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Fernández-Verdejo R, Mey JT, Ravussin E. Effects of ketone bodies on energy expenditure, substrate utilization, and energy intake in humans. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100442. [PMID: 37703994 PMCID: PMC10570604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of ketogenic approaches to regulate energy balance has recently gained attention since ketones may influence both energy expenditure and energy intake. In this narrative review, we summarized the most relevant evidence about the role of ketosis on energy expenditure, substrate utilization, and energy intake in humans. We considered different strategies to induce ketosis, such as fasting, dietary manipulation, and exogenous ketone sources. In general, ketosis does not have a major influence on energy expenditure but promotes a shift in substrate utilization towards ketone body oxidation. The strategies to induce ketosis by reduction of dietary carbohydrate availability (e.g., ketogenic diets) do not independently influence energy intake, being thus equally effective for weight loss as diets with higher carbohydrate content. In contrast, the intake of medium-chain triglycerides and ketone esters induces ketosis and appears to increase energy expenditure and reduce energy intake in the context of high carbohydrate availability. These latter strategies lead to slightly enhanced weight loss. Unfortunately, distinguishing the effects of the various ketogenic strategies per se from the effects of other physiological responses is not possible with the available human data. Highly controlled, inpatient studies using targeted strategies to isolate the independent effects of ketones are required to adequately address this knowledge gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Fernández-Verdejo
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; Laboratorio de Fisiología del Ejercicio y Metabolismo (LABFEM), Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jacob T Mey
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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2
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Moore BA, Callahan ML, Martin SL, Everett A, Garvey WT, Chandler-Laney P. Associations Among Physical Activity, Adiposity, and Insulin Resistance in Children Exposed In Utero to Maternal Obesity With and Without Gestational Diabetes. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2023; 35:165-173. [PMID: 36543176 PMCID: PMC10874230 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2021-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Investigate whether obesity risk and current weight status are independently associated with physical activity (PA) and whether PA is associated with adiposity and insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance) among children with high versus low obesity risk based on in utero exposure to maternal overweight/obesity with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM; high risk) or without GDM (overweight/obesity; high risk) or maternal normal weight without GDM (low risk). METHOD Secondary analysis of data from children born to women with overweight/obesity and GDM, overweight/obesity without GDM, or normal weight without GDM. PA was assessed with accelerometry, percentage of body fat derived from anthropometrics, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance calculated from glucose and insulin. RESULTS Among 4- to 10-year-old children (N = 163), analyses of covariance showed that children with a current BMI ≥85th percentile had less vigorous PA than those with BMI <85th percentile, but in utero exposure was not an independent predictor of PA. In linear regression modeling, moderate to vigorous PA was inversely associated with percentage of body fat and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance independent of age, Tanner stage, and accelerometer wear time, with stronger associations in high-risk groups. CONCLUSIONS Children's PA is related to current weight status but not underlying risk for obesity but may be especially important to reduce obesity and insulin resistance in high-risk children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A Moore
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL,USA
| | - Makenzie L Callahan
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL,USA
| | - Samantha L Martin
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL,USA
| | - Alysha Everett
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL,USA
| | - W Timothy Garvey
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL,USA
| | - Paula Chandler-Laney
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL,USA
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3
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Competing paradigms of obesity pathogenesis: energy balance versus carbohydrate-insulin models. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:1209-1221. [PMID: 35896818 PMCID: PMC9436778 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The obesity pandemic continues unabated despite a persistent public health campaign to decrease energy intake (“eat less”) and increase energy expenditure (“move more”). One explanation for this failure is that the current approach, based on the notion of energy balance, has not been adequately embraced by the public. Another possibility is that this approach rests on an erroneous paradigm. A new formulation of the energy balance model (EBM), like prior versions, considers overeating (energy intake > expenditure) the primary cause of obesity, incorporating an emphasis on “complex endocrine, metabolic, and nervous system signals” that control food intake below conscious level. This model attributes rising obesity prevalence to inexpensive, convenient, energy-dense, “ultra-processed” foods high in fat and sugar. An alternative view, the carbohydrate-insulin model (CIM), proposes that hormonal responses to highly processed carbohydrates shift energy partitioning toward deposition in adipose tissue, leaving fewer calories available for the body’s metabolic needs. Thus, increasing adiposity causes overeating to compensate for the sequestered calories. Here, we highlight robust contrasts in how the EBM and CIM view obesity pathophysiology and consider deficiencies in the EBM that impede paradigm testing and refinement. Rectifying these deficiencies should assume priority, as a constructive paradigm clash is needed to resolve long-standing scientific controversies and inform the design of new models to guide prevention and treatment. Nevertheless, public health action need not await resolution of this debate, as both models target processed carbohydrates as major drivers of obesity.
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Wells JCK, Michael P, Fewtrell MS, Siervo M, Cortina‐Borja M. Fright but not fight‐or‐flight: Violent video games elevated stress markers, but did not impact muscle function, memory recall or food intake, in a randomized trial in healthy young men. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC9546372 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Regular video game playing has been linked with obesity, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Drawing on evolutionary life history theory, we hypothesized that playing violent video games, through activating the stress response, might increase the immediate demand for fuel by muscle and brain tissue, resulting in elevated appetite and food consumption. Methods We randomized 71 young adult men to play video games, involving either violent content or nonviolent puzzle‐solving, for 1 h. Over this period, we measured stress markers (blood pressure [BP], heart rate, visual‐analogue scale [VAS] self‐ratings), muscle function (handgrip strength) and cognitive function (memory recall test). Appetite was assessed by VAS, and by food intake using a test‐meal after the intervention. Linear mixed‐effects models were fitted to assess group effects and group:time effects. Results During the intervention, the violent video game group showed elevated systolic BP (∆ = 4.7 mm Hg, 95% CI 1.0, 8.4) and reported feeling more alert but less calm or happy. They showed no difference in grip strength or memory recall. They reported lower feelings of “fullness” but consumed similar food‐energy during the test‐meal. Conclusions Although playing a video game with violent content elevated physiological and perceived stress markers compared with a nonviolent game, this was not associated with markers of altered fuel distribution toward two tissues (muscle and brain) that contribute to the “fight‐or‐flight” response. Rather than more energy being allocated to the brain overall, energy may have been reallocated within the brain. This may explain why there was no compensatory increase in energy intake in the violent video game group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. K. Wells
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London UK
| | - Panos Michael
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London UK
| | - Mary S. Fewtrell
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London UK
| | - Mario Siervo
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre Nottingham UK
| | - Mario Cortina‐Borja
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London UK
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5
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Ratiner K, Shapiro H, Goldenberg K, Elinav E. Time-limited diets and the gut microbiota in cardiometabolic disease. J Diabetes 2022; 14:377-393. [PMID: 35698246 PMCID: PMC9366560 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, intermittent fasting (IF), including periodic fasting and time-restricted feeding (TRF), has been increasingly suggested to constitute a promising treatment for cardiometabolic diseases (CMD). A deliberate daily pause in food consumption influences the gut microbiome and the host circadian clock, resulting in improved cardiometabolic health. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which circadian host-microbiome interactions affect host metabolism and immunity may add a potentially important dimension to effective implementation of IF diets. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence potentially linking compositional and functional alterations of the gut microbiome with IF impacts on mammalian metabolism and risk of development of hypertension, type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, and their long-term micro- and macrovascular complications. We highlight the challenges and unknowns in causally linking diurnal bacterial signals with dietary cues and downstream metabolic consequences and means of harnessing these signals toward future microbiome integration into precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Ratiner
- Systems Immunology DepartmentWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Hagit Shapiro
- Systems Immunology DepartmentWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Kim Goldenberg
- Systems Immunology DepartmentWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Eran Elinav
- Systems Immunology DepartmentWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
- Microbiome & Cancer Division, DKFZHeidelbergGermany
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Basolo A, Magno S, Santini F, Ceccarini G. Ketogenic Diet and Weight Loss: Is There an Effect on Energy Expenditure? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091814. [PMID: 35565778 PMCID: PMC9105638 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A dysregulation between energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE), the two components of the energy balance equation, is one of the mechanisms responsible for the development of obesity. Conservation of energy equilibrium is deemed a dynamic process and alterations of one component (energy intake or energy expenditure) lead to biological and/or behavioral compensatory changes in the counterpart. The interplay between energy demand and caloric intake appears designed to guarantee an adequate fuel supply in variable life contexts. In the past decades, researchers focused their attention on finding efficient strategies to fight the obesity pandemic. The ketogenic or “keto” diet (KD) gained substantial consideration as a potential weight-loss strategy, whereby the concentration of blood ketones (acetoacetate, 3-β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone) increases as a result of increased fatty acid breakdown and the activity of ketogenic enzymes. It has been hypothesized that during the first phase of KDs when glucose utilization is still prevalent, an increase in EE may occur, due to increased hepatic oxygen consumption for gluconeogenesis and for triglyceride-fatty acid recycling. Later, a decrease in 24-h EE may ensue due to the slowing of gluconeogenesis and increase in fatty acid oxidation, with a reduction of the respiratory quotient and possibly the direct action of additional hormonal signals.
