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Posson PM, Hibbing PR, Damiot A, Carbuhn AF, White DA, Shakhnovich V, Sullivan D, Shook RP. Resting Energy Expenditure Equations Have Lower Accuracy for Adolescents with Overweight/Obesity Versus Healthy-Weight Adolescents. Child Obes 2024. [PMID: 39052506 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2024.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Objective: The objectives of the study were (1) to assess whether resting energy expenditure (REE) equations have comparable validity for adolescents with overweight/obesity vs. adolescents with healthy weight and (2) to examine determinants of measured REE in adolescents with overweight/obesity vs. adolescents with healthy weight. Methods: Ten equations were used to predict REE for 109 adolescents (70% males; 36.7% with overweight/obesity); 95% equivalence testing was used to assess how well each equation agreed with the criterion measure of indirect calorimetry. Linear regression models were fitted to examine how much REE variance was accounted for by age, sex, race, fat-free mass (FFM), and fat mass. Results: For adolescents with healthy weight, all ten equations were significantly equivalent to the criterion measure within ±8.4% (p < 0.05), whereas for participants with overweight/obesity, only three equations were equivalent within the same range (p < 0.05). Controlling for age, sex, race, fat mass, and FFM accounted for 74% of REE variance. FFM explained the greatest amount (26%) of variance in REE, while weight status itself explained an additional 22%. Conclusions: Prediction equations tend to be more accurate for adolescents with healthy weight than adolescents with overweight/obesity unless the original sample specifically included participants with overweight/obesity. Determinants of REE are similar regardless of weight status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige M Posson
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas, Missouri, USA
| | - Paul R Hibbing
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas, Missouri, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anthony Damiot
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas, Missouri, USA
| | - Aaron F Carbuhn
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas city, Kansas, USA
| | - David A White
- Ward Family Heart Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas, Missouri, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Debra Sullivan
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas city, Kansas, USA
| | - Robin P Shook
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas, Missouri, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas, Missouri, USA
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Rydin AA, Severn C, Pyle L, Morelli N, Shoemaker AH, Chung ST, Yanovski JA, Han JC, Higgins JA, Nadeau KJ, Fox C, Kelly AS, Cree MG. Prediction of resting energy expenditure for adolescents with severe obesity: A multi-centre analysis. Pediatr Obes 2024; 19:e13123. [PMID: 38658523 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Resting energy expenditure (REE) assessments can help inform clinical treatment decisions in adolescents with elevated body mass index (BMI), but current equations are suboptimal for severe obesity. We developed a predictive REE equation for youth with severe obesity and obesity-related comorbidities and compared results to previously published predictive equations. METHODS Data from indirect calorimetry, clinical measures, and body composition per Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were collected from five sites. Data were randomly divided into development (N = 438) and validation (N = 118) cohorts. A predictive equation was developed using Elastic Net regression, using sex, race, ethnicity, weight, height, BMI percent of the 95th%ile (BMIp95), waist circumference, hip circumference, waist/hip ratio, age, Tanner stage, fat and fat-free mass. This equation was verified in the validation cohort and compared with 11 prior equations. RESULTS Data from the total cohort (n = 556, age 15 ± 1.7 years, 77% female, BMIp95 3.3 ± 0.94) were utilized. The best fit equation was REE = -2048 + 18.17 × (Height in cm) - 2.57 × (Weight in kg) + 7.88 × (BMIp95) + 189 × (1 = male, 0 = female), R2 = 0.466, and mean bias of 23 kcal/day. CONCLUSION This new equation provides an updated REE prediction that accounts for severe obesity and metabolic complications frequently observed in contemporary youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Rydin
- Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cameron Severn
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Laura Pyle
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nazeen Morelli
- Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ashley H Shoemaker
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stephanie T Chung
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jack A Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joan C Han
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Janine A Higgins
- Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kristen J Nadeau
- Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Ludeman Family Center for Women's Health Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Claudia Fox
- Center for Pediatric Obesity Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aaron S Kelly
- Center for Pediatric Obesity Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Melanie G Cree
- Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Ludeman Family Center for Women's Health Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Alcantara JMA, Hausen M, Itaborahy A, Freire R. Impact of Equation Choice on Resting Metabolic Rate Ratio in High-Level Men and Women Athletes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2024; 43:421-429. [PMID: 38194347 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2023.2301405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of the RMR ratio cutoff point selected on the categorization of prevalence/absence of low energy availability among predictive equations in high-level athletes (n = 241 [99 women]; 52% competed at the World Championship and Olympic Games), and whether this categorization is influenced by sex and the predictive equation used. METHODS We assessed RMR using indirect calorimetry, predicted the RMR using the equations proposed by Harris-Benedict, FAO/WHO/UNU, de Lorenzo, ten Haaf and Wejis, Wong, Jagim, Cunningham, and Freire, and computed the RMR ratio for each equation. RESULTS We observed that the cumulative percentage of RMR ratio values increased at a faster rate using Jagim, ten Haaf and Wejis, and Cunningham equations compared to the other equations. At the 0.90 value (the most used cutoff point in literature), the Jagim equation categorized ≥ 50% of the athletes into "low energy availability". No Sex × Equation × Sport interaction effect was observed (F = 0.10, p = 1.0). There was a significant main effect to Sex (F = 11.7, p < 0.001, ES = 0.05), Sport (F = 16.4, p < 0.001, ES = 0.01), and Equation (F = 64.1, p < 0.001, ES = 0.19). Wong and FAO/WHO/UNU equations yielded the largest errors (assessed vs. predicted RMR) in men and women, respectively. CONCLUSION The selected RMR ratio cutoff point influences the prevalence/absence of low energy availability characterization in high-level athletes and suggests that certain equations could bias its assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M A Alcantara
- Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Food Chain Development, Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matheus Hausen
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alex Itaborahy
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raul Freire
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Van Dessel K, Verrijken A, De Block C, Verhaegen A, Peiffer F, Van Gaal L, De Wachter C, Dirinck E. Basal metabolic rate using indirect calorimetry among individuals living with overweight or obesity: The accuracy of predictive equations for basal metabolic rate. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 59:422-435. [PMID: 38220405 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Weight reduction programs in people with overweight or obesity can be informed by indirect calorimetry (IC) which is the gold standard to measure basal metabolic rate (BMR). Since IC is labor intensive and expensive, predictive equations are often used as an alternative. In this study the accuracy rate was assessed and bias statistics of predictive equations were compared to IC among subjects with overweight or obesity. Secondly, differences in clinical features between individuals with over-, accurate or underestimation of their BMR were evaluated. METHODS This cross sectional study included 731 subjects from the outpatient obesity clinic of the Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium. Fourteen equations were evaluated. Overestimation and underestimation was defined as >10 % and <10 % of measured BMR. RESULTS In the total population, mean age was 43 ± 13 years, mean BMI 35.6 ± 5.8 kg/m2 and 79.5 % were female. The highest accuracy rates were reached by the Henry (73 %), Ravussin (73 %) and Mifflin St. Jeor (73 %) equations. In the total population, the Mifflin St. Jeor and Henry equation were unbiased. The Akern, Livingston and Ravussin equations were biased to underestimation. All other equations were biased to overestimation. Subjects with an underestimation of BMR had significantly higher waist-hip ratio (1.02 ± 0.13 vs 0.91 ± 0.11; P < 0.001), higher visceral adipose tissue (239 ± 96 vs 162 ± 93; P < 0.001), lower fat free mass (kg) (67.6 (45.4-95.9) vs 54.0 (39.6-95.5); P < 0.001) and a higher prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome (24 (77.4) vs 112 (37.5); P < 0.001). Individuals with an overestimation of BMR had significantly higher subcutaneous adipose tissue (545 ± 149 vs 612 ± 149; P < 0.05), lower fasting plasma insulin (81 (10-2019) vs 67 (27-253); P < 0.001) and lower 2-h plasma glucose (132 (30-430) vs 116 (43-193); P < 0.001) during OGTT. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the Henry and Mifflin St. Jeor equations have the highest accuracy and lowest bias to estimate the basal metabolic rate in a Caucasian, predominantly female, population living with overweight or obesity. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue and presence of metabolic syndrome were significantly different in individuals with over- or underestimation of BMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Van Dessel
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, B-2650, Edegem, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics (LEMP), Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - An Verrijken
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, B-2650, Edegem, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics (LEMP), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Christophe De Block
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, B-2650, Edegem, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics (LEMP), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ann Verhaegen
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, B-2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Frida Peiffer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, B-2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Gaal
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, B-2650, Edegem, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics (LEMP), Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Cindy De Wachter
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, B-2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Eveline Dirinck
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, B-2650, Edegem, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics (LEMP), Wilrijk, Belgium
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Aguas-Ayesa M, Yárnoz-Esquiroz P, Olazarán L, Perdomo CM, García-Goñi M, Andrada P, Escalada J, Silva C, Marcos A, Frühbeck G. Evaluation of Dietary and Alcohol Drinking Patterns in Patients with Excess Body Weight in a Spanish Cohort: Impact on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors. Nutrients 2023; 15:4824. [PMID: 38004218 PMCID: PMC10675718 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Unhealthy dietary habits and sedentarism coexist with a rising incidence of excess weight and associated comorbidities. We aimed to analyze the dietary and drinking patterns of patients with excess weight, their main characteristics, plausible gender differences and impact on cardiometabolic risk factors, with a particular focus on the potential contribution of beer consumption. Data from 200 consecutive volunteers (38 ± 12 years; 72% females) living with overweight or class I obesity attending the obesity unit to lose weight were studied. Food frequency questionnaires and 24 h recalls were used. Reduced-rank regression (RRR) analysis was applied to identify dietary patterns (DPs). Anthropometry, total and visceral fat, indirect calorimetry, physical activity level, comorbidities and circulating cardiometabolic risk factors were assessed. Study participants showed high waist circumference, adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, pro-inflammatory adipokines and low anti-inflammatory factors like adiponectin and interleukin-4. A low-fiber, high-fat, energy-dense DP was observed. BMI showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) correlation with energy density (r = 0.80) as well as percentage of energy derived from fat (r = 0.61). Excess weight was associated with a DP low in vegetables, legumes and whole grains at the same time as being high in sweets, sugar-sweetened beverages, fat spreads, and processed meats. RRR analysis identified a DP characterized by high energy density and saturated fat exhibiting negative loadings (>-0.30) for green leafy vegetables, legumes, and fruits at the same time as showing positive factor loadings (>0.30) for processed foods, fat spreads, sugar-sweetened beverages, and sweets. Interestingly, for both women and men, wine represented globally the main source of total alcohol intake (p < 0.05) as compared to beer and distillates. Beer consumption cannot be blamed as the main culprit of excess weight. Capturing the DP provides more clinically relevant and useful information. The focus on consumption of single nutrients does not resemble real-world intake behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Aguas-Ayesa
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Patricia Yárnoz-Esquiroz
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Laura Olazarán
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carolina M. Perdomo
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta García-Goñi
