ferrer RA, Bulthuis KRK, Klein WMP. Positive excessive drinker prototypes predict greater drinking and alcohol problems. Br J Health Psychol 2018; 23:1000-1020. [PMID: 30084206 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES According to the prototype willingness model, risky behaviours such as heavy drinking may be influenced by images of others who engage in this behaviour. In this study, we examined whether college students' prototypes of an individual who frequently drinks "over the limit" were associated with their own alcohol consumption and experience of alcohol-related problems during their first 2 years in college. METHODS We assessed students' (N = 340) prototypes of excessive drinkers and their own alcohol consumption and problems at four time points, across their first 2 years in college. Along with examining the trajectory of prototypes, consumption, and problems, we tested whether prototypes significantly predicted consumption and problems across the 2 years. Additional analyses examined whether the predictive value of prototypes was unique from related variables including perceived descriptive norms, perceived injunctive norms, and peer pressure to drink alcohol. RESULTS Primary analyses indicated that more positive prototypes of an excessive drinker were significantly associated with greater alcohol consumption in both year 1 and year 2. More positive prototypes were also significantly associated with experiencing more alcohol-related problems in year 2. These findings held when controlling for perceived descriptive and injunctive norms, and peer pressure. CONCLUSIONS Findings further support the importance of drinker prototypes to one's own drinking behaviour. By examining prototypes over time and their relationship to alcohol-related problems, this study makes a novel contribution to the existing research. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Perceived norms (beliefs about how much others drink and what they approve of) are associated with own drinking. Individuals construct "risk prototypes," or images of people who engage in risky behaviours like drinking alcohol. Positive risk prototypes of drinkers have been associated with own willingness to drink and subsequent drinking. What does this study add? This study shows the trajectory of drinker prototypes across the first 2 years of college. Findings highlight consistent patterns of positive associations between drinker prototypes and own drinking. More positive drinker prototypes are associated with a greater number of problems with alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Dillard
- Department of Psychology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan, USA
| | - Rebecca A Ferrer
- Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - William M P Klein
- Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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23
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Bleakley A, Ellithorpe ME, Prince L, Hennessy M, Khurana A, Jamieson PE, Weitz I. Do you see what I see? A character analysis of health risk behaviors in television shows popular with Black adolescents in the US. JOURNAL OF CHILDREN AND MEDIA 2018; 12:478-495. [PMID: 30643541 PMCID: PMC6329382 DOI: 10.1080/17482798.2018.1487310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents spend many hours per day watching television, and there are racial differences in time spent watching television and in show preferences. Prior research suggests there are also differential associations in how exposure to media content affects adolescent behavior. This study examines the demographic representation of main characters and health risk behaviors (i.e., sex, alcohol use, violence, bullying, and their combinations) portrayed in television content popular with Black and non-Black adolescents. A content analysis of television show characters (n=377) from the 2014-15 season was conducted on shows popular with 14-17 year old adolescent audiences in the United States. Group popularity was determined by Nielsen ratings segmented by Black and non-Black (primarily White) adolescents. Results suggest that character representation varies by whether shows were popular with Blacks or others, and that risk portrayals are common in all popular content with few group differences. Implications for adolescent behavior are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Bleakley
- Corresponding author: Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, 3901 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104; , 215.573.1961
| | - Morgan E Ellithorpe
- Department of Advertising & Public Relations, College of Communication Arts & Sciences, Michigan State University, 369 Communication Arts & Sciences, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA; , 517.355.0256
| | - Lisa Prince
- Philadelphia Department of Public Health, 1101 market Street, 9 Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107; ; 215.573.1961
| | - Michael Hennessy
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, 3901 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104; ; 215.898.7041
| | - Atika Khurana
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, 369 HEDCO Education Building, Eugene, OR 97403; , 541.346.5540
| | - Patrick E Jamieson
- Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania, 202 S. 36th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104; , 215.746.5374
| | - Ilana Weitz
- Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania, 202 S. 36th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104; , 215.746.0303
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Roberson AA, McKinney C, Walker C, Coleman A. Peer, social media, and alcohol marketing influences on college student drinking. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2018; 66:369-379. [PMID: 29405857 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2018.1431903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate how alcohol marketing and peers may promote college students' alcohol use through social media. PARTICIPANTS College students (N = 682) aged 18 to 22 years from a large Southern university completed paper surveys in April 2014. METHODS Structural equation modeling was used to investigate relationships among variables as well as moderation by gender and race. RESULTS Drinking behavior was directly related to perceived norms and attitudes toward alcohol that develop, in part, from direct and indirect interactions with their online and offline peers, as well as engagement with alcohol-related content on social media. Gender and ethnicity moderated some effects. CONCLUSIONS College student drinking is influenced by friends' alcohol-related content posted on social networking sites and by greater engagement with traditional and online alcohol marketing. College campus alcohol misuse interventions should include components to counter peer influences and alcohol marketing on social media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela A Roberson
- a Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University , Starkville , Mississippi , USA
| | - Cliff McKinney
- b Psychology Department , Mississippi State University , Starkville , Mississippi , USA
| | - Courtney Walker
- a Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University , Starkville , Mississippi , USA
| | - Ashley Coleman