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Karlina R, Flexeder C, Musiol S, Bhattacharyya M, Schneider E, Altun I, Gschwendtner S, Neumann AU, Nano J, Schloter M, Peters A, Schulz H, Schmidt‐Weber CB, Standl M, Traidl‐Hoffmann C, Alessandrini F, Ussar S. Differential effects of lung inflammation on insulin resistance in humans and mice. Allergy 2022; 77:2482-2497. [PMID: 35060125 DOI: 10.1111/all.15226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rates of obesity, its associated diseases, and allergies are raising at alarming rates in most countries. House dust mites (HDM) are highly allergenic and exposure often associates with an urban sedentary indoor lifestyle, also resulting in obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological association and physiological impact of lung inflammation on obesity and glucose homeostasis. METHODS Epidemiological data from 2207 adults of the population-based KORA FF4 cohort were used to test associations between asthma and rhinitis with metrics of body weight and insulin sensitivity. To obtain functional insights, C57BL/6J mice were intranasally sensitized and challenged with HDM and simultaneously fed with either low-fat or high-fat diet for 12 weeks followed by a detailed metabolic and biochemical phenotyping of the lung, liver, and adipose tissues. RESULTS We found a direct association of asthma with insulin resistance but not body weight in humans. In mice, co-development of obesity and HDM-induced lung inflammation attenuated inflammation in lung and perigonadal fat, with little impact on body weight, but small shifts in the composition of gut microbiota. Exposure to HDM improved glucose tolerance, reduced hepatosteatosis, and increased energy expenditure and basal metabolic rate. These effects associate with increased activity of thermogenic adipose tissues independent of uncoupling protein 1. CONCLUSIONS Asthma associates with insulin resistance in humans, but HDM challenge results in opposing effects on glucose homeostasis in mice due to increased energy expenditure, reduced adipose inflammation, and hepatosteatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Karlina
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity Helmholtz Zentrum München Munich Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) Munich Germany
| | - Claudia Flexeder
- Institute of Epidemiology Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health Munich Germany
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine University Hospital, LMU Munich Munich Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich Germany
| | - Stephanie Musiol
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich Germany
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM) Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health Munich Germany
| | - Madhumita Bhattacharyya
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Augsburg Augsburg Germany
| | - Evelyn Schneider
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich Germany
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM) Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health Munich Germany
| | - Irem Altun
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity Helmholtz Zentrum München Munich Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) Munich Germany
| | - Silvia Gschwendtner
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health Neuherberg Germany
| | - Avidan U. Neumann
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Augsburg Augsburg Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health Augsburg Germany
| | - Jana Nano
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) Munich Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health Munich Germany
| | - Michael Schloter
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health Neuherberg Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) Munich Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health Munich Germany
| | - Holger Schulz
- Institute of Epidemiology Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health Munich Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich Germany
| | - Carsten B. Schmidt‐Weber
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich Germany
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM) Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health Munich Germany
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health Munich Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich Germany
| | - Claudia Traidl‐Hoffmann
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Augsburg Augsburg Germany
- Institute of Environmental Medicine Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health Augsburg Germany
- Environmental Medicine Technical University Munich Munich Germany
| | - Francesca Alessandrini
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Munich Germany
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM) Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health Munich Germany
| | - Siegfried Ussar
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity Helmholtz Zentrum München Munich Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) Munich Germany
- Department of Medicine Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
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8
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Maruyama M, Furukawa Y, Kinoshita M, Mukaiyama A, Akiyama S, Yoshimura T. Adenylate kinase 1 overexpression increases locomotor activity in medaka fish. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0257967. [PMID: 34982774 PMCID: PMC8726475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of the energy balance is indispensable for cell survival and function. Adenylate kinase (Ak) is a ubiquitous enzyme highly conserved among many organisms. Ak plays an essential role in energy regulation by maintaining adenine nucleotide homeostasis in cells. However, its role at the whole organism level, especially in animal behavior, remains unclear. Here, we established a model using medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) to examine the function of Ak in environmental adaptation. Medaka overexpressing the major Ak isoform Ak1 exhibited increased locomotor activity compared to that of the wild type. Interestingly, this increase was temperature dependent. Our findings suggest that cellular energy balance can modulate locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Maruyama
- Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuko Furukawa
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masato Kinoshita
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mukaiyama
- Research Center of Integrative Molecular System (CIMoS), Institute for Molecular Science, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Shuji Akiyama
- Research Center of Integrative Molecular System (CIMoS), Institute for Molecular Science, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Animal Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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9
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The energy balance hypothesis of obesity: do the laws of thermodynamics explain excessive adiposity? Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:1374-1379. [PMID: 34983955 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-021-01064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we reflect upon the energy balance hypothesis of obesity. International organizations, the general population and many scientists hold the belief that obesity is indisputably caused by an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Most of them argue that the laws of thermodynamics support this view. We identify and review the main arguments used to support this belief, and we explain the reasoning mistakes those arguments harbor. We show that the laws of thermodynamics do not support the idea that obesity is an energy problem nor an energy balance problem more than they do in the growth of any other tissue in the human body. We argue that the validity of the energy balance paradigm for obesity must be questioned. Although correction of a wrong belief is laudable per se, in this particular case harm may arise by influencing the way in which obesity prevention is tackled and obese patients are treated.
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10
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Ronja N, Kölle P. [Obesity in dogs - A review of underlying reasons]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:284-293. [PMID: 34425607 DOI: 10.1055/a-1548-2293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity does not merely represent a human problem but is also recognized as an immense health threat in domestic animals. However, this disease is frequently not recognized by the pet owner. Current studies assume that up to 60 % of domestic dogs are overweight or significantly obese with various reasons existing for this development. Not only the feeding management contributes to the development of obesity but also genetics, age and gender as well as specific primary diseases add to the individual's weight gain. Addtionally, medical treatment and the owner-pet-relationship may increase the risk for obesity. In order to treat obesity in a qualified manner or ideally to prevent this from developing in the first place, a profound knowledge concerning the underlying causes is essential. The present article provides a review of the most important impact factors thus adding to the body of information allowing for the acquisition of such expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitsch Ronja
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Tierärztliche Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Petra Kölle
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Tierärztliche Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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11
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Atakan MM, Koşar ŞN, Güzel Y, Tin HT, Yan X. The Role of Exercise, Diet, and Cytokines in Preventing Obesity and Improving Adipose Tissue. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051459. [PMID: 33922998 PMCID: PMC8145589 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity continues to rise worldwide despite evidence-based public health recommendations. The promise to adopt a healthy lifestyle is increasingly important for tackling this global epidemic. Calorie restriction or regular exercise or a combination of the two is accepted as an effective strategy in preventing or treating obesity. Furthermore, the benefits conferred by regular exercise to overcome obesity are attributed not only to reduced adiposity or reduced levels of circulating lipids but also to the proteins, peptides, enzymes, and metabolites that are released from contracting skeletal muscle or other organs. The secretion of these molecules called cytokines in response to exercise induces browning of white adipose tissue by increasing the expression of brown adipocyte-specific genes within the white adipose tissue, suggesting that exercise-induced cytokines may play a significant role in preventing obesity. In this review, we present research-based evidence supporting the effects of exercise and various diet interventions on preventing obesity and adipose tissue health. We also discuss the interplay between adipose tissue and the cytokines secreted from skeletal muscle and other organs that are known to affect adipose tissue and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Mustafa Atakan
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; (M.M.A.); (Ş.N.K.); (Y.G.)
| | - Şükran Nazan Koşar
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; (M.M.A.); (Ş.N.K.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yasemin Güzel
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; (M.M.A.); (Ş.N.K.); (Y.G.)
| | - Hiu Tung Tin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia;
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia;
- Sarcopenia Research Program, Australia Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences (AIMSS), Melbourne 3021, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-9919-4024; Fax: +61-3-9919-5615
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12
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Wells JC, Davies PS, Hopkins M, Blundell JE. The "drive to eat" hypothesis: energy expenditure and fat-free mass but not adiposity are associated with milk intake and energy intake in 12 week infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:505-514. [PMID: 33851194 PMCID: PMC8326050 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent work has challenged the long-held assumption that appetite functions to maintain stable body mass and fat mass (FM), suggesting instead that appetite matches food intake to energy expenditure and its correlate, fat-free mass (FFM). Whether this scenario applies to young infants, in chronic positive energy balance, remains unknown. OBJECTIVES To test associations of components of energy expenditure and body composition with milk intake (MI) and energy intake (EI) in 12-week infants, by reanalyzing published cross-sectional data. METHODS Data were available for 48 infants. In addition to anthropometric measurements, we assessed MI and EI by test-weighing, sleeping metabolic rate (SMR) by indirect calorimetry, and FFM, FM, and total energy expenditure (TEE) by doubly labeled water. Mean parental height was calculated as a marker of infant growth drive. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were applied. RESULTS MI and EI correlated with FFM (r = 0.47 and 0.57, respectively; P < 0.01), but not FM (P > 0.6). MI and EI correlated with SMR (r = 0.42 and 0.53, respectively; P < 0.01) and TEE (r = 0.50 and 0.49, respectively; P < 0.01). SMR and TEE correlated with FFM (r = 0.41 and 0.42, respectively; P < 0.01), but not FM (P > 0.2). In a multiple regression analysis, MI was independently associated with TEE (partial r = 0.39) and FFM (partial r = 0.35). EI showed similar associations. Mean parental height was correlated with weight gain, MI, and EI. CONCLUSIONS As in adults, MI and EI in young infants were strongly associated with FFM and with total and sleeping components of energy expenditure, but not with fatness. The infant's growth drive contributed to these associations. This suggests that appetite is regulated by the rate of energy expenditure, the size of energy-using tissues, and tissue deposition rate, and that the high levels of body fat characteristic of infants may not constrain weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter S Davies
- Child Health Research Centre, Centre for Children's Health Research, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark Hopkins
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - John E Blundell
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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13
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Wells J. ‘ Eat like animals: what nature teaches us about the science of healthy eating’. David Raubenheimer and Stephen Simpson. Evol Med Public Health 2021. [PMCID: PMC8514857 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Wells
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London, UK
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Her TK, Lagakos WS, Brown MR, LeBrasseur NK, Rakshit K, Matveyenko AV. Dietary carbohydrates modulate metabolic and β-cell adaptation to high-fat diet-induced obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E856-E865. [PMID: 32315211 PMCID: PMC7311673 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00539.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with several chronic comorbidities, one of which is type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The pathogenesis of obesity and T2DM is influenced by alterations in diet macronutrient composition, which regulate energy expenditure, metabolic function, glucose homeostasis, and pancreatic islet cell biology. Recent studies suggest that increased intake of dietary carbohydrates plays a previously underappreciated role in the promotion of obesity and consequent metabolic dysfunction. Thus, in this study, we utilized mouse models to test the hypothesis that dietary carbohydrates modulate energetic, metabolic, and islet adaptions to high-fat diets. To address this, we exposed C57BL/6J mice to 12 wk of 3 eucaloric high-fat diets (>60% calories from fat) with varying total carbohydrate (1-20%) and sucrose (0-20%) content. Our results show that severe restriction of dietary carbohydrates characteristic of ketogenic diets reduces body fat accumulation, enhances energy expenditure, and reduces prevailing glycemia and insulin resistance compared with carbohydrate-rich, high-fat diets. Moreover, severe restriction of dietary carbohydrates also results in functional, morphological, and molecular changes in pancreatic islets highlighted by restricted capacity for β-cell mass expansion and alterations in insulin secretory response. These studies support the hypothesis that low-carbohydrate/high-fat diets provide antiobesogenic benefits and suggest further evaluation of the effects of these diets on β-cell biology in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy K Her