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Patricia Andrada
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Escalada
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Camilo Silva
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ascensión Marcos
- Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN)—CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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6
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Alcantara JMA, Jurado-Fasoli L, Dote-Montero M, Merchan-Ramirez E, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Labayen I, Ruiz JR, Sanchez-Delgado G. Impact of methods for data selection on the day-to-day reproducibility of resting metabolic rate assessed with four different metabolic carts. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:2179-2188. [PMID: 37586924 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Accomplishing a high day-to-day reproducibility is important to detect changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) that may be produced after an intervention or for monitoring patients' metabolism over time. We aimed to analyze: (i) the influence of different methods for selecting indirect calorimetry data on RMR and RER assessments; and, (ii) whether these methods influence RMR and RER day-to-day reproducibility. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-eight young adults accomplished 4 consecutive RMR assessments (30-min each), using the Q-NRG (Cosmed, Rome, Italy), the Vyntus CPX (Jaeger-CareFusion, Höchberg, Germany), the Omnical (Maastricht Instruments, Maastricht, The Netherlands), and the Ultima CardiO2 (Medgraphics Corporation, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA) carts, on 2 consecutive mornings. Three types of methods were used: (i) short (periods of 5 consecutive minutes; 6-10, 11-15, 16-20, 21-25, and 26-30 min) and long time intervals (TI) methods (6-25 and 6-30 min); (ii) steady state (SSt methods); and, (iii) methods filtering the data by thresholding from the mean RMR (filtering methods). RMR and RER were similar when using different methods (except RMR for the Vyntus and RER for the Q-NRG). Conversely, using different methods impacted RMR (all P ≤ 0.037) and/or RER (P ≤ 0.009) day-to-day reproducibility in all carts. The 6-25 min and the 6-30 min long TI methods yielded more reproducible measurements for all metabolic carts. CONCLUSION The 6-25 min and 6-30 min should be the preferred methods for selecting data, as they result in the highest day-to-day reproducibility of RMR and RER assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M A Alcantara
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Food Chain Development, Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, s/n, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - L Jurado-Fasoli
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
| | - M Dote-Montero
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
| | - E Merchan-Ramirez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
| | - F J Amaro-Gahete
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - I Labayen
- Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Food Chain Development, Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, s/n, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - J R Ruiz
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - G Sanchez-Delgado
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, 12e Avenue N Porte 6, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
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7
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Bittencourt VZ, Freire R, Alcantara JMA, Loureiro LL, de Oliveira TM, Cahuê FLC, Itaborahy A, Pierucci APTR. Effect of gas exchange data selection methods on resting metabolic rate estimation in young athletes. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291511. [PMID: 37729178 PMCID: PMC10511082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study analysed the effect of the gas exchange data selection methods on the resting metabolic rate (RMR) estimation and proposed a protocol shortening providing a suitable RMR estimation for young athletes. Sixty-six healthy young Brazilian athletes performed a 30-minute RMR assessment. Different methods of gas exchange data selection were applied: short and long-time intervals, steady-state (SSt), and filtering. A mixed one-way ANOVA was used to analyse the mean differences in gas exchange, RMR, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and coefficients of variation across all methods. Additionally, paired Student's t-test were used to compare the first and best SSt RMR values for each SSt method (3, 4, and 5-min). The 5-min SSt method provided the lowest RMR estimate (1454 kcal.day-1). There was a statistical difference between methods (F = 2.607, p = 0.04), but they presented a clinically irrelevant absolute difference (~36 kcal.day-1). There were no differences in RER among methods. In addition, using the SSt method, 12 minutes of assessment were enough to obtain a valid estimation of RMR. The 5-min SSt method should be employed for assessing the RMR among young athletes, considering the possibility of obtaining a shortened assessment (~12 min) with an acceptable and low coefficient of variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Zaban Bittencourt
- DAFEE Laboratory, Graduate Program in Nutrition, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raul Freire
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juan M. A. Alcantara
- Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Food Chain Development, Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Campus Arrosadía, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luiz Lannes Loureiro
- DAFEE Laboratory, Graduate Program in Nutrition, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Taillan Martins de Oliveira
- DAFEE Laboratory, Graduate Program in Nutrition, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio Luiz Candido Cahuê
- DAFEE Laboratory, Graduate Program in Nutrition, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alex Itaborahy
- DAFEE Laboratory, Graduate Program in Nutrition, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anna Paola Trindade Rocha Pierucci
- DAFEE Laboratory, Graduate Program in Nutrition, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Tamini S, Caroli D, Bondesan A, Abbruzzese L, Sartorio A. Measured vs estimated resting energy expenditure in children and adolescents with obesity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13178. [PMID: 37580514 PMCID: PMC10425381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric obesity requires early targeted interventions consisting mainly of a low-calorie diet prescribed based on resting energy expenditure (REE), often estimated through predictive equations. The aim of this study was to define the prevalence of "hypo-", "normo-" and "hypermetabolic" in a large cohort of children and adolescents with obesity by comparing measured and estimated REE and to evaluate the characteristics related to these metabolic statuses in both males and females. The study population was divided into the three subgroups by comparing REE measured using indirect calorimetry and estimated using the Molnar equation, and subsequently analyzed. The majority of the participants (60.6%) were normometabolic, 25.5% hypermetabolic and 13.9% hypometabolic. No significant differences in age, Tanner stage, systolic blood pressure, or the presence of metabolic syndrome were found. However, the hypermetabolic subgroup was significantly lighter, shorter, with lower hip and waist circumferences, had a greater amount of fat-free mass and lower fat mass, significantly lower diastolic blood pressure, and a significantly higher frequency of non-alcoholic liver steatosis. Pediatric obesity is more associated with normal or increased REE than with a hypometabolic condition, suggesting that estimation of energy expenditure with predictive equations is still inadequate for prescribing the appropriate diet plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Tamini
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, Piancavallo-Verbania, Italy.
| | - Diana Caroli
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, Piancavallo-Verbania, Italy
| | - Adele Bondesan
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, Piancavallo-Verbania, Italy
| | - Laura Abbruzzese
- Division of Rehabilitative Medicine, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Piancavallo-Verbania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sartorio
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, Piancavallo-Verbania, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, Milan, Italy
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Plaza-Florido A, Alcantara JMA. Resting Metabolic Rate of Individuals. Metabolites 2023; 13:926. [PMID: 37623870 PMCID: PMC10456516 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13080926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The resting metabolic rate (RMR) represents the energy required to sustain normal body functions and homeostasis in an awake individual under ambient thermoneutral conditions and during rest [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Plaza-Florido
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA;
| | - Juan M. A. Alcantara
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Food Chain Development, Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Wirnitzer KC, Motevalli M, Tanous DR, Wirnitzer G, Wagner KH, Schätzer M, Drenowatz C, Cocca A, Ruedl G, Kirschner W. A glimpse of academic staff health behavior on diet type and physical activity at Austrian universities: first findings from the "Sustainably Healthy - From Science 2 Highschool & University" study. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1194602. [PMID: 37483946 PMCID: PMC10359429 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1194602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The association between lifestyle and health status highlights the importance of assessing health-related behavior in different populations. This multidisciplinary study aimed to examine the health behavior of academic staff of Austrian colleges and universities, with a specific focus on diet types (vegan, vegetarian, omnivorous) and physical activity (PA) reports. Methods Following a cross-sectional study design incorporating an online survey, a sample of 1,041 academics from 52 institutes (mean age: 46.4 years) provided data on sociodemographic characteristics, dietary patterns, PA behavior, and other lifestyle behaviors (smoking, alcohol intake, etc.). Results The prevalence of vegetarian and vegan diets was 13.2 and 2.0%, respectively, and 33.2% of participants had excess body weight (BMI ≥ 25). The majority of participants (88.5%) reported regularly engaging in leisure-time PA, but 18.6% were active members of sports clubs. No difference between females and males was observed in diet type and the type of sport participation (p > 0.05). Participants with a mixed diet had a higher BMI than vegetarians and vegans (p < 0.05). Leisure-time PA participation was associated with more frequent fruit and vegetable intake (p < 0.05). The prevalence of smoking and alcohol intake was 13.1 and 73.5%, respectively, without any difference between dietary or sports participation subgroups (p > 0.05). Conclusion The present study provides an overview of the social trends in vegan and vegetarian diets linked to health behaviors in tertiary educational settings. Findings can be used by health scientists, decision-makers, and multipliers in health and education to improve public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina C. Wirnitzer
- Department of Research and Development in Teacher Education, University College of Teacher Education Tyrol, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Research Center Medical Humanities, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mohamad Motevalli
- Department of Research and Development in Teacher Education, University College of Teacher Education Tyrol, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Derrick R. Tanous
- Department of Research and Development in Teacher Education, University College of Teacher Education Tyrol, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Karl-Heinz Wagner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Schätzer
- Special Institute for Preventive Cardiology and Nutrition – SIPCAN, Elsbethen, Austria
| | - Clemens Drenowatz
- Division of Sport, Physical Activity and Health, University of Teacher Education Upper Austria, Linz, Austria
| | - Armando Cocca
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerhard Ruedl
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Werner Kirschner
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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11
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Rosseel Z, Cortoos PJ, De Waele E. Energy Guidance Using Indirect Calorimetry for Intestinal Failure Patients with Home Parenteral Nutrition: The Right Bag Right at the Start. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061464. [PMID: 36986194 PMCID: PMC10051893 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal failure is defined as the inability to absorb the minimum of macro and micronutrients, minerals and vitamins due to a reduction in gut function. In a subpopulation of patients with a dysfunctional gastrointestinal system, treatment with total or supplemental parenteral nutrition is required. The golden standard for the determination of energy expenditure is indirect calorimetry. This method enables an individualized nutritional treatment based on measurements instead of equations or body weight calculations. The possible use and advantages of this technology in a home PN setting need critical evaluation. For this narrative review, a bibliographic search is performed in PubMed and Web of Science using the following terms: 'indirect calorimetry', 'home parenteral nutrition', 'intestinal failure', 'parenteral nutrition', 'resting energy expenditure', 'energy expenditure' and 'science implementation'. The use of IC is widely embedded in the hospital setting but more research is necessary to investigate the role of IC in a home setting and especially in IF patients. It is important that scientific output is generated in order to improve patients' outcome and develop nutritional care paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenzi Rosseel
- Department of Pharmacy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pieter-Jan Cortoos
- Department of Pharmacy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth De Waele
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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12
