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Eggert J, Zinzow-Kramer WM, Hu Y, Kolawole EM, Tsai YL, Weiss A, Evavold BD, Salaita K, Scharer CD, Au-Yeung BB. Cbl-b mitigates the responsiveness of naive CD8 + T cells that experience extensive tonic T cell receptor signaling. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eadh0439. [PMID: 38319998 PMCID: PMC10897907 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adh0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Naive T cells experience tonic T cell receptor (TCR) signaling in response to self-antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in secondary lymphoid organs. We investigated how relatively weak or strong tonic TCR signals influence naive CD8+ T cell responses to stimulation with foreign antigens. The heterogeneous expression of Nur77-GFP, a transgenic reporter of tonic TCR signaling, in naive CD8+ T cells suggests variable intensities or durations of tonic TCR signaling. Although the expression of genes associated with acutely stimulated T cells was increased in Nur77-GFPHI cells, these cells were hyporesponsive to agonist TCR stimulation compared with Nur77-GFPLO cells. This hyporesponsiveness manifested as diminished activation marker expression and decreased secretion of IFN-γ and IL-2. The protein abundance of the ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b, a negative regulator of TCR signaling, was greater in Nur77-GFPHI cells than in Nur77-GFPLO cells, and Cbl-b deficiency partially restored the responsiveness of Nur77-GFPHI cells. Our data suggest that the cumulative effects of previously experienced tonic TCR signaling recalibrate naive CD8+ T cell responsiveness. These changes include gene expression changes and negative regulation partially dependent on Cbl-b. This cell-intrinsic negative feedback loop may enable the immune system to restrain naive CD8+ T cells with higher self-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Eggert
- Division of Immunology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Department of Medicine, Emory University; Atlanta, 30322, USA
| | - Wendy M. Zinzow-Kramer
- Division of Immunology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Department of Medicine, Emory University; Atlanta, 30322, USA
| | - Yuesong Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University; Atlanta, 30322, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Kolawole
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, 84112, USA
| | - Yuan-Li Tsai
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, 94143, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, 94143, USA
| | - Brian D. Evavold
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, 84112, USA
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University; Atlanta, 30322, USA
| | | | - Byron B. Au-Yeung
- Division of Immunology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Department of Medicine, Emory University; Atlanta, 30322, USA
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2
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Bayerl F, Bejarano DA, Bertacchi G, Doffin AC, Gobbini E, Hubert M, Li L, Meiser P, Pedde AM, Posch W, Rupp L, Schlitzer A, Schmitz M, Schraml BU, Uderhardt S, Valladeau-Guilemond J, Wilflingseder D, Zaderer V, Böttcher JP. Guidelines for visualization and analysis of DC in tissues using multiparameter fluorescence microscopy imaging methods. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2249923. [PMID: 36623939 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of the Dendritic Cell Guidelines article series, which provides a collection of state-of-the-art protocols for the preparation, phenotype analysis by flow cytometry, generation, fluorescence microscopy, and functional characterization of mouse and human dendritic cells (DC) from lymphoid organs and various non-lymphoid tissues. Here, we provide detailed procedures for a variety of multiparameter fluorescence microscopy imaging methods to explore the spatial organization of DC in tissues and to dissect how DC migrate, communicate, and mediate their multiple functional roles in immunity in a variety of tissue settings. The protocols presented here entail approaches to study DC dynamics and T cell cross-talk by intravital microscopy, large-scale visualization, identification, and quantitative analysis of DC subsets and their functions by multiparameter fluorescence microscopy of fixed tissue sections, and an approach to study DC interactions with tissue cells in a 3D cell culture model. While all protocols were written by experienced scientists who routinely use them in their work, this article was also peer-reviewed by leading experts and approved by all co-authors, making it an essential resource for basic and clinical DC immunologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bayerl
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich, Germany
| | - David A Bejarano
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Giulia Bertacchi
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anne-Claire Doffin
- Cancer Research Center Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, Lyon, France
| | - Elisa Gobbini
- Cancer Research Center Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, Lyon, France
| | - Margaux Hubert
- Cancer Research Center Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, Lyon, France
| | - Lijian Li
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Exploratory Research Unit, Optical Imaging Centre Erlangen (OICE), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philippa Meiser
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Marie Pedde
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich, Germany
| | - Wilfried Posch
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Luise Rupp
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc Schmitz
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara U Schraml
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Biomedical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefan Uderhardt
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Exploratory Research Unit, Optical Imaging Centre Erlangen (OICE), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jenny Valladeau-Guilemond
- Cancer Research Center Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, Lyon, France
| | - Doris Wilflingseder
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Viktoria Zaderer
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jan P Böttcher
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich, Germany
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3
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Zheng MZ, Tan TK, Villalon-Letelier F, Lau H, Deng YM, Fritzlar S, Valkenburg SA, Gu H, Poon LL, Reading PC, Townsend AR, Wakim LM. Single-cycle influenza virus vaccine generates lung CD8 + Trm that cross-react against viral variants and subvert virus escape mutants. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg3469. [PMID: 37683004 PMCID: PMC10491285 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg3469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus-specific tissue-resident memory (Trm) CD8+ T cells located along the respiratory tract provide cross-strain protection against a breadth of influenza viruses. We show that immunization with a single-cycle influenza virus vaccine candidate (S-FLU) results in the deposition of influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP)-specific CD8+ Trm along the respiratory tract that were more cross-reactive against viral variants and less likely to drive the development of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) escape mutants, as compared to the lung memory NP-specific CD8+ T cell pool established following influenza infection. This immune profile was linked to the limited inflammatory response evoked by S-FLU vaccination, which increased TCR repertoire diversity within the memory CD8+ T cell compartment. Cumulatively, this work shows that S-FLU vaccination evokes a clonally diverse, cross-reactive memory CD8+ T cell pool, which protects against severe disease without driving the virus to rapidly evolve and escape, and thus represents an attractive vaccine for use against rapidly mutating influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Z. M. Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Tiong Kit Tan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, UK
| | - Fernando Villalon-Letelier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Hilda Lau
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Svenja Fritzlar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Sophie A. Valkenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haogao Gu
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leo L. M. Poon
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick C. Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Alain R. Townsend
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, UK
- Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ Oxford, UK
| | - Linda M. Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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4
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Straub A, Grassmann S, Jarosch S, Richter L, Hilgendorf P, Hammel M, Wagner KI, Buchholz VR, Schober K, Busch DH. Recruitment of epitope-specific T cell clones with a low-avidity threshold supports efficacy against mutational escape upon re-infection. Immunity 2023:S1074-7613(23)00179-6. [PMID: 37164014 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive pathogen exposure leads to the dominant outgrowth of T cell clones with high T cell receptor (TCR) affinity to the relevant pathogen-associated antigens. However, low-affinity clones are also known to expand and form immunological memory. While these low-affinity clones contribute less immunity to the original pathogen, their role in protection against pathogens harboring immune escape mutations remains unclear. Based on identification of the TCR repertoire and functionality landscape of naive epitope-specific CD8+ T cells, we reconstructed defined repertoires that could be followed as polyclonal populations during immune responses in vivo. We found that selective clonal expansion is governed by clear TCR avidity thresholds. Simultaneously, initial recruitment of broad TCR repertoires provided a polyclonal niche from which flexible secondary responses to mutant epitopes could be recalled. Elucidating how T cell responses develop "from scratch" is informative for the development of enhanced immunotherapies and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Straub
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Grassmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany; The Joseph Sun Lab, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sebastian Jarosch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Lena Richter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Hilgendorf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany; Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Monika Hammel
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Karolin I Wagner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Veit R Buchholz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany; Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany; Partner site Munich, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany.