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - William S Lagakos
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Matthew R Brown
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nathan K LeBrasseur
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kuntol Rakshit
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Aleksey V Matveyenko
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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Hu S, Wang L, Togo J, Yang D, Xu Y, Wu Y, Douglas A, Speakman JR. The carbohydrate-insulin model does not explain the impact of varying dietary macronutrients on the body weight and adiposity of mice. Mol Metab 2019; 32:27-43. [PMID: 32029228 PMCID: PMC6938849 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The carbohydrate-insulin model (CIM) predicts that increases in fasting and post-prandial insulin in response to dietary carbohydrates stimulate energy intake and lower energy expenditures, leading to positive energy balance and weight gain. The objective of the present study was to directly test the CIM's predictions using C57BL/6 mice. Methods Diets were designed by altering dietary carbohydrates with either fixed protein or fat content and were fed to C57BL/6 mice acutely or chronically for 12 weeks. The body weight, body composition, food intake, and energy expenditures of the mice were measured. Their fasting and post-prandial glucose and insulin levels were also measured. RNA-seq was performed on RNA from the hypothalamus and subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Pathway analysis was conducted using IPA. Results Only the post-prandial insulin and fasting glucose levels followed the CIM's predictions. The lipolysis and leptin signaling pathways in the sWAT were inhibited in relation to the elevated fasting insulin, supporting the CIM's predicted impact of high insulin. However, because higher fasting insulin was unrelated to carbohydrate intake, the overall pattern did not support the model. Moreover, the hypothalamic hunger pathways were inhibited in relation to the increased fasting insulin, and the energy intake was not increased. The browning pathway in the sWAT was inhibited at higher insulin levels, but the daily energy expenditure was not altered. Conclusions Two of the predictions were partially supported (and hence also partially not supported) and the other three predictions were not supported. We conclude that the CIM does not explain the impact of dietary macronutrients on adiposity in mice. Higher fasting insulin related to inhibited lipolysis and leptin pathways in sWAT, supporting CIM. Higher fasting insulin related to inhibited hypothalamic hunger pathway, contrasting CIM. Fasting insulin decreased with higher dietary carbohydrate, overall contrasting CIM. Higher dietary carbohydrate did not lead to greater EI/adiposity, or lowered EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Jacques Togo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Dengbao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Yanchao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Yingga Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Alex Douglas
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - John R Speakman
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China; Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK; CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics (CCEAEG), Kunming, PR China.
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Tanwi TS, Chakrabarty S, Hasanuzzaman S, Saltmarsh S, Winn S. Socioeconomic correlates of overweight and obesity among ever-married urban women in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:842. [PMID: 31253123 PMCID: PMC6599309 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The escalating prevalence of overweight and obesity globally is reflected amongst urban women in many low-to-middle income countries. Evidence also shows that overweight and obesity is an increasing trend in Bangladesh. The present study assessed the prevalence and socioeconomic determinants of overweight and obesity among urban women in Bangladesh. METHODS Data were extracted from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2014. A two-stage stratified sampling technique has been used for data collection in this cross-sectional survey. A sample of 1701 ever-married non-pregnant urban women aged 15-49 years was selected for statistical analysis. Descriptive analysis, multiple binomial logistic regression analysis were executed in this study. RESULTS The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 34% (95% CI, 0.30-0.38) among urban Bangladeshi women. The probability of being overweight and obese increased with increasing age and wealth index. The likelihood of being overweight and obese among the oldest women surveyed (40-49 years) was 4.3 times (OR = 4.3, 95% CI: 2.1-8.8) higher relative to the youngest women (15-19 years). The wealthiest women had 4.1 times (OR = 4.1, 95% CI: 2.5-6.7) higher likelihood of being overweight and obese compared to the reference group of poorest women. Women having higher education (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.0-2.6) were more likely to be overweight and obese. However, women who were no longer living with their husband or separated from their husband were (OR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2-0.8) less likely to be overweight and obese. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that a large number of urban women were overweight and obese in Bangladesh. Women having higher levels of education, being older and belonging in both poorer and richest wealth quintile were at risk of being overweight and obese. Appropriate health promoting interventions based on these factors should be envisaged to reduce this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Sultana Tanwi
- Maternal and Child Health Division, icddr,b, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
- Department of Economics, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet Kumargaon, Sylhet, 3114 Bangladesh
| | - Sayan Chakrabarty
- Faculty of Business, Education, Law and Arts, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, QLD 4300 Australia
| | - Syed Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Economics, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet Kumargaon, Sylhet, 3114 Bangladesh
| | - Sue Saltmarsh
- School of Teacher Education and Early Childhood, Faculty of Business, Education, Law and Arts, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Australia
| | - Stephen Winn
- School of Education, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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Abstract
Obesity remains a major public health concern and intermittent fasting is a popular strategy for weight loss, which may present independent health benefits. However, the number of diet books advising how fasting can be incorporated into our daily lives is several orders of magnitude greater than the number of trials examining whether fasting should be encouraged at all. This review will consider the state of current understanding regarding various forms of intermittent fasting (e.g. 5:2, time-restricted feeding and alternate-day fasting). The efficacy of these temporally defined approaches appears broadly equivalent to that of standard daily energy restriction, although many of these models of intermittent fasting do not involve fed-fasted cycles every other 24 h sleep-wake cycle and/or permit some limited energy intake outside of prescribed feeding times. Accordingly, the intervention period therefore may not regularly alternate, may not span all or even most of any given day, and may not even involve absolute fasting. This is important because potentially advantageous physiological mechanisms may only be initiated if a post-absorptive state is sustained by uninterrupted fasting for a more prolonged duration than applied in many trials. Indeed, promising effects on fat mass and insulin sensitivity have been reported when fasting duration is routinely extended beyond sixteen consecutive hours. Further progress will require such models to be tested with appropriate controls to isolate whether any possible health effects of intermittent fasting are primarily attributable to regularly protracted post-absorptive periods, or simply to the net negative energy balance indirectly elicited by any form of dietary restriction.
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Dreher M, Hoffmann SW, Brendel C, Heser D, Simon P. Convenience Behavior and Being Overweight in Adults: Development and Validation of the Convenience Behavior Questionnaire. Front Public Health 2019; 7:20. [PMID: 30949463 PMCID: PMC6436074 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of overweight and obesity is a mixture of genetic determinants, environmental factors, and health behaviors. Especially intra- and interpersonal inactive behaviors, here termed convenience, seems to play an important role. The objective was to develop and validate the Convenience Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ) to assess convenience-related items and their association with overweight and obesity in a large population. A sample of 1233 subjects aged 18–82 years from six population groups took part in a self-administered questionnaire. Test-retest reliability was estimated and the independent association between convenience-related items and overweight and obesity was investigated. Principal component analysis revealed three factors (avoidance behaviors, social interaction behaviors and domestic environmental factors) which explained 43.4% of the variance contributing to the CBQ. Cronbach's α ranged from 0.80–0.89. Test-retest reliability using intra-class correlation was acceptable ≥ 0.70. Forward stepwise logistic regression analysis, including gender, education level, age and TV viewing on weekends showed a positive relation of convenience behavior and overweight (OR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.01–1.96; P = 0.048), while physical activity status was not significantly associated with overweight (OR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.77–1.54; P = 0.629). The CBQ seems to be a reliable tool which considers non-traditional behaviors related to overweight development. Interestingly our findings revealed a better relationship between convenience-related behavior with overweight and obesity than the habitual physical activity score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Dreher
- Department of Sports Medicine, Disease Prevention and Rehabilitation, Institute of Sports Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sascha W Hoffmann
- Department of Sports Medicine, Disease Prevention and Rehabilitation, Institute of Sports Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Conny Brendel
- Department of Sports Medicine, Disease Prevention and Rehabilitation, Institute of Sports Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - David Heser
- Department of Sports Medicine, Disease Prevention and Rehabilitation, Institute of Sports Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Perikles Simon
- Department of Sports Medicine, Disease Prevention and Rehabilitation, Institute of Sports Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Chen J, Hu C, Zeng G, Xu C, Xu L, Shi J, Niu C, Zhang L. Trends and Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Children Aged 2-7 Years from 2011 to 2017 in Xiamen, China. Obes Facts 2019; 12:476-488. [PMID: 31394543 PMCID: PMC6758713 DOI: 10.1159/000501722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood overweight and obesity have become some of the most serious public health problems in the 21st century and have a significant impact on affected children as they grow into adulthood. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the overweight and obesity status and their main influencing factors in preschool children aged 2-7 years in urban areas of China between 2011 and 2017. METHODS A stratified cluster random sampling method was used to conduct a sample survey of children aged 2-7 years in Xiamen, one of China's five special economic zones. The 56,738 participants (29,444 boys, 27,294 girls) were examined at three time points (15,757 in 2011, 19,098 in 2014, and 21,883 in 2017), and were analyzed for factors influencing obesity. RESULTS Between 2011 and 2017, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in preschool children between 2 and 7 years old was 10.91 and 5.66%, respectively. The overweight and obesity rates were higher in boys (11.85 and 7.11%) than in girls (9.90 and 4.09%), and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.01). In the past 7 years, the overweight and obesity rates showed a downward trend in both boys and girls (p < 0.01). The peak ages for overweight were 6 years in boys and 2 years in girls, while the obesity rate peaked at 6 years. In those children with obesity, the proportion of those with moderate to severe obesity decreased from 40.70% in 2011 to 32.80% in 2017. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that children who were averse to sports activities preferred greasy foods and had earlier introduction of solid foods as infants, as well as those who were born at a high birth weight, ate fast, and those with parents with obesity were more likely to have obesity themselves (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Although preventative and control measures for childhood obesity have achieved initial results, Chinese preschool children remain to have high levels of overweight and obesity. It is therefore necessary to strengthen monitoring of overweight and obesity in preschool-aged children and implement appropriate interventions when necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Child Health, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chaoying Hu
- Department of Child Health, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guozhang Zeng
- Department of Child Health, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Clinical Medical Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jinan, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- Department of Child Health, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Junxia Shi
- Department of Child Health, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Conway Niu
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Liangwen Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Liangwen Zhang, MD, PhD, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiang'an South Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361102 (China), E-Mail , Conway Niu, MBBS, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington 6021 (New Zealand), E-Mail
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Mondin TC, Stuart AL, Williams LJ, Jacka FN, Pasco JA, Ruusunen A. Diet quality, dietary patterns and short sleep duration: a cross-sectional population-based study. Eur J Nutr 2018. [PMID: 29516221 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1655-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the cross-sectional association between habitual diet quality, dietary patterns and sleep duration. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 838 men and 1065 women participating in a large, population-based cohort study, the Geelong Osteoporosis Study. A diet quality score (DQS) was derived from answers to a food-frequency questionnaire, and a factor analysis identified habitual dietary patterns. Self-reported sleep duration was dichotomized into 'short sleep duration' (< 7 h/night) and 'adequate sleep duration' (≥ 7 h/night). Sleep duration was also grouped into predetermined cut-off ranges (< 5, 5.01-6, 6.01-7, 7.01-8, 8.01-9, 9.01-10 and ≥ 10.01 h /night) to explore the relationship between sleep duration, DQS and dietary patterns. RESULTS 363 (34.0%) women and 339 (36.1%) men were identified with short sleep duration. After adjustments for age, socioeconomic status, education, physical activity and body mass index, each standard deviation increase in the factor score for traditional dietary pattern was associated with a 13% reduced odds for short sleep duration in men. In women, each standard deviation increase in DQS score was associated with a 21% reduced odds for short sleep duration. In women, adequate sleep was related to higher modern dietary pattern scores when compared both with excessive sleep duration (> 9 h) and shorter sleep duration (< 7 h). CONCLUSION Diet quality score was associated with adequate sleep duration (≥ 7 h) and reduced odds for short sleep duration (< 7 h) in Australian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaise C Mondin
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Department of Health and Behavior, Catholic University of Pelotas, 373 Gonçalves Chaves, 416C, Pelotas, RS, 96015-560, Brazil.