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Piaggi P, Rodzevik TL, Wohlers E, Ruud K, Moon J, Krakoff J, Chang DC. Closed-loop control of air supply to whole-room indirect calorimeters to improve accuracy and standardize measurements during 24-hour dynamic metabolic studies. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:780-788. [PMID: 36788466 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to test proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control of air inflow rate in a whole-room indirect calorimeter to improve accuracy in measuring oxygen (O2 ) consumption ( V ̇ O 2 ) and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) production ( V ̇ CO 2 ). METHODS A precision gas blender infused nitrogen (N2 ) and CO2 into the calorimeter over 24 hours based on static and dynamic infusion profiles mimicking V ̇ O 2 and V ̇ CO 2 patterns during resting and non-resting conditions. Constant (60 L/min) versus time-variant flow set by a PID controller based on the CO2 concentration was compared based on errors between measured versus expected values for V ̇ O 2 , V ̇ CO 2 , respiratory exchange ratio, and metabolic rate. RESULTS Compared with constant inflow, the PID controller allowed both a faster rise time and long-term maintenance of a stable CO2 concentration inside the calorimeter, resulting in more accurate V ̇ CO 2 estimates (mean hourly error, PID: -0.9%, 60 L/min = -2.3%, p < 0.05) during static infusions. During dynamic infusions mimicking exercise sessions, the PID controller achieved smaller errors for V ̇ CO 2 (mean: -0.6% vs. -2.7%, p = 0.02) and respiratory exchange ratio (mean: 0.5% vs. -3.1%, p = 0.02) compared with constant inflow conditions, with similar V ̇ O 2 (p = 0.97) and metabolic rate (p = 0.76) errors. CONCLUSIONS PID control in a whole-room indirect calorimeter system leads to more accurate measurements of substrate oxidation during dynamic metabolic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Theresa L Rodzevik
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | | | - Jon Moon
- MEI Research, Ltd., Edina, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Douglas C Chang
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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13
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Reproducibility of the energy metabolism response to an oral glucose tolerance test: influence of a postcalorimetric correction procedure. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:351-361. [PMID: 36006468 PMCID: PMC9899729 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02986-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metabolic flexibility (MetF), which is a surrogate of metabolic health, can be assessed by the change in the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in response to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). We aimed to determine the day-to-day reproducibility of the energy expenditure (EE) and RER response to an OGTT, and whether a simulation-based postcalorimetric correction of metabolic cart readouts improves day-to-day reproducibility. METHODS The EE was assessed (12 young adults, 6 women, 27 ± 2 years old) using an Omnical metabolic cart (Maastricht Instruments, Maastricht, The Netherlands) after an overnight fast (12 h) and after a 75-g oral glucose dose on 2 separate days (48 h). On both days, we assessed EE in 7 periods (one 30-min baseline and six 15-min postprandial). The ICcE was performed immediately after each recording period, and capillary glucose concentration (using a digital glucometer) was determined. RESULTS We observed a high day-to-day reproducibility for the assessed RER (coefficients of variation [CV] < 4%) and EE (CVs < 9%) in the 7 different periods. In contrast, the RER and EE areas under the curve showed a low day-to-day reproducibility (CV = 22% and 56%, respectively). Contrary to our expectations, the postcalorimetric correction procedure did not influence the day-to-day reproducibility of the energy metabolism response, possibly because the Omnical's accuracy was ~ 100%. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that the energy metabolism response to an OGTT is poorly reproducible (CVs > 20%) even using a very accurate metabolic cart. Furthermore, the postcalorimetric correction procedure did not influence the day-to-day reproducibility. Trial registration NCT04320433; March 25, 2020.
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14
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Nagy D, Trunic N, Prémusz V, Krutek L, Lipcsik Z, Ács P. Comparison of Metabolic Characteristics of Physically Active Individuals with Different Training Habits during Incremental Treadmill Test. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:70. [PMID: 36612397 PMCID: PMC9819085 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The number of people engaging in self-conducted regular physical activity is increasing, but the effects of home fitness and individually planned workouts on health and metabolism are unknown. We aimed to examine the effects of regular training conducted without the supervision of professionals on exercise metabolism in our cross-sectional observational study. Forty-five physically active volunteers, classified into three groups, based on the type and frequency of their training (group 1 frequent long-term endurance, group 2 three times per week aerobic training, and group 3 two times per week short aerobic and resistance training), fulfilled a vita maxima incremental treadmill test. Aerobic capacity (VO2max), MET (metabolic equivalent of task), and metabolic responses were examined. The results were evaluated by ANOVA and Bonferroni and Scheffe multiple comparison analysis using Microsoft Excel and SPSS 23 programs. (p < 0.05). Significant differences were found between group 1 and 3 in VO2max (p = 0.46) and MET (p = 0.46) between group 1 and 2, in FatmaxHR (heart rate on maximum fat oxidation) (p= 0.04). We concluded self-conducted regular physical activity has positive effects on metabolism and health. Aerobic training performed four times per week showed the most beneficial effects on metabolism and health maintenance. In addition, based on our findings, strength training performed two times per week is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Nagy
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Physical Activity Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nenad Trunic
- Faculty of Physical Culture and Management in Sports, University Singidunum, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Viktória Prémusz
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Physical Activity Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Krutek
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Pongrác Ács
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Physical Activity Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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15
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Bucknor MC, Gururajan A, Dale RC, Hofer MJ. A comprehensive approach to modeling maternal immune activation in rodents. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1071976. [PMID: 36590294 PMCID: PMC9800799 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1071976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal brain development is a highly orchestrated process, making it a very vulnerable window to perturbations. Maternal stress and subsequent inflammation during pregnancy leads to a state referred to as, maternal immune activation (MIA). If persistent, MIA can pose as a significant risk factor for the manifestation of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. To further elucidate this association between MIA and NDD risk, rodent models have been used extensively across laboratories for many years. However, there are few uniform approaches for rodent MIA models which make not only comparisons between studies difficult, but some established approaches come with limitations that can affect experimental outcomes. Here, we provide researchers with a comprehensive review of common experimental variables and potential limitations that should be considered when designing an MIA study based in a rodent model. Experimental variables discussed include: innate immune stimulation using poly I:C and LPS, environmental gestational stress paradigms, rodent diet composition and sterilization, rodent strain, neonatal handling, and the inclusion of sex-specific MIA offspring analyses. We discuss how some aspects of these variables have potential to make a profound impact on MIA data interpretation and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan C. Bucknor
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anand Gururajan
- The Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Russell C. Dale
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Markus J. Hofer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,*Correspondence: Markus J. Hofer,
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Associations between Intra-Assessment Resting Metabolic Rate Variability and Health-Related Factors. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121218. [PMID: 36557256 PMCID: PMC9781460 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the variation in resting metabolic rate (RMR) might be associated with health-related factors, as suggested by previous studies. This study explored whether the intra-assessment RMR variability (expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV; %)) is similar in men and women and if it is similarly associated with diverse health-related factors. The RMR of 107 young, and relatively healthy adults, was assessed using indirect calorimetry. Then, the CV for volumes of oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and resting energy expenditure (REE) were computed as indicators of intra-assessment RMR variability. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness (peak VO2 uptake), circulating cardiometabolic risk factors, and heart rate and its variability (HR and HRV) were assessed. Men presented higher CVs for VO2, VCO2, and REE (all p ≤ 0.001) compared to women. Furthermore, in men, the intra-assessment RER variability was associated with vagal-related HRV parameters and with mean HR (standardized β = −0.36, −0.38, and 0.41, respectively; all p < 0.04). In contrast, no associations were observed in women. In conclusion, men exhibited higher variability (CVs for VO2, VCO2, and REE) compared to women. The CV for RER could be a potential marker of cardiometabolic risk in young men.
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Pretorius A, Piderit M, Becker P, Wenhold F. Resting energy expenditure of a diverse group of South African men and women. J Hum Nutr Diet 2022; 35:1164-1177. [PMID: 35475561 PMCID: PMC9790416 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In South Africa, overweight/obesity is a public health concern, disproportionally affecting Black females. A contributory role of a lower resting energy expenditure (REE) is suggested for African Americans. The present study assessed the REE of Black and White South African adults aiming to better understand the underlying predictors to overweight/obesity and transform this into locally appropriate recommendations. METHODS In 328 (63% female; 39% Black) healthy South African adults, REE was measured with indirect calorimetry and body composition with multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. The REE was estimated with 30 sets of published equations. Black-White differences in REE, as measured and adjusted (analysis of covariance), were determined with quantile regression. Reliability/agreement of estimated (against measured) REE was determined with intra-class correlations (ICCs) and Bland-Altman analysis. A new equation was developed by median regression followed by preliminary validation. RESULTS Measured REE (adjusted for age along with fat-free mass [FFM], FFM index, FFM plus fat mass, FFM index plus fat mass index) in White subjects was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than in Black subjects for men and women alike, regardless of obesity class. None of the sets of estimation equations had good agreement with measured REE for Black, White, male and female subjects simultaneously. A new estimation equation, based on whole-body variables, had good reliability (ICC = 0.79) and agreement (mean difference: 27 kJ) and presents practical opportunities for groups at the local grass-roots level. CONCLUSIONS The REE in Black South African adults is lower than in White adults. Tailored REE equations may improve REE estimation of racially/ethnically diverse South African groups and contribute to improved obesity management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Pretorius
- Department Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Monique Piderit
- Department Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Piet Becker
- Research Office, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Friede Wenhold
- Department Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
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Telomere Length Is Correlated with Resting Metabolic Rate and Aerobic Capacity in Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113336. [PMID: 36362129 PMCID: PMC9654753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the associations between relative telomere length (RTL) and resting metabolic rate (RMR), resting fat oxidation (RFO), and aerobic capacity and whether oxidative stress and inflammation are the underlying mechanisms in sedentary women. We also aimed to determine whether the correlations depend on age and obesity. Sixty-eight normal weight and 66 obese women participated in this study. After adjustment for age, energy expenditure, energy intake, and education level, the RTL of all participants was negatively correlated with absolute RMR (RMRAB) and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentration, and positively correlated with maximum oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) (all p < 0.05). After additional adjustment for adiposity indices and fat-free mass (FFM), RTL was positively correlated with plasma vitamin C concentration (p < 0.05). Furthermore, after adjustment for fasting blood glucose concentration, RTL was negatively correlated with age and positively correlated with V˙O2max (mL/kg FFM/min). We found that normal weight women had longer RTL than obese women (p < 0.001). We suggest that RTL is negatively correlated with RMRAB and positively correlated with aerobic capacity, possibly via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Furthermore, age and obesity influenced the associations. We provide useful information for the management of promotion strategies for health-related physical fitness in women.
