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Negroiu CE, Tudorașcu I, Bezna CM, Godeanu S, Diaconu M, Danoiu R, Danoiu S. Beyond the Cold: Activating Brown Adipose Tissue as an Approach to Combat Obesity. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1973. [PMID: 38610736 PMCID: PMC11012454 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13071973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
With a dramatic increase in the number of obese and overweight people, there is a great need for new anti-obesity therapies. With the discovery of the functionality of brown adipose tissue in adults and the observation of beige fat cells among white fat cells, scientists are looking for substances and methods to increase the activity of these cells. We aimed to describe how scientists have concluded that brown adipose tissue is also present and active in adults, to describe where in the human body these deposits of brown adipose tissue are, to summarize the origin of both brown fat cells and beige fat cells, and, last but not least, to list some of the substances and methods classified as BAT promotion agents with their benefits and side effects. We summarized these findings based on the original literature and reviews in the field, emphasizing the discovery, function, and origins of brown adipose tissue, BAT promotion agents, and batokines. Only studies written in English and with a satisfying rating were identified from electronic searches of PubMed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Elena Negroiu
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (C.M.B.); (S.D.)
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Iulia Tudorașcu
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (C.M.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Cristina Maria Bezna
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (C.M.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Sanziana Godeanu
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
- Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Marina Diaconu
- Department of Radiology, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova, 200642 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Raluca Danoiu
- Department of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Craiova, 200585 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Suzana Danoiu
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (C.M.B.); (S.D.)
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Niclou A, Vesi L, Arorae M, Naseri NC, Savusa KF, Naseri T, Young J, Rivara AC, Ocobock C. Indication of mixed glucose and fatty acid use by inferred brown adipose tissue activity in Samoans. Am J Hum Biol 2024; 36:e23998. [PMID: 37823535 PMCID: PMC10939975 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the growing rates of global obesity and the known positive associations between brown adipose tissue (BAT) and cardiovascular health, little is known about the metabolic effects of BAT activity in Samoans, a population at high risk of obesity and type II diabetes. Here we assessed the potential effects of inferred BAT activity on metabolic health markers in Samoan adults exposed to mild cold. METHODS Using point-of-care finger prick technology we measured fasting glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels before and after 30 min of cold exposure among 61 individuals (38 females, 23 males, ages 31-54) from 'Upolu Island, Samoa. Respiratory quotient was measured by indirect calorimetry to determine substrate metabolism at room temperature and cold exposure. RESULTS Fasting glucose levels decreased significantly (p < .001) after cold exposure while neither total cholesterol (p = .88), HDL (p = .312), nor LDL (p = .089) changed. Respiratory quotient decreased significantly (p = .009) between exposures, suggesting an increased preference for lipid metabolism as a response to cold. CONCLUSIONS The observed effects of inferred BAT activity on biomarkers suggest BAT activity utilizes both glucose and lipid-derived fatty acids as fuel for thermogenesis. Our work provides evidence for the beneficial metabolic effects of BAT and emphasizes the need for the population-specific development of metabolic treatments involving BAT to ensure the successful and equitable minimization of extreme consequences of obesity and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Niclou
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Lupesina Vesi
- Obesity, Lifestyle and Genetic Adaptations (OLaGA) Study Group, Apia, Samoa
| | - Maria Arorae
- Obesity, Lifestyle and Genetic Adaptations (OLaGA) Study Group, Apia, Samoa
| | | | | | | | - Jessica Young
- Center for Social Science Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Anna C. Rivara
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | - Cara Ocobock
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
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Niclou A, Vesi L, Arorae M, Naseri NC, Savusa KF, Naseri T, DeLany JP, McGarvey ST, Rivara AC, Ocobock C. When the cold gets under your skin: Evidence for brown adipose tissue activity in Samoan adults. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 183:e24848. [PMID: 37740598 PMCID: PMC10843446 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a heat-producing organ aiding nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) during cold stress. Due to its potential cold-adaptive role BAT has been predominantly studied in cold and temperate climate populations, but not among warm-climate adults. This work explores if BAT activity can be inferred in Samoans. MATERIALS AND METHODS We inferred BAT activity by comparing metabolic rate and surface heat dissipation using indirect calorimetry and thermal imaging between room temperature and cold exposure among Samoans (N = 61, females: n = 38) from 'Upolu Island, Samoa. BAT activity was inferred using ANOVA linear regression models with the variables measured at cold exposure as outcomes. T-tests were used to compare changes in surface temperature between room temperature and cold exposure. RESULTS Metabolic rate significantly increased after cooling. In both the supraclavicular area, a known BAT location, and the sternum, a non-BAT location, temperatures decreased significantly upon cold exposure. Differences in supraclavicular temperatures between room temperature and cold were significantly smaller than differences in sternum temperatures between exposures. These results suggest that BAT thermogenesis occurred in known BAT-locations and thus contributed to NST during cooling. CONCLUSIONS This study adds to our understanding of BAT activity across different populations and climates. Further study may illuminate whether the cold-adaptive properties of BAT may have played a role in the successful expansion of populations across the globe, including warm-climate groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Niclou