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5
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Tang J, Jia X, Li J, Dong J, Wang J, Li W, Zhu Y, Hu Y, Hou B, Lin C, Cong Y, Ren T, Yan C, Yang H, Lai Q, Zheng H, Bao Y, Gautam N, Wang HR, Xu B, Chen XL, Li Q, Gascoigne NRJ, Fu G. Themis suppresses the effector function of CD8 + T cells in acute viral infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:512-524. [PMID: 36977779 PMCID: PMC10203318 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-00997-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells play a central role in antiviral immune responses. Upon infection, naive CD8+ T cells differentiate into effector cells to eliminate virus-infected cells, and some of these effector cells further differentiate into memory cells to provide long-term protection after infection is resolved. Although extensively investigated, the underlying mechanisms of CD8+ T-cell differentiation remain incompletely understood. Themis is a T-cell-specific protein that plays critical roles in T-cell development. Recent studies using Themis T-cell conditional knockout mice also demonstrated that Themis is required to promote mature CD8+ T-cell homeostasis, cytokine responsiveness, and antibacterial responses. In this study, we used LCMV Armstrong infection as a probe to explore the role of Themis in viral infection. We found that preexisting CD8+ T-cell homeostasis defects and cytokine hyporesponsiveness do not impair viral clearance in Themis T-cell conditional knockout mice. Further analyses showed that in the primary immune response, Themis deficiency promoted the differentiation of CD8+ effector cells and increased their TNF and IFNγ production. Moreover, Themis deficiency impaired memory precursor cell (MPEC) differentiation but promoted short-lived effector cell (SLEC) differentiation. Themis deficiency also enhanced effector cytokine production in memory CD8+ T cells while impairing central memory CD8+ T-cell formation. Mechanistically, we found that Themis mediates PD-1 expression and its signaling in effector CD8+ T cells, which explains the elevated cytokine production in these cells when Themis is disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xian Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Junchen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wanyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanyan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bowen Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chunjie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yu Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Changsheng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qian Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Haiping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuzhou Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Namrata Gautam
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong-Rui Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiao Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Guo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
- Cancer Research Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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6
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Kudek MR, Xin G, Alson D(T, Holzhauer S, Shen J, Kasmani MY, Riese M, Cui W. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Clone 13 Infection Results in CD8 T Cell-Mediated Host Mortality in Diacylglycerol Kinase α-Deficient Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1281-1291. [PMID: 36920384 PMCID: PMC10121876 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol is a potent element of intracellular secondary signaling cascades whose production is enhanced by cell-surface receptor agonism and function is regulated by enzymatic degradation by diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs). In T cells, stringent regulation of the activity of this second messenger maintains an appropriate balance between effector function and anergy. In this article, we demonstrate that DGKα is an indispensable regulator of TCR-mediated activation of CD8 T cells in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Clone 13 viral infection. In the absence of DGKα, Clone 13 infection in a murine model results in a pathologic, proinflammatory state and a multicellular immunopathologic host death that is predominantly driven by CD8 effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Kudek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and BMT. Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Gang Xin
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Current address: Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Jian Shen
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Moujtaba Y. Kasmani
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Matthew Riese
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology. Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
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7
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Taha TY, Chen IP, Hayashi JM, Tabata T, Walcott K, Kimmerly GR, Syed AM, Ciling A, Suryawanshi RK, Martin HS, Bach BH, Tsou CL, Montano M, Khalid MM, Sreekumar BK, Renuka Kumar G, Wyman S, Doudna JA, Ott M. Rapid assembly of SARS-CoV-2 genomes reveals attenuation of the Omicron BA.1 variant through NSP6. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2308. [PMID: 37085489 PMCID: PMC10120482 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37787-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (BA.1) spread rapidly across the world and effectively evaded immune responses, its viral fitness in cell and animal models was reduced. The precise nature of this attenuation remains unknown as generating replication-competent viral genomes is challenging because of the length of the viral genome (~30 kb). Here, we present a plasmid-based viral genome assembly and rescue strategy (pGLUE) that constructs complete infectious viruses or noninfectious subgenomic replicons in a single ligation reaction with >80% efficiency. Fully sequenced replicons and infectious viral stocks can be generated in 1 and 3 weeks, respectively. By testing a series of naturally occurring viruses as well as Delta-Omicron chimeric replicons, we show that Omicron nonstructural protein 6 harbors critical attenuating mutations, which dampen viral RNA replication and reduce lipid droplet consumption. Thus, pGLUE overcomes remaining barriers to broadly study SARS-CoV-2 replication and reveals deficits in nonstructural protein function underlying Omicron attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Y Taha
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Irene P Chen
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Abdullah M Syed
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alison Ciling
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Hannah S Martin
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bryan H Bach
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stacia Wyman
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Doudna
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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8
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Leube J, Mühlbauer A, Andrä I, Biggel M, Busch DH, Kretschmer L, Buchholz VR. Single-cell fate mapping reveals widespread clonal ignorance of low-affinity T cells exposed to systemic infection. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250009. [PMID: 36458456 PMCID: PMC7614329 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
T cell ignorance is a specific form of immunological tolerance. It describes the maintenance of naivety in antigen-specific T cells in vivo despite the presence of their target antigen. It is thought to mainly play a role during the steady state, when self-antigens are presented in absence of costimulatory signals and at low density or to T cells of low affinity. In how far antigen-specific T cells can also remain clonally ignorant to foreign antigens, presented in the inflammatory context of systemic infection, remains unclear. Using single-cell in vivo fate mapping and high throughput flow cytometric enrichment, we find that high-affinity antigen-specific CD8+ T cells are efficiently recruited upon systemic infection. In contrast, most low-affinity antigen-specific T cells ignore the priming antigen and persist in the naïve state while remaining fully responsive to subsequent immunization with a high-affinity ligand. These data establish the widespread clonal ignorance of low-affinity T cells as a major factor shaping the composition of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses to systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Leube
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Anton Mühlbauer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Immanuel Andrä
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Madleen Biggel
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Lorenz Kretschmer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Veit R. Buchholz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
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9
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Taha TY, Chen IP, Hayashi JM, Tabata T, Walcott K, Kimmerly GR, Syed AM, Ciling A, Suryawanshi RK, Martin HS, Bach BH, Tsou CL, Montano M, Khalid MM, Sreekumar BK, Kumar GR, Wyman S, Doudna JA, Ott M. Rapid assembly of SARS-CoV-2 genomes reveals attenuation of the Omicron BA.1 variant through NSP6. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.31.525914. [PMID: 36798416 PMCID: PMC9934579 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.31.525914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (BA.1) spread rapidly across the world and effectively evaded immune responses, its viral fitness in cell and animal models was reduced. The precise nature of this attenuation remains unknown as generating replication-competent viral genomes is challenging because of the length of the viral genome (30kb). Here, we designed a plasmid-based viral genome assembly and resc ue strategy (pGLUE) that constructs complete infectious viruses or noninfectious subgenomic replicons in a single ligation reaction with >80% efficiency. Fully sequenced replicons and infectious viral stocks can be generated in 1 and 3 weeks, respectively. By testing a series of naturally occurring viruses as well as Delta-Omicron chimeric replicons, we show that Omicron nonstructural protein 6 harbors critical attenuating mutations, which dampen viral RNA replication and reduce lipid droplet consumption. Thus, pGLUE overcomes remaining barriers to broadly study SARS-CoV-2 replication and reveals deficits in nonstructural protein function underlying Omicron attenuation.
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10
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Chu JT, Gu H, Sun W, Fan RL, Nicholls JM, Valkenburg SA, Poon LL. Heterosubtypic immune pressure accelerates emergence of influenza A virus escape phenotypes in mice. Virus Res 2023; 323:198991. [PMID: 36302472 PMCID: PMC10194115 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Rapid antigenic evolution of the influenza A virus surface antigen hemagglutinin undermines protection conferred by seasonal vaccines. Protective correlates targeted by universal vaccines such as cytotoxic T cells or HA stem directed broadly neutralizing antibodies have been shown to select for immune escape mutants during infection. We developed an in vivo serial passage mouse model for viral adaptation and used next generation sequencing to evaluate full genome viral evolution in the context of broadly protective immunity. Heterosubtypic immune pressure increased the incidence of genome-wide single nucleotide variants, though mutations found in early adapted populations were predominantly stochastic in nature. Prolonged adaptation under heterosubtypic immune selection resulted in the manifestation of highly virulent phenotypes that ablated vaccine mediated protection from mortality. High frequency mutations unique to escape phenotypes were identified within the polymerase encoding segments. These findings suggest that a suboptimial usage of population-wide universal influenza vaccine may drive formation of escape variants attributed to polygenic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ts Chu
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Haogao Gu
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wanying Sun
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Rebecca Ly Fan
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - John M Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Leo Lm Poon
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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11
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Mammarenavirus Genetic Diversity and Its Biological Implications. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 439:265-303. [PMID: 36592249 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-15640-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Members of the family Arenaviridae are classified into four genera: Antennavirus, Hartmanivirus, Mammarenavirus, and Reptarenavirus. Reptarenaviruses and hartmaniviruses infect (captive) snakes and have been shown to cause boid inclusion body disease (BIBD). Antennaviruses have genomes consisting of 3, rather than 2, segments, and were discovered in actinopterygian fish by next-generation sequencing but no biological isolate has been reported yet. The hosts of mammarenaviruses are mainly rodents and infections are generally asymptomatic. Current knowledge about the biology of reptarenaviruses, hartmaniviruses, and antennaviruses is very limited and their zoonotic potential is unknown. In contrast, some mammarenaviruses are associated with zoonotic events that pose a threat to human health. This review will focus on mammarenavirus genetic diversity and its biological implications. Some mammarenaviruses including lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) are excellent experimental model systems for the investigation of acute and persistent viral infections, whereas others including Lassa (LASV) and Junin (JUNV) viruses, the causative agents of Lassa fever (LF) and Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF), respectively, are important human pathogens. Mammarenaviruses were thought to have high degree of intra-and inter-species amino acid sequence identities, but recent evidence has revealed a high degree of mammarenavirus genetic diversity in the field. Moreover, closely related mammarenavirus can display dramatic phenotypic differences in vivo. These findings support a role of genetic variability in mammarenavirus adaptability and pathogenesis. Here, we will review the molecular biology of mammarenaviruses, phylogeny, and evolution, as well as the quasispecies dynamics of mammarenavirus populations and their biological implications.