- a Social Science Research Center, Mississippi State University , Starkville , Mississippi , USA
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25
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Cleveland MJ, Turrisi R, Gibbons FX, Gerrard M, Marzell M. The Effects of Mothers' Protective Parenting and Alcohol Use on Emerging Adults' Alcohol Use: Testing Indirect Effects Through Prototype Favorability Among African American Youth. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:1291-1303. [PMID: 29878386 PMCID: PMC6570492 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined how mothers' protective parenting and alcohol use influenced changes in offspring's heavy drinking among a sample of African American youth. The conceptual model also tested indirect effects of mothers' behaviors, through changes in the youths' social images (i.e., prototypes) of heavy drinkers, derived from the prototype willingness (PW) model. METHODS Participants were 686 emerging adults (55% female) from the Family and Community Health Study (FACHS), an ongoing prospective study of African American families. Three waves of FACHS data were used as follows: T3 during 10th grade (M age = 16.3 years), T4 shortly after high school (M age = 19.4 years), and T5 3 years later (M age = 22.1 years). Mothers' self-reports of protective parenting and alcohol use were assessed at T4. Two separate path models tested the study hypotheses. The first model specified direct and indirect effects of mothers' protective parenting and alcohol use. The second model added interaction terms between the protective parenting behaviors and mothers' alcohol use. The analyses were first conducted using the full sample and then repeated separately for female and male participants. RESULTS Maternal alcohol use had a positive and direct effect on offspring's alcohol use. Mothers' endorsement of alcohol-related rules inhibited normative increases in the favorability of the offspring's social image of heavy drinkers (prototype) while her warmth was positively related to these increases. Maternal alcohol use amplified the positive association between mothers' warmth and the daughters' increased drinking. For sons, maternal alcohol use increased the positive association between alcohol-related rules and increased prototype favorability. CONCLUSIONS Results indicated clear gender differences in how mothers' behaviors influence her offspring's alcohol use during the transition to emerging adulthood. Interventions that target culturally specific risk and protective factors within the family environment are needed to reduce health disparities among this vulnerable population of youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Cleveland
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Rob Turrisi
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Frederick X Gibbons
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Meg Gerrard
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Miesha Marzell
- The Department of Social Work, SUNY Binghamton, Binghamton, New York
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26
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Martino SC, Setodji CM, Collins RL, D’Amico EJ, Shadel WG, Tolpadi A, Becker KM. Persistence of Shifts in Beliefs Associated With Exposure to Alcohol Advertising Among Adolescents. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2018; 79:399-407. [PMID: 29885147 PMCID: PMC6005255 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2018.79.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to quantify the persistence of immediate changes in adolescents' alcohol-related beliefs associated with exposure to alcohol advertising. METHOD Middle school students (N = 606) carried handheld devices for 14 days and logged all of their exposures to alcohol advertisements as they naturally occurred. Perceptions of the typical person one's age who drinks ("prototype perceptions") and perceived norms regarding alcohol use were assessed after each exposure to advertising and at random prompts issued daily throughout the assessment period. Generalized additive modeling was used to determine how long pro-drinking shifts in beliefs persisted after exposure to advertising. RESULTS Following exposure to advertisements, positivity of youth's prototype perceptions immediately increased (β = .07, 95% CI [.06, .09]) and then decreased (β = -.05, 95% CI [-.07, -.03]) over the subsequent 1.5 days, whereas perceived normativeness of alcohol use immediately increased (β = .04, 95% CI [.01, .06]) and then decreased (β = -.03, 95% CI [-.05, -.01]) over the subsequent 2 days. Changes in beliefs occurring after 1.5 days for prototype perceptions and after 2 days for perceived norms were not statistically significant, suggesting that these beliefs were no longer affected by the advertising exposure. CONCLUSIONS Findings are consistent with theories of alcohol advertising effects that presume that repeated exposure results in cumulative, enduring effects on beliefs. Given the rate of decay of alcohol advertising effects, it may be important to limit youth exposures to one every 2 days to avoid cumulative, lasting pro-drinking shifts in beliefs or to devise ways to interrupt cumulative effects with counter-messaging through media, parents, or other influential others at similar intervals.
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27
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Assari S, Mistry R. Educational Attainment and Smoking Status in a National Sample of American Adults; Evidence for the Blacks' Diminished Return. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E763. [PMID: 29659482 PMCID: PMC5923805 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although higher socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as educational attainment are linked with health behaviors, the Blacks’ Diminished Return theory posits that the protective effects of SES are systemically smaller for Blacks than Whites. AIMS To explore the Black/White differences in the association between education and smoking. METHODS This cross-sectional study used the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) 2017 (n = 3217). HINTS is a national survey of American adults. The current analysis included 2277 adults who were either Whites (n = 1868; 82%) or Blacks (n = 409; 18%). The independent variable was educational attainment, and the dependent variables were ever and current (past 30-day) smoking. Demographic factors (age and gender) were covariates. Race was the focal moderator. RESULTS In the pooled sample, higher educational attainment was associated with lower odds of ever and current smoking. Race interacted with the effects of higher educational attainment on current smoking, suggesting a stronger protective effect of higher education against current smoking for Whites than Blacks. Race did not interact with the effect of educational attainment on odds of ever smoking. CONCLUSIONS In line with previous research in the United States, education is more strongly associated with health and health behaviors in Whites than Blacks. Smaller protective effects of education on health behaviors may be due to the existing racism across institutions such as the education system and labor market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, SPC 5763, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2700, USA.
- Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture and Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
| | - Ritesh Mistry
- Department of Health Behaviors and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
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Ordaz DL, Schaefer LM, Choquette E, Schueler J, Wallace L, Thompson JK. Thinness pressures in ethnically diverse college women in the United States. Body Image 2018; 24:1-4. [PMID: 29172060 PMCID: PMC5869119 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
While research consistently supports the negative impact of thinness pressures on body image, this work has primarily utilized White samples in the United States, limiting generalizability to other ethnicities. Further, limited research has examined ethnic differences in thinness pressures from distinct sociocultural influences. This study examined distinct sources of thinness pressures in 598 White, 135 Black, and 131 Hispanic college women in the United States. Mean levels of thinness pressures significantly differed across ethnicity, with Black women generally reporting the lowest levels of each pressure. Additionally, distinct sources of thinness pressures were more highly related to negative outcomes within ethnic groups. For White women, each source was salient for disordered eating. For Black women, family pressure was particularly salient for appearance evaluation. For Hispanic women, family pressure was particularly salient for disordered eating and appearance evaluation. Findings suggest possible ethnic differences in the relative salience of some pressures over others.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Luis Ordaz
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, United States.
| | - Lauren M Schaefer
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, United States
| | - Emily Choquette
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, United States
| | - Jordan Schueler
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, United States
| | - Lisa Wallace
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, United States
| | - J Kevin Thompson
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, United States
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Jackson KM, Janssen T, Barnett NP, Rogers ML, Hayes KL, Sargent J. Exposure to Alcohol Content in Movies and Initiation of Early Drinking Milestones. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:184-194. [PMID: 29193150 PMCID: PMC5750090 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to alcohol content in movies has been shown to be associated with adolescent use of alcohol, including earlier onset. This study examined the influence of movie alcohol exposure on subsequent alcohol onset, considering the social context (whether the movie was viewed with a friend or parent). We examined whether media's influence holds across a spectrum of early drinking milestones: sipping (but not consuming a full drink of) alcohol, consuming a full drink of alcohol, and engaging in heavy episodic drinking (HED). METHODS Data were taken from a sample of 882 middle school youth (52% female; 24% non-White) enrolled in an ongoing study on alcohol initiation and progression. Exposure to alcohol content in films was measured using a method that combines content analysis and random assignment of movie titles to youth surveys. The hazard of initiating alcohol use (sip, full drink, HED) as a function of exposure was estimated using survival analysis. Associations were adjusted for demographic, personality, and social influence factors known to be associated with both movie exposure and alcohol use. RESULTS Exposure to alcohol content was common. Hours of exposure prospectively predicted earlier onset of alcohol involvement across all outcomes. Viewing movies with friends appeared to augment the media exposure effect, in contrast to viewing movies with parents, which was not a significant predictor of initiation. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to alcohol in films is involved in the entry into early stages of alcohol involvement. Findings support further investigation into the role of the media in underage drinking, especially in the context of consuming media with friends and peers. Limiting media exposure and/or stronger Federal Trade Commission oversight of movie ratings should be a priority for preventing underage drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Janssen
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | | | | | - Kerri L. Hayes
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - James Sargent
- C. Everett Koop Institute, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
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Janssen T, Cox MJ, Merrill JE, Barnett NP, Sargent JD, Jackson KM. Peer norms and susceptibility mediate the effect of movie alcohol exposure on alcohol initiation in adolescents. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2017; 32:442-455. [PMID: 29251950 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Movie alcohol exposure is a known and consistent predictor of adolescent alcohol use initiation and escalation. Nearly 90% of the top U.S. movies contain alcohol content. Social-cognitive theory posits reciprocal links among environmental influences (e.g., movie alcohol exposure), social-cognitive processes (e.g., perceived norms, susceptibility, alcohol outcome expectancies), and behavior (alcohol use), but these links have been tested in only 1 direction. In the current study, we assessed movie alcohol exposure, alcohol cognitions, and alcohol initiation among adolescents (N = 1,023; 52% female, mean age = 13.7 years) in 4 annual survey waves. Cross-lagged panel models tested bidirectional relations between cognitions and movie alcohol exposure. Finally, we tested bidirectional mediation effects in the prospective prediction of alcohol initiation. Movie alcohol exposure prospectively predicted increases in descriptive norms, injunctive norms, and susceptibility but not positive or negative alcohol outcome expectancies. All factors predicted subsequent alcohol initiation. Close friend injunctive and descriptive norms, peer descriptive norms, and susceptibility mediated the effect of earlier movie alcohol exposure on subsequent alcohol initiation. Movie alcohol exposure mediated the effect of earlier close friend descriptive norms on subsequent alcohol initiation. Movie alcohol exposure and social-cognitive processes are interrelated facets that impact alcohol initiation. Permissive cognitions infrequently predicted higher subsequent exposure to movie alcohol. Clinical and preventative implications of this work are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Janssen
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Melissa J Cox
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | | | | | - James D Sargent
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
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Bleakley A, Ellithorpe ME, Hennessy M, Jamieson PE, Khurana A, Weitz I. Risky movies, risky behaviors, and ethnic identity among Black adolescents. Soc Sci Med 2017; 195:131-137. [PMID: 29146067 PMCID: PMC5763912 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate how exposure to sex, alcohol and violent content in mainstream and Black-oriented movies relates to corresponding adolescent behavior among Black youth from the United States and whether those relationships are moderated by ethnic identity. METHODS The present study uses survey data from an online sample of 1000 Black adolescents and content analysis ratings on top-grossing 2014 films and 2013/2014 Black-oriented films. Content-specific exposure measures for alcohol, sexual activity, and violence were calculated from self-reported exposure data and content analysis ratings. Regression analyses estimated the associations among exposures to risky health content in mainstream and Black-oriented films and adolescent behaviors as well as moderation by ethnic group identity. RESULTS Black adolescents were mostly unaffected by exposure to risk portrayals in mainstream films, but exposure to risk in Black-oriented films was related to their behavior in all three domains. Strong group identity strengthened the relationship between exposure to sex in Black-oriented and mainstream films depending on the sexual outcome. CONCLUSION The type of movie (i.e., mainstream or Black-oriented) through which Black adolescents are exposed to risky health portrayals is important for understanding its relationship to their behavior, and variations by ethnic identity were limited to sex content. Future research should identify the mechanisms through which risk content in Black-oriented films is associated with Black adolescents' risky behaviors to determine how media influence contributes to behavioral disparities among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Bleakley
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Morgan E Ellithorpe
- Department of Advertising & Public Relations, College of Communication Arts & Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA.