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Bahrampour N, Shiraseb F, Noori S, Clark CCT, Mirzaei K. Is there any putative mediatory role of inflammatory markers on the association between ultra-processed foods and resting metabolic rate? Front Nutr 2022; 9:932225. [PMID: 36313082 PMCID: PMC9606709 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.932225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The resting metabolic rate (RMR) represents the largest component of total daily energy expenditure. The sale of ultra-processed foods (UPF) is increasing globally; however, UPF can have many adverse effects, including increasing inflammatory markers and altering RMRs. This cross-sectional study included 285 healthy overweight and obese women. Anthropometric measurements were evaluated using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer InBody 770 scanner. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), plasminogen activator-1 (PAI-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) blood levels were measured after a 12-h fasting. Indirect calorimetry was used to evaluate the RMR by using the Weir equation, and RMR deviation (RMR estimated - RMR actual), RMR per body mass index (BMI), and free fat mass (FFM) were estimated. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used, and seven groups of UPFs were extracted based on the NOVA method. A negative association between the RMR [β = -0.159, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.471, -0.052, P = 0.044], RMR per BMI (β = -0.014, 95% CI: -0.025, -0.006, P = 0.036), and RMR per FFM (β = -0.241, 95% CI: -0.006, -0.000, P = 0.041) using the NOVA score was observed after adjusting for confounders. This association disappeared after inclusion of each inflammatory marker. All the markers may inversely mediate the relationship between the mentioned variables and the NOVA score. hs-CRP and MCP-1 also had a negative effect on the relationship between the NOVA score and RMR deviation. Finally, UPF intake is likely related with the RMR, mediated through changes in the production of hs-CRP, PAI-1, MCP-1, and IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Bahrampour
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (SRBIAU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Shiraseb
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Noori
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (SRBIAU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Cain C. T. Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Khadijeh Mirzaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran,*Correspondence: Khadijeh Mirzaei, ;
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Fernández-Verdejo R, Galgani JE. Predictive equations for energy expenditure in adult humans: From resting to free-living conditions. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:1537-1548. [PMID: 35854398 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Humans acquire energy from the environment for survival. A central question for nutritional sciences is how much energy is required to sustain cellular work while maintaining an adequate body mass. Because human energy balance is not exempt from thermodynamic principles, the energy requirement can be approached from the energy expenditure. Conceptual and technological advances have allowed understanding of the physiological determinants of energy expenditure. Body mass, sex, and age are the main factors determining energy expenditure. These factors constitute the basis for predictive equations for resting (REE) and total (TEE) energy expenditure in healthy adults. These equations yield predictions that differ up to ~400 kcal/d for REE and ~550 kcal/d for TEE. Identifying additional factors accounting for such variability and the most valid equations appears relevant. This review used novel approaches based on mathematical modeling of REE and analyses of the data from which REE predictive equations were generated. As for TEE, R2 and SE were considered because only a few predictive equations are available. From these analyses, Oxford's and Plucker's equations appear valid for predicting REE and TEE in adults, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Fernández-Verdejo
- Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Fisiología del Ejercicio y Metabolismo (LABFEM), Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - José E Galgani
- Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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21
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Freire R, Pereira GR, Alcantara JMA, Santos R, Hausen M, Itaborahy A. New Predictive Resting Metabolic Rate Equations for High-Level Athletes: A Cross-Validation Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1335-1345. [PMID: 35389940 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aims a) to assess the agreement between the measured resting metabolic rate (RMR) using indirect calorimetry and different predictive equations (predicted RMR), and b) to propose and cross-validate two new predictive equations for estimating the RMR in high-level athletes. METHODS The RMR of 102 athletes (44 women) was assessed using indirect calorimetry, whereas the body composition was assessed using skinfolds. Comparisons between measured and predicted RMR values were performed using one-way ANOVA. Mean difference, root mean square error (RMSE), simple linear regression, and Bland-Altman plots were used to evaluate the agreement between measured and predicted RMR. The accuracy of predictive equations was analyzed using narrower and wider accuracy limits (±5% and ±10%, respectively) of measured RMR. Multiple linear regression models were employed to develop the new predictive equations based on traditional predictors (equation 1) and the stepwise method (equation 2). RESULTS The new equations 1 and 2 presented good agreement based on the mean difference (3 and -15 kcal·d -1 ), RMSE (200 and 192 kcal·d -1 ), and R2 (0.71 and 0.74), respectively, and accuracy (61% of subjects between the limit of ±10% of measured RMR). Cunningham's equation provided the best performance for males and females among the existing equations, whereas Jagim's equation showed the worst performance for males (mean difference = -335 kcal·d -1 ; RMSE = 386 kcal·d -1 ). Compared with measured RMR, most predictive equations showed heteroscedastic distribution (linear regression's intercept and slope significantly different from zero; P ≤ 0.05), mainly in males. CONCLUSIONS The new proposed equations can estimate the RMR in high-level athletes accurately. Cunningham's equation is a good option from existing equations, and Jagim's equation should not be used in high-level male athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Freire
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL
| | - Glauber R Pereira
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL
| | - Juan M A Alcantara
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, SPAIN
| | - Ruan Santos
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL
| | - Matheus Hausen
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL
| | - Alex Itaborahy
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL
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22
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Ostrowska L, Smarkusz-Zarzecka J, Muszyńska A, Adamska-Patruno E, Górska M, Krętowski A. High-Fat or High-Carbohydrate Meal-Does It Affect the Metabolism of Men with Excess Body Weight? Nutrients 2022; 14:2876. [PMID: 35889836 PMCID: PMC9323987 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive adipose tissue in the body may lead to adverse health effects, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a standardized high-fat meal (HF) on changes in energy expenditure and changes in the oxidation of energy substrates as well as the concentration of glucose, insulin, triglycerides and homocysteine in blood serum in relation to a standardized high-carbohydrate (non-fat, HC) meal in men with different nutritional status. In this study, 26 men (aged 19-60) without carbohydrate disorders (study group GS = 13 overweight/obese; control group GC = 13 normal body weight) were examined. It was observed that following a high-fat or high-carbohydrate meal, men with excessive body weight metabolized the main nutrients differently than men with normal body weight, and postprandial insulin secretion was also different (even without any significant differences in glucose concentrations). Overweight/obesity, which is in itself a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, contributes to an increase in the concentration of other risk factors, such as the concentration of homocysteine and triglycerides, which is referred to as cardiometabolic risk. Consumption of a high-fat meal increased the number of potential risk factors for cardiovascular disease (homocysteine and triglycerides) compared to a high-carbohydrate meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Ostrowska
- Department of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mieszka I 4B, 15-054 Bialystok, Poland; (L.O.); (A.M.)
| | - Joanna Smarkusz-Zarzecka
- Department of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mieszka I 4B, 15-054 Bialystok, Poland; (L.O.); (A.M.)
| | - Anna Muszyńska
- Department of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mieszka I 4B, 15-054 Bialystok, Poland; (L.O.); (A.M.)
| | - Edyta Adamska-Patruno
- Clinical Research Support Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Maria Górska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (M.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Adam Krętowski
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (M.G.); (A.K.)
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23
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Booker JM, Chang DC, Stinson EJ, Mitchell CM, Votruba SB, Krakoff J, Gluck ME, Cabeza de Baca T. Food insecurity is associated with higher respiratory quotient and lower glucagon-like peptide 1. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:1248-1256. [PMID: 35674698 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Food insecurity is known to be associated with obesity, but its association with physiological measures is unclear. Therefore, it was hypothesized that, compared with food-secure individuals, those with food insecurity would have higher 24-hour energy expenditure (EE [kilocalories per day]) and 24-hour respiratory quotient (RQ [ratio]). Subsequently, hormones involved in appetite regulation, substrate oxidation, and EE were explored. METHODS A total of 113 healthy participants without diabetes (75 men; mean [SD], age 40 [12] years; BMI 30 [8] kg/m2 ) were included in this analysis. Participants completed the Food Security Short Form, underwent a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan, and spent 24 hours in a human respiratory chamber following a weight-maintaining diet. RESULTS Compared with individuals with food security, participants with food insecurity had no difference in 24-hour EE. However, they had higher carbohydrate oxidation rates (p = 0.03) and lower lipid oxidation rates (p = 0.02), resulting in higher 24-hour RQ (p < 0.01). They also had lower fasting glucagon-like peptide 1 (p = 0.03) concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Food insecurity is associated with higher 24-hour RQ and lower fasting glucagon-like peptide 1 concentrations, metabolic and hormonal differences previously shown to drive greater calorie intake in the setting of unrestricted food availability. These findings therefore provide new insight into the paradoxical link between restricted food access and increased adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jetaun M Booker
- Department of Health and Human Services, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Douglas C Chang
- Department of Health and Human Services, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Emma J Stinson
- Department of Health and Human Services, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Cassie M Mitchell
- Department of Health and Human Services, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Susanne B Votruba
- Department of Health and Human Services, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Department of Health and Human Services, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Marci E Gluck
- Department of Health and Human Services, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Tomás Cabeza de Baca
- Department of Health and Human Services, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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24
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Brouns F, Shewry PR. Do gluten peptides stimulate weight gain in humans? NUTR BULL 2022; 47:186-198. [PMID: 35915782 PMCID: PMC9328276 DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Observations from animal and in vitro laboratory research, and anecdotal evidence, have led to the suggestion that gluten consumption stimulates weight gain by the presence of peptides expressing opioid activity. Another proposed mechanism is that gluten peptides decrease resting energy expenditure resulting in a positive energy balance. In order to induce such effects in vivo, intact food peptides must be absorbed in sufficient quantities, remain intact in the blood for sufficient time to have long‐lasting biological activity and bind to receptors involved in appetite, satiety and energy regulation. However, although peptides from food may pass from the intestine into the blood in extremely low quantities, they are generally rapidly degraded by plasma and vasculum‐bound aminopeptidases, resulting in very short half‐lives and loss of bioactivity. At present, gluten peptide sequences that influence regulators of energy metabolism have not been identified. Furthermore, data on the quantitative absorption of gluten peptides in the blood stream, their stability and lasting bioactivity are also lacking. Therefore, there is no evidence for proposed effects on driving appetite by the brain, nor on energy expenditure and weight gain. Furthermore, the level of overweight observed in various countries appears to be independent of the level of wheat consumption, and abundant observational evidence in humans shows that the levels of gluten consumption are neither related to daily calorie intake nor to BMI. This narrative review therefore discusses the proposed effects of gluten on bodyweight (BW) and putative biological mechanisms in the light of the current evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Brouns
- School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
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25
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Basolo A, Magno S, Santini F, Ceccarini G. Ketogenic Diet and Weight Loss: Is There an Effect on Energy Expenditure? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091814. [PMID: 35565778 PMCID: PMC9105638 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A dysregulation between energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE), the two components of the energy balance equation, is one of the mechanisms responsible for the development of obesity. Conservation of energy equilibrium is deemed a dynamic process and alterations of one component (energy intake or energy expenditure) lead to biological and/or behavioral compensatory changes in the counterpart. The interplay between energy demand and caloric intake appears designed to guarantee an adequate fuel supply in variable life contexts. In the past decades, researchers focused their attention on finding efficient strategies to fight the obesity pandemic. The ketogenic or “keto” diet (KD) gained substantial consideration as a potential weight-loss strategy, whereby the concentration of blood ketones (acetoacetate, 3-β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone) increases as a result of increased fatty acid breakdown and the activity of ketogenic enzymes. It has been hypothesized that during the first phase of KDs when glucose utilization is still prevalent, an increase in EE may occur, due to increased hepatic oxygen consumption for gluconeogenesis and for triglyceride-fatty acid recycling. Later, a decrease in 24-h EE may ensue due to the slowing of gluconeogenesis and increase in fatty acid oxidation, with a reduction of the respiratory quotient and possibly the direct action of additional hormonal signals.