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Lupesina Vesi
- Obesity, Lifestyle and Genetic Adaptations (OLaGA) Study Group, Apia, Samoa
| | - Maria Arorae
- Obesity, Lifestyle and Genetic Adaptations (OLaGA) Study Group, Apia, Samoa
| | | | | | | | - James P. DeLany
- AdventHealth Orlando, Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL
| | - Stephen T. McGarvey
- International Health Institute & Departments of Epidemiology and Anthropology, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Anna C. Rivara
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | - Cara Ocobock
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
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Da Rosa SE, Neves EB, Martinez EC, Marson RA, Reis VM. Subcutaneous and Visceral Fat: Relation with Brown Adipose Tissue Activation in Women. Sports Med Int Open 2024; 8:a21876974. [PMID: 38312927 PMCID: PMC10832575 DOI: 10.1055/a-2187-6974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) helps control body weight and is inversely correlated with body fat, but it is unclear whether it is subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) or visceral adipose tissue (VAT) that is related to BAT activation. The presented study aimed to verify the relation of SAT and VAT on BAT activation through infrared thermography (IRT) and cold stimulation in adult women. Forty women were evaluated in body composition and skin temperature (Tskin) acquisition by IRT. Student's independent t-test, Pearson's correlation, and two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc were applied. Women with low amounts of SAT and VAT had a significant increase in supraclavicular Tskin (SCVT). Medium negative degrees of linear variation were found before and after cold stimulation between SCVT, SAT and VAT. A significant effect of the moment factor and the group factor on the SCVT between subjects divided into the groups were pointed out. No difference was found in the relation between SAT, VAT, and BAT in adult women, pointing out that both types of fat are equally related. These results can help clinical practice understand clearly, through IRT, that the high accumulation of SAT and VAT can impair the activation of BAT and hinder the loss of weight in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Ezequiel Da Rosa
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human
Development (CIDESD), Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro University, UTAD, Vila
Real, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Borba Neves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em engenharia
Biomédica, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná,
Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Camilo Martinez
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human
Development (CIDESD), Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro University, UTAD, Vila
Real, Portugal
| | - Runer Augusto Marson
- Seção de Apoio à Operacionalidade, Brazilian
Army Physical Training Research Institute (IPCFEx), Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
| | - Victor Machado Reis
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human
Development (CIDESD), Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro University, UTAD, Vila
Real, Portugal
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Kataoka H, Nirengi S, Matsui Y, Taniguchi H. Fructose-induced FGF21 secretion does not activate brown adipose tissue in Japanese young men: randomized cross-over and randomized controlled trials. J Physiol Anthropol 2024; 43:5. [PMID: 38178259 PMCID: PMC10765626 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-023-00353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity is associated with lower body fatness and favorable glucose metabolism. Previous studies reported that oral fructose loading induces postprandial fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) secretion. FGF21 is a known inducer of adipose tissue thermogenesis; however, the effects of diet-induced FGF21 secretion on BAT thermogenesis remain to be elucidated. METHODS The effects of both single load and daily consumption of fructose on BAT activity were examined using a randomized cross-over trial and a 2-week randomized controlled trial (RCT), respectively. In the cross-over trial, 15 young men consumed a single dose of fructose solution or water and then consumed the other on a subsequent day. The RCT enrolled 22 young men, and the participants were allocated to a group that consumed fructose and a group that consumed water daily for 2 weeks. BAT activity was analyzed using thermography with cold exposure. Plasma FGF21 level was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS In the cross-over single-load trial, plasma FGF21 levels were significantly increased at 2 h after oral fructose load (p < 0.01); however, there was no significant difference in BAT activity between the fructose load and drinking water. The 2-week RCT revealed that both plasma FGF21 levels and BAT activity were not significantly increased by daily fructose consumption compared to water. Correlation analyses revealed that BAT activity at the baseline and the final measurements were strongly and positively associated with the RCT (r = 0.869, p < 0.001). Changes in BAT activity were significantly and negatively correlated with changes in plasma glucose levels during the 2-week intervention (r = - 0.497, p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS Oral fructose load induces a temporary increase in circulating FGF21 levels; however, this does not activate BAT thermogenesis in healthy young men. Further studies are needed to elucidate the effect of endogenous FGF21 on physiological function. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network in Japan (number 000051761, registered 1 August 2023, retrospectively registered, https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000052680 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Kataoka