| | - Michael Hennessy
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Patrick E Jamieson
- Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Atika Khurana
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, 5251 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5251, USA
| | - Ilana Weitz
- Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Samuel N, Alotaibi NM, Lozano AM. YouTube as a Source of Information on Neurosurgery. World Neurosurg 2017; 105:394-398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.05.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Collins RL, Martino SC, Kovalchik SA, Becker KM, Shadel WG, D'Amico EJ. Alcohol Advertising Exposure Among Middle School-Age Youth: An Assessment Across All Media and Venues. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2017; 77:384-92. [PMID: 27172570 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2016.77.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to quantify middle school youth's exposure to alcohol advertisements across media and venues, determine venues of greatest exposure, and identify characteristics of youth who are most exposed. METHOD Over a 10-month period in 2013, 589 Los Angeles-area youth ages 11-14 from diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds completed a short paper-and-pencil survey assessing background characteristics and then participated in a 14-day ecological momentary assessment, logging all exposures to alcohol advertisements on handheld computers as they occurred. RESULTS African American and Hispanic youth were exposed to an average of 4.1 and 3.4 advertisements per day, respectively, nearly two times as many as non-Hispanic White youth, who were exposed to 2.0 advertisements per day. Girls were exposed to 30% more advertisements than boys. Most exposures were to outdoor advertisements, with television advertisements a close second. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to alcohol advertising is frequent among middle school-age youth and may put them at risk for earlier or more frequent underage drinking. Greater restrictions on alcohol advertising outdoors and on television should be considered by regulators and by the alcohol industry and should focus particularly on reducing exposure among minority youth.
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Collins RL, Martino SC, Kovalchik SA, D'Amico EJ, Shadel WG, Becker KM, Tolpadi A. Exposure to alcohol advertising and adolescents' drinking beliefs: Role of message interpretation. Health Psychol 2017. [PMID: 28639822 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent research revealed momentary associations between exposure to alcohol advertising and positive beliefs about alcohol among adolescents (Martino et al., 2016). We reanalyzed those data to determine whether associations depend on adolescents' appraisal of ads. METHOD Over a 10-month period in 2013, 589 youth, ages 11-14, in the Los Angeles, CA, area, participated in a 14-day ecological momentary assessment, logging all exposures to alcohol advertisements as they occurred and completing brief assessments of their skepticism toward, liking of, and identification with any people in each ad, as well as their alcohol-related beliefs at the moment. Participants also completed measures of their alcohol- related beliefs at random moments of nonexposure throughout each day. Mixed-effects regression models compared beliefs about alcohol at moments of exposure to alcohol advertising that was appraised in a particular way (e.g., with liking, without liking) to beliefs at random moments. RESULTS When youth encountered ads they appraised positively, their beliefs about alcohol were significantly more positive than when they were queried at random moments. Beliefs in the presence of ads that were not positively appraised were generally similar to beliefs at random moments. CONCLUSION Youth are active participants in the advertising process. How they respond to and process alcohol advertising strongly moderates the association between exposure and alcohol-related beliefs. More effort is needed to identify attributes of alcohol advertisements, and of youth, that determine how youth process alcohol ads. This information can be used to either limit exposure to problematic ads or make youth more resilient to such exposure. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Ellithorpe ME, Bleakley A, Hennessy M, Weitz I, Jamieson P, Khurana A. Differences in the Portrayal of Health Risk Behaviors by Black and White Characters in Popular Films. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2017; 22:451-458. [PMID: 28481166 PMCID: PMC5548090 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2017.1290165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Adolescent exposure to risk in film has been associated with behavior. We coded Black and White character involvement in sex, violence, alcohol use, and tobacco use, and combinations of those behaviors in popular mainstream and Black-oriented films (film n = 63, character n = 426). Health risk portrayals were common, with the majority of characters portraying at least one. Black characters were more likely than Whites to portray sex and alcohol use, while White characters were more likely to portray violence. Within-segment combinations of sex and alcohol were more prevalent for Black characters, while violence and alcohol were more prevalent for Whites. Throughout a film, Black characters were more likely than White characters to portray sex and alcohol, sex and tobacco, and alcohol and tobacco. Risky behaviors are prevalent, but types portrayed differ between Black and White characters. This may have implications for health disparities in Black and White adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E Ellithorpe