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12
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Kombe Kombe AJ, Biteghe FAN, Ndoutoume ZN, Jin T. CD8 + T-cell immune escape by SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Front Immunol 2022; 13:962079. [PMID: 36389664 PMCID: PMC9647062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.962079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the efficacy of antiviral drug repositioning, convalescent plasma (CP), and the currently available vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the worldwide coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is still challenging because of the ongoing emergence of certain new SARS-CoV-2 strains known as variants of concern (VOCs). Mutations occurring within the viral genome, characterized by these new emerging VOCs, confer on them the ability to efficiently resist and escape natural and vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immune responses. Consequently, these VOCs have enhanced infectivity, increasing their stable spread in a given population with an important fatality rate. While the humoral immune escape process is well documented, the evasion mechanisms of VOCs from cellular immunity are not well elaborated. In this review, we discussed how SARS-CoV-2 VOCs adapt inside host cells and escape anti-COVID-19 cellular immunity, focusing on the effect of specific SARS-CoV-2 mutations in hampering the activation of CD8+ T-cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud John Kombe Kombe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | | | - Zélia Nelly Ndoutoume
- The Second Clinical School, Medical Imaging, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, Chinese Academic of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Chinese Academic of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
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13
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Hu Y, Hudson WH, Kissick HT, Medina CB, Baptista AP, Ma C, Liao W, Germain RN, Turley SJ, Zhang N, Ahmed R. TGF-β regulates the stem-like state of PD-1+ TCF-1+ virus-specific CD8 T cells during chronic infection. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20211574. [PMID: 35980386 PMCID: PMC9393409 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have defined a novel population of PD-1+ TCF-1+ stem-like CD8 T cells in chronic infections and cancer. These quiescent cells reside in lymphoid tissues, are critical for maintaining the CD8 T cell response under conditions of persistent antigen, and provide the proliferative burst after PD-1 blockade. Here we examined the role of TGF-β in regulating the differentiation of virus-specific CD8 T cells during chronic LCMV infection of mice. We found that TGF-β signaling was not essential for the generation of the stem-like CD8 T cells but was critical for maintaining the stem-like state and quiescence of these cells. TGF-β regulated the unique transcriptional program of the stem-like subset, including upregulation of inhibitory receptors specifically expressed on these cells. TGF-β also promoted the terminal differentiation of exhausted CD8 T cells by suppressing the effector-associated program. Together, the absence of TGF-β signaling resulted in significantly increased accumulation of effector-like CD8 T cells. These findings have implications for immunotherapies in general and especially for T cell therapy against chronic infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghong Hu
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - William H. Hudson
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Haydn T. Kissick
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Christopher B. Medina
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Antonio P. Baptista
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGhent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Chaoyu Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Wei Liao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ronald N. Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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14
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Bull MB, Gu H, Ma FNL, Perera LP, Poon LLM, Valkenburg SA. Next-generation T cell-activating vaccination increases influenza virus mutation prevalence. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl5209. [PMID: 35385318 PMCID: PMC8986104 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl5209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To determine the potential for viral adaptation to T cell responses, we probed the full influenza virus genome by next-generation sequencing directly ex vivo from infected mice, in the context of an experimental T cell-based vaccine, an H5N1-based viral vectored vaccinia vaccine Wyeth/IL-15/5Flu, versus the current standard-of-care, seasonal inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) and unvaccinated conditions. Wyeth/IL-15/5Flu vaccination was coincident with increased mutation incidence and frequency across the influenza genome; however, mutations were not enriched within T cell epitope regions, but high allele frequency mutations within conserved hemagglutinin stem regions and PB2 mammalian adaptive mutations arose. Depletion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets led to reduced frequency of mutants in vaccinated mice; therefore, vaccine-mediated T cell responses were important drivers of virus diversification. Our findings suggest that Wyeth/IL-15/5Flu does not generate T cell escape mutants but increases stochastic events for virus adaptation by stringent bottlenecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maireid B. Bull
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haogao Gu
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fionn N. L. Ma
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liyanage P. Perera
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1374, USA
| | - Leo L. M. Poon
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sophie A. Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Philip M, Schietinger A. CD8 + T cell differentiation and dysfunction in cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:209-223. [PMID: 34253904 PMCID: PMC9792152 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00574-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 208.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells specific for cancer cells are detected within tumours. However, despite their presence, tumours progress. The clinical success of immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive T cell therapy demonstrates the potential of CD8+ T cells to mediate antitumour responses; however, most patients with cancer fail to achieve long-term responses to immunotherapy. Here we review CD8+ T cell differentiation to dysfunctional states during tumorigenesis. We highlight similarities and differences between T cell dysfunction and other hyporesponsive T cell states and discuss the spatio-temporal factors contributing to T cell state heterogeneity in tumours. An important challenge is predicting which patients will respond to immunotherapeutic interventions and understanding which T cell subsets mediate the clinical response. We explore our current understanding of what determines T cell responsiveness and resistance to immunotherapy and point out the outstanding research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Philip
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Department of Medicine/Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,;
| | - Andrea Schietinger
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,;
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16
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Diethelm P, Schmitz I, Iten I, Kisielow J, Matsushita M, Kopf M. LCMV induced down-regulation of HVEM on anti-viral T cells is critical for an efficient effector response. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:924-935. [PMID: 35344223 PMCID: PMC9321772 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
T‐cell responses against tumors and pathogens are critically shaped by cosignaling molecules providing a second signal. Interaction of herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM, CD270, TNFRSF14) with multiple ligands has been proposed to promote or inhibit T‐cell responses and inflammation, dependent on the context. In this study, we show that absence of HVEM did neither affect generation of effector nor maintenance of memory antiviral T cells and accordingly viral clearance upon acute and chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, due to potent HVEM downregulation during infection. Notably, overexpression of HVEM on virus‐specific CD8+ T cells resulted in a reduction of effector cells, whereas numbers of memory cells were increased. Overall, this study indicates that downregulation of HVEM driven by LCMV infection ensures an efficient acute response at the price of impaired formation of T‐cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Diethelm
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Iwana Schmitz
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Irina Iten
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Jan Kisielow
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Mai Matsushita
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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17
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Müller M, Gräbnitz F, Barandun N, Shen Y, Wendt F, Steiner SN, Severin Y, Vetterli SU, Mondal M, Prudent JR, Hofmann R, van Oostrum M, Sarott RC, Nesvizhskii AI, Carreira EM, Bode JW, Snijder B, Robinson JA, Loessner MJ, Oxenius A, Wollscheid B. Light-mediated discovery of surfaceome nanoscale organization and intercellular receptor interaction networks. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7036. [PMID: 34857745 PMCID: PMC8639842 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27280-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular nanoscale organization of the surfaceome is a fundamental regulator of cellular signaling in health and disease. Technologies for mapping the spatial relationships of cell surface receptors and their extracellular signaling synapses would unlock theranostic opportunities to target protein communities and the possibility to engineer extracellular signaling. Here, we develop an optoproteomic technology termed LUX-MS that enables the targeted elucidation of acute protein interactions on and in between living cells using light-controlled singlet oxygen generators (SOG). By using SOG-coupled antibodies, small molecule drugs, biologics and intact viral particles, we demonstrate the ability of LUX-MS to decode ligand receptor interactions across organisms and to discover surfaceome receptor nanoscale organization with direct implications for drug action. Furthermore, by coupling SOG to antigens we achieved light-controlled molecular mapping of intercellular signaling within functional immune synapses between antigen-presenting cells and CD8+ T cells providing insights into T cell activation with spatiotemporal specificity. LUX-MS based decoding of surfaceome signaling architectures thereby provides a molecular framework for the rational development of theranostic strategies. The spatial organization of cell surface receptors is critical for cell signaling and drug action. Here, the authors develop an optoproteomic method for mapping surface protein interactions, revealing cellular responses to antibodies, drugs and viral particles as well as immunosynapse signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Müller
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zurich, Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Gräbnitz
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Institute of Microbiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niculò Barandun
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Institute of Microbiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yang Shen
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Wendt
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zurich, Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian N Steiner
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zurich, Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yannik Severin
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Milon Mondal
- Chemistry Department, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Raphael Hofmann
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc van Oostrum
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zurich, Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roman C Sarott
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexey I Nesvizhskii
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erick M Carreira
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W Bode
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Berend Snijder
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John A Robinson
- Chemistry Department, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin J Loessner
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Institute of Microbiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Wollscheid
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology (D-HEST), ETH Zurich, Institute of Translational Medicine (ITM), Zurich, Switzerland. .,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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18
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Ertuna YI, Fallet B, Marx AF, Dimitrova M, Kastner AL, Wagner I, Merkler D, Pinschewer DD. Vectored antibody gene delivery restores host B and T cell control of persistent viral infection. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110061. [PMID: 34852228 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive antibody therapy and vectored antibody gene delivery (VAGD) in particular offer an innovative approach to combat persistent viral diseases. Here, we exploit a small animal model to investigate synergies of VAGD with the host's endogenous immune defense for treating chronic viral infection. An adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector delivering the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-neutralizing antibody KL25 (AAV-KL25) establishes protective antibody titers for >200 days. When therapeutically administered to chronically infected immunocompetent wild-type mice, AAV-KL25 affords sustained viral load control. In contrast, viral mutational escape thwarts therapeutic AAV-KL25 effects when mice are unable to mount LCMV-specific antibody responses or lack CD8+ T cells. VAGD augments antiviral germinal center B cell and antibody-secreting cell responses and reduces inhibitory receptor expression on antiviral CD8+ T cells. These results indicate that VAGD fortifies host immune defense and synergizes with B cell and CD8 T cell responses to restore immune control of chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf I Ertuna
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benedict Fallet
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Friederike Marx
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mirela Dimitrova
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Lena Kastner
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- University of Basel, Department of Biomedicine-Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, 4009 Basel, Switzerland.
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19
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Comparative analysis of the ex vivo IFN-gamma responses to CD8+ T cell epitopes within allelic forms of PfAMA1 in subjects with natural exposure to malaria. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257219. [PMID: 34506564 PMCID: PMC8432784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen polymorphisms in essential malarial antigens are a key challenge to the design and development of broadly effective malaria vaccines. The effect of polymorphisms on antibody responses is fairly well studied while much fewer studies have assessed this for T cell responses. This study investigated the effect of allelic polymorphisms in the malarial antigen apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) on ex vivo T cell-specific IFN-γ responses in subjects with lifelong exposure to malaria. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I-restricted peptides from the 3D7 clone AMA1 were bioinformatically predicted and those with variant amino acid positions used to select corresponding allelic sequences from the 7G8, FVO, FC27 and tm284 parasite strains. A total of 91 AMA1 9-10mer peptides from the five parasite strains were identified, synthesized, grouped into 42 allele sets and used to stimulate PBMCs from seven HLA class 1-typed subjects in IFN-γ ELISpot assays. PBMCs from four of the seven subjects (57%) made positive responses to 18 peptides within 12 allele sets. Fifty percent of the 18 positive peptides were from the 3D7 parasite variant. Amino acid substitutions that were associated with IFN-γ response abrogation were more frequently found at positions 1 and 6 of the tested peptides, but substitutions did not show a clear pattern of association with response abrogation. Thus, while we show some evidence of polymorphisms affecting T cell response induction, other factors including TCR recognition of HLA-peptide complexes may also be at play.