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nirengi
- Clinical Research Institute, Division of Preventive Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yuka Matsui
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Taniguchi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Hasan I, Rainsford KD, Ross JS. Salsalate: a pleotropic anti-inflammatory drug in the treatment of diabetes, obesity, and metabolic diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:2781-2797. [PMID: 37758933 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Type two Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a rising epidemic. Available therapeutic strategies have provided glycaemic control via HbA1c reduction but fail to provide clinically meaningful reduction in microvascular and macrovascular (cardiac, renal, ophthalmological, and neurological) complications. Inflammation is strongly linked to the pathogenesis of T2DM. Underlying inflammatory mechanisms include oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress amyloid deposition in the pancreas, lipotoxicity, and glucotoxicity. Molecular signalling mechanisms in chronic inflammation linked to obesity and diabetes include JANK, NF-kB, and AMPK pathways. These activated pathways lead to a production of various inflammatory cytokines, such as Interleukin (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and C-reactive protein (CRP), which create a chronic low-grade inflammation and ultimately dysregulation of glucose homeostasis in the liver, skeletal muscle, and smooth muscle. Anti-inflammatory agents are being tested as anti-diabetic agents such as the IL-1b antagonist, Anakinra, the IL-1b inhibitor, Canakinuma, the IL-6 antagonists such as Tocilizumab, Rapamycin (Everolimus), and the IKK-beta kinase inhibitor, Salsalate. Salsalate is a century old safe anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of arthritis. Long-term safety and efficacy of Salsalate in the treatment of T2DM have been evaluated, which showed improved fasting plasma glucose and reduced HbA1C levels as well as reduced pro-inflammatory markers in T2DM patients. Current publication summarizes the literature review of pathophysiology of role of inflammation in T2DM and clinical efficacy and safety of Salsalate in the treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hasan
- RH Nanopharmaceuticals LLC, 140 Ocean Ave, Monmouth Beach, New Jersey, 07750, USA.
| | - K D Rainsford
- Emeritus Professor of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, BMRC, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Joel S Ross
- RH Nanopharmaceuticals LLC, 140 Ocean Ave, Monmouth Beach, New Jersey, 07750, USA
- J & D Pharmaceuticals LLC, Monmouth County, USA
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7
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Ghosh S. Human adaptation to cold and warm climatic conditions: A comparison between two geographically diverse Indigenous populations. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23932. [PMID: 37269149 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aims to compare body adiposity and blood pressure (BP) in two climatically and ethnically diverse populations, examining whether thermoregulatory adaptive mechanism may protect Indigenous populations from exhibiting adverse consequences of increased adiposity. METHODS A cross sectional sample of 404 subjects, of which 200 were Monpa and 204 were Santhal, from two ethnically and geographically distinct populations of India were studied. Body mass index (BMI; kg/m2 ), fat mass (FM; kg), fat free mass (kg), and percent body fat (%BF) were calculated for evaluation of body adiposity. Multivariate multiple regression analysis was adopted to examine the influence of age and sex of populations under study, on body adiposity and BP variables. RESULTS BMI, %BF, and FM were found to be significantly higher (p ˂ .001) among the Monpa males and females compared with their Santhal counterparts. In contrast, the prevalence of hypertension among Monpa and Santhal is comparable (3.5%Monpa vs. 3.9%Santhal for systolic BP; 8.5%Monpa vs. 8.3%Santhal for diastolic BP). Adiposity, as quantitated by the fat mass index and %BF was significantly (p ˂ .001) correlated to age and sex of study population, explaining ~75.3% and ~75.4% of total variations of these variables, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Overall the present study suggests that modern human populations follow thermoregulatory mechanism for adaptation to different climatic conditions. Consequently, greater adiposity was evident among the Monpa who adapt to the cold climate, in comparison to their Santhal counterparts who dwell in warm climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Ghosh
- Department of Anthropology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
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Maushart CI, Sun W, Othman A, Ghosh A, Senn JR, Fischer JGW, Madoerin P, Loeliger RC, Benz RM, Takes M, Zech CJ, Chirindel A, Beuschlein F, Reincke M, Wild D, Bieri O, Zamboni N, Wolfrum C, Betz MJ. Effect of high-dose glucocorticoid treatment on human brown adipose tissue activity: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled cross-over trial in healthy men. EBioMedicine 2023; 96:104771. [PMID: 37659283 PMCID: PMC10483510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely applied anti-inflammatory drugs that are associated with adverse metabolic effects including insulin resistance and weight gain. Previous research indicates that GCs may negatively impact brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity in rodents and humans. METHODS We performed a randomised, double-blinded cross-over trial in 16 healthy men (clinicaltrials.govNCT03269747). Participants received 40 mg of prednisone per day for one week or placebo. After a washout period of four weeks, participants crossed-over to the other treatment arm. Primary endpoint was the increase in resting energy expenditure (EE) in response to a