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26
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Averyanova I, Vdovenko S. Gas exchange readjustments in response to hypoxia and hypercapnia exposure in Magadan region military service draftees. CARDIOMETRY 2022. [DOI: 10.18137/cardiometry.2022.21.5559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study identified gas exchange and external respiration characteristics during hypoxia and hypercapnia exposure in young men of the Magadan Region. Materials and methods. A comprehensive survey in young men of military age, 18-21 yr., permanent residents of the Russia’s Northeast, was conducted. A hypoxic-&-hypercapnic respiration test with no CO2 absorption was used. Before and after respiration, using indirect calorimetry method, we analyzed gas composition in exhaled air, external respiration variables, body energy expenditure at rest, respiratory quotient, ventilation equivalents for oxygen and carbon dioxide (Carbonic gas analyzer, Medgraphics VO2000 gas meter). Statistical data processing was performed with Statistica 7.0 package. Results. Significant post-respiratory dynamics in most indicators of gas exchange and external respiration was found. In response to hypoxia and hypercapnia effects, an increase in the energy consumption at rest, in minute volume of body temperature and pressure saturation, in carbon dioxide emission and oxygen consumption per minute was observed with significantly decreased oxygen utilization factor. Conclusion. Effects of hypoxic-&-hypercapnic test can be seen as pronounced readjustments in analyzed variables: intensed metabolism at the test peak and that reduced below baseline in the recovery period. In this case, breathing patterns are readjusted with pronounced increase in pulmonary ventilation and higher values in breathing depth in comparison with the baseline value at each stage of the recovery period, up to its 3rd minute.
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27
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Validity of four commercially available metabolic carts for assessing resting metabolic rate and respiratory exchange ratio in non-ventilated humans. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:746-754. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Solverson P, Albaugh GP, Harrison DJ, Luthria DL, Baer DJ, Novotny JA. High‐dose administration of purified cyanidin‐3‐glucose or a blackberry extract causes improved mitochondrial function but reduced content in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. FOOD FRONTIERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Solverson
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine Washington State University Spokane Washington USA
| | - George P. Albaugh
- USDA ARS Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center Beltsville Maryland USA
| | - Dawn J. Harrison
- USDA ARS Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center Beltsville Maryland USA
| | - Dave L. Luthria
- USDA ARS Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center Beltsville Maryland USA
| | - David J. Baer
- USDA ARS Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center Beltsville Maryland USA
| | - Janet A. Novotny
- USDA ARS Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center Beltsville Maryland USA
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29
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Abawi O, Koster EC, Welling MS, Boeters SC, van Rossum EFC, van Haelst MM, van der Voorn B, de Groot CJ, van den Akker ELT. Resting Energy Expenditure and Body Composition in Children and Adolescents With Genetic, Hypothalamic, Medication-Induced or Multifactorial Severe Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:862817. [PMID: 35898454 PMCID: PMC9309560 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.862817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric obesity is a multifactorial disease which can be caused by underlying medical disorders arising from disruptions in the hypothalamic leptin-melanocortin pathway, which regulates satiety and energy expenditure. AIM To investigate and compare resting energy expenditure (REE) and body composition characteristics of children and adolescents with severe obesity with or without underlying medical causes. METHODS This prospective observational study included pediatric patients who underwent an extensive diagnostic workup in our academic centre that evaluated endocrine, non-syndromic and syndromic genetic, hypothalamic, and medication-induced causes of obesity. REE was assessed by indirect calorimetry; body composition by air displacement plethysmography. The ratio between measured REE (mREE) and predicted REE (Schofield equations), REE%, was calculated, with decreased mREE defined as REE% ≤90% and elevated mREE ≥110%. Additionally, the influence of fat-free-mass (FFM) on mREE was evaluated using multiple linear regression. RESULTS We included 292 patients (146 [50%] with body composition measurements), of which 218 (75%) patients had multifactorial obesity and 74 (25%) an underlying medical cause: non-syndromic and syndromic genetic (n= 29 and 28, respectively), hypothalamic (n= 10), and medication-induced (n= 7) obesity. Mean age was 10.8 ± 4.3 years, 59% were female, mean BMI SDS was 3.8 ± 1.1, indicating severe obesity. Mean REE% was higher in children with non-syndromic genetic obesity (107.4% ± 12.7) and lower in children with hypothalamic obesity (87.6% ± 14.2) compared to multifactorial obesity (100.5% ± 12.6, both p<0.01). In 9 children with pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a, mean REE% was similar (100.4 ± 5.1). Across all patients, mREE was decreased in 60 (21%) patients and elevated in 69 (24%) patients. After adjustment for FFM, mREE did not differ between patients within each of the subgroups of underlying medical causes compared to multifactorial obesity (all p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of children with severe obesity due to various etiologies, large inter-individual differences in mREE were found. Consistent with previous studies, almost half of patients had decreased or elevated mREE. This knowledge is important for patient-tailored treatment, e.g. personalized dietary and physical activity interventions and consideration of pharmacotherapy affecting central energy expenditure regulation in children with decreased mREE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozair Abawi
- Dept. of Pediatrics, div. of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Emma C. Koster
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Dept. of Dietetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mila S. Welling
- Dept. of Pediatrics, div. of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, div. of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sanne C.M. Boeters
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Dept. of Dietetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth F. C. van Rossum
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, div. of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mieke M. van Haelst
- Dept. of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam & Location VUmc, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bibian van der Voorn
- Dept. of Pediatrics, div. of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, div. of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J. de Groot
- Dept. of Pediatrics, div. of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Erica L. T. van den Akker
- Dept. of Pediatrics, div. of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Erica L. T. van den Akker,
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30
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Feng H, Pan H, Yao W, Mei C. Analysis of Resting Energy Consumption and Its Influencing Factors in Stroke Patients with Severe Neurological Diseases: A Retrospective Clinical Study. Neuroimmunomodulation 2022; 29:460-467. [PMID: 35613544 DOI: 10.1159/000524719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to observe the changes of resting energy metabolism in patients with severe neurological diseases, and to explore the effects of tracheostomy status, stroke severity, and complications on resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory quotient (RQ). METHODS A retrospective study was conducted in 105 patients with neurological rehabilitation who were hospitalized in the Rehabilitation Department of the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from August 2018 to October 2021. REE was measured by Italian Cosmed k4b2 indirectly, and white blood cell count and C-reactive protein (CRP) were collected. RESULTS Among the 105 patients, there were 18 cases of mild stroke, 45 cases of moderate stroke, and 42 cases of severe stroke. The difference between predicted REE and actual REE among different degrees of stroke patients was statistically significant (p < 0.05); there was no significant difference in RQ values among different degrees of stroke patients (p > 0.05). Hemoglobin, albumin, and body mass index were significantly and positively correlated with predicted REE and actual REE, while CRP was significantly negatively correlated with predicted REE and actual REE. There was no significant difference in predicted REE, actual REE, and RQ between renal insufficiency, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p > 0.05). The CRP level could affect the REE of stroke patients. CONCLUSION Metabolic vehicle assay has a certain clinical value in accurately evaluating the metabolic needs and feeding level of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huaping Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengyao Mei
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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31
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Robles-González L, Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Aguilar-Navarro M, Ruiz-Moreno C, Muñoz A, Del-Coso J, R. Ruiz J, Amaro-Gahete FJ. Inter-Day Reliability of Resting Metabolic Rate and Maximal Fat Oxidation during Exercise in Healthy Men Using the Ergostik Gas Analyzer. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124308. [PMID: 34959860 PMCID: PMC8708346 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The attainment of high inter-day reliability is crucial to determine changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), maximal fat oxidation during exercise (MFO) and the intensity that elicits MFO (Fatmax) after an intervention. This study aimed to analyze the inter-day reliability of RMR, RER, MFO and Fatmax in healthy adults using the Ergostik gas analyzer. Fourteen healthy men (age: 24.4 ± 5.0 years, maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max): 47.5 ± 11.9 mL/kg/min) participated in a repeated-measures study. The study consisted of two identical experimental trials (Day 1 and Day 2) in which the participants underwent an indirect calorimetry assessment at resting and during an incremental exercise test. Stoichiometric equations were used to calculate energy expenditure and substrate oxidation rates. There were no significant differences when comparing RMR (1999.3 ± 273.9 vs. 1955.7 ± 362.6 kcal/day, p = 0.389), RER (0.87 ± 0.05 vs. 0.89 ± 0.05, p = 0.143), MFO (0.32 ± 0.20 vs. 0.31 ± 0.20 g/min, p = 0.776) and Fatmax (45.0 ± 8.6 vs. 46.4 ± 8.4% VO2max, p = 0.435) values in Day 1 vs. Day 2. The inter-day coefficient of variation for RMR, RER, MFO and Fatmax were 4.85 ± 5.48%, 3.22 ± 3.14%, 7.78 ± 5.51%, and 6.51 ± 8.04%, respectively. In summary, the current results show a good inter-day reliability when RMR, RER, MFO and Fatmax are determined in healthy men using the Ergostik gas analyzer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Robles-González
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain;
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, School of Sports Science, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain;
| | - Jorge Gutiérrez-Hellín
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (J.G.-H.); (M.A.-N.); (A.M.)