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20
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Smyth M, Khamina K, Popa A, Gudipati V, Agerer B, Lercher A, Kosack L, Endler L, Baazim H, Viczenczova C, Huppa JB, Bergthaler A. Characterization of CD8 T Cell-Mediated Mutations in the Immunodominant Epitope GP33-41 of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:638485. [PMID: 34194424 PMCID: PMC8236698 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.638485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) represent key immune effectors of the host response against chronic viruses, due to their cytotoxic response to virus-infected cells. In response to this selection pressure, viruses may accumulate escape mutations that evade CTL-mediated control. To study the emergence of CTL escape mutations, we employed the murine chronic infection model of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). We developed an amplicon-based next-generation sequencing pipeline to detect low frequency mutations in the viral genome and identified non-synonymous mutations in the immunodominant LCMV CTL epitope, GP33-41, in infected wildtype mice. Infected Rag2-deficient mice lacking CTLs did not contain such viral mutations. By using transgenic mice with T cell receptors specific to GP33-41, we characterized the emergence of viral mutations in this epitope under varying selection pressure. We investigated the two most abundant viral mutations by employing reverse genetically engineered viral mutants encoding the respective mutations. These experiments provided evidence that these mutations prevent activation and expansion of epitope-specific CD8 T cells. Our findings on the mutational dynamics of CTL escape mutations in a widely-studied viral infection model contributes to our understanding of how chronic viruses interact with their host and evade the immune response. This may guide the development of future treatments and vaccines against chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Smyth
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kseniya Khamina
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Popa
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Venugopal Gudipati
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Agerer
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Lercher
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lindsay Kosack
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Endler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hatoon Baazim
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Csilla Viczenczova
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes B Huppa
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Bergthaler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Landscape of Exhausted Virus-Specific CD8 T Cells in Chronic LCMV Infection. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108078. [PMID: 32846135 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of chronic infections is the presence of exhausted CD8 T cells, characterized by a distinct transcriptional program compared with functional effector or memory cells, co-expression of multiple inhibitory receptors, and impaired effector function, mainly driven by recurrent T cell receptor engagement. In the context of chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in mice, most studies focused on studying splenic virus-specific CD8 T cells. Here, we provide a detailed characterization of exhausted CD8 T cells isolated from six different tissues during established LCMV infection, using single-cell RNA sequencing. Our data reveal that exhausted cells are heterogeneous, adopt organ-specific transcriptomic profiles, and can be divided into five main functional subpopulations: advanced exhaustion, effector-like, intermediate, proliferating, or memory-like. Adoptive transfer experiments showed that these phenotypes are plastic, suggesting that the tissue microenvironment has a major impact in shaping the phenotype and function of virus-specific CD8 T cells during chronic infection.
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22
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Abstract
HDV is a small, defective RNA virus that requires the HBsAg of HBV for its assembly, release, and transmission. Chronic HBV/HDV infection often has a severe clinical outcome and is difficult to treat. The important role of a robust virus-specific T cell response for natural viral control has been established for many other chronic viral infections, but the exact role of the T cell response in the control and progression of chronic HDV infection is far less clear. Several recent studies have characterised HDV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses on a peptide level. This review comprehensively summarises all HDV-specific T cell epitopes described to date and describes our current knowledge of the role of T cells in HDV infection. While we now have better tools to study the adaptive anti-HDV-specific T cell response, further efforts are needed to define the HLA restriction of additional HDV-specific T cell epitopes, establish additional HDV-specific MHC tetramers, understand the degree of cross HDV genotype reactivity of individual epitopes and understand the correlation of the HBV- and HDV-specific T cell response, as well as the breadth and specificity of the intrahepatic HDV-specific T cell response.
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Key Words
- ADAR1, adenosine deaminases acting on RNA
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- CD4+
- CD8+
- ELISpot, enzyme-linked immune spot assay
- HBV
- HDAg, hepatitis delta antigen
- HDV
- Hepatitis Delta
- ICS, intracellular cytokine staining
- IFN-, interferon-
- L-HDAg, large hepatitis delta antigen
- MAIT, mucosa-associated invariant T cells
- NK cells, natural killer cells
- NTCP, sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1
- PTM, post-translational modification
- Peg-IFN-α, pegylated interferon alpha
- S-HDAg, small hepatitis delta antigen
- T cell
- TCF, T cell-specific transcription factor
- TNFα, tumour necrosis factor-α
- Th1, T helper 1
- aa, amino acid(s)
- cccDNA, covalently closed circular DNA
- epitope
- viral escape
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23
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Agerer B, Koblischke M, Gudipati V, Montaño-Gutierrez LF, Smyth M, Popa A, Genger JW, Endler L, Florian DM, Mühlgrabner V, Graninger M, Aberle SW, Husa AM, Shaw LE, Lercher A, Gattinger P, Torralba-Gombau R, Trapin D, Penz T, Barreca D, Fae I, Wenda S, Traugott M, Walder G, Pickl WF, Thiel V, Allerberger F, Stockinger H, Puchhammer-Stöckl E, Weninger W, Fischer G, Hoepler W, Pawelka E, Zoufaly A, Valenta R, Bock C, Paster W, Geyeregger R, Farlik M, Halbritter F, Huppa JB, Aberle JH, Bergthaler A. SARS-CoV-2 mutations in MHC-I-restricted epitopes evade CD8 + T cell responses. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/57/eabg6461. [PMID: 33664060 PMCID: PMC8224398 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abg6461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 has been implicated in COVID-19 severity and virus control. Here, we identified nonsynonymous mutations in MHC-I-restricted CD8+ T cell epitopes after deep sequencing of 747 SARS-CoV-2 virus isolates. Mutant peptides exhibited diminished or abrogated MHC-I binding in a cell-free in vitro assay. Reduced MHC-I binding of mutant peptides was associated with decreased proliferation, IFN-γ production and cytotoxic activity of CD8+ T cells isolated from HLA-matched COVID-19 patients. Single cell RNA sequencing of ex vivo expanded, tetramer-sorted CD8+ T cells from COVID-19 patients further revealed qualitative differences in the transcriptional response to mutant peptides. Our findings highlight the capacity of SARS-CoV-2 to subvert CD8+ T cell surveillance through point mutations in MHC-I-restricted viral epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Agerer
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Venugopal Gudipati
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Mark Smyth
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Popa
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakob-Wendelin Genger
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Endler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - David M Florian
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vanessa Mühlgrabner
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Stephan W Aberle
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna-Maria Husa
- St. Anna Children´s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Ellen Shaw
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Lercher
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pia Gattinger
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Division of Immunopathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ricard Torralba-Gombau
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Trapin
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Penz
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniele Barreca
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid Fae
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Wenda
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gernot Walder
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Winfried F Pickl
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Volker Thiel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Hannes Stockinger
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gottfried Fischer
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Erich Pawelka
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Zoufaly
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Division of Immunopathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria.,Laboratory for Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, First Moscow State Medical University Sechenov, Moscow, Russia.,NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Paster
- St. Anna Children´s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - René Geyeregger
- St. Anna Children´s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Farlik
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Johannes B Huppa
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith H Aberle
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Bergthaler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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24
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TCR Transgenic Mice: A Valuable Tool for Studying Viral Immunopathogenesis Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249690. [PMID: 33353154 PMCID: PMC7765986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infectious diseases are a significant burden on public health and the global economy, and new viral threats emerge continuously. Since CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses are essential to eliminating viruses, it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms of anti-viral T cell-mediated immunopathogenesis during viral infections. Remarkable progress in transgenic (Tg) techniques has enabled scientists to more readily understand the mechanisms of viral pathogenesis. T cell receptor (TCR) Tg mice are extremely useful in studying T cell-mediated immune responses because the majority of T cells in these mice express specific TCRs for partner antigens. In this review, we discuss the important studies utilizing TCR Tg mice to unveil underlying mechanisms of T cell-mediated immunopathogenesis during viral infections.
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25
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Muri J, Thut H, Kopf M. The thioredoxin-1 inhibitor Txnip restrains effector T-cell and germinal center B-cell expansion. Eur J Immunol 2020; 51:115-124. [PMID: 32902872 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) is a vital component for cellular redox homeostasis. In T cells, Trx1 donates electrons for the de novo synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides to allow rapid cell proliferation. The Trx-interacting protein (Txnip) binds to the reduced Trx1 and inhibits its activity. However, the role of Txnip in adaptive immunity in vivo is unknown. Here, we show that absence of Txnip increased proliferation of effector T cells and GC B-cell responses in response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Qβ virus-like particles, respectively, but did not affect development and homeostasis of T and B cells. While downregulation of Txnip and concomitant upregulation of Trx1 is critical for rapid T-cell expansion upon viral infection, re-expression of Txnip and consequently inhibition of Trx1 is important to restrain late T-cell expansion. Importantly, we demonstrated that T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement but not CD28 costimulation is critically required for Txnip downregulation. Thus, this study further uncovers positive and negative control of lymphocyte proliferation by the Trx1 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Muri
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Helen Thut
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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26
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Exhausted CD8 + T cells exhibit low and strongly inhibited TCR signaling during chronic LCMV infection. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4454. [PMID: 32901001 PMCID: PMC7479152 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral infections are often associated with impaired CD8+ T cell function, referred to as exhaustion. Although the molecular and cellular circuits involved in CD8+ T cell exhaustion are well defined, with sustained presence of antigen being one important parameter, how much T cell receptor (TCR) signaling is actually ongoing in vivo during established chronic infection is unclear. Here, we characterize the in vivo TCR signaling of virus-specific exhausted CD8+ T cells in a mouse model, leveraging TCR signaling reporter mice in combination with transcriptomics. In vivo signaling in exhausted cells is low, in contrast to their in vitro signaling potential, and despite antigen being abundantly present. Both checkpoint blockade and adoptive transfer of naïve target cells increase TCR signaling, demonstrating that engagement of co-inhibitory receptors curtails CD8+ T cell signaling and function in vivo. Excess antigenic exposure, such as in cancers or chronic viral infection, can lead to T cell exhaustion. Here the authors show that despite high exposure to antigen in the context of chronic LCMV infection in mice, exhausted CD8+ T cells have low levels of TCR signalling that can be reactivated by PD-L1 blockade.