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health , Geelong, Australia.
| | - Amanda L Stuart
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health , Geelong, Australia
| | - Lana J Williams
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health , Geelong, Australia
| | - Felice N Jacka
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health , Geelong, Australia
| | - Julie A Pasco
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health , Geelong, Australia
| | - Anu Ruusunen
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health , Geelong, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
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Wang H, Hong T, Li N, Zang B, Wu X. Soluble dietary fiber improves energy homeostasis in obese mice by remodeling the gut microbiota. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 498:146-151. [PMID: 29462619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intervention with dietary fibers is an important strategy to combat the global epidemic of obesity which is a consequence of energy imbalance. However, a possible role of the gut microbiota in effects of dietary fibers on energy homeostasis remains unclear. Here, we treated a high fat diet-induced obese (DIO) mouse model with soluble dietary fiber. Our results showed that soluble dietary fiber reduced body weight gain and the excessive accumulation of white fat tissue in DIO mice. Notably, soluble dietary fiber increased energy expenditure, but not change energy intake in DIO mice. In accordance, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the diversity of the gut microbiota was restored by soluble dietary fiber. Moreover, compared with controls, soluble dietary fiber resulted in a decreased ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes at the phylum level, and an increased relative abundance of the genera Roseburia at the genus level. Taken together, these findings indicate that soluble dietary fiber improves energy homeostasis and prevents obesity by increasing the diversity of the gut microbiota and the colonization of beneficial bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyuan Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Tao Hong
- Pain Manage Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Na Li
- Intensive Care Unit, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Bin Zang
- Intensive Care Unit, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Xingmao Wu
- Intensive Care Unit, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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Abstract
Nettle et al. miss the crucial difference between adaptive models of storing energy and explanations for the pathological metabolic state of obesity. I suggest that the association of food insecurity with obesity in women from industrialized settings is most likely due to reverse causation: Poverty reduces agency to resist obesogenic foods, and this scenario is compounded by perturbations of insulin metabolism stemming from high adiposity and lipogenic diets.
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Siervo M, Gan J, Fewtrell MS, Cortina-Borja M, Wells JCK. Acute effects of video-game playing versus television viewing on stress markers and food intake in overweight and obese young men: A randomised controlled trial. Appetite 2017; 120:100-108. [PMID: 28843974 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sedentary or near-sedentary activities are associated with overweight/obesity in epidemiological studies. This has traditionally been attributed to physical activity displacement. A little-explored area is whether behavioural stresses alter sensations of appetite and eating behaviour. We examined whether behaviours conducted seated (television viewing, video gaming) induce different eating patterns, associated with differential levels of stress response. METHODS AND FINDINGS We conducted a randomized controlled trial in 72 overweight/obese adult males, assigned to three groups (24 per group): (i) non-violent television (control group); (ii) non-violent game (FIFA); (iii) violent game (Call of Duty). Following a standardized breakfast, the 1-h intervention was followed by 25-min rest, with sweet and savoury snacks and drinks available ad libitum. Stress markers (heart rate, blood pressure, visual analogue scale (VAS)) were measured throughout. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and stress by VAS were significantly higher (p < 0.05) playing video games than watching non-violent television, though the two game groups did not differ. Considered separately, only the violent video game group consumed more energy (Δ = 208.3 kcal, 95%CI 16, 400), sweet foods (Δ = 25.9 g, 95%CI 9.9, 41.9) and saturated fat (Δ = 4.36 g, 95%CI 0.76, 7.96) than controls. CONCLUSION Playing video games in overweight/obese adult males is associated with an acute stress response relative to watching non-violent television, associated with greater subsequent food intake. These findings highlight the need to focus on the metabolic effects, as well as the energy costs, of activities involving sitting in relation to obesity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Siervo
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle on Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK.
| | - Jason Gan
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Mary S Fewtrell
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Mario Cortina-Borja
- Population, Policy and Practice Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jonathan C K Wells
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle on Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK; Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
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Hall KD. A review of the carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:323-326. [PMID: 28074888 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity theorizes that diets high in carbohydrate are particularly fattening due to their propensity to elevate insulin secretion. Insulin directs the partitioning of energy toward storage as fat in adipose tissue and away from oxidation by metabolically active tissues and purportedly results in a perceived state of cellular internal starvation. In response, hunger and appetite increases and metabolism is suppressed, thereby promoting the positive energy balance associated with the development of obesity. Several logical consequences of this carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity were recently investigated in a pair of carefully controlled inpatient feeding studies whose results failed to support key model predictions. Therefore, important aspects of carbohydrate-insulin model have been experimentally falsified suggesting that the model is too simplistic. This review describes the current state of the carbohydrate-insulin model and the implications of its recent experimental tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Hall
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Starvation-Induced Stress Response Is Critically Impacted by Ceramide Levels in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2016; 205:775-785. [PMID: 27974500 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.194282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the cellular mechanisms by which animals regulate their response to starvation is limited, despite the strong relevance of the problem to major human health issues. The L1 diapause of Caenorhabditis elegans, where first-stage larvae arrest in response to a food-less environment, is an excellent system to study this mechanism. We found, through genetic manipulation and lipid analysis, that biosynthesis of ceramide, particularly those with longer fatty acid side chains, critically impacts animal survival during L1 diapause. Genetic interaction analysis suggests that ceramide may act in both insulin-IGF-1 signaling (IIS)-dependent and IIS-independent pathways to affect starvation survival. Genetic and expression analyses indicate that ceramide is required for maintaining the proper expression of previously characterized starvation-responsive genes, genes that are regulated by the IIS pathway and tumor suppressor Rb, and genes responsive to pathogen. These findings provide an important insight into the roles of sphingolipid metabolism, not only in starvation response, but also in aging and food-response-related human health problems.