mild-cold stimulus (cold-induced thermogenesis, CIT). Secondary outcomes comprised mean 18F-FDG uptake into supraclavicular BAT (SUVmean) as determined by FDG-PET/CT, volume of the BAT depot as well as fat content determined by MRI. The plasma metabolome and the transcriptome of supraclavicular BAT and of skeletal muscle biopsies after each treatment period were analysed. FINDINGS Sixteen participants were recruited to the trial and completed it successfully per protocol. After prednisone treatment resting EE was higher both during warm and cold conditions. However, CIT was similar, 153 kcal/24 h (95% CI 40-266 kcal/24 h) after placebo and 186 kcal/24 h (95% CI 94-277 kcal/24 h, p = 0.38) after prednisone. SUVmean of BAT after cold exposure was not significantly affected by prednisone (3.36 g/ml, 95% CI 2.69-4.02 g/ml, vs 3.07 g/ml, 95% CI 2.52-3.62 g/ml, p = 0.28). Results of plasma metabolomics and BAT transcriptomics corroborated these findings. RNA sequencing of muscle biopsies revealed higher expression of genes involved in calcium cycling. No serious adverse events were reported and adverse events were evenly distributed between the two treatments. INTERPRETATION Prednisone increased EE in healthy men possibly by altering skeletal muscle calcium cycling. Cold-induced BAT activity was not affected by GC treatment, which indicates that the unfavourable metabolic effects of GCs are independent from thermogenic adipocytes. FUNDING Grants from Swiss National Science Foundation (PZ00P3_167823), Bangerter-Rhyner Foundation and from Nora van der Meeuwen-Häfliger Foundation to MJB. A fellowship-grant from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF211053) to WS. Grants from German Research Foundation (project number: 314061271-TRR 205) and Else Kröner-Fresenius (grant support 2012_A103 and 2015_A228) to MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Irene Maushart
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Wenfei Sun
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
| | - Alaa Othman
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Adhideb Ghosh
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland; Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jaël Rut Senn
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jonas Gabriel William Fischer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Philipp Madoerin
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Rahel Catherina Loeliger
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Robyn Melanie Benz
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Takes
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Christoph Johannes Zech
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Alin Chirindel
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Martin Reincke
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Damian Wild
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Oliver Bieri
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Nicola Zamboni
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Johannes Betz
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Herrnhold M, Hamp I, Plettenburg O, Jastroch M, Keuper M. Adverse bioenergetic effects of N-acyl amino acids in human adipocytes overshadow beneficial mitochondrial uncoupling. Redox Biol 2023; 66:102874. [PMID: 37683300 PMCID: PMC10493596 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Enhancing energy turnover via uncoupled mitochondrial respiration in adipose tissue has great potential to improve human obesity and other metabolic complications. However, the amount of human brown adipose tissue and its uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is low in obese patients. Recently, a class of endogenous molecules, N-acyl amino acids (NAAs), was identified as mitochondrial uncouplers in murine adipocytes, presumably acting via the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT). Given the translational potential, we investigated the bioenergetic effects of NAAs in human adipocytes, characterizing beneficial and adverse effects, dose ranges, amino acid derivatives and underlying mechanisms. METHOD NAAs with neutral (phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine) and polar (lysine) residues were synthetized and assessed in intact and permeabilized human adipocytes using plate-based respirometry. The Seahorse technology was applied to measure bioenergetic parameters, dose-dependency, interference with UCP1 and adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) activity, as well as differences to the established chemical uncouplers niclosamide ethanolamine (NEN) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). RESULT NAAs with neutral amino acid residues potently induce uncoupled respiration in human adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner, even in the presence of the UCP1-inhibitor guanosine diphosphate (GDP) and the ANT-inhibitor carboxyatractylate (CAT). However, neutral NAAs significantly reduce maximal oxidation rates, mitochondrial ATP-production, coupling efficiency and reduce adipocyte viability at concentrations above 25 μM. The in vitro therapeutic index (using induced proton leak and viability as determinants) of NAAs is lower than that of NEN and DNP. CONCLUSION NAAs are potent mitochondrial uncouplers in human adipocytes, independent of UCP1 and ANT. However, previously unnoticed adverse effects harm adipocyte functionality, reduce the therapeutic index of NAAs in vitro and therefore question their suitability as anti-obesity agents without further chemical modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Herrnhold
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabel Hamp
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Plettenburg
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Jastroch
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michaela Keuper
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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10