- a Department of Advertising and Public Relations , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan , USA
| | - Amy Bleakley
- b Annenberg School for Communication , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
| | | | - Ilana Weitz
- d Annenberg Public Policy Center , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Patrick Jamieson
- d Annenberg Public Policy Center , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Atika Khurana
- e Counseling Psychology and Human Services , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon , USA
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Martineau KM, Cook EC. Trajectories of Adolescent Alcohol Use: The Effect of Individual and Social Risk Factors by Race. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2017; 26:387-400. [PMID: 30740010 DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2017.1307796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined racial differences across African American, Hispanic, and White participants in the impact that individualand social risk factorshave on drinking behaviortrajectories.Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health was usedfrom 7-9th graders (N = 4,372).Participants reported on frequency of drinking across the four waves and risk factors at wave 1. Growth mixture modeling revealed four trajectories for alcohol use that includedAbstainers, Early Starters, Late Starters, and De-Escalators. Social and individual indicators of risk were differently predictive of group membership to the problematic drinking trajectories. Differences across racial groups suggested that a lack of future orientation may be a salient risk factor for African Americanand Hispanicyouth's alcohol use, and peer alcohol use may be a salient risk factor for White youth's alcohol use. The findings of this study suggest that there may be individual differences in risk factors that provide insight for prevention efforts.
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Abstract
Purpose of Review This review investigates effects of alcohol advertising on adolescent drinking. Prior reviews focused on behavioral outcomes and long-term effects. In contrast, the present review focuses on subgroups with greater exposure to alcohol advertising, research methods to study alcohol advertising, potential mechanisms underlying relationships between adolescent exposure to alcohol advertising and increased drinking and points to prevention/intervention strategies that may reduce effects of alcohol advertising. Recent Findings Alcohol advertising influences current and future drinking. Further, evidence suggests adolescents may be targeted specifically. Alcohol advertisements may influence behavior by shifting alcohol expectancies, norms regarding alcohol use, and positive attitudes. Media literacy programs may be an effective intervention strategy. Summary Adolescents are exposed to large quantities of alcohol advertisements, which violates guidelines set by the alcohol industry. However, media literacy programs may be a promising strategy for adolescents to increase critical thinking and create more realistic expectations regarding alcohol.
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Eisenberg ME, Larson NI, Gollust SE, Neumark-Sztainer D. What Are We Drinking? Beverages Shown in Adolescents' Favorite Television Shows. J Acad Nutr Diet 2017; 117:763-769. [PMID: 28185861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Media use has been shown to contribute to poor dietary intake; however, little attention has been paid to programming content. The portrayal of health behaviors in television (TV) programming contributes to social norms among viewers, which have been shown to influence adolescent behavior. OBJECTIVE This study reports on a content analysis of beverages shown in a sample of TV shows popular with a large, diverse group of adolescents, with attention to the types of beverages and differences across shows and characters. DESIGN Favorite TV shows were assessed in an in-school survey in 2010. Three episodes of each of the top 25 shows were analyzed, using a detailed coding instrument. KEY MEASURES Beverage incidents (ie, beverage shown or described) were recorded. Beverage types included milk, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), diet beverages, juice, water, alcoholic drinks, and coffee. Characters were coded with regard to gender, age group, race, and weight status. Shows were rated for a youth, general, or adult audience. STATISTICAL ANALYSES χ2 tests were used to compare the prevalence of each type of beverage across show ratings (youth, general, adult), and to compare characteristics of those involved in each type of beverage incident. RESULTS Beverage incidents were common (mean=7.4 incidents/episode, range=0 to 25). Alcohol was the most commonly shown (38.8%); milk (5.8%) and juice (5.8%) were least common; 11.0% of incidents included SSBs. Significant differences in all types of beverage were found across characters' age groups. Almost half of young adults' (49.2%) or adults' (42.0%) beverage incidents included alcohol. CONCLUSIONS Beverages are often portrayed on TV shows viewed by adolescents, and common beverages (alcohol, SSBs) may have adverse consequences for health. The portrayal of these beverages likely contributes to social norms regarding their desirability; nutrition and health professionals should talk with youth about TV portrayals to prevent the adoption of unhealthy beverage behaviors.