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27
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Soleimanian S, Yaghobi R. Harnessing Memory NK Cell to Protect Against COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1309. [PMID: 32973527 PMCID: PMC7468462 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide struggle against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a public health crisis continues to sweep across the globe. Up to now, effective antiviral treatment against COVID-19 is not available. Therefore, throughout virus infections, a thorough clarification of the virus-host immune system interactions will be most probably helpful to encounter these challenges. Emerging evidence suggests that just like SARS and MERS, COVID-19 primarily suppresses the innate immune system, enabling its stable propagation during the early stage of infection. Consequently, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines have been increasing during infection progression associated with severe lung pathology. It is imperative to consider hyper inflammation in vaccine designing, as vaccine-induced immune responses must have a protective role against infection without leading to immunopathology. Among the front-line responders to viral infections, Natural Killer (NK) cells have immense therapeutic potential, forming a bridge between innate and adaptive responses. A subset of NK cells exhibits putatively increased effector functions against viruses following pathogen-specific and immunization. Memory NK cells have higher cytotoxicity and effector activity, compared with the conventional NK cells. As a pioneering strategy, prompt accumulation and long-term maintenance of these memory NK cells could be an efficacious viral treatment. According to the high prevalence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in the world, it remains to be determined whether HCMV adaptive NK cells could play a protective role against this new emerging virus. In addition, the new adaptive-like KIR+NKG2C+ NK cell subset (the adaptive-like lung tissue residue [tr]NK cell) in the context of the respiratory infection at this site could specifically exhibit the expansion upon COVID-19. Another aspect of NK cells we should note, utilizing modified NK cells such as allogeneic off-the-shelf CAR-NK cells as a state-of-the-art strategy for the treatment of COVID-19. In this line, we speculate introducing NKG2C into chimeric antigen receptors in NK cells might be a potential approach in future viral immunotherapy for emerging viruses. In this contribution, we will briefly discuss the current status and future perspective of NK cells, which provide to successfully exploit NK cell-mediated antiviral activity that may offer important new tools in COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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28
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Welten SPM, Yermanos A, Baumann NS, Wagen F, Oetiker N, Sandu I, Pedrioli A, Oduro JD, Reddy ST, Cicin-Sain L, Held W, Oxenius A. Tcf1 + cells are required to maintain the inflationary T cell pool upon MCMV infection. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2295. [PMID: 32385253 PMCID: PMC7211020 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus-based vaccine vectors offer interesting opportunities for T cell-based vaccination purposes as CMV infection induces large numbers of functional effector-like cells that accumulate in peripheral tissues, a process termed memory inflation. Maintenance of high numbers of peripheral CD8 T cells requires continuous replenishment of the inflationary T cell pool. Here, we show that the inflationary T cell population contains a small subset of cells expressing the transcription factor Tcf1. These Tcf1+ cells resemble central memory T cells and are proliferation competent. Upon sensing viral reactivation events, Tcf1+ cells feed into the pool of peripheral Tcf1- cells and depletion of Tcf1+ cells hampers memory inflation. TCR repertoires of Tcf1+ and Tcf1- populations largely overlap, with the Tcf1+ population showing higher clonal diversity. These data show that Tcf1+ cells are necessary for sustaining the inflationary T cell response, and upholding this subset is likely critical for the success of CMV-based vaccination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne P M Welten
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Yermanos
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas S Baumann
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Wagen
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Oetiker
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ioana Sandu
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Pedrioli
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer D Oduro
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sai T Reddy
- Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Werner Held
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
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29
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Schaupp L, Muth S, Rogell L, Kofoed-Branzk M, Melchior F, Lienenklaus S, Ganal-Vonarburg SC, Klein M, Guendel F, Hain T, Schütze K, Grundmann U, Schmitt V, Dorsch M, Spanier J, Larsen PK, Schwanz T, Jäckel S, Reinhardt C, Bopp T, Danckwardt S, Mahnke K, Heinz GA, Mashreghi MF, Durek P, Kalinke U, Kretz O, Huber TB, Weiss S, Wilhelm C, Macpherson AJ, Schild H, Diefenbach A, Probst HC. Microbiota-Induced Type I Interferons Instruct a Poised Basal State of Dendritic Cells. Cell 2020; 181:1080-1096.e19. [PMID: 32380006 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Environmental signals shape host physiology and fitness. Microbiota-derived cues are required to program conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) during the steady state so that they can promptly respond and initiate adaptive immune responses when encountering pathogens. However, the molecular underpinnings of microbiota-guided instructive programs are not well understood. Here, we report that the indigenous microbiota controls constitutive production of type I interferons (IFN-I) by plasmacytoid DCs. Using genome-wide analysis of transcriptional and epigenetic regulomes of cDCs from germ-free and IFN-I receptor (IFNAR)-deficient mice, we found that tonic IFNAR signaling instructs a specific epigenomic and metabolic basal state that poises cDCs for future pathogen combat. However, such beneficial biological function comes with a trade-off. Instructed cDCs can prime T cell responses against harmless peripheral antigens when removing roadblocks of peripheral tolerance. Our data provide fresh insights into the evolutionary trade-offs that come with successful adaptation of vertebrates to their microbial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schaupp
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch Strasse 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany; Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institute for Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Muth
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Leif Rogell
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch Strasse 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany; Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kofoed-Branzk
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch Strasse 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany; Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Felix Melchior
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Ganal-Vonarburg
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Klein
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabian Guendel
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch Strasse 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany; Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Hain
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristian Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrike Grundmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Hermann-Herder-Str. 11, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Schmitt
- Immunopathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Martina Dorsch
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Spanier
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Pia-Katharina Larsen
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwanz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven Jäckel
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; University Cancer Center Mainz, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)
| | - Sven Danckwardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Posttranscriptional Gene Regulation, Cancer Research and Experimental Hemostasis, University Medical Centre Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Karsten Mahnke
- Department of Dermatology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gitta Anne Heinz
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mir-Farzin Mashreghi
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Durek
- Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 7, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Kretz
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Neuroanatomy, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias B Huber
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Wilhelm
- Immunopathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrew J Macpherson
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University Clinic for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Helmholtz Institute Translational Oncology, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 63, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch Strasse 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany; Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hans Christian Probst
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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30
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Duru AD, Sun R, Allerbring EB, Chadderton J, Kadri N, Han X, Peqini K, Uchtenhagen H, Madhurantakam C, Pellegrino S, Sandalova T, Nygren PÅ, Turner SJ, Achour A. Tuning antiviral CD8 T-cell response via proline-altered peptide ligand vaccination. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008244. [PMID: 32365082 PMCID: PMC7224568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral escape from CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses correlates with disease progression and represents a significant challenge for vaccination. Here, we demonstrate that CD8+ T cell recognition of the naturally occurring MHC-I-restricted LCMV-associated immune escape variant Y4F is restored following vaccination with a proline-altered peptide ligand (APL). The APL increases MHC/peptide (pMHC) complex stability, rigidifies the peptide and facilitates T cell receptor (TCR) recognition through reduced entropy costs. Structural analyses of pMHC complexes before and after TCR binding, combined with biophysical analyses, revealed that although the TCR binds similarly to all complexes, the p3P modification alters the conformations of a very limited amount of specific MHC and peptide residues, facilitating efficient TCR recognition. This approach can be easily introduced in peptides restricted to other MHC alleles, and can be combined with currently available and future vaccination protocols in order to prevent viral immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Doganay Duru
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- NSU Cell Therapy Institute & Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
| | - Renhua Sun
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva B. Allerbring
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesseka Chadderton
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Nadir Kadri
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiao Han
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaliroi Peqini
- DISFARM, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezinone Chimica Generale e Organica, Università degli Studi, Milano, Italy
| | - Hannes Uchtenhagen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chaithanya Madhurantakam
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Structural and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, TERI, School of Advanced Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Sara Pellegrino
- DISFARM, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Sezinone Chimica Generale e Organica, Università degli Studi, Milano, Italy
| | - Tatyana Sandalova
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Åke Nygren
- Division of Protein Engineering, Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, AlbaNova University Center, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen J. Turner
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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31
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Schorer M, Rakebrandt N, Lambert K, Hunziker A, Pallmer K, Oxenius A, Kipar A, Stertz S, Joller N. TIGIT limits immune pathology during viral infections. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1288. [PMID: 32152316 PMCID: PMC7062903 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-inhibitory pathways have a fundamental function in regulating T cell responses and control the balance between promoting efficient effector functions and restricting immune pathology. The TIGIT pathway has been implicated in promoting T cell dysfunction in chronic viral infection. Importantly, TIGIT signaling is functionally linked to IL-10 expression, which has an effect on both virus control and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. However, whether TIGIT has a function in viral persistence or limiting tissue pathology is unclear. Here we report that TIGIT modulation effectively alters the phenotype and cytokine profile of T cells during influenza and chronic LCMV infection, but does not affect virus control in vivo. Instead, TIGIT has an important effect in limiting immune pathology in peripheral organs by inducing IL-10. Our data therefore identify a function of TIGIT in limiting immune pathology that is independent of viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Schorer
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nikolas Rakebrandt
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Lambert
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annika Hunziker
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Pallmer
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silke Stertz
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Joller
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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32
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Cardoso Alves L, Berger MD, Koutsandreas T, Kirschke N, Lauer C, Spörri R, Chatziioannou A, Corazza N, Krebs P. Non-apoptotic TRAIL function modulates NK cell activity during viral infection. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48789. [PMID: 31742873 PMCID: PMC6945065 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of death receptor signaling for pathogen control and infection-associated pathogenesis is multifaceted and controversial. Here, we show that during viral infection, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) modulates NK cell activity independently of its pro-apoptotic function. In mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), Trail deficiency led to improved specific CD8+ T-cell responses, resulting in faster pathogen clearance and reduced liver pathology. Depletion experiments indicated that this effect was mediated by NK cells. Mechanistically, TRAIL expressed by immune cells positively and dose-dependently modulates IL-15 signaling-induced granzyme B production in NK cells, leading to enhanced NK cell-mediated T cell killing. TRAIL also regulates the signaling downstream of IL-15 receptor in human NK cells. In addition, TRAIL restricts NK1.1-triggered IFNγ production by NK cells. Our study reveals a hitherto unappreciated immunoregulatory role of TRAIL signaling on NK cells for the granzyme B-dependent elimination of antiviral T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Cardoso Alves
- Institute of PathologyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | | | - Thodoris Koutsandreas
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & BiotechnologyNHRFAthensGreece
- e‐NIOS PCKallithea‐AthensGreece
| | - Nick Kirschke
- Institute of PathologyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | | | - Roman Spörri
- Institute of MicrobiologyETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Aristotelis Chatziioannou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & BiotechnologyNHRFAthensGreece
- e‐NIOS PCKallithea‐AthensGreece
| | - Nadia Corazza
- Institute of PathologyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
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33
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Quasispecies dynamics in disease prevention and control. VIRUS AS POPULATIONS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7153035 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816331-3.00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Medical interventions to prevent and treat viral disease constitute evolutionary forces that may modify the genetic composition of viral populations that replicate in an infected host and influence the genomic composition of those viruses that are transmitted and progress at the epidemiological level. Given the adaptive potential of viruses in general and the RNA viruses in particular, the selection of viral mutants that display some degree of resistance to inhibitors or vaccines is a tangible challenge. Mutant selection may jeopardize control of the viral disease. Strategies intended to minimize vaccination and treatment failures are proposed and justified based on fundamental features of viral dynamics explained in the preceding chapters. The recommended use of complex, multiepitopic vaccines, and combination therapies as early as possible after initiation of infection falls under the general concept that complexity cannot be combated with simplicity. It also follows that sociopolitical action to interrupt virus replication and spread as soon as possible is as important as scientifically sound treatment designs to control viral disease on a global scale.