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U-Din M, de Mello VD, Tuomainen M, Raiko J, Niemi T, Fromme T, Klåvus A, Gautier N, Haimilahti K, Lehtonen M, Kristiansen K, Newman JW, Pietiläinen KH, Pihlajamäki J, Amri EZ, Klingenspor M, Nuutila P, Pirinen E, Hanhineva K, Virtanen KA. Cold-stimulated brown adipose tissue activation is related to changes in serum metabolites relevant to NAD + metabolism in humans. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113131. [PMID: 37708023 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold-induced brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation is considered to improve metabolic health. In murine BAT, cold increases the fundamental molecule for mitochondrial function, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), but limited knowledge of NAD+ metabolism during cold in human BAT metabolism exists. We show that cold increases the serum metabolites of the NAD+ salvage pathway (nicotinamide and 1-methylnicotinamide) in humans. Additionally, individuals with cold-stimulated BAT activation have decreased levels of metabolites from the de novo NAD+ biosynthesis pathway (tryptophan, kynurenine). Serum nicotinamide correlates positively with cold-stimulated BAT activation, whereas tryptophan and kynurenine correlate negatively. Furthermore, the expression of genes involved in NAD+ biosynthesis in BAT is related to markers of metabolic health. Our data indicate that cold increases serum tryptophan conversion to nicotinamide to be further utilized by BAT. We conclude that NAD+ metabolism is activated upon cold in humans and is probably regulated in a coordinated fashion by several tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mueez U-Din
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Vanessa D de Mello
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Tuomainen
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juho Raiko
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tarja Niemi
- Department of Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tobias Fromme
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany; EKFZ - Else Kröner Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany; ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Anton Klåvus
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Kimmo Haimilahti
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Research Program for Stem Cells and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marko Lehtonen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - John W Newman
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA; West Coast Metabolomics Center, Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Obesity Center, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Martin Klingenspor
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany; EKFZ - Else Kröner Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany; ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Eija Pirinen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Research Unit for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Kati Hanhineva
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Life Technologies, Food Chemistry and Food Development Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Division of Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kirsi A Virtanen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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11
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Zhang HZ, Wang DS, Wu SH, Huang GF, Chen DH, Ma HM, Zhang YT, Guo LH, Lin LZ, Gui ZH, Liu RQ, Hu LW, Yang JW, Zhang WJ, Dong GH. The association between childhood adiposity in northeast China and anthropogenic heat flux: A new insight into the comprehensive impact of human activities. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 254:114258. [PMID: 37703624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic heat has been reported to have significant health impacts, but research on its association with childhood adiposity is still lacking. In this study, we matched the 2008-2012 average anthropogenic heat flux, as simulated by a grid estimation model using inventory methods, with questionnaire and measurement data of 49,938 children randomly recruited from seven cities in Northeast China in 2012. After adjusting for social demographic and behavioral factors, we used generalized linear mixed-effect models to assess the association between anthropogenic heat flux and adiposity among children. We also examined the effect modification of various social demographic and behavioral confounders. We found that each 10 W/m2 increase in total anthropogenic heat flux and that from the industry source was associated with an increase of 5.82% (95% CI = 0.84%-11.05%) and 6.62% (95% CI = 0.87%-12.70%) in the odds of childhood adiposity. Similarly, the excess rate of adiposity among children were 5.26% (95% CI = -1.33%-12.29%) and 8.51% (95% CI = 2.24%-15.17%) per 1 W/m2 increase in the anthropogenic heat flux from transportation and buildings, and was 7.94% (95% CI = 2.28%-13.91%) per 0.001 W/m2 increase in the anthropogenic heat flux from human metabolism. We also found generally greater effect estimates among female children and children who were exposed to passive smoking during pregnancy, born by caesarean section, non-breastfed/mixed-fed, or lived within 20 m adjacent to the main road. The potential deleterious effect of anthropogenic heat exposure on adiposity among children may make it a new but major threat to be targeted by future mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Zhi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Dao-Sen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Si-Han Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Guo-Feng Huang
- Department of Air Quality Forecasting and Early Warning, Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Secondary Pollution, Guangzhou, 510308, China
| | - Duo-Hong Chen
- Department of Air Quality Forecasting and Early Warning, Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Secondary Pollution, Guangzhou, 510308, China
| | - Hui-Min Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yun-Ting Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Li-Hao Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Li-Zi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhao-Huan Gui
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ru-Qing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Li-Wen Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jie-Wen Yang
- Guangzhou Social Welfare Institution, Guangzhou, 510520, China.