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Reavy R, Cleveland MJ, Mallett KA, Scaglione NM, Sell NM, Turrisi R. An Examination of the Relationship Between Consequence-Specific Normative Belief Patterns and Alcohol-Related Consequences Among College Students. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:2631-2638. [PMID: 27805274 PMCID: PMC5133153 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has previously identified a high-risk subgroup of college students who experience high levels of multiple and repeated alcohol-related consequences (MRC group). The purpose of this study was to examine the association between consequence-specific normative influences and experiencing multiple and repeated drinking-related consequences using a person-centered approach. Normative subgroups were identified using latent profile analysis (LPA), which were then used to predict MRC group status at 6-month follow-up. METHODS First-year college student drinkers (N = 2,024) at a large northeastern university completed online surveys during the fall and spring semesters of their freshman year. Retention was high with 92% of invited participants completing T2, of which the MRC group accounted for 27%. RESULTS Three student profiles were identified from LPA on T1 data: Nonpermissive Parents (77%), Positive Peer and Parent Norms (21%), and Permissive Parents (3%). Logistic regression revealed that both the Positive Peer and Parent Norms and Permissive Parents profiles had significantly higher odds of MRC group membership at follow-up (1.81 and 2.78 times greater, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest value in prevention efforts that include normative beliefs about alcohol-related consequences. Further, parental norms in particular have the potential to enhance interventions, especially through direct communication of disapproval for experiencing consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racheal Reavy
- Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Michael J. Cleveland
- Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Kimberly A. Mallett
- Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Nichole M. Scaglione
- Division of Behavioral Health and Criminal Justice Research, RTI International, Washington, DC
| | - Nichole M. Sell
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Rob Turrisi
- Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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Howell JL, Ratliff KA. Investigating the role of implicit prototypes in the prototype willingness model. J Behav Med 2016; 40:468-482. [PMID: 27888428 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-016-9814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
One useful theory to predict health behavior is the prototype-willingness model (PWM), which posits that people are more willing to engage in behavior to the extent that they have a positive view of the prototypical person who performs that behavior. The goal of the present research is to test whether adding an implicit measure of prototype favorability might improve explanatory power in the PWM. Two studies examined whether implicit prototype favorability uniquely predicted White women's intentions to engage in healthy sun behavior over the next 3-6 months, and their willingness to engage in risky sun behavior, should the opportunity arise. The results suggested that implicit prototype favorability, particularly implicit prototypes of those who engage in risky UV-related behaviors, uniquely predicted intentions to engage in healthy sun behavior and willingness to engage in risky sun behavior in the PWM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate A Ratliff
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Zimmermann F, Kohlmann K, Monter A, Ameis N. The social image of drinking - mass media campaigns may inadvertently increase binge drinking. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2016; 22:1032-1044. [PMID: 27876430 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2016.1259481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mass media campaigns that promote responsible drinking are rarely tested for their usefulness in reducing heavy alcohol consumption. Existing campaigns that appeal to responsible drinking while simultaneously displaying young people in social drinking situations may even have paradoxical effects. To examine such possible effects, we drew on a real-world media campaign, which we systematically modified on the basis of recent prototype research. We pilot tested questionnaires (using n = 41 participants), developed two different sets of posters in the style of an existing campaign (n = 39) and investigated their effectiveness (n = 102). In the main study, young men were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: sociable or unsociable binge drinker prototype condition or a control group. Outcome variables were intention, behavioural willingness, attitude, subjective norm, self-efficacy, prototype evaluation and prototype similarity with respect to binge drinking. Binge drinking as a habit was included to control for the fact that habitual drinking in social situations is hard to overcome and poses a particular challenge to interventions. The manipulation check showed that the experimental variation (sociable vs. unsociable drinker prototype condition) was successful. Results of the main study showed that the sociable drinker prototype condition resulted in a higher willingness and - for those with less of a habit - a higher intention to binge drink the next weekend. The unsociable drinker prototype condition had no effects. The results imply that the social components of mass media campaigns might inadvertently exacerbate binge drinking in young men. We therefore advocate against campaigns including aspects of alcohol consumption that might be positively associated with drinker prototype perception. Finally, we provide suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Zimmermann
- a Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education , Kiel University , Kiel , Germany.,c Institute of Psychology , Kiel University , Kiel , Germany
| | - Karoline Kohlmann
- b Psychological Institute , University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany.,d University Medical Centre, Johannes-Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Anne Monter
- b Psychological Institute , University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany.,e Clinic for Child and Youth Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Clinical Centre Esslingen , Esslingen , Germany
| | - Nina Ameis
- b Psychological Institute , University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany.,f Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
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Boyle SC, LaBrie JW, Froidevaux NM, Witkovic YD. Different digital paths to the keg? How exposure to peers' alcohol-related social media content influences drinking among male and female first-year college students. Addict Behav 2016; 57:21-9. [PMID: 26835604 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite speculation that peers' alcohol-related content on social media sites (SMS) may influence the alcohol use behaviors of SMS frequenting college students, this relationship has not been investigated longitudinally. The current prospective study assesses the relationship between exposure to peers' alcohol-related SMS content and later-drinking among first-year college students. Among 408 first-year students, total exposure to peers' alcohol-related content on Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat during the initial 6 weeks of college predicted alcohol consumption 6 months later. The rather robust relationship persisted even after students' and close friends drinking were accounted for, indicating that alcohol references on SMS do not simply reflect alcohol use behaviors that would otherwise be observed in the absence of SMS and be predictive of later alcohol use. Findings also illuminate important gender differences in the degree to which peers' alcohol-related SMS content influenced later drinking behavior as well as psychological mediators of this relationship. Among females, enhancement drinking motives and beliefs about the role of alcohol in the college experience fully mediated the relationship between SMS alcohol exposure and later drinking. Males, however, evidenced a much stronger predictive relationship between SMS alcohol exposure and second semester drinking, with this relationship only partially explained by perceptions of drinking norms, enhancement drinking motives, and beliefs about the role of alcohol in the college experience. Implications of these findings for college drinking prevention efforts and directions for future research are discussed.