| | - Millán Aguilar-Navarro
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (J.G.-H.); (M.A.-N.); (A.M.)
| | - Carlos Ruiz-Moreno
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain;
| | - Alejandro Muñoz
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (J.G.-H.); (M.A.-N.); (A.M.)
| | - Juan Del-Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain;
| | - Jonatan R. Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, School of Sports Science, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain;
| | - Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain;
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, School of Sports Science, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Energy Balance and Control of Body Weight: Possible Effects of Meal Timing and Circadian Rhythm Dysregulation. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093276. [PMID: 34579152 PMCID: PMC8470941 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conservation of the energy equilibrium can be considered a dynamic process and variations of one component (energy intake or energy expenditure) cause biological and/or behavioral compensatory changes in the other part of the system. The interplay between energy demand and caloric intake appears designed to guarantee an adequate food supply in variable life contexts. The circadian rhythm plays a major role in systemic homeostasis by acting as “timekeeper” of the human body, under the control of central and peripheral clocks that regulate many physiological functions such as sleep, hunger and body temperature. Clock-associated biological processes anticipate the daily demands imposed by the environment, being synchronized under ideal physiologic conditions. Factors that interfere with the expected demand, including daily distribution of macronutrients, physical activity and light exposure, may disrupt the physiologic harmony between predicted and actual behavior. Such a desynchronization may favor the development of a wide range of disease-related processes, including obesity and its comorbidities. Evidence has been provided that the main components of 24-h EE may be affected by disruption of the circadian rhythm. The sleep pattern, meal timing and meal composition could mediate these effects. An increased understanding of the crosstalk between disruption of the circadian rhythm and energy balance may shed light on the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying weight gain, which may eventually lead to design effective strategies to fight the obesity pandemic.
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Lopez-Pascual A, Trayhurn P, Martínez JA, González-Muniesa P. Oxygen in Metabolic Dysfunction and Its Therapeutic Relevance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:642-687. [PMID: 34036800 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: In recent years, a number of studies have shown altered oxygen partial pressure at a tissue level in metabolic disorders, and some researchers have considered oxygen to be a (macro) nutrient. Oxygen availability may be compromised in obesity and several other metabolism-related pathological conditions, including sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, the metabolic syndrome (which is a set of conditions), type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Recent Advances: Strategies designed to reduce adiposity and its accompanying disorders have been mainly centered on nutritional interventions and physical activity programs. However, novel therapies are needed since these approaches have not been sufficient to counteract the worldwide increasing rates of metabolic disorders. In this regard, intermittent hypoxia training and hyperoxia could be potential treatments through oxygen-related adaptations. Moreover, living at a high altitude may have a protective effect against the development of abnormal metabolic conditions. In addition, oxygen delivery systems may be of therapeutic value for supplying the tissue-specific oxygen requirements. Critical Issues: Precise in vivo methods to measure oxygenation are vital to disentangle some of the controversies related to this research area. Further, it is evident that there is a growing need for novel in vitro models to study the potential pathways involved in metabolic dysfunction to find appropriate therapeutic targets. Future Directions: Based on the existing evidence, it is suggested that oxygen availability has a key role in obesity and its related comorbidities. Oxygen should be considered in relation to potential therapeutic strategies in the treatment and prevention of metabolic disorders. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 642-687.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Lopez-Pascual
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Neuroendocrine Cell Biology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Paul Trayhurn
- Obesity Biology Unit, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Clore Laboratory, The University of Buckingham, Buckingham, United Kingdom
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Centre of Biomedical Research Network, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, IMDEA Food, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro González-Muniesa
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Centre of Biomedical Research Network, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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34
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Yu EA, Le NA, Stein AD. Measuring Postprandial Metabolic Flexibility to Assess Metabolic Health and Disease. J Nutr 2021; 151:3284-3291. [PMID: 34293154 PMCID: PMC8562077 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic abnormalities substantially increase the risk of noncommunicable diseases, which are among the leading causes of mortality globally. Mitigating and preventing these adverse consequences remains challenging due to a limited understanding of metabolic health. Metabolic flexibility, a key tenet of metabolic health, encompasses the responsiveness of interrelated pathways to maintain energy homeostasis throughout daily physiologic challenges, such as the response to meal challenges. One critical underlying research gap concerns the measurement of postprandial metabolic flexibility, which remains incompletely understood. We concisely review the methodology for assessment of postprandial metabolic flexibility in recent human studies. We identify 3 commonalities of study design, specifically the nature of the challenge, nature of the response measured, and approach to data analysis. Primary interventions were acute short-term nutrition challenges, including single- and multiple-macronutrient tolerance tests. Postmeal challenge responses were measured via laboratory assays and instrumentation, based on a diverse set of metabolic flexibility indicators [e.g., energy expenditure (whole-body indirect calorimetry), glucose and insulin kinetics, metabolomics, transcriptomics]. Common standard approaches have been diabetes-centric with single-macronutrient challenges (oral-glucose-tolerance test) to characterize the postprandial response based on glucose and insulin metabolism; or broad measurements of energy expenditure with calculated macronutrient oxidation via indirect calorimetry. Recent methodological advances have included the use of multiple-macronutrient meal challenges that are more representative of physiologic meals consumed by free-living humans, combinatorial approaches for assays and instruments, evaluation of other metabolic flexibility indicators via precision health, systems biology, and temporal perspectives. Omics studies have identified potential novel indicators of metabolic flexibility, which provide greater granularity to prior evidence from canonical approaches. In summary, recent findings indicate the potential for an expanded understanding of postprandial metabolic flexibility, based on nonclassical measurements and methodology, which could represent novel dynamic indicators of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine A Yu
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ngoc-Anh Le
- Biomarker Core Laboratory, Foundation for Atlanta Veterans Education and Research (FAVER), Atlanta Veterans Affairs Health Care System (AVAHCS), Atlanta, GA, USA
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35
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An objective measure of energy intake using the principle of energy balance. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:725-732. [PMID: 33479453 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00738-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The measurement of energy intake is central to the understanding of energy balance and predicting changes in body weight. Until recently, the most commonly used methods of assessing intake were self-reported diet recalls, diet diaries, or food-frequency questionnaires. These methods, however, are subject to systematic biases and are often inaccurate. AIM Review the validations and applications of an expenditure/balance method for measuring energy intake. METHODS Review the literature regarding the theory and practice of objectively measuring energy intake based on the principle of energy balance i.e., energy intake is calculated from the measured total energy expenditure plus the change in body energy stores (ES). The attainable precision is modeled and compared with the accuracy and precision of validations against known energy intake. RESULTS Measurement of energy intake, calculated in this way, is accurate to within 2% and has a precision of 4-37% depending on the expenditure and body composition methods used and the time interval between measures. Applications of this expenditure/balance (EB) method have provided novel data on the compliance to dietary restriction and its association with physical activity interventions, and the effects of bariatric surgery on energy intake and weight gain. Practical limitations to this method, however, include cost and limited access to the analyses required by the DLW method. CONCLUSION The EB method of objectively measuring energy intake is objective, accurate, and reasonably precise. It is practical for moderate-sized studies.
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36
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Effect of Acute and Chronic Dietary Supplementation with Green Tea Catechins on Resting Metabolic Rate, Energy Expenditure and Respiratory Quotient: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020644. [PMID: 33671139 PMCID: PMC7922336 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of green tea catechins (GTC) is associated with modulations of fat metabolism and consequent weight loss. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effect of GTC on resting metabolic rate (RMR), energy expenditure (EE), and respiratory quotient (RQ). Eligible studies considered both the chronic and acute intake of GTC-based supplements, with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) doses ranging between 100–800 mg. Findings from 15 studies (n = 499 participants) lasting 8–12 weeks (for chronic consumption) or 1–3 days (for acute intake) are summarized. This review reveals the positive effects of GTC supplementation on RQ values (272 subjects). Regarding the effects of acute and chronic GTC supplementation on RMR (244 subjects) and EE (255 subjects), the results did not allow for a definitive conclusion, even though they were promising, because some reported a positive improvement (two studies revealed an increase in RMR: one demonstrated an RMR increase of 43.82 kcal/day and another demonstrated an increase of 260.8 kcal/day, mainly when subjects were also engaged in resistance training exercise). Considering GTC daily dose supplementation, studies in which modifications of energetic parameters occurred, in particular RQ reduction, considered GTC low doses (100–300 mg). GTC may be useful for improving metabolic profiles. Further investigations are needed to better define adequate doses of supplementation.
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37
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Galgani JE, Fernández-Verdejo R. Pathophysiological role of metabolic flexibility on metabolic health. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13131. [PMID: 32815226 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids among others are oxidized to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These fuels are supplied from the environment (through food intake) and internal depots (through lipolysis, glycogenolysis, and proteolysis) at different rates throughout the day. Complex adaptive systems permit to accommodate fuel oxidation according to fuel availability. This capacity of a cell, tissue, or organism to adapt fuel oxidation to fuel availability is defined as metabolic flexibility (MetF). There are conditions, such as insulin resistance, diabetes, and obesity, in which MetF seems to be impaired. The observation that those conditions are accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction has set the basis to propose a link between mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic inflexibility, and metabolic health. We here highlight the evidence about the notion that MetF influences metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose E Galgani
- Department of Health Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics Career, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Fernández-Verdejo
- Department of Health Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics Career, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Kahoul Y, Oger F, Montaigne J, Froguel P, Breton C, Annicotte JS. Emerging Roles for the INK4a/ARF ( CDKN2A) Locus in Adipose Tissue: Implications for Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091350. [PMID: 32971832 PMCID: PMC7563355 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides its role as a cell cycle and proliferation regulator, the INK4a/ARF (CDKN2A) locus and its associated pathways are thought to play additional functions in the control of energy homeostasis. Genome-wide association studies in humans and rodents have revealed that single nucleotide polymorphisms in this locus are risk factors for obesity and related metabolic diseases including cardiovascular complications and type-2 diabetes (T2D). Recent studies showed that both p16INK4a-CDK4-E2F1/pRB and p19ARF-P53 (p14ARF in humans) related pathways regulate adipose tissue (AT) physiology and adipocyte functions such as lipid storage, inflammation, oxidative activity, and cellular plasticity (browning). Targeting these metabolic pathways in AT emerged as a new putative therapy to alleviate the effects of obesity and prevent T2D. This review aims to provide an overview of the literature linking the INK4a/ARF locus with AT functions, focusing on its mechanisms of action in the regulation of energy homeostasis.