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Hall KD, Chen KY, Guo J, Lam YY, Leibel RL, Mayer LE, Reitman ML, Rosenbaum M, Smith SR, Walsh BT, Ravussin E. Energy expenditure and body composition changes after an isocaloric ketogenic diet in overweight and obese men. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:324-33. [PMID: 27385608 PMCID: PMC4962163 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.133561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity posits that habitual consumption of a high-carbohydrate diet sequesters fat within adipose tissue because of hyperinsulinemia and results in adaptive suppression of energy expenditure (EE). Therefore, isocaloric exchange of dietary carbohydrate for fat is predicted to result in increased EE, increased fat oxidation, and loss of body fat. In contrast, a more conventional view that "a calorie is a calorie" predicts that isocaloric variations in dietary carbohydrate and fat will have no physiologically important effects on EE or body fat. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether an isocaloric low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD) is associated with changes in EE, respiratory quotient (RQ), and body composition. DESIGN Seventeen overweight or obese men were admitted to metabolic wards, where they consumed a high-carbohydrate baseline diet (BD) for 4 wk followed by 4 wk of an isocaloric KD with clamped protein. Subjects spent 2 consecutive days each week residing in metabolic chambers to measure changes in EE (EEchamber), sleeping EE (SEE), and RQ. Body composition changes were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Average EE during the final 2 wk of the BD and KD periods was measured by doubly labeled water (EEDLW). RESULTS Subjects lost weight and body fat throughout the study corresponding to an overall negative energy balance of ∼300 kcal/d. Compared with BD, the KD coincided with increased EEchamber (57 ± 13 kcal/d, P = 0.0004) and SEE (89 ± 14 kcal/d, P < 0.0001) and decreased RQ (-0.111 ± 0.003, P < 0.0001). EEDLW increased by 151 ± 63 kcal/d (P = 0.03). Body fat loss slowed during the KD and coincided with increased protein utilization and loss of fat-free mass. CONCLUSION The isocaloric KD was not accompanied by increased body fat loss but was associated with relatively small increases in EE that were near the limits of detection with the use of state-of-the-art technology. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01967563.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Hall
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD;
| | - Kong Y Chen
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Juen Guo
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yan Y Lam
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | | | | | - Marc L Reitman
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Steven R Smith
- The Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, FL
| | | | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
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Majowicz SE, Meyer SB, Kirkpatrick SI, Graham JL, Shaikh A, Elliott SJ, Minaker LM, Scott S, Laird B. Food, health, and complexity: towards a conceptual understanding to guide collaborative public health action. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:487. [PMID: 27277001 PMCID: PMC4898364 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND What we eat simultaneously impacts our exposure to pathogens, allergens, and contaminants, our nutritional status and body composition, our risks for and the progression of chronic diseases, and other outcomes. Furthermore, what we eat is influenced by a complex web of drivers, including culture, politics, economics, and our built and natural environments. To date, public health initiatives aimed at improving food-related population health outcomes have primarily been developed within 'practice silos', and the potential for complex interactions among such initiatives is not well understood. Therefore, our objective was to develop a conceptual model depicting how infectious foodborne illness, food insecurity, dietary contaminants, obesity, and food allergy can be linked via shared drivers, to illustrate potential complex interactions and support future collaboration across public health practice silos. METHODS We developed the conceptual model by first conducting a systematic literature search to identify review articles containing schematics that depicted relationships between drivers and the issues of interest. Next, we synthesized drivers into a common model using a modified thematic synthesis approach that combined an inductive thematic analysis and mapping to synthesize findings. RESULTS The literature search yielded 83 relevant references containing 101 schematics. The conceptual model contained 49 shared drivers and 227 interconnections. Each of the five issues was connected to all others. Obesity and food insecurity shared the most drivers (n = 28). Obesity shared several drivers with food allergy (n = 11), infectious foodborne illness (n = 7), and dietary contamination (n = 6). Food insecurity shared several drivers with infectious foodborne illness (n = 9) and dietary contamination (n = 9). Infectious foodborne illness shared drivers with dietary contamination (n = 8). Fewer drivers were shared between food allergy and: food insecurity (n = 4); infectious foodborne illness (n = 2); and dietary contamination (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS Our model explicates potential interrelationships between five population health issues for which public health interventions have historically been siloed, suggesting that interventions targeted towards these issues have the potential to interact and produce unexpected consequences. Public health practitioners working in infectious foodborne illness, food insecurity, dietary contaminants, obesity, and food allergy should actively consider how their seemingly targeted public health actions may produce unintended positive or negative population health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Majowicz
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, ON, Canada.
| | - Samantha B Meyer
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, ON, Canada
| | - Sharon I Kirkpatrick
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, ON, Canada
| | - Julianne L Graham
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, ON, Canada
| | - Arshi Shaikh
- Social Development Studies, Renison University College-University of Waterloo, 240 Westmount Road North, Waterloo, N2L 3G4, ON, Canada
| | - Susan J Elliott
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, ON, Canada
- Department of Geography & Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, ON, Canada
| | - Leia M Minaker
- Propel Centre for Population Health Impact, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, ON, Canada
| | - Steffanie Scott
- Department of Geography & Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Laird
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, ON, Canada
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Structural equation modeling of the associations between the home environment and obesity-related cardiovascular fitness and insulin resistance among Hispanic children. Appetite 2016; 101:23-30. [PMID: 26850309 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hispanic children are disproportionally affected by obesity-related risk of metabolic disease. We used the structural equation modeling to examine the associations between specific diet and physical activity (PA) behaviors at home and Hispanic children's metabolic health. A total of 187 Hispanic children and their parents from an urban community in Wisconsin participated in the study. Exposure variables included, children's daily intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and PA; home availability of SSB and PA areas/equipment; and parents' intake of SSB and PA, assessed through self-administered questionnaires. Outcome variables for children's metabolic health included, measured anthropometrics; cardiovascular fitness assessed using the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER); and insulin resistance determined with the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMAIR). We found that children's daily intake of SSB was positively associated with BMI z-score, which in turn, was positively associated with HOMAIR (P < 0.05). Specific diet behaviors at home associated with children's intake of SSB, included home availability of SSB, which mediated the association between parents' and children's intake of SSB (P < 0.05). Children's PA was positively associated with PACER z-score, which in turn, was inversely associated with HOMAIR (P < 0.05). Specific PA behaviors at home associated with children's PA, included home availability of PA areas/equipment, which mediated the association between parents' and children's PA (P < 0.05). The structural equation model indices suggested a satisfactory model fit (Chi-square, X(2) = 53.1, comparative fix index = 0.92, root-mean-squared error associated = 0.04). The findings confirm the need for interventions at the family level that promotes healthier home environments by targeting poor diet and low levels of PA in all family members.
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Kshatriya GK, Acharya SK. Triple Burden of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk among Indian Tribes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147934. [PMID: 26808418 PMCID: PMC4726542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Socio-cultural transitions among individuals from vulnerable groups introduce epidemiological transition, with a concomitant increase in the prevalence of undernutrition, obesity, and cardiovascular disease risks. An accepted conventional wisdom exists for Indian tribes that they are undernourished and away from lifestyle-related diseases. However, the extent of this triple burden affecting them is unknown. In this study, we assessed this triple burden among the 9 major tribes of India. METHODS AND FINDINGS During January 2011 to December 2013, we conducted a cross-sectional study among 1066 men and 1090 women constituting a total of 2156 adults belonging to the 9 major tribal groups: Santals, Oraons, and Koras (West Bengal); Santals, Bhumijs, and Bathudis (Odisha); and Dhodias, Kuknas, and Chaudharis (Gujarat) to estimate the prevalence of the triple burden (undernutrition, overweight or obesity, and hypertension). A high prevalence of undernutrition and hypertension was observed among the Koras (51.9%and 10.6%, respectively), Bathudis (51.3% and 12.1%, respectively), and Oraons (49.6% and 16.5%, respectively). However, the prevalence of overweight and hypertension among the Bhumijs (17.7% and 14.7%, respectively), Dhodias (23.8% and 12.9%, respectively), Kuknas (15.8% and 11.3%, respectively), and Santals of West Bengal (12.2% and 11.8%, respectively) and Odisha (15% and 9.6%, respectively) was most alarming. The prevalence of overweight or obesity among the women was 10.9% and 1.5%, respectively, with 14.0% hypertensive women. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among the men was 14.8% and 1.7%, respectively, with 9.2% hypertensive men. Undernutrition was highly prevalent among men and women. However, data from the past 30 years on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and body mass index (BMI) revealed that the studied tribes were at a higher risk than the general Indian population. In addition, a vast gender disparity with relation to the disease and risk prevalence was observed. CONCLUSION The alarming trend of an increasing prevalence of overweight/obesity, undernutrition, and hypertension is observed among indigenous populations of India, emphasizing the incorporation of a specific health management policy.