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Gibbons FX, Kingsbury JH, Wills TA, Finneran SD, Dal Cin S, Gerrard M. Impulsivity moderates the effects of movie alcohol portrayals on adolescents' willingness to drink. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2016; 30:325-34. [PMID: 27099959 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study examined impulsivity as a moderator of adolescents' reactions to positive versus negative portrayals of drinking in American movie clips. Impulsivity, along with willingness and intentions to drink in the future, were assessed in a pretest session. In the experimental sessions, adolescents viewed a series of clips that showed drinking associated with either positive outcomes (e.g., social facilitation) or negative outcomes (fights, arguments). A third group viewed clips with similar positive or negative outcomes, but no alcohol consumption. All participants then responded to an implicit measure of attentional bias regarding alcohol (a dot probe), followed by explicit alcohol measures (self-reports of willingness and intentions to drink). Hypotheses, based on dual-processing theories, were: (a) high-impulsive adolescents would respond more favorably than low-impulsive adolescents to the positive clips, but not the negative clips; and (b) this difference in reactions to the positive clips would be larger on the willingness than the intention measures. Results supported the hypotheses: Adolescents high in impulsivity reported the highest willingness to drink in the positive-clip condition, but were slightly less willing than others in the negative-clip condition. In addition, results on the dot probe task indicated that RTs to alcohol words were negatively correlated with changes in alcohol willingness, but not intention; that is, the faster their response to the alcohol words, the more their willingness increased. The results highlight the utility of a dual-processing perspective on media influence. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Armenta BE, Whitbeck LB, Gentzler KC. Interactive effects within the prototype willingness model: Predicting the drinking behavior of indigenous early adolescents. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2016; 30:194-202. [PMID: 26999351 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Drawing on the Prototype/Willingness Model of Adolescent Risk Behavior, we used longitudinal data collected from North American Indigenous early adolescents (ages 10-12 years) to examine the interactive effects of favorable drinker prototypes, perceived drinking norms, and past-year drinking behavior on subsequent drinking behavior (i.e., drinking behavior 1 year later and growth in drinking behavior from 1-5 years later). We found that the positive association between favorable drinker prototypes and drinking 1 year later was strongest for adolescents who were high in past-year drinking and perceived low drinking norms. The interaction pattern for growth in drinking was more complex and suggested an important pattern; specifically, favorable drinker prototypes were positively associated with drinking 5 years later, but only for adolescents who reported no past-year drinking and perceived low drinking norms. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
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Widman L, Choukas-Bradley S, Helms SW, Prinstein MJ. Adolescent Susceptibility to Peer Influence in Sexual Situations. J Adolesc Health 2016; 58:323-9. [PMID: 26794431 PMCID: PMC4766019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.10.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE One consistent predictor of adolescents' engagement in sexual risk behavior is their belief that peers are engaging in similar behavior; however, not all youth are equally susceptible to these peer influence effects. Understanding individual differences in susceptibility to peer influence is critical to identifying adolescents at risk for negative health outcomes. The purpose of this project was to identify predictors of susceptibility to peer influence using a novel performance-based measure of sexual risk taking. METHODS Participants were 300 early adolescents (Mage = 12.6 years; 53% female; 44% Caucasian) who completed (1) a pretest assessment of demographics, sexual attitudes, and hypothetical scenarios measuring the likelihood of engaging in sexual risk behavior and (2) a subsequent experimental procedure that simulated an Internet chat room in which youth believed that they were communicating with peers regarding these same hypothetical scenarios. In reality, these "peers" were computer-programmed e-confederates. Changes in responses to the sexual scenarios in the private pretest versus during the public chat room provided a performance-based measure of peer influence susceptibility. RESULTS In total, 78% of youth provided more risky responses in the chat room than those in pretest. The most robust predictor of this change was gender, with boys significantly more susceptible to peer influence than girls. Significant interactions also were noted, with greater susceptibility among boys with later pubertal development and African-American boys. CONCLUSIONS Results confirm that not all youth are equally susceptible to peer influence. Consistent with sexual script theory, boys evidence greater susceptibility to social pressure regarding sexual behavior than girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Widman
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Sophia Choukas-Bradley
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sarah W Helms
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Mitchell J Prinstein
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Fogel J, Shlivko A. Reality Television Programs Are Associated With Illegal Drug Use and Prescription Drug Misuse Among College Students. Subst Use Misuse 2016; 51:62-72. [PMID: 26683767 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2015.1082593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reality television watching and social media use are popular activities. Reality television can include mention of illegal drug use and prescription drug misuse. OBJECTIVES To determine if reality television and social media use of Twitter are associated with either illegal drug use or prescription drug misuse. METHODS Survey of 576 college students in 2011. Independent variables included watching reality television (social cognitive theory), parasocial interaction (parasocial interaction theory), television hours watched (cultivation theory), following a reality television character on Twitter, and demographics. Outcome variables were illegal drug use and prescription drug misuse. RESULTS Watching reality television and also identifying with reality TV program characters were each associated with greater odds for illegal drug use. Also, following a reality TV character on Twitter had greater odds for illegal drug use and also in one analytical model for prescription drug misuse. No support was seen for cultivation theory. Those born in the United States had greater odds for illegal drug use and prescription drug misuse. Women and Asians had lower odds for illegal drug use. African Americans and Asians had lower odds for prescription drug misuse. CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE Physicians, psychologists, and other healthcare practitioners may find it useful to include questions in their clinical interview about reality television watching and Twitter use. Physician and psychology groups, public health practitioners, and government health agencies should consider discussing with television broadcasting companies the potential negative impact of including content with illegal drugs and prescription drug misuse on reality television programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Fogel