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34
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Zander R, Schauder D, Xin G, Nguyen C, Wu X, Zajac A, Cui W. CD4 + T Cell Help Is Required for the Formation of a Cytolytic CD8 + T Cell Subset that Protects against Chronic Infection and Cancer. Immunity 2019; 51:1028-1042.e4. [PMID: 31810883 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although CD4+ T cell "help" is crucial to sustain antiviral immunity, the mechanisms by which CD4+ T cells regulate CD8+ T cell differentiation during chronic infection remain elusive. Here, using single-cell RNA sequencing, we show that CD8+ T cells responding to chronic infection were more heterogeneous than previously appreciated. Importantly, our findings uncovered the formation of a CX3CR1-expressing CD8+ T cell subset that exhibited potent cytolytic function and was required for viral control. Notably, our data further demonstrate that formation of this cytotoxic subset was critically dependent on CD4+ T cell help via interleukin-21 (IL-21) and that exploitation of this developmental pathway could be used therapeutically to enhance the killer function of CD8+ T cells infiltrated into the tumor. These findings uncover additional molecular mechanisms of how "CD4+ T cell help" regulates CD8+ T cell differentiation during persistent infection and have implications toward optimizing the generation of protective CD8+ T cells in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Zander
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA
| | - David Schauder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Gang Xin
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA
| | - Christine Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Xiaopeng Wu
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA
| | - Allan Zajac
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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35
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Khan S, Lew I, Wu F, Fritts L, Fontaine KA, Tomar S, Trapecar M, Shehata HM, Ott M, Miller CJ, Sanjabi S. Low expression of RNA sensors impacts Zika virus infection in the lower female reproductive tract. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4344. [PMID: 31554802 PMCID: PMC6761111 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses to Zika virus (ZIKV) are dampened in the lower female reproductive tract (LFRT) compared to other tissues, but the mechanism that underlies this vulnerability is poorly understood. Using tissues from uninfected and vaginally ZIKV-infected macaques and mice, we show that low basal expression of RNA-sensing pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), or their co-receptors, in the LFRT contributes to high viral replication in this tissue. In the LFRT, ZIKV sensing provides limited protection against viral replication, and the sensors are also minimally induced after vaginal infection. While IFNα/β receptor signaling offers minimal protection in the LFRT, it is required to prevent dissemination of ZIKV to other tissues, including the upper FRT. Our findings support a role for RNA-sensing PRRs in the dampened innate immunity against ZIKV in the LFRT compared to other tissues and underlie potential implications for systemic dissemination upon heterosexual transmission of ZIKV in women.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Genitalia, Female/immunology
- Genitalia, Female/metabolism
- Genitalia, Female/virology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Macaca mulatta
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/immunology
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/genetics
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/immunology
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/metabolism
- Vagina/immunology
- Vagina/metabolism
- Vagina/virology
- Virus Replication/genetics
- Virus Replication/immunology
- Zika Virus/genetics
- Zika Virus/immunology
- Zika Virus/physiology
- Zika Virus Infection/genetics
- Zika Virus Infection/immunology
- Zika Virus Infection/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzada Khan
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Irene Lew
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Frank Wu
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Linda Fritts
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Krystal A Fontaine
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Sakshi Tomar
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Martin Trapecar
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Hesham M Shehata
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Christopher J Miller
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Shomyseh Sanjabi
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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36
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Rota G, Niogret C, Dang AT, Barros CR, Fonta NP, Alfei F, Morgado L, Zehn D, Birchmeier W, Vivier E, Guarda G. Shp-2 Is Dispensable for Establishing T Cell Exhaustion and for PD-1 Signaling In Vivo. Cell Rep 2019; 23:39-49. [PMID: 29617671 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic infection and cancer, T cells acquire a dysfunctional state characterized by the expression of inhibitory receptors. In vitro studies implicated the phosphatase Shp-2 downstream of these receptors, including PD-1. However, whether Shp-2 is responsible in vivo for such dysfunctional responses remains elusive. To address this, we generated T cell-specific Shp-2-deficient mice. These mice did not show differences in controlling chronic viral infections. In this context, Shp-2-deleted CD8+ T lymphocytes expanded moderately better but were less polyfunctional than control cells. Mice with Shp-2-deficient T cells also showed no significant improvement in controlling immunogenic tumors and responded similarly to controls to α-PD-1 treatment. We therefore showed that Shp-2 is dispensable in T cells for globally establishing exhaustion and for PD-1 signaling in vivo. These results reveal the existence of redundant mechanisms downstream of inhibitory receptors and represent the foundation for defining these relevant molecular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Rota
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Charlène Niogret
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Anh Thu Dang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicolas Pierre Fonta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Alfei
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Leonor Morgado
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Walter Birchmeier
- Cancer Research Program, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Society, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eric Vivier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France; Service d'Immunologie, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France; Innate Pharma Research Labs, Innate Pharma, Marseille, France
| | - Greta Guarda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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37
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Pallmer K, Barnstorf I, Baumann NS, Borsa M, Jonjic S, Oxenius A. NK cells negatively regulate CD8 T cells via natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR) 1 during LCMV infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007725. [PMID: 30995287 PMCID: PMC6469806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides their function in recognizing cancerous and virally infected cells, natural killer (NK) cells have the potential to shape adaptive immune responses. However, the mechanisms employed by NK cells to negatively regulate virus-specific CD8 T cell responses remain to be fully defined. Using activating receptor natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR) 1 deficient (NCR1gfp/gfp) mice, we found increased numbers of virus-specific CD8 T cells, leading to enhanced virus control during acute LCMV infection. Furthermore, virus-specific CD8 T cells were more activated in the absence of NCR1, resulting in exacerbated immunopathology, documented by weight loss, and superior virus control early during chronic LCMV infection. Transfer experiments of virus-specific CD8 T cells into NCR1 deficient hosts revealed a direct cross talk between NK and CD8 T cells. Studies on the splenic microarchitecture revealed pronounced disorganization of T cells in infected NCR1gfp/gfp mice, resulting in enhanced immunopathology and disruption of the T cell niche upon chronic LCMV infection. Our data show a novel pathway employed by NK cells to regulate antiviral CD8 T cell responses, namely direct recognition and elimination of activated CD8 T cells via NCR1 early during infection to protect the host from an overshooting T cell response. LCMV, which is part of the Arenaviridae family, is a well-established mouse model for acute and chronic virus infections, and it has allowed the identification of many immunological principles that were subsequently confirmed in human infections, such as CTL escape or CD8 T cell exhaustion. NK cells belong to the first line defense, being activated early following infection or exposure to malignant cells, and mediate their antiviral or anti-tumoral effect by direct cytotoxicity and inflammatory cytokine secretion. While NK cells are dispensable for control of LCMV, NK cells have the potential to shape adaptive immunity by regulating T cell responses. The absence of NK cells leads to increased T cell immunity and thereby, to faster eradication of the virus. However, the detailed mechanisms of how NK cells control antiviral T cell responses is still poorly defined. Here, we identified the activating NK cell receptor NCR1 to be involved in the regulation of CD8 T cell responses during acute and chronic LCMV infection. The absence of NCR1 led to a more robust CD4 and CD8 T cell response and to superior viral control in acute and chronic LCMV infections. However, the increased CD8 T cell responses led to severe immunopathology in the setting of chronic infection. Hence, NK cells curtail CD8 T cell responses to protect the host from immunopathological damage in an NCR1 dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mariana Borsa
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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38
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Barnstorf I, Borsa M, Baumann N, Pallmer K, Yermanos A, Joller N, Spörri R, Welten SPM, Kräutler NJ, Oxenius A. Chronic virus infection compromises memory bystander T cell function in an IL-6/STAT1-dependent manner. J Exp Med 2019; 216:571-586. [PMID: 30745322 PMCID: PMC6400541 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral infections are widespread among humans, with ∼8-12 chronic viral infections per individual, and there is epidemiological proof that these impair heterologous immunity. We studied the impact of chronic LCMV infection on the phenotype and function of memory bystander CD8+ T cells. Active chronic LCMV infection had a profound effect on total numbers, phenotype, and function of memory bystander T cells in mice. The phenotypic changes included up-regulation of markers commonly associated with effector and exhausted cells and were induced by IL-6 in a STAT1-dependent manner in the context of chronic virus infection. Furthermore, bystander CD8 T cell functions were reduced with respect to their ability to produce inflammatory cytokines and to undergo secondary expansion upon cognate antigen challenge with major cell-extrinsic contributions responsible for the diminished memory potential of bystander CD8+ T cells. These findings open new perspectives for immunity and vaccination during chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Borsa
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Nicole Joller
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roman Spörri
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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39
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Zinkernagel RM. What if protective immunity is antigen-driven and not due to so-called "memory" B and T cells? Immunol Rev 2019; 283:238-246. [PMID: 29664570 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines or early childhood exposure to infection mediate immunity, that is, improved resistance against disease and death caused by a second infection with the same agent. This has been explained by and equaled to immunological memory, that is, an "altered immune system behavior" that is maintained in a presumably antigen-independent fashion. This review summarizes epidemiological and experimental data, that largely falsify this idea and that show that periodic re-exposure to antigen either, artificially as vaccines or naturally as low-level persisting antigens or infections, or immune complexes on follicular dendritic cells or endemic re-exposure is necessary for protection. Both, the huge success of vaccines in controlling childhood infections, the reduction in clinical disease and the chance of endemically re-exposure, have gradually reduced periodical re-exposure to infections and thereby endangered protective herd immunity. In parallel, vaccine deniers have created susceptibility islands even in an otherwise well vaccinated population, thereby creating a very new situation when compared to the later parts of the 20th century. If protective Immunity is-as emphasized here-antigen driven, then increasingly frequent revaccinations will be necessary (even more so with too much attenuated vaccines) to maintain both herd immunity and individual resistance to acute infections. Of course, this rule also applies to tumor vaccines.