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Chung HJ, Yu JG, Lee IA, Liu MJ, Shen YF, Sharma SP, Jamal MAHM, Yoo JH, Kim HJ, Hong ST. Intestinal removal of free fatty acids from hosts by Lactobacilli for the treatment of obesity. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:64-76. [PMID: 27047743 PMCID: PMC4794792 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings on the association of gut microbiota with various diseases, including obesity, prompted us to investigate the possibility of using a certain type of gut bacteria as a safe therapeutic for obesity. Lactobacillus mutants with enhanced capacity in absorption of free fatty acids (FFAs) were isolated to show reduced absorption of FFAs by the administered host, attributing to inhibition of body weight gain and body fat accumulation as well as amelioration of blood profiles. Consequently, high throughput screening of natural FFAs‐absorbing intestinal microbes led to the isolation of Lactobacillus reuteri JBD30 l. The administration of Lactobacillus JBD30l lowered the concentration of FFAs in the gut fluid content of small intestine, thus reducing intestinal absorption of FFAs whereas promoting fecal excretion of FFAs. Animal data also confirmed that the efficacy of Lactobacillus JBD30l on body weight similar to that of orlistat, an FDA‐approved pharmaceutical for long‐term use to treat obesity. In a subsequent random, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial (KCT0000452 at Clinical Research Information Service of Korea), there was a statistically significant difference in the percentage change in body weight between the Lactobacillus JBD301 and the placebo group (P = 0.026) as well as in the BMI (P = 0.036) from the 0‐week assessment to the 12‐week assessment. Our results show that FFA‐absorbing Lactobacillus JBD301 effectively reduces dietary fat absorption, providing an ideal treatment for obesity with inherent safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hea-Jong Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science Chonbuk National University Medical School Jeonju Chonbuk Korea
| | - Jae G Yu
- JINIS BDRD institute JINIS Biopharmaceuticals Co. Wanju Chonbuk Korea
| | - In-Ah Lee
- JINIS BDRD institute JINIS Biopharmaceuticals Co. Wanju Chonbuk Korea
| | - Ming-Jie Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science Chonbuk National University Medical School Jeonju Chonbuk Korea
| | - Yan-Fei Shen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science Chonbuk National University Medical School Jeonju Chonbuk Korea
| | - Satya P Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science Chonbuk National University Medical School Jeonju Chonbuk Korea
| | - Mohammad A H M Jamal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science Chonbuk National University Medical School Jeonju Chonbuk Korea
| | - Jun-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Family Medicine Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jin Kim
- JINIS BDRD institute JINIS Biopharmaceuticals Co. Wanju Chonbuk Korea
| | - Seong-Tshool Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science Chonbuk National University Medical School Jeonju Chonbuk Korea
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Santiago-Torres M, Tinker LF, Allison MA, Breymeyer KL, Garcia L, Kroenke CH, Lampe JW, Shikany JM, Van Horn L, Neuhouser ML. Development and Use of a Traditional Mexican Diet Score in Relation to Systemic Inflammation and Insulin Resistance among Women of Mexican Descent. J Nutr 2015; 145:2732-40. [PMID: 26491126 PMCID: PMC4656903 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.213538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women of Mexican descent are disproportionally affected by obesity, systemic inflammation, and insulin resistance (IR). Available approaches used to give scores to dietary patterns relative to dietary guidelines may not effectively capture traditional diets of Mexicans, who comprise the largest immigrant group in the United States. OBJECTIVES We characterized an a priori traditional Mexican diet (MexD) score high in corn tortillas, beans, soups, Mexican mixed dishes (e.g., tamales), fruits, vegetables, full-fat milk, and Mexican cheeses and low in refined grains and added sugars and evaluated the association of the MexD score with systemic inflammation and IR in 493 postmenopausal participants in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) who are of Mexican ethnic descent. METHODS The MexD score was developed from the baseline (1993-1998) WHI food frequency questionnaire, which included Hispanic foods and was available in Spanish. Body mass index (BMI) was computed from baseline measured weight and height, and ethnicity was self-reported. Outcome variables were high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and triglyceride concentrations measured at follow-up (2012-2013). Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used to test the associations of the MexD score with systemic inflammation and IR. RESULTS The mean ± SD MexD score was 5.8 ± 2.1 (12 maximum points) and was positively associated with intakes of carbohydrates, vegetable protein, and dietary fiber and inversely associated with intakes of added sugars and total fat (P < 0.01). Women with high compared with low MexD scores, consistent with a more-traditional Mexican diet, had 23% and 15% lower serum hsCRP (P < 0.05) and insulin concentrations, respectively (P < 0.05). Baseline BMI modified these associations such that lower MexD scores were associated with higher insulin and HOMA-IR in overweight/obese women (P-interaction <0.05). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that greater adherence to a traditional Mexican diet could help reduce the future risk of systemic inflammation and IR in women of Mexican descent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lesley F Tinker
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA
| | - Matthew A Allison
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kara L Breymeyer
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA
| | - Lorena Garcia
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | | | - Johanna W Lampe
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA
| | - James M Shikany
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and
| | - Linda Van Horn
- Northwestern Comprehensive Center on Obesity, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Marian L Neuhouser
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA
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McNamara JM, Houston AI, Higginson AD. Costs of Foraging Predispose Animals to Obesity-Related Mortality when Food Is Constantly Abundant. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141811. [PMID: 26545121 PMCID: PMC4636368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an important medical problem affecting humans and animals in the developed world, but the evolutionary origins of the behaviours that cause obesity are poorly understood. The potential role of occasional gluts of food in determining fat-storage strategies for avoiding mortality have been overlooked, even though animals experienced such conditions in the recent evolutionary past and may follow the same strategies in the modern environment. Humans, domestic, and captive animals in the developed world are exposed to a surplus of calorie-rich food, conditions characterised as ‘constant-glut’. Here, we use a mathematical model to demonstrate that obesity-related mortality from poor health in a constant-glut environment should equal the average mortality rate in the ‘pre-modern’ environment when predation risk was more closely linked with foraging. It should therefore not be surprising that animals exposed to abundant food often over-eat to the point of ill-health. Our work suggests that individuals tend to defend a given excessive level of reserves because this level was adaptive when gluts were short-lived. The model predicts that mortality rate in constant-glut conditions can increase as the assumed health cost of being overweight decreases, meaning that any adaptation that reduced such health costs would have counter-intuitively led to an increase in mortality in the modern environment. Taken together, these results imply that efforts to reduce the incidence of obesity that are focussed on altering individual behaviour are likely to be ineffective because modern, constant-glut conditions trigger previously adaptive behavioural responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. McNamara
- School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TW, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair I. Houston
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Higginson
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QG, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The aim of our article was to review the current literature on the effects of metabolic (re) programming on childhood obesity. PubMed/MEDLINE was the data source used to track the studies. Descriptors applied: children obesity, epigenetic, metabolic programming, exercise and nutrition. The focus was to analyze and discuss the international findings on the theme. The gathering of the papers was performed between June and August 2014. The search of articles with the descriptors used found 33.054 studies. In all, 5.709 studies were selected by crossing chosen keywords. Among these, after careful reading of the titles, 712 papers were considered potential as references. After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, 50 studies were selected from 132 eligible abstracts. Most studies linked the development and treatment of obesity from epigenetically stimulated metabolic programming during the early stages of pregnancy and life. This review provides theoretical basis to the understanding that the programmed development of childhood obesity may be linked to early exposure to environmental factors, such as (nutrition and regular practice of exercise) and stimulus can epigenetically alter the modulation of the obesogenic metabolic behavior during pregnancy and the developmental stages of children and/or postpone the pathophysiologic disease stage to adulthood.
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Abstract
Tackling increasing rates of obesity is likely to be a defining feature of health care over the next several decades. Adult obesity is a persistent and treatment-resistant problem. Consequently, an emerging theme in the literature is to commence prevention efforts earlier in the developmental time course. This view is based primarily on epidemiological data demonstrating a link between traits manifesting early during development and increased obesity risk in adulthood. Physical activity is a perennial factor in discussions of obesity prevention. However, the optimal timing and type of physical activity interventions to commence remains unclear. Critical developmental windows of plasticity may afford time-limited opportunities to shape body composition across the life course; however, physical activity has not been explicitly considered in these discussions. Although animal models suggest that physical activity commenced earlier in development has differential effects on obesity onset compared to physical activity commenced in adulthood, human research is lacking. In this conceptual review, we consider physical activity during critical developmental periods as a way to mitigate obesity risk later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Street
- Mater Health Services South Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Mater Research, Centre for Nutrition and Exercise, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - J C K Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, England
| | - A P Hills
- Mater Health Services South Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Mater Research, Centre for Nutrition and Exercise, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Hardman CA, Ferriday D, Kyle L, Rogers PJ, Brunstrom JM. So Many Brands and Varieties to Choose from: Does This Compromise the Control of Food Intake in Humans? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125869. [PMID: 25923118 PMCID: PMC4414581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent rise in obesity is widely attributed to changes in the dietary environment (e.g., increased availability of energy-dense foods and larger portion sizes). However, a critical feature of our "obesogenic environment" may have been overlooked - the dramatic increase in "dietary variability" (the tendency for specific mass-produced foods to be available in numerous varieties that differ in energy content). In this study we tested the hypothesis that dietary variability compromises the control of food intake in humans. Specifically, we examined the effects of dietary variability in pepperoni pizza on two key outcome variables; i) compensation for calories in pepperoni pizza and ii) expectations about the satiating properties of pepperoni pizza (expected satiation). We reasoned that dietary variability might generate uncertainty about the postingestive effects of a food. An internet-based questionnaire was completed by 199 adults. This revealed substantial variation in exposure to different varieties of pepperoni pizza. In a follow-up study (n= 66; 65% female), high pizza variability was associated with i) poorer compensation for calories in pepperoni pizza and ii) lower expected satiation for pepperoni pizza. Furthermore, the effect of uncertainty on caloric compensation was moderated by individual differences in decision making (loss aversion). For the first time, these findings highlight a process by which dietary variability may compromise food-intake control in humans. This is important because it exposes a new feature of Western diets (processed foods in particular) that might contribute to overeating and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A. Hardman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle Ferriday
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley Kyle
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Rogers
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey M. Brunstrom
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Raipuria M, Bahari H, Morris MJ. Effects of maternal diet and exercise during pregnancy on glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle and fat of weanling rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120980. [PMID: 25853572 PMCID: PMC4390148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity during pregnancy contributes to the development of metabolic disorders in offspring. Maternal exercise may limit gestational weight gain and ameliorate these programming effects. We previously showed benefits of post-weaning voluntary exercise in offspring from obese dams. Here we examined whether voluntary exercise during pregnancy influences lipid and glucose homeostasis in muscle and fat in offspring of both lean and obese dams. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed chow (C) or high fat (F) diet for 6 weeks before mating. Half underwent voluntary exercise (CE/FE) with a running wheel introduced 10 days prior to mating and available until the dams delivered; others remained sedentary (CS/FS). Male and female pups were killed at postnatal day (PND)19 and retroperitoneal fat and gastrocnemius muscle were collected for gene expression. Lean and obese dams achieved similar modest levels of exercise. At PND1, both male and female pups from exercised lean dams were significantly lighter (CE versus CS), with no effect in those from obese dams. At PND19, maternal obesity significantly increased offspring body weight and adiposity, with no effect of maternal exercise. Exercise significantly reduced insulin concentrations in males (CE/FE versus CS/FS), with reduced glucose in male FE pups. In males, maternal obesity significantly decreased muscle myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD1) and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) mRNA expressions (FS vs CS); these were normalized by exercise. Maternal exercise upregulated adipose GLUT4, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α) mRNA expression in offspring of dams consuming chow. Modest voluntary exercise during pregnancy was associated with lower birth weight in pups from lean dams. Maternal exercise appeared to decrease the metabolic risk induced by maternal obesity, improving insulin/glucose metabolism, with greater effects in male than female offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Raipuria