| | - Wang-Jian Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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12
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Abstract
In this review, we provide a brief synopsis of the connections between adipose tissue and metabolic health and highlight some recent developments in understanding and exploiting adipocyte biology. Adipose tissue plays critical roles in the regulation of systemic glucose and lipid metabolism and secretes bioactive molecules possessing endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine functions. Dysfunctional adipose tissue has a detrimental impact on metabolic health and is intimately involved in key aspects of metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance, lipid overload, inflammation, and organelle stress. Differences in the distribution of fat depots and adipose characteristics relate to divergent degrees of metabolic dysfunction found in metabolically healthy and unhealthy obese individuals. Thermogenic adipocytes increase energy expenditure via mitochondrial uncoupling or adenosine triphosphate-consuming futile substrate cycles, while functioning as a metabolic sink and participating in crosstalk with other metabolic organs. Manipulation of adipose tissue provides a wealth of opportunities to intervene and combat the progression of associated metabolic diseases. We discuss current treatment modalities for obesity including incretin hormone analogs and touch upon emerging strategies with therapeutic potential including exosome-based therapy, pharmacological activation of brown and beige adipocyte thermogenesis, and administration or inhibition of adipocyte-derived factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min An
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Seung-Hee Cho
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - John C. Yoon
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
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13
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Maliszewska K, Miniewska K, Godlewski A, Gosk W, Mojsak M, Kretowski A, Ciborowski M. Changes in plasma endocannabinoids concentrations correlate with 18F-FDG PET/MR uptake in brown adipocytes in humans. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1073683. [PMID: 37564131 PMCID: PMC10411954 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1073683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Recent data suggest a possible role of endocannabinoids in the regulation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity. Those findings indicate potential treatment options for obesity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between plasma endocannabinoids concentrations and the presence of BAT in humans. Methods: The study group consisted of 25 subjects divided into two groups: BAT positive BAT(+), (n = 17, median age = 25 years) and BAT negative BAT(-), (n = 8, median age = 28 years). BAT was estimated using 18F-FDG PET/MR after 2 h of cold exposure. The level of plasma endocannabinoids was assessed at baseline, 60 min and 120 min of cold exposure. Results: In both groups, BAT(+) and BAT(-), during the cooling, we observed a decrease of the same endocannabinoids: arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA), eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide (EPEA) and oleoyl ethanolamide (OEA) with a much more profound decline in BAT(+) subjects. Statistically significant fall of PEA (palmitoylethanolamide) and SEA (stearoylethanolamide) concentrations after 60 min (FC = 0.7, p = 0.007 and FC = 0.8, p = 0.03, respectively) and 120 min (FC = 0.81, p = 0.004, and FC = 0.9, p = 0.01, respectively) of cooling was observed only in individuals with BAT. Conclusion: We noticed the profound decline of endocannabinoids concentrations in subjects with increased 18F-FDG PET/MR uptake in BAT. Identification of a new molecules related to BAT activity may create a new target for obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Maliszewska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Miniewska
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adrian Godlewski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Wioleta Gosk
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Mojsak
- Independent Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michal Ciborowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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14
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Munoz MD, Zamudio A, McCann M, Gil V, Xu P, Liew CW. Activation of brown adipose tissue by a low-protein diet ameliorates hyperglycemia in a diabetic lipodystrophy mouse model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11808. [PMID: 37479751 PMCID: PMC10362023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37482-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term ad libitum dietary restrictions, such as low-protein diets (LPDs), improve metabolic health and extend the life span of mice and humans. However, most studies conducted thus far have focused on the preventive effects of LPDs on metabolic syndromes. To test the therapeutic potential of LPD, we treated a lipodystrophy mouse model IRFKO (adipose-specific insulin receptor knockout) in this study. We have previously shown that IRFKO mice have profound insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and whitening of interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT), closely mimicking the phenotypes in lipoatrophic diabetic patients. Here, we demonstrate that 14-day of LPD (5.1% kcal from protein) feeding is sufficient to reduce postprandial blood glucose, improve insulin resistance, and normalize glucose tolerance in the IRFKO mice. This profound metabolic improvement is associated with BAT activation and increase in whole body energy expenditure. To confirm, we showed that surgical denervation of BAT attenuated the beneficial metabolic effects of LPD feeding in IRFKO mice, including the 'browning' effects on BAT and the glucose-ameliorating results. However, BAT denervation failed to affect the body weight-lowering effects of LPD. Together, our results imply a therapeutic potential to use LPD for the treatment of lipoatrophic diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos David Munoz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Ave, RM 2099, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Alexa Zamudio
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Ave, RM 2099, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Maximilian McCann
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Ave, RM 2099, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Victoria Gil
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Ave, RM 2099, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Pingwen Xu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Ave, RM 2099, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Chong Wee Liew
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S Wolcott Ave, RM 2099, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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15