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40
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Abdel-Hakeem MS. Viruses Teaching Immunology: Role of LCMV Model and Human Viral Infections in Immunological Discoveries. Viruses 2019; 11:E106. [PMID: 30691215 PMCID: PMC6410308 DOI: 10.3390/v11020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Virology has played an essential role in deciphering many immunological phenomena, thus shaping our current understanding of the immune system. Animal models of viral infection and human viral infections were both important tools for immunological discoveries. This review discusses two immunological breakthroughs originally identified with the help of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) model; immunological restriction by major histocompatibility complex and immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade. In addition, we discuss related discoveries such as development of tetramers, viral escape mutation, and the phenomenon of T-cell exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Abdel-Hakeem
- Penn Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
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41
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Trapecar M, Khan S, Cohn BL, Wu F, Sanjabi S. B cells are the predominant mediators of early systemic viral dissemination during rectal LCMV infection. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1158-1167. [PMID: 29456247 PMCID: PMC6030459 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Determining the magnitude of local immune response during mucosal exposure to viral pathogens is critical to understanding the mechanism of viral pathogenesis. We previously showed that vaginal inoculation of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) fails to induce a robust innate immune response in the lower female reproductive tract (FRT), allowing high titer viral replication and a delay in T-cell-mediated viral control. Despite this immunological delay, LCMV replication remained confined mainly to the FRT and the draining iliac lymph node. Here, we show that rectal infection with LCMV triggers type I/III interferon responses, followed by innate immune activation and lymphocyte recruitment to the colon. In contrast to vaginal exposure, innate immunity controls LCMV replication in the colon, but virus rapidly disseminates systemically. Virus-induced inflammation promotes the recruitment of LCMV target cells to the colon followed by splenic viral dissemination by infected B cells, and to a lesser extent by CD8 T cells. These findings demonstrate major immunological differences between vaginal and rectal exposure to the same viral pathogen, highlighting unique risks associated with each of these common routes of sexual viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Trapecar
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Shahzada Khan
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Benjamin L Cohn
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Frank Wu
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Shomyseh Sanjabi
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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42
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Greczmiel U, Oxenius A. The Janus Face of Follicular T Helper Cells in Chronic Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1162. [PMID: 29887868 PMCID: PMC5982684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infections with non-cytopathic viruses constitutively expose virus-specific adaptive immune cells to cognate antigen, requiring their numeric and functional adaptation. Virus-specific CD8 T cells are compromised by various means in their effector functions, collectively termed T cell exhaustion. Alike CD8 T cells, virus-specific CD4 Th1 cell responses are gradually downregulated but instead, follicular T helper (TFH) cell differentiation and maintenance is strongly promoted during chronic infection. Thereby, the immune system promotes antibody responses, which bear less immune-pathological risk compared to cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory T cell responses. This emphasis on TFH cells contributes to tolerance of the chronic infection and is pivotal for the continued maturation and adaptation of the antibody response, leading eventually to the emergence of virus-neutralizing antibodies, which possess the potential to control the established chronic infection. However, sustained high levels of TFH cells can also result in a less stringent B cell selection process in active germinal center reactions, leading to the activation of virus-unspecific B cells, including self-reactive B cells, and to hypergammaglobulinemia. This dispersal of B cell help comes at the expense of a stringently selected virus-specific antibody response, thereby contributing to its delayed maturation. Here, we discuss these opposing facets of TFH cells in chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Greczmiel
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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43
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Baumann NS, Torti N, Welten SPM, Barnstorf I, Borsa M, Pallmer K, Oduro JD, Cicin-Sain L, Ikuta K, Ludewig B, Oxenius A. Tissue maintenance of CMV-specific inflationary memory T cells by IL-15. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006993. [PMID: 29652930 PMCID: PMC5919076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection induces an atypical CD8 T cell response, termed inflationary, that is characterised by accumulation and maintenance of high numbers of effector memory like cells in circulation and peripheral tissues—a feature being successfully harnessed for vaccine purposes. Although stability of this population depends on recurrent antigen encounter, the requirements for prolonged survival in peripheral tissues remain unknown. Here, we reveal that murine CMV-specific inflationary CD8 T cells are maintained in an antigen-independent manner and have a half-life of 12 weeks in the lung tissue. This half-life is drastically longer than the one of phenotypically comparable inflationary effector cells. IL-15 alone, and none of other common γ-cytokines, was crucial for survival of inflationary cells in peripheral organs. IL-15, mainly produced by non-hematopoietic cells in lung tissue and being trans-presented, promoted inflationary T cell survival by increasing expression of Bcl-2. These results indicate that inflationary CD8 T cells are not just simply effector-like cells, rather they share properties of both effector and memory CD8 T cells and they appear to be long-lived cells compared to the effector cells from acute virus infections. A majority of the human population is infected with cytomegalovirus (CMV), which results in lifelong persistence due to viral latency. CMV induces remarkably strong and sustained effector memory-like CD8 T cell responses in circulation and peripheral tissues, also referred to as memory CD8 T cell "inflation". In tissues, these effector memory-like cells contribute to immunosurveillance and early control of CMV reactivation events. Due to the high numbers and effector-like functional properties of inflationary CD8 T cells in peripheral tissues, CMV-based vectors are gaining substantial interest in the context of T cell based vaccines that protect peripheral tissues against infections or tumors. Here, we investigated how the stable peripheral pool of inflationary CD8 T cells is maintained and show that inflationary CD8 T cells are long-lived T cells and have a markedly prolonged half-life compared to effector CD8 T cells. In peripheral organs such as lung, IL-15 cytokine is pivotal in promoting maintenance of inflationary cells by inducing expression of the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2. We show that IL-15 is mainly expressed by non-hematopoietic cells in lung tissue and that IL-15 is trans-presented to the inflationary CD8 T cells in vivo. Thus, CMV-driven inflationary CD8 T cell responses represent a unique T cell subset in peripheral tissues that is regulated differently compared to TRM CD8 T cells emerging after vaccination or acute infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas S. Baumann
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Torti
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Suzanne P. M. Welten
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Barnstorf
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mariana Borsa
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Pallmer
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer D. Oduro
- Department of Vaccinology and applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Vaccinology and applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Koichi Ikuta
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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44
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Núñez D, Comas L, Lanuza PM, Sánchez-Martinez D, Pérez-Hernández M, Catalán E, Domingo MP, Velázquez-Campoy A, Pardo J, Gálvez EM. A Functional Analysis on the Interspecies Interaction between Mouse LFA-1 and Human Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 at the Cell Level. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1817. [PMID: 29312326 PMCID: PMC5742583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM) and the integrin leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) is crucial for the regulation of several physiological and pathophysiological processes like cell-mediated elimination of tumor or virus infected cells, cancer metastasis, or inflammatory and autoimmune processes. Using purified proteins it was reported a species restriction for the interaction of ICAM-1 and LFA-1, being mouse ICAM-1 able to interact with human LFA-1 but not human ICAM-1 with mouse LFA-1. However, in vivo results employing tumor cells transfected with human ICAM-1 suggest that functionally mouse LFA-1 can recognize human ICAM-1. In order to clarify the interspecies cross-reactivity of the ICAM-1/LFA-1 interaction, we have performed functional studies analyzing the ability of human soluble ICAM-1 and human/mouse LFA-1 derived peptides to inhibit cell aggregation and adhesion as well as cell-mediated cytotoxicity in both mouse and human systems. In parallel, the affinity of the interaction between mouse LFA-1-derived peptides and human ICAM-1 was determined by calorimetry assays. According to the results obtained, it seems that human ICAM-1 is able to interact with mouse LFA-1 on intact cells, which should be taking into account when using humanized mice and xenograft models for the study of immune-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Núñez
- Immune Effector Cells Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Fac. Ciencias, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Carboquímica ICB-CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Comas
- Immune Effector Cells Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Fac. Ciencias, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Carboquímica ICB-CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar M Lanuza
- Immune Effector Cells Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Fac. Ciencias, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Diego Sánchez-Martinez
- Immune Effector Cells Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Fac. Ciencias, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez-Hernández
- Immune Effector Cells Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Fac. Ciencias, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Catalán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Fac. Ciencias, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Adrián Velázquez-Campoy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Fac. Ciencias, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Unidad Asociada IQFR-CSIC-BIFI, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Aragón I + D Foundation (ARAID), Government of Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julián Pardo
- Immune Effector Cells Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Aragón I + D Foundation (ARAID), Government of Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain.,Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva M Gálvez
- Immune Effector Cells Group, Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Carboquímica ICB-CSIC, Zaragoza, Spain
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45
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Analyzing the effect of peptide-HLA-binding ability on the immunogenicity of potential CD8+ and CD4+ T cell epitopes in a large dataset. Immunol Res 2017; 64:908-18. [PMID: 27094547 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-016-8795-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenicity is a key factor that influences whether a peptide presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) can be a T cell epitope. However, peptide immunization experiments have shown that approximately half of MHC class I-binding peptides cannot elicit a T cell response, indicating the importance of analyzing the variables affecting the immunogenicity of MHC-binding peptides. In this study, we hierarchically investigated the contribution of the binding stability and affinity of peptide-MHC complexes to immunogenicity based on the available quantitative data. We found that the immunogenicity of peptides presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules was still predictable using the experimental binding affinity, although approximately one-third of the peptides with a binding affinity stronger than 500 nM were non-immunogenic, whereas the immunogenicity of HLA-II-presented peptides was predicted well using the experimental affinity and even the predicted affinity. The positive correlation between the binding affinity and stability was only observed in peptide-HLA-I complexes with a binding affinity stronger than 500 nM, which suggested that the stability alone could not be used for the prediction of immunogenicity. A characterization and comparison of the 'holes' in the CD8+ and CD4+ T cell repertoire provided an explanation for the observed differences between the immunogenicity of peptides presented by HLA class I and II molecules. We also provided the optimal affinity threshold for the potential CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes. Our results provide important insights into the cellular immune response and the accurate prediction of T cell epitopes.