- a Department of Business Management , Brooklyn College of the City University of New York , Brooklyn , New York , USA
| | - Alexander Shlivko
- b Department of Biology , Brooklyn College of the City University of New York , Brooklyn , New York , USA
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Ecological Momentary Assessment of the Association Between Exposure to Alcohol Advertising and Early Adolescents' Beliefs About Alcohol. J Adolesc Health 2016; 58:85-91. [PMID: 26480846 PMCID: PMC4695253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the momentary association between exposure to alcohol advertising and middle-school students' beliefs about alcohol in real-world settings and to explore racial/ethnic differences in this association. METHODS Middle-school students (N = 588) carried handheld data collection devices for 14 days, recording their exposures to all forms of alcohol advertising during the assessment period. Students also responded to three investigator-initiated control prompts (programmed to occur randomly) on each day of the assessment period. After each exposure to advertising and at each control prompt, students reported their beliefs about alcohol. Mixed-effects regression models compared students' beliefs about alcohol between moments of exposure to alcohol advertising and control prompts. RESULTS Students perceived the typical person their age who drinks alcohol (prototype perceptions) more favorably and perceived alcohol use as more normative at times of exposure to alcohol advertising than at times of nonexposure (i.e., at control prompts). Exposure to alcohol advertising was not associated with shifts in the perceived norms of black and Hispanic students, however, and the association between exposure and prototype perceptions was stronger among non-Hispanic students than among Hispanic students. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to alcohol advertising is associated with acute shifts in adolescents' perceptions of the typical person that drinks alcohol and the normativeness of drinking. These associations are both statistically and substantively meaningful.
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Flynn MA, Morin D, Park SY, Stana A. "Let's Get This Party Started!": An Analysis of Health Risk Behavior on MTV Reality Television Shows. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2015; 20:1382-1390. [PMID: 26496676 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2015.1018608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Past research has examined portrayals of risk behavior in various media, including television, advertising, and film. To address an underexplored area, this study analyzed drinking, smoking, and sexual activities in MTV reality programming popular among adolescent viewers from 2004 to 2011. Cast members' demographic attributes were also examined in relation to their risk behaviors. Results demonstrated that drinking and casual sexual behaviors were pervasive among cast members. Smoking and more intense sexual behaviors were also present, but to a smaller degree. Men and young adult cast members were more likely to engage in risk behaviors than women and teenage cast members. Also, ethnic/racial minority characters were shown drinking more often than were White cast members. Interpretations of these findings are discussed based in social cognitive theory and the concept of super peers. Implications for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Flynn
- a Department of Communication, Languages, & Cultures , Coastal Carolina University , Conway , South Carolina , USA
| | - David Morin
- b Utah Valley University , Orem , Utah , USA
| | - Sung-Yeon Park
- c Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio , USA
| | - Alexandru Stana
- d Fayetteville State University , Fayetteville , North Carolina , USA
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Litt DM, Stock ML, Gibbons FX. Adolescent alcohol use: Social comparison orientation moderates the impact of friend and sibling behaviour. Br J Health Psychol 2015; 20:514-33. [PMID: 25243814 PMCID: PMC4368503 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research has indicated that both peers and siblings influence adolescents' alcohol use (e.g., Windle, 2000, Appl. Dev. Sci., 4, 98). The present two studies examined whether social comparison orientation (SCO) moderates the effects of perceived friend and sibling alcohol use on adolescents' alcohol use cognitions and behaviours. DESIGN AND METHODS Two studies examined the role of SCO as a moderator of social influence (perceived friend alcohol use in Study 1 and both perceived friend use and sibling-reported alcohol use in Study 2) on prototype perceptions and willingness to drink alcohol (Studies 1 and 2) as well as actual alcohol consumption (Study 2) among early adolescents. RESULTS In Study 1, cross-sectional results indicated that SCO moderated the effect of perceived friend alcohol use on favourable images of drinkers and willingness to drink. Study 2 found that SCO moderated the effects of perceived friend use and sibling use on favourable images of alcohol users, willingness to use alcohol, and change in alcohol use over 3 years such that adolescents who reported engaging in social comparison more often reported greater willingness, more favourable images, and increases in alcohol use when perceived friend use or sibling use was high. CONCLUSIONS These studies highlight the importance of SCO as a moderator of susceptibility to the social influences of friends and siblings and may hold important implications for adolescent alcohol use prevention programmes and models of health risk behaviour.
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Abstract
AbstractKline proposes an evolutionary framework for teaching as a major base of human culture, in which she outlines how different types of teaching may solve adaptive problems with a focus on human behavior. Here it is argued that the ability to teach and the different types of teaching behavior may not only solve adaptive problems, but also create them.
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