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Neri D, Ramos-Lobo AM, Lee S, Lafond A, Zeltser LM. Rearing mice at 22°C programs increased capacity to respond to chronic exposure to cold but not high fat diet. Mol Metab 2023; 73:101740. [PMID: 37211277 PMCID: PMC10248272 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rodent models raised at environmental temperatures of 21-22 °C are increasingly switched to thermoneutral housing conditions in adulthood to better capture human physiology. We quantified the developmental effects of rearing mice at an ambient temperature of 22 °C vs. 30 °C on metabolic responses to cold and high fat diet (HFD) in adulthood. METHODS Mice were reared from birth to 8 weeks of age at 22 °C or 30 °C, when they were acclimated to single housing at the same temperature for 2-3 weeks in indirect calorimetry cages. Energy expenditure attributable to basal metabolic rate, physical activity, thermic effect of food, and adaptive cold- or diet-induced thermogenesis was calculated. Responses to cooling were evaluated by decreasing the ambient temperature from 22 °C to 14 °C, while responses to HFD feeding were assessed at 30 °C. Influences of rearing temperature on thermogenic responses that emerge over hours, days and weeks were assessed by maintaining mice in the indirect calorimetry cages throughout the study. RESULTS At an ambient temperature of 22 °C, total energy expenditure (TEE) was 12-16% higher in mice reared at 22 °C as compared to 30 °C. Rearing temperature had no effect on responses in the first hours or week of the 14 °C challenge. Differences emerged in the third week, when TEE increased an additional 10% in mice reared at 22 °C, but mice reared at 30 °C could not sustain this level of cold-induced thermogenesis. Rearing temperature only affected responses to HFD during the first week, due to differences in the timing but not the strength of metabolic adaptations. CONCLUSION Rearing at 22 °C does not have a lasting effect on metabolic adaptations to HFD at thermoneutrality, but it programs an enhanced capacity to respond to chronic cold challenges in adulthood. These findings highlight the need to consider rearing temperature when using mice to model cold-induced thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Neri
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Angela M Ramos-Lobo
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Seoeun Lee
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alexandre Lafond
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lori M Zeltser
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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16
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Valenzuela PL, Carrera-Bastos P, Castillo-García A, Lieberman DE, Santos-Lozano A, Lucia A. Obesity and the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Nat Rev Cardiol 2023; 20:475-494. [PMID: 36927772 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00847-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has reached pandemic proportions, and now approximately 25% of adults in Westernized countries have obesity. Recognized as a major health concern, obesity is associated with multiple comorbidities, particularly cardiometabolic disorders. In this Review, we present obesity as an evolutionarily novel condition, summarize the epidemiological evidence on its detrimental cardiometabolic consequences and discuss the major mechanisms involved in the association between obesity and the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. We also examine the role of potential moderators of this association, with evidence for and against the so-called 'metabolically healthy obesity phenotype', the 'fatness but fitness' paradox or the 'obesity paradox'. Although maintenance of optimal cardiometabolic status should be a primary goal in individuals with obesity, losing body weight and, particularly, excess visceral adiposity seems to be necessary to minimize the risk of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Valenzuela
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i + 12"), Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
| | - Pedro Carrera-Bastos
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Daniel E Lieberman
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alejandro Santos-Lozano
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i + 12"), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Health Sciences, European University Miguel de Cervantes, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Pan R, Liu J, Chen Y. Treatment of obesity-related diabetes: significance of thermogenic adipose tissue and targetable receptors. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1144918. [PMID: 37435495 PMCID: PMC10332465 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1144918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is mainly classified into four types according to its pathogenesis, of which type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has the highest incidence rate and is most relevant to obesity. It is characterized by high blood glucose, which is primarily due to insulin resistance in tissues that are responsible for glucose homeostasis (such as the liver, skeletal muscle, and white adipose tissue (WAT)) combined with insufficiency of insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. Treatment of diabetes, especially treatment of diabetic complications (such as diabetic nephropathy), remains problematic. Obesity is one of the main causes of insulin resistance, which, however, could potentially be treated by activating thermogenic adipose tissues, like brown and beige adipose tissues, because they convert energy into heat through non-shivering thermogenesis and contribute to metabolic homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the function of certain anti-diabetic medications with known thermogenic mechanisms and focus on various receptor signaling pathways, such as previously well-known and recently discovered ones that are involved in adipose tissue-mediated thermogenesis and could be potentially targeted to combat obesity and its associated diabetes, for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of non-shivering thermogenesis and the development of novel therapeutic interventions for obesity-related diabetes and potentially diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruping Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiadai Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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18
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Kesić M, Baković P, Farkaš V, Bagarić R, Kolarić D, Štefulj J, Čičin-Šain L. Constitutive Serotonin Tone as a Modulator of Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis: A Rat Study. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1436. [PMID: 37511811 PMCID: PMC10381595 DOI: 10.3390/life13071436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT), an important regulator of thermogenic and metabolic processes, is considered a promising target to combat metabolic disorders. The neurotransmitter and hormone serotonin (5HT) is a major modulator of energy homeostasis, with its central and peripheral pools acting in opposing ways. To better understand how individual variations in 5HT homeostasis influence the thermogenic functionality of BAT, we used a rat model consisting of two sublines with constitutively increased (high-5HT) or decreased (low-5HT) whole-body 5HT tone, developed by selective breeding for platelet 5HT parameters. We have shown that animals with constitutively low 5HT activity maintained at a standard housing temperature (22 °C) have greater interscapular BAT (iBAT) mass and higher iBAT metabolic activity (as evidenced by measurements of iBAT temperature and glucose uptake), accompanied by increased iBAT mRNA expression of key thermogenic genes, compared to animals with high 5HT tone. In response to further thermogenic challenges-intermittent cold exposure or treatment with a β3-adrenergic agonist-5HT sublines show several functional and molecular differences linking constitutively low endogenous 5HT tone to higher BAT activity/capacity. Overall, the results support a role of 5-HT in the control of BAT thermogenesis They also suggest that individuals with lower 5HT activity may be more sensitive to β3-adrenergic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Kesić