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46
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Greczmiel U, Kräutler NJ, Pedrioli A, Bartsch I, Agnellini P, Bedenikovic G, Harker J, Richter K, Oxenius A. Sustained T follicular helper cell response is essential for control of chronic viral infection. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/18/eaam8686. [DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aam8686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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47
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Maru S, Jin G, Schell TD, Lukacher AE. TCR stimulation strength is inversely associated with establishment of functional brain-resident memory CD8 T cells during persistent viral infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006318. [PMID: 28410427 PMCID: PMC5406018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing functional tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells at sites of infection is a newfound objective of T cell vaccine design. To directly assess the impact of antigen stimulation strength on memory CD8 T cell formation and function during a persistent viral infection, we created a library of mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) variants with substitutions in a subdominant CD8 T cell epitope that exhibit a broad range of efficiency in stimulating TCR transgenic CD8 T cells. By altering a subdominant epitope in a nonstructural viral protein and monitoring memory differentiation of donor monoclonal CD8 T cells in immunocompetent mice, we circumvented potentially confounding changes in viral infection levels, virus-associated inflammation, size of the immunodominant virus-specific CD8 T cell response, and shifts in TCR affinity that may accompany temporal recruitment of endogenous polyclonal cells. Using this strategy, we found that antigen stimulation strength was inversely associated with the function of memory CD8 T cells during a persistent viral infection. We further show that CD8 TRM cells recruited to the brain following systemic infection with viruses expressing epitopes with suboptimal stimulation strength respond more efficiently to challenge CNS infection with virus expressing cognate antigen. These data demonstrate that the strength of antigenic stimulation during recruitment of CD8 T cells influences the functional integrity of TRM cells in a persistent viral infection. Tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells are a subset of memory T cells that primarily reside in non-lymphoid tissues and serve as sentinels and effectors against secondary infections. TRM cells have been extensively characterized in mucosal barriers, but much less is known about this population in non-barrier sites such as the brain. In this study, we designed a novel strategy to evaluate the impact of T cell stimulation strength on the generation and functionality of memory CD8 T cells in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. Using a mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) library expressing variants of a subdominant epitope recognized by TCR transgenic CD8 T cells, we found that systemic infection producing weaker responses during T cell priming was sufficient for recruitment of effector cells to the brain. Furthermore, lower stimulation conferred greater functionality to memory T cells in the spleen and to brain TRM cells. Our findings demonstrate that the strength of antigenic stimulation experienced by a naïve T cell early in infection is a determinant of memory functional integrity during viral persistence in a non-barrier organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Maru
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Todd D. Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Aron E. Lukacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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48
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Khan S, Woodruff EM, Trapecar M, Fontaine KA, Ezaki A, Borbet TC, Ott M, Sanjabi S. Dampened antiviral immunity to intravaginal exposure to RNA viral pathogens allows enhanced viral replication. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2913-2929. [PMID: 27852793 PMCID: PMC5154948 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Khan et al. demonstrate that the lower female reproductive tract is exceptionally vulnerable to infection by LCMV and Zika virus, as intravaginal exposure to these RNA viral pathogens elicits a dampened antiviral immune response. Understanding the host immune response to vaginal exposure to RNA viruses is required to combat sexual transmission of this class of pathogens. In this study, using lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) in wild-type mice, we show that these viruses replicate in the vaginal mucosa with minimal induction of antiviral interferon and inflammatory response, causing dampened innate-mediated control of viral replication and a failure to mature local antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Enhancement of innate-mediated inflammation in the vaginal mucosa rescues this phenotype and completely inhibits ZIKV replication. To gain a better understanding of how this dampened innate immune activation in the lower female reproductive tract may also affect adaptive immunity, we modeled CD8 T cell responses using vaginal LCMV infection. We show that the lack of APC maturation in the vaginal mucosa leads to a delay in CD8 T cell activation in the draining lymph node and hinders the timely appearance of effector CD8 T cells in vaginal mucosa, thus further delaying viral control in this tissue. Our study demonstrates that vaginal tissue is exceptionally vulnerable to infection by RNA viruses and provides a conceptual framework for the male to female sexual transmission observed during ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzada Khan
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Erik M Woodruff
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Martin Trapecar
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | | | - Ashley Ezaki
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Timothy C Borbet
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Melanie Ott
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Shomyseh Sanjabi
- Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158 .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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Luther N, Shahneh F, Brähler M, Krebs F, Jäckel S, Subramaniam S, Stanger C, Schönfelder T, Kleis-Fischer B, Reinhardt C, Probst HC, Wenzel P, Schäfer K, Becker C. Innate Effector-Memory T-Cell Activation Regulates Post-Thrombotic Vein Wall Inflammation and Thrombus Resolution. Circ Res 2016; 119:1286-1295. [PMID: 27707800 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Immune cells play an important role during the generation and resolution of thrombosis. T cells are powerful regulators of immune and nonimmune cell function, however, their role in sterile inflammation in venous thrombosis has not been systematically examined. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the recruitment, activation, and inflammatory activity of T cells in deep vein thrombosis and its consequences for venous thrombus resolution. METHODS AND RESULTS CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infiltrate the thrombus and vein wall rapidly on deep vein thrombosis induction and remain in the tissue throughout the thrombus resolution. In the vein wall, recruited T cells largely consist of effector-memory T (TEM) cells. Using T-cell receptor transgenic reporter mice, we demonstrate that deep vein thrombosis-recruited TEM receive an immediate antigen-independent activation and produce IFN-γ (interferon) in situ. Mapping inflammatory conditions in the thrombotic vein, we identify a set of deep vein thrombosis upregulated cytokines and chemokines that synergize to induce antigen-independent IFN-γ production in CD4+ and CD8+ TEM cells. Reducing the number of TEM cells through a depletion recovery procedure, we show that intravenous TEM activation determines neutrophil and monocyte recruitment and delays thrombus neovascularization and resolution. Examining T-cell recruitment in human venous stasis, we show that superficial varicose veins preferentially contain activated memory T cells. CONCLUSIONS TEM orchestrate the inflammatory response in venous thrombosis affecting thrombus resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Luther
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Fatemeh Shahneh
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Melanie Brähler
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Franziska Krebs
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Sven Jäckel
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Christian Stanger
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Tanja Schönfelder
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Bettina Kleis-Fischer
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Hans Christian Probst
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Philip Wenzel
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Katrin Schäfer
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.)
| | - Christian Becker
- From the Department of Dermatology (N.L., F.S., M.B., F.K., C.S., B.K.-F., C.B.), Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) (S.J., S.S., T.S., C.R., P.W., C.B.), Institute for Immunology (H.C.P.), and Center for Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany (P.W., K.S.).
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Sedegah M, Peters B, Hollingdale MR, Ganeshan HD, Huang J, Farooq F, Belmonte MN, Belmonte AD, Limbach KJ, Diggs C, Soisson L, Chuang I, Villasante ED. Vaccine Strain-Specificity of Protective HLA-Restricted Class 1 P. falciparum Epitopes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163026. [PMID: 27695088 PMCID: PMC5047630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A DNA prime/adenovirus boost malaria vaccine encoding Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7 CSP and AMA1 elicited sterile clinical protection associated with CD8+ T cell interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) cells responses directed to HLA class 1-restricted AMA1 epitopes of the vaccine strain 3D7. Since a highly effective malaria vaccine must be broadly protective against multiple P. falciparum strains, we compared these AMA1 epitopes of two P. falciparum strains (7G8 and 3D7), which differ by single amino acid substitutions, in their ability to recall CD8+ T cell activities using ELISpot and flow cytometry/intracellular staining assays. The 7G8 variant peptides did not recall 3D7 vaccine-induced CD8+ T IFN-γ cell responses in these assays, suggesting that protection may be limited to the vaccine strain. The predicted MHC binding affinities of the 7G8 variant epitopes were similar to the 3D7 epitopes, suggesting that the amino acid substitutions of the 7G8 variants may have interfered with TCR recognition of the MHC:peptide complex or that the 7G8 variant may have acted as an altered peptide ligand. These results stress the importance of functional assays in defining protective epitopes. Clinical Trials Registrations: NCT00870987, NCT00392015
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Sedegah
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, United States of America
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Hollingdale
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD, 20817, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Harini D. Ganeshan
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD, 20817, United States of America
| | - Jun Huang
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD, 20817, United States of America
| | - Fouzia Farooq
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD, 20817, United States of America
| | - Maria N. Belmonte
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD, 20817, United States of America
| | - Arnel D. Belmonte
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD, 20817, United States of America
| | - Keith J. Limbach
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD, 20817, United States of America
| | - Carter Diggs
- USAID, Washington, DC, 20523, United States of America
| | | | - Ilin Chuang
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, United States of America
| | - Eileen D. Villasante
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, United States of America
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