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Hasnah Bahari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Margaret J. Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Li DK, Ferber JR, Odouli R. Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of obesity in offspring: a prospective cohort study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 39:658-64. [PMID: 25388405 PMCID: PMC4389720 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES In-utero exposures through adverse fetal programming are emerging as an important contributing factor to the epidemic of childhood obesity. This study examines the impact of in-utero exposure to caffeine on the risk of childhood obesity in offspring. SUBJECTS/METHODS A prospective study of pregnant women with 15 years follow-up of their offspring was conducted to examine the impact of in-utero exposure to caffeine on the risk of childhood obesity. Maternal caffeine intake was prospectively ascertained during pregnancy and outcome measures (body mass index (BMI)) were ascertained from medical charts, with 17 BMI measurements per child, on average, during the follow-up period. Potential confounders including known perinatal risk factors for childhood obesity were adjusted for using the generalized estimating equations model with repeated measurements. RESULTS After controlling for potential confounders, compared with those without caffeine exposure, in-utero exposure to caffeine overall is associated with 87% increased risk of childhood obesity: odds ratio (OR) =1.87, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12-3.12. This association demonstrated a dose-response relationship: OR=1.77 (1.05-3.00) for maternal daily caffeine intake <150 mg per day, OR=2.37 (1.24-4.52) for caffeine intake ⩾150 mg per day during pregnancy, respectively. We also observed a linear relationship: every one unit increase (log10 scale) in the amount of maternal caffeine intake was associated with 23% increased risk of obesity in offspring. The dose-response relationship appears stronger for persistent obesity than for transitory obesity (occasional high BMI), and for girls than for boys. CONCLUSIONS We observed an association of in-utero exposure to caffeine with increased risk of childhood obesity. If this observation is further replicated in other studies, the finding will contribute to the understanding of fetal programming of childhood diseases and development of intervention strategy to prevent childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-K Li
- Division of Research, Kaiser Foundation Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, USA
- Department of Health Research and Policy, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - J R Ferber
- Division of Research, Kaiser Foundation Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - R Odouli
- Division of Research, Kaiser Foundation Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, USA
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Ovaskainen ML, Tapanainen H, Laatikainen T, Männistö S, Heinonen H, Vartiainen E. Perceived health-related self-efficacy associated with BMI in adults in a population-based survey. Scand J Public Health 2015; 43:197-203. [PMID: 25586112 DOI: 10.1177/1403494814566263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of ability to control personal behaviour in various environmental temptations is called self-efficacy. The high prevalence of obesity and overweight in Finland is the reason for studying the determinants of weight. The aim of the present study was to clarify the associations between body mass index and health-related self-efficacy (HSE), including food patterns, health behaviour and education. METHODS A random sample of adults was invited to the cross-sectional FINRISK 2002 Study in six regions in Finland. Participants (n=7784) gave information on education, health behaviour, HSE and food consumption. Height and weight were measured in a health examination. The response rate was 60% for men and 71% for women. Six food patterns were identified by principal component analysis on the basis of food consumption. The scores from seven-item HSE was calculated and categorized into tertiles for the analysis. The associations of BMI with self-efficacy and exploratory variables were tested using general linear modelling in total population and by gender. RESULTS A weak HSE was associated with a higher BMI after adjusting for age, education, food patterns and health behaviour. In addition, low education, infrequent PA and non-smoking were associated with the higher BMI, but the association of HSE and BMI remained in multivariate model. The associations of food patterns and BMI were small. The adverse association with BMI was observed for patterns with sweet and butter. CONCLUSION The study supports the importance of self-control in weight management, which needs to be considered as an empowerment tool in health education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja-Leena Ovaskainen
- Department of Lifestyle and Participation, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
| | - Heli Tapanainen
- Department of Lifestyle and Participation, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
| | - Tiina Laatikainen
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland Hospital District of North Karelia, Finland
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
| | - Heikki Heinonen
- Department of Lifestyle and Participation, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
| | - Erkki Vartiainen
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
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Scaling of free-ranging primate energetics with body mass predicts low energy expenditure in humans. Physiol Behav 2015; 138:193-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Siervo M, Montagnese C, Mathers JC, Soroka KR, Stephan BCM, Wells JCK. Sugar consumption and global prevalence of obesity and hypertension: an ecological analysis. Public Health Nutr 2014; 17:587-96. [PMID: 23414749 PMCID: PMC10282320 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980013000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The nutrition transition model provides an integrated approach to analyse global changes in food consumption and lifestyle patterns. Whether variability in food availability for consumption, lifestyle and sociodemographic factors is associated with the worldwide prevalence distribution of overweight, obesity and hypertension is unclear. DESIGN Ecological analysis. SETTING Country-specific prevalence estimates of overweight, obesity and hypertension were obtained. Prevalence estimates were then matched to year- and country-specific food and energy availability for consumption of cereals, sugar, sweeteners and honey, vegetable oils, fruits, starchy roots, pulses, total vegetables, alcoholic beverages, total meat, animal fat, eggs, milk, and fish and seafood. The per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), urbanization rates and prevalence of physical inactivity for each country were also obtained. SUBJECTS The overweight, obesity and hypertension databases included information from 128, 123 and seventy-nine countries, respectively. RESULTS Consumption of sugar and animal products were directly associated with GDP and urbanization rates. In a multivariate regression model, physical inactivity (B = 0·01, se = 0·005, P = 0·003), cereal consumption (B = -0·02, se = 0·006, P < 0·001) and sugar consumption (B = 0·03, se = 0·01, P = 0·03) were significant predictors of obesity prevalence. Midpoint age (B = 0·21, se = 0·10, P = 0·02), prevalence of overweight (B = 0·18, se = 0·08, P = 0·02) and consumption of cereals (B = -0·22, se = 0·10, P = 0·02) were significant predictors of hypertension. Women appeared to have a significant obesity excess compared with men. CONCLUSIONS High sugar consumption and sedentary lifestyle are associated with increased obesity prevalence. The non-linear association of sugar consumption with prevalence of obesity suggests that effective strategies to reduce its consumption may have differential effects in countries at different stages of the nutrition transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Siervo
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle on Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Concetta Montagnese
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - John C Mathers
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle on Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Katrina R Soroka
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle on Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Blossom CM Stephan
- Institute for Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jonathan CK Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Baranowski T, O'Connor T, Johnston C, Hughes S, Moreno J, Chen TA, Meltzer L, Baranowski J. School year versus summer differences in child weight gain: a narrative review. Child Obes 2014; 10:18-24. [PMID: 24367922 PMCID: PMC3922244 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2013.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The causes of the current high prevalence of overweight and obesity among children are not clearly known. Schools have been implicated in the causal chain to high child obesity prevalence. Recent studies have compared school year versus summertime changes (herein called seasonal differences) in child adiposity or related phenomena. The most common seasonal pattern in six longitudinal descriptive studies was that overweight and obese children experienced accelerated gain in weight or some BMI indicator during the summer, whereas healthy weight children gained less or not at all. Four physical activity (PA) intervention studies demonstrated that school year fitness improvements were lost during the summer. One study showed that PA declined across the summer. Another study provided conflicting results of lower total energy expenditure in the summer, but no seasonal difference in total energy expenditure after adjusting for fat-free mass. This pattern of fairly rapid seasonal differences suggests that PA is the primary factor contributing to seasonal differences in weight or BMI, but the documented seasonal pattern in PA (i.e., higher in summer) does not support this relationship. Sleep duration has also been inversely related to child adiposity. Seasonal patterns in adiposity, PA, and sleep need to be clearly established separately for overweight and healthy weight children in further longitudinal research to provide a clear focus for national policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Baranowski
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Teresia O'Connor
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Craig Johnston
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Sheryl Hughes
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Jennette Moreno
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Tzu-An Chen
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Janice Baranowski
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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Andrejić BM, Mijatović VM, Samojlik IN, Horvat OJ, Ćalasan JD, Đolai MA. The influence of chronic intake of saccharin on rat hepatic and pancreatic function and morphology: gender differences. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2014; 13:94-9. [PMID: 23725505 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2013.2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There are opposite hypotheses on the effect of saccharin. Our aim was reviewing the influence of chronically ingested saccharin on the function and histological structure of liver and pancreas and all this in light of gender differences. The rats were divided into control group - (Group C) and saccharin-treated group - (Group S) which was given a normal diet and 0.0005% saccharin in drinking water for 6 weeks. Liver and pancreas were histologically processed and quantitative histological analysis was performed. Glucose blood levels and plasma activities of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), body weight, and food intake were analyzed. Quantitative histological analysis determined that the values of diameter and volume density of both Langerhans islets and exocrine acini were significantly higher in S group, especially in males. AST levels were significantly higher in treated group. Glucose levels were higher in treated group, mainly due to the values of the female subgroup. Food intake was significantly higher in control group, while weight gain was higher in treated group. Treated males had significantly higher food intake and weight gain in comparison with treated females. The data presented here suggests that chronic saccharin intake affects the examined parameters. Reported facts reflect various metabolic, hormonal and neural responses in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana M Andrejić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
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Stephenson EJ, Hawley JA. Mitochondrial function in metabolic health: a genetic and environmental tug of war. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:1285-94. [PMID: 24345456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increased prevalence of obesity and its co-morbidities and their strong association with inactivity have produced an 'exercise-deficient phenotype' in which individuals with a particular combination of disease-susceptible genes collide with environmental influences to cross a biological 'threshold' that ultimately manifests as overt clinical conditions (i.e., risk-factors for disease states). These risk-factors have been linked to impairments in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. SCOPE OF REVIEW The question of whether 'inborn' mitochondrial deficiencies and/or defective mitochondrial metabolism contribute to metabolic disease, or if environmental factors are the major determinant, will be examined. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS We contend that impaired whole-body insulin resistance along with impaired skeletal muscle handling of carbohydrate and lipid fuels (i.e., metabolic inflexibility) is associated with a reduced skeletal muscle mitochondrial content which, in large part, is a maladaptive response to an 'inactivity cycle' which predisposes to a reduced level of habitual physical activity. While genetic components play a role in the pathogenesis of metabolic disease, exercise is a powerful environmental stimulus capable of restoring the metabolic flexibility of fuel selection and reduces risk-factors for metabolic disease in genetically-susceptible individuals. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Given the apathy towards voluntary physical activity in most Western societies, it is clear that there is an urgent need for innovative, clinically-effective exercise strategies, coupled with changes in current attitudes and methods of delivering exercise prescription and dietary advice, in order to improve metabolic health and reduce metabolic disease risk at the population level. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Frontiers of Mitochondrial Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J Stephenson
- Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.A..