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39
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Sanchez-Delgado G, Ravussin E. Assessment of energy expenditure: are calories measured differently for different diets? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2020; 23:312-318. [PMID: 32657792 PMCID: PMC9583681 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The prevalence and burden of obesity has reached alarming levels. The assessment of human energy expenditure enables the identification of obesity-prone and obesity-resistant individuals and helps to explain the short and long-term success of weight loss treatments. In this review, we describe the state-of-the-art methods used in the assessment of human energy expenditure and the impact of dietary intake on the interpretation of the data. RECENT FINDINGS The reference techniques to assess energy expenditure in humans have not significantly changed during the last century. Today, indirect calorimetry, either using a metabolic chamber or a metabolic cart, is the favored method to assess human energy expenditure and is the only method enabling the assessment of macronutrient oxidation. The doubly labeled water method however provides accurate assessment of human energy expenditure under free living conditions. SUMMARY Although energy expenditure and macronutrient oxidation can be assessed by simple calculations from oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production, these calculations can provide erroneous results or require corrections and/or more complex interpretation when several biochemical pathways are simultaneously engaged. Such physiological mechanisms are often elicited by dietary interventions including, among other, gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, ketogenesis, alcohol oxidation and under or overfeeding.
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40
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Chen S, Scott C, Pearce JV, Farrar JS, Evans RK, Celi FS. An appraisal of whole-room indirect calorimeters and a metabolic cart for measuring resting and active metabolic rates. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14343. [PMID: 32868770 PMCID: PMC7459349 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-room indirect calorimeters (WRICs) have traditionally been used for real-time resting metabolic rate (RMR) measurements, while metabolic rate (MR) during short-interval exercises has commonly been measured by metabolic carts (MCs). This study aims to investigate the feasibility of incorporating short-interval exercises into WRIC study protocols by comparing the performance of WRICs and an MC. We assessed the 40-min RMR of 15 subjects with 2-day repeats and the 10-15 min activity MR (AMR) of 14 subjects at three intensities, using a large WRIC, a small WRIC, and an MC. We evaluated the biases between the instruments and quantified sources of variation using variance component analysis. All three instruments showed good agreement for both RMR (maximum bias = 0.07 kcal/min) and AMR assessment (maximum bias = 0.53 kcal/min). Moreover, the majority of the variability was between-subject and between-intensity variation, whereas the types of instrument contributed only a small amount to total variation in RMR (2%) and AMR (0.2%) data. In Conclusion, the good reproducibility among the instruments indicates that they may be used interchangeably in well-designed studies. Overall, WRICs can serve as an accurate and versatile means of assessing MR, capable of integrating RMR and short-interval AMR assessments into a single protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA. .,Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Sanger Hall, Room 7-007, PO Box 980111, Richmond, VA, 23298-0111, USA.
| | - Cory Scott
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Janina V Pearce
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Sanger Hall, Room 7-007, PO Box 980111, Richmond, VA, 23298-0111, USA
| | - Jared S Farrar
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Sanger Hall, Room 7-007, PO Box 980111, Richmond, VA, 23298-0111, USA
| | - Ronald K Evans
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Francesco S Celi
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Sanger Hall, Room 7-007, PO Box 980111, Richmond, VA, 23298-0111, USA.
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Bedogni G, Bertoli S, De Amicis R, Foppiani A, De Col A, Tringali G, Marazzi N, De Cosmi V, Agostoni C, Battezzati A, Sartorio A. External Validation of Equations to Estimate Resting Energy Expenditure in 2037 Children and Adolescents with and 389 without Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1421. [PMID: 32423020 PMCID: PMC7285137 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed an external cross-validation study of 10 equations to estimate resting energy expenditure (REE) in 2037 children with and 389 without obesity. Inclusion criteria were Caucasian ethnicity, age ≤ 18 years, and availability of REE. REE was measured using indirect calorimetry. The correct classification fraction (CCF) of an equation was defined as the fraction of subjects whose estimated REE was within 10% of measured REE. The Molnár equation was the most accurate REE prediction equation with CCFs of 0.70 (95% CI 0.65 to 0.76) in girls without obesity, 0.64 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.66) in girls with obesity, 0.76 (95% CI 0.67 to 0.83) in boys without obesity, and 0.66 (95% CI 0.63 to 0.69) in boys with obesity. The Mifflin equation was the second most accurate equation with CCFs of 0.67 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.73) in girls without obesity, 0.61 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.64) in girls with obesity, 0.75 (95% CI 0.66 to 0.82) in boys without obesity, and 0.66 (95% CI 0.63 to 0.69) in boys with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Bedogni
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Liver Research Center, Building Q, AREA Science Park, Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, Basovizza, 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | - Simona Bertoli
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (R.D.A.); (A.F.); (A.B.)
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, 20145 Milan, Italy
| | - Ramona De Amicis
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (R.D.A.); (A.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrea Foppiani
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (R.D.A.); (A.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessandra De Col
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, 20145 Milan and 28921 Verbania, Italy; (A.D.C.); (G.T.); (N.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Gabriella Tringali
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, 20145 Milan and 28921 Verbania, Italy; (A.D.C.); (G.T.); (N.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Nicoletta Marazzi
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, 20145 Milan and 28921 Verbania, Italy; (A.D.C.); (G.T.); (N.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Valentina De Cosmi
- Pediatric Medium Intensity Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (V.D.C.); (C.A.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Pediatric Medium Intensity Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (V.D.C.); (C.A.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Battezzati
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (R.D.A.); (A.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessandro Sartorio
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, 20145 Milan and 28921 Verbania, Italy; (A.D.C.); (G.T.); (N.M.); (A.S.)
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Division of Auxology, 28921 Verbania, Italy
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Mahmassani ZS, Reidy PT, McKenzie AI, Petrocelli JJ, Matthews O, de Hart NM, Ferrara PJ, O'Connell RM, Funai K, Drummond MJ. Absence of MyD88 from Skeletal Muscle Protects Female Mice from Inactivity-Induced Adiposity and Insulin Resistance. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:772-782. [PMID: 32108446 PMCID: PMC7093260 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inactivity and inflammation are linked to obesity and insulin resistance. It was hypothesized that MyD88 (mediates inflammation) knockout from muscle (MusMyD88-/- ) would prevent, whereas miR146a-/- (MyD88 inhibitor) would exacerbate, inactivity-induced metabolic disturbances. METHODS Cre-control, MusMyD88-/- , and miR146a-/- mice were given running wheels for 5 weeks to model an active phenotype. Afterward, half were placed into a small mouse cage (SMC) to restrict movement for 8 days. Body composition, muscle (3 H)2-deoxyglucose uptake, visceral fat histology, and tissue weight (hind limb muscles, visceral fat, and liver) were assessed. In skeletal muscle and visceral fat, RNA sequencing and mitochondrial function were performed on female MusMyD88-/- and Cre-control SMC mice. RESULTS The SMC induced adiposity, hyperinsulinemia, and muscle insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, which was worsened in miR146a-/- mice. In females, MusMyD88-/- mice were protected. Female MusMyD88-/- mice during the SMC period (vs. Cre-control) exhibited higher Igf1 and decreased Ip6k3 and Trim63 muscle expression. Visceral fat transcript changes corresponded to improved lipid metabolism, decreased adipose expansion (Gulp1↑, Anxa2↓, Ehd1↓) and meta-inflammation (Hmox1↓), and increased beiging (Fgf10↑). Ralgapa2, negative regulator of GLUT4 translocation, and inflammation-related gene 993011J21Rik2 were decreased in both muscle and fat. CONCLUSIONS Whole-body miR146a-/- exacerbated inactivity-induced fat gain and muscle insulin resistance, whereas MusMyD88-/- prevented insulin resistance in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad S Mahmassani
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jonathan J Petrocelli
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - O'Connor Matthews
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Naomi M de Hart
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Patrick J Ferrara
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ryan M O'Connell
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Impact of the Method Used to Select Gas Exchange Data for Estimating the Resting Metabolic Rate, as Supplied by Breath-by-Breath Metabolic Carts. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020487. [PMID: 32075052 PMCID: PMC7071290 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The method used to select representative gas exchange data from large datasets influences the resting metabolic rate (RMR) returned. This study determines which of three methods yields the lowest RMR (as recommended for use in human energy balance studies), and in which method the greatest variance in RMR is explained by classical determinants of this variable. A total of 107 young and 74 middle-aged adults underwent a 30 min RMR examination using a breath-by-breath metabolic cart. Three gas exchange data selection methods were used: (i) steady state (SSt) for 3, 4, 5, or 10 min, (ii) a pre-defined time interval (TI), i.e., 6–10, 11–15, 16–20, 21–25, 26–30, 6–25, or 6–30 min, and (iii) “filtering”, setting thresholds depending on the mean RMR value obtained. In both cohorts, the RMRs yielded by the SSt and filtering methods were significantly lower (p < 0.021) than those yielded by the TI method. No differences in RMR were seen under the different conditions of the SSt method, or of the filtering method. No differences were seen between the methods in terms of the variance in RMR explained by its classical determinants. In conclusion, the SSt and filtering methods return the lowest RMRs and intra-measurement coefficients of variation when using breath-by-breath metabolic carts.
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Begaye B, Vinales KL, Hollstein T, Ando T, Walter M, Bogardus C, Krakoff J, Piaggi P. Impaired Metabolic Flexibility to High-Fat Overfeeding Predicts Future Weight Gain in Healthy Adults. Diabetes 2020; 69:181-192. [PMID: 31712321 PMCID: PMC6971489 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability to switch fuels for oxidation in response to changes in macronutrient composition of diet (metabolic flexibility) may be informative of individuals' susceptibility to weight gain. Seventy-nine healthy, weight-stable participants underwent 24-h assessments of energy expenditure and respiratory quotient (RQ) in a whole-room calorimeter during energy balance (EBL) (50% carbohydrate, 30% fat) and then during 24-h fasting and three 200% overfeeding diets in a crossover design. Metabolic flexibility was defined as the change in 24-h RQ from EBL during fasting and standard overfeeding (STOF) (50% carbohydrate, 30% fat), high-fat overfeeding (HFOF) (60% fat, 20% carbohydrate), and high-carbohydrate overfeeding (HCOF) (75% carbohydrate, 5% fat) diets. Free-living weight change was assessed after 6 and 12 months. Compared with EBL, RQ decreased on average by 9% during fasting and by 4% during HFOF but increased by 4% during STOF and by 8% during HCOF. A smaller decrease in RQ, reflecting a smaller increase in lipid oxidation rate, during HFOF but not during the other diets predicted greater weight gain at both 6 and 12 months. An impaired metabolic flexibility to acute HFOF can identify individuals prone to weight gain, indicating that an individual's capacity to oxidize dietary fat is a metabolic determinant of weight change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Begaye
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Karyne L Vinales
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ
- Endocrinology Division, Medicine Department, Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Tim Hollstein
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Takafumi Ando
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Mary Walter
- Clinical Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Clifton Bogardus
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, AZ
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Davy KP, Davy BM. Advances in Nutrition Science and Integrative Physiology: Insights From Controlled Feeding Studies. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1341. [PMID: 31736774 PMCID: PMC6828816 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition science is a highly impactful but contentious area of biomedical science. Establishing cause and effect relationships between the nutrients and/or diets we consume and the avoidance of or risk of disease is extremely challenging. As such, evidence-based nutrition is best served by considering the totality of evidence across multiple study types including nutritional epidemiological studies, randomized controlled trials of behavioral interventions, and controlled feeding studies. The purpose of the present review is to provide an overview for those conducting research outside of clinical nutrition on how controlled feeding studies can be used to gain insight into integrative physiology/metabolism as well as to inform dietary guidelines. We discuss the rationale, basic elements, and complexities of conducting controlled feeding studies and provide examples of contributions of controlled feeding studies to advances in nutrition science and integrative physiology. Our goal is to provide a resource for those wishing to leverage the experimental advantage provided by controlled feeding studies in their own research programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P. Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Shaw E, Leung GKW, Jong J, Coates AM, Davis R, Blair M, Huggins CE, Dorrian J, Banks S, Kellow NJ, Bonham MP. The Impact of Time of Day on Energy Expenditure: Implications for Long-Term Energy Balance. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2383. [PMID: 31590425 PMCID: PMC6835928 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence to indicate that the central biological clock (i.e., our endogenous circadian system) plays a role in physiological processes in the body that impact energy regulation and metabolism. Cross-sectional data suggest that energy consumption later in the day and during the night is associated with weight gain. These findings have led to speculation that when, as well as what, we eat may be important for maintaining energy balance. Emerging literature suggests that prioritising energy intake to earlier during the day may help with body weight maintenance. Evidence from tightly controlled acute experimental studies indicates a disparity in the body's ability to utilise (expend) energy equally across the day and night. Energy expenditure both at rest (resting metabolic rate) and after eating (thermic effect of food) is typically more efficient earlier during the day. In this review, we discuss the key evidence for a circadian pattern in energy utilisation and balance, which depends on meal timing. Whilst there is limited evidence that simply prioritising energy intake to earlier in the day is an effective strategy for weight loss, we highlight the potential benefits of considering the role of meal timing for improving metabolic health and energy balance. This review demonstrates that to advance our understanding of the contribution of the endogenous circadian system toward energy balance, targeted studies that utilise appropriate methodologies are required that focus on meal timing and frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Shaw
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168 Australia.
| | - Gloria K W Leung
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168 Australia.
| | - Jessica Jong
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168 Australia.
| | - Alison M Coates
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5072, Australia.
| | - Rochelle Davis
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168 Australia.
| | - Merran Blair
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168 Australia.
| | - Catherine E Huggins
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168 Australia.
| | - Jillian Dorrian
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5072, Australia.
| | - Siobhan Banks
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5072, Australia.
| | - Nicole J Kellow
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168 Australia.
| | - Maxine P Bonham
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168 Australia.
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Péronnet F, Haman F. Low capacity to oxidize fat and body weight. Obes Rev 2019; 20:1367-1383. [PMID: 31353786 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For a given positive energy balance, a low capacity to oxidize fat could contribute to weight gain (low fat oxidation hypothesis). This hypothesis is based on the arguments that for a given stable diet and food quotient (FQ), the respiratory quotient (RQ) is higher in obesity prone (OP) than in obesity resistant individuals (OR) and that a high RQ predicts higher future weight gain. A review of 42 studies shows that there is no convincing experimental support to these arguments and thus for the low fat oxidation hypothesis. A power analysis also shows that this hypothesis might be impossible to experimentally confirm because very large numbers of subjects would be needed to reject the null hypotheses that the 24-h RQ is not different in OP and OR or that future weight gain is not different in individuals with a low and high 24-h RQ at baseline. A re-examination of the significance of the 24-hour and fasting RQ also shows that the assumption underlying the low fat oxidation hypothesis that a high RQ reflects a low capacity to oxidize fat is not valid: For a stable diet, the 24-h RQ entirely depends on FQ and energy balance, and the fasting RQ mainly depends on the FQ and energy balance and on the size of glycogen stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Péronnet
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - François Haman
- École des sciences de l'activité physique, Faculté des sciences de la santé, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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The loss of ERE-dependent ERα signaling potentiates the effects of maternal high-fat diet on energy homeostasis in female offspring fed an obesogenic diet. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2019; 11:285-296. [PMID: 31543088 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174419000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Maternal high-fat diet (HFD) alters hypothalamic programming and disrupts offspring energy homeostasis in rodents. We previously reported that the loss of ERα signaling partially blocks the effects of maternal HFD in female offspring fed a standard chow diet. In a companion study, we determined if the effects of maternal HFD were magnified by an adult obesogenic diet in our transgenic mouse models. Heterozygous ERα knockout (wild-type (WT)/KO) dams were fed a control breeder chow diet (25% fat) or a semipurified HFD (45% fat) 4 weeks prior to mating with heterozygous males (WT/KO or WT/ knockin) to produce WT, ERα KO, or ERα knockin/knockout (KIKO) (no estrogen response element (ERE) binding) female offspring, which were fed HFD for 20 weeks. Maternal HFD potentiated the effects of adult HFD on KIKO and KO body weight due to increased adiposity and decreased activity. Maternal HFD also produced KIKO females that exhibit KO-like insulin intolerance and impaired glucose homeostasis. Maternal HFD increased plasma interleukin 6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 levels and G6pc and Pepck liver expression only in WT mice. Insulin and tumor necrosis factor α levels were higher in KO offspring from HFD-fed dams. Arcuate and liver expression of Esr1 was altered in KIKO and WT, respectively. These data suggest that loss of ERE-dependent ERα signaling, and not total ERα signaling, sensitizes females to the deleterious influence of maternal HFD on offspring energy and glucose potentially through the control of peripheral inflammation and hypothalamic and liver gene expression. Future studies will interrogate the tissue-specific mechanisms of maternal HFD programming through ERα signaling.
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Fleury Curado T, Pho H, Berger S, Caballero-Eraso C, Shin MK, Sennes LU, Pham L, Schwartz AR, Polotsky VY. Sleep-disordered breathing in C57BL/6J mice with diet-induced obesity. Sleep 2019; 41:4996050. [PMID: 29767787 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity leads to sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) manifested by recurrent upper airway obstructions termed obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and carbon dioxide retention due to hypoventilation. The objective of this work was to characterize breathing during sleep in C57BL6/J mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO). Arterial blood gas was measured in nine obese and nine lean mice during wakefulness. Nine male mice with DIO and six lean male C57BL/6J mice were head mounted with electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) electrodes. Sleep recordings were performed in the whole body plethysmography chamber; upper airway obstruction was characterized by the presence of inspiratory flow limitation in which airflow plateaus with increases in inspiratory effort. Obese mice showed significantly lower pH and higher partial pressure of arterial CO2 (PaCO2) in arterial blood gas compared to lean mice, 7.35 ± 0.04 versus 7.46 ± 0.06 (p < 0.001) and 38 ± 8 mm Hg versus 30 ± 5 mm Hg (p < 0.001). Obese mice had similar levels of minute ventilation to lean mice during sleep and wakefulness, despite higher body weight and temperature, indicating an increase in the metabolic rate and hypoventilation. Obese mice also showed baseline hypoxemia with decreased mean oxyhemoglobin saturation across sleep/wake states. Obese mice had a higher prevalence of flow-limited breathing compared to lean mice during sleep. However, the oxygen desaturation index in lean and obese mice did not differ. We conclude that DIO in mice leads to hypoventilation. Obesity also increases the frequency of inspiratory limited breaths, but it does not translate into progression of OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomaz Fleury Curado
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Huy Pho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Slava Berger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Candela Caballero-Eraso
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mi-Kyung Shin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Luu Pham
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alan R Schwartz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Vsevolod Y Polotsky
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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50
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Yavuz S, Salgado Nunez Del Prado S, Celi FS. Thyroid Hormone Action and Energy Expenditure. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:1345-1356. [PMID: 31286098 PMCID: PMC6608565 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism is one of the most recognized targets of thyroid hormone action, which indeed plays a critical role in modulating energy expenditure in all of its components. This is because thyroid hormone receptors are ubiquitous, and thyroid hormones interact and influence most metabolic pathways in virtually all systems throughout the entire life of the organism. The pleiotropic actions of thyroid hormone are the results of interaction between the local availability of T3 and the signal transduction machinery, which confer in physiologic conditions time and tissue specificity of the hormonal signal despite negligible variations in circulating levels. Historically, the measurement of energy expenditure has been used as the gold standard for the clinical assessment of the hormonal action until the advent of the immunoassays for TSH and thyroid hormone, which have since been used as proxy for measurement of thyroid hormone action. Although the clinical correlates between thyroid hormone action and energy expenditure in cases of extreme dysfunction (florid hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism) are well recognized, there is still controversy on the effects of moderate, subclinical thyroid dysfunction on energy expenditure and, ultimately, on body weight trajectory. Moreover, little information is available on the effects of thyroid hormone replacement therapy on energy expenditure. This mini review is aimed to define the clinical relevance of thyroid hormone action in normal physiology and functional disorders, as well the effects of thyroid hormone therapy on energy expenditure and the effects of changes in energy status on the thyroid hormone axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahzene Yavuz
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | | | - Francesco S Celi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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