| | - John A Hawley
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Australia; Research Institute for Sports and Exercise, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool United Kingdom.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Native American youth have greater rates of overweight/obesity than same-aged youth from the general population. Even though dietary shifts are suspected, surprisingly little information exists concerning the dietary patterns of contemporary Native American adolescents. AIM This study examines the dietary composition of Native American adolescents residing in upstate New York at the Akwesasne Mohawk Nation. The goal of this investigation is to assess the food patterns of Akwesasne adolescents via a total diet approach. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING AND METHODS: The sample is comprised of 246 Mohawk adolescents between the ages of 10-16.9 years of age residing at the Akwesasne Mohawk Nation. Food frequency data was collected from adolescents via interview during a cross-sectional study investigating their exposure to environmental pollutants. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Nutrient-dilute but energy-dense foods characterize most of the top 10 dietary sources of energy, carbohydrates, and fat. Although micronutrient intakes are by and large adequate in the sample, micronutrients are most often derived from highly fortified food sources. Adolescent diets contain few naturally-occurring sources of many micronutrients, especially folate and iron. A narrow variety of foods dominate the top dietary sources across both macronutrient and micronutrients, strongly suggesting the need for increased dietary diversity within this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ravenscroft
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany , 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222 , USA
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Telles S, Singh N, Bhardwaj AK, Kumar A, Balkrishna A. Effect of yoga or physical exercise on physical, cognitive and emotional measures in children: a randomized controlled trial. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2013; 7:37. [PMID: 24199742 PMCID: PMC3826528 DOI: 10.1186/1753-2000-7-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have separately reported the effects of physical exercise and yoga in children, showing physical, cognitive and emotional benefits. OBJECTIVES The present randomized controlled trial assessed the effects of yoga or physical exercise on physical fitness, cognitive performance, self-esteem, and teacher-rated behavior and performance, in school children. METHODS 98 school children between 8 to 13 years were randomized as yoga and physical exercise groups {n = 49 each; (yoga: 15 girls, group mean age 10.4 ± 1.2 years), (physical exercise: 23 girls, group mean age 10.5 ± 1.3 years)}. Both groups were blind assessed after allocation, using: (i) the Eurofit physical fitness test battery, (ii) Stroop color-word task for children, (iii) Battle's self-esteem inventory and (iv) the teachers' rating of the children's obedience, academic performance, attention, punctuality, and behavior with friends and teachers. After assessments the yoga group practiced yoga (breathing techniques, postures, guided relaxation and chanting), 45 minutes each day, 5 days a week. During this time the physical exercise group had jogging-in-place, rapid repetitive movements and relay races or games. Both groups were assessed at the end of 3 months. Data were analyzed with RM ANOVA and post-hoc tests were Bonferroni adjusted. RESULTS There was one significant difference between groups. This was in social self-esteem which was higher after physical exercise compared to yoga (p < 0.05). All the changes reported below are based on after-before comparisons, within each group. Both groups showed an increase in BMI, and number of sit-ups (p < 0.001). Balance worsened in the physical exercise group, while plate tapping improved in the yoga group (p < 0.001). In the Stroop task both groups showed improved color, word- and color-word naming (p < 0.01), while the physical exercise group showed higher interference scores. Total, general and parental self-esteem improved in the yoga group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Yoga and physical exercise are useful additions to the school routine, with physical exercise improving social self-esteem. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered in the Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI/2012/11/003112).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Telles
- Patanjali Research Foundation, Patanjali Yogpeeth, Haridwar, 249405 Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Nilkamal Singh
- Patanjali Research Foundation, Patanjali Yogpeeth, Haridwar, 249405 Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Ankur Kumar
- Patanjali Research Foundation, Patanjali Yogpeeth, Haridwar, 249405 Uttarakhand, India
| | - Acharya Balkrishna
- Patanjali Research Foundation, Patanjali Yogpeeth, Haridwar, 249405 Uttarakhand, India
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Fisher KD, Scheffler TL, Kasten SC, Reinholt BM, van Eyk GR, Escobar J, Scheffler JM, Gerrard DE. Energy dense, protein restricted diet increases adiposity and perturbs metabolism in young, genetically lean pigs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72320. [PMID: 23991090 PMCID: PMC3753342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of obesity and metabolic dysregulation during growth (or childhood) are lacking. Our objective was to increase adiposity and induce metabolic syndrome in young, genetically lean pigs. Pre-pubertal female pigs, age 35 d, were fed a high-energy diet (HED; n = 12), containing 15% tallow, 35% refined sugars and 9.1–12.9% crude protein, or a control corn-based diet (n = 11) with 12.2–19.2% crude protein for 16 wk. Initially, HED pigs self-regulated energy intake similar to controls, but by wk 5, consumed more (P<0.001) energy per kg body weight. At wk 15, pigs were subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); blood glucose increased (P<0.05) in control pigs and returned to baseline levels within 60 min. HED pigs were hyperglycemic at time 0, and blood glucose did not return to baseline (P = 0.01), even 4 h post-challenge. During OGTT, glucose area under the curve (AUC) was higher and insulin AUC was lower in HED pigs compared to controls (P = 0.001). Chronic HED intake increased (P<0.05) subcutaneous, intramuscular, and perirenal fat deposition, and induced hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, and low-density lipoprotein hypercholesterolemia. A subset of HED pigs (n = 7) was transitioned back to a control diet for an additional six weeks. These pigs were subjected to an additional OGTT at 22 wk. Glucose AUC and insulin AUC did not improve, supporting that dietary intervention was not sufficient to recover glucose tolerance or insulin production. These data suggest a HED may be used to increase adiposity and disrupt glucose homeostasis in young, growing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D. Fisher
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Tracy L. Scheffler
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Steven C. Kasten
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Brad M. Reinholt
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Gregory R. van Eyk
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jeffery Escobar
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jason M. Scheffler
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - David E. Gerrard
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
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Disse SC, Buelow A, Boedeker RH, Keller KM, Kim-Berger HS, Wudy SA, Zimmer KP. Reduced prevalence of obesity in children with primary fructose malabsorption: a multicentre, retrospective cohort study. Pediatr Obes 2013; 8:255-8. [PMID: 23625781 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in animals and in man have demonstrated that excessive consumption of fructose can cause all components of the metabolic syndrome. OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of a condition resulting in decreased absorption of fructose, on obesity. METHODS In a multicentre study, we analyzed a cohort of paediatric patients with suspected primary fructose malabsorption (FM). Patients with chronic intestinal diseases were excluded. The final cohort comprised 628 patients. RESULTS 302 patients were diagnosed with primary FM (48.1%). The proportion of obese patients was lower among FM patients, compared to non-FM patients (2.3 vs. 6.1%, P = 0.029). Logistic regression analysis with inclusion of various covariates showed that FM was negatively associated with obesity (OR 0.35, 95% CI [0.13; 0.97]). We discuss several mechanisms involving the metabolic, endocrine and gastrointestinal system. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that primary FM is negatively associated with childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Disse
- Department of Pediatrics, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Abstract
The aetiology of obesity is seemingly simple to understand: individuals consume more energy than they expend, with the excess energy being stored in adipose tissue. Public health campaigns therefore promote dietary restraint and physical exercise, and emphasize individual responsibility for these behaviours. Increasingly, however, researchers are switching from thermodynamic to metabolic models of obesity, thereby clarifying how specific environmental factors promote lipogenesis. Obesity can best be explained not by counting 'calories in and out', but by understanding how specific dietary products and activity behaviours perturb cellular metabolism and promote net lipogenesis. This metabolic approach can furthermore be integrated with more sophisticated models of how commercial practices drive the consumer trends that promote obesogenic behaviours. Notably, obesity treatment has proven more effective if it bypasses individual responsibility, suggesting that a similar approach placing less emphasis on individual responsibility would improve the efficacy of obesity prevention. Successful obesity prevention campaigns are likely to emerge only when the public receive better 'protection' from the commercial practices that are driving the global obesity epidemic. Rather than populations failing to heed governments' public health advice, governments are currently failing the public by abandoning their responsibility for regulating commercial activities.
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Wells JC, Dumith SC, Ekelund U, Reichert FF, Menezes AM, Victora CG, Hallal PC. Associations of intrauterine and postnatal weight and length gains with adolescent body composition: prospective birth cohort study from Brazil. J Adolesc Health 2012; 51:S58-64. [PMID: 23283163 PMCID: PMC3508414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Early growth patterns have been associated with subsequent obesity risk. However, findings from middle-income populations suggest that early infant growth may benefit lean mass and height rather than adiposity. We tested the hypothesis that rapid weight or length gain in different growth periods would be associated with size and body composition in adolescence, in a prospective birth cohort from southern Brazil. METHODS Body composition was assessed in 425 adolescents (52.2% male) at 14 years. Exposures were birth weight z-score and conditional growth in weight or length for the periods 0-6, 6-12 and 12-48 months. Differences in anthropometric and body composition outcomes between tertiles of growth in each period were tested by one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS Size at birth and conditional weight and length at 6 months were associated with later height. The effect of infant weight gain on lean mass was greater for males than females, and effect on fat mass greater for females than males. By early childhood, rapid weight gain generated relatively similar effects on both tissue masses in both sexes. Rapid length gain had stronger effects on outcomes in males than females at each time point, and benefited lean mass more than adiposity. All effects were substantially attenuated after adjusting for current height. Early weight gain was more important than length gain at influencing body composition outcomes in adolescence. CONCLUSIONS Rapid infant weight and length gains were primarily associated with larger size in adolescence rather than increased adiposity. From one year onwards, associations between rapid weight gain and fat and lean masses remained after adjustment for height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C.K. Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom,Address correspondence to: Jonathan Wells, Ph.D., Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Samuel C. Dumith
- Programa de Pós-graduacção em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Felipe F. Reichert
- Escola Superior de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rua Luiz de Camões 625, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Ana M.B. Menezes
- Programa de Pós-graduacção em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Cesar G. Victora
- Programa de Pós-graduacção em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro C. Hallal
- Programa de Pós-graduacção em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil,Escola Superior de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rua Luiz de Camões 625, Pelotas, Brazil
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