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Baković
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Farkaš
- Department of Experimental Physics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Robert Bagarić
- Department of Experimental Physics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darko Kolarić
- Centre for Informatics and Computing, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasminka Štefulj
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lipa Čičin-Šain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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19
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Graceli JB, da Costa CS, Laws MJ, Deviney ARK, Meling D, Flaws JA. Chronic exposure to a mixture of phthalates shifts the white and brown adipose tissue phenotypes in female mice. Toxicol Sci 2023; 193:204-218. [PMID: 37021957 PMCID: PMC10230284 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are endocrine-disrupting chemicals used in consumer products. Although phthalates are obesogens and affect metabolic function, it is unknown if chronic exposure for 6 months to a phthalate mixture alters adipose tissue phenotype in female mice. After vehicle or mixture exposure, white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue (WAT and BAT) were analyzed for expression of adipogenesis, proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and collagen deposition markers. The mixture altered WAT morphology, leading to an increase in hyperplasia, blood vessel number, and expression of BAT markers (Adipoq and Fgf2) in WAT. The mixture increased the expression of the inflammatory markers, Il1β, Ccl2, and Ccl5, in WAT. The mixture also increased expression of the proapoptotic (Bax and Bcl2) and antiapoptotic (Bcl2l10) factors in WAT. The mixture increased expression of the antioxidant Gpx1 in WAT. The mixture changed BAT morphology by increasing adipocyte diameter, whitening area, and blood vessel number and decreased expression of the thermogenic markers Ucp1, Pgargc1a, and Adrb3. Furthermore, the mixture increased the expression of adipogenic markers Plin1 and Cebpa, increased mast cell number, and increased Il1β expression in BAT. The mixture also increased expression of the antioxidant markers Gpx and Nrf2 and the apoptotic marker Casp2 in BAT. Collectively, these data indicate that chronic exposure to a phthalate mixture alters WAT and BAT lipid metabolism phenotypes in female mice, leading to an apparent shift in their normal morphology. Following long-term exposure to a phthalate mixture, WAT presented BAT-like features and BAT presented WAT-like features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jones B Graceli
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Charles S da Costa
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Mary J Laws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ashley R K Deviney
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Daryl Meling
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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20
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Hropot T, Herman R, Janez A, Lezaic L, Jensterle M. Brown Adipose Tissue: A New Potential Target for Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists in the Treatment of Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108592. [PMID: 37239935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue can be divided into white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), and beige adipose tissue, according to the differences in morphology. WAT acts as a buffer for increased energy intake and decreased energy expenditure during the development of obesity, resulting in visceral and ectopic WAT accumulation. These WAT depots are strongly associated with chronic systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and cardiometabolic risk related to obesity. They represent a primary weight loss target in anti-obesity management. Second-generation anti-obesity medications glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) cause weight loss and improve body composition by reducing visceral and ectopic fat depots of WAT, resulting in improved cardiometabolic health. Recently, the understanding of the physiological significance of BAT beyond its primary function in generating heat through non-shivering thermogenesis has been expanded. This has raised scientific and pharmaceutical interest in the manipulation of BAT to further enhance weight reduction and body weight maintenance. This narrative review focuses on the potential impact of GLP-1 receptor agonism on BAT, particularly in human clinical studies. It provides an overview of the role of BAT in weight management and highlights the need for further research to elucidate the mechanisms by which GLP-1RAs affect energy metabolism and weight loss. Despite encouraging preclinical data, limited clinical evidence supports the notion that GLP-1RAs contribute to BAT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hropot
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Herman
- Department for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Janez
- Department for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Lezaic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department for Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Jensterle
- Department for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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21
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Rodó J, Garcia M, Casana E, Muñoz S, Jambrina C, Sacristan V, Franckhauser S, Grass I, Jimenez V, Bosch F. Integrated gene expression profiles reveal a transcriptomic network underlying the thermogenic response in adipose tissue. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7266. [PMID: 37142619 PMCID: PMC10160086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33367-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are two closely related diseases representing a serious threat worldwide. An increase in metabolic rate through enhancement of non-shivering thermogenesis in adipose tissue may represent a potential therapeutic strategy. Nevertheless, a better understanding of thermogenesis transcriptional regulation is needed to allow the development of new effective treatments. Here, we aimed to characterize the specific transcriptomic response of white and brown adipose tissues after thermogenic induction. Using cold exposure to induce thermogenesis in mice, we identified mRNAs and miRNAs that were differentially expressed in several adipose depots. In addition, integration of transcriptomic data in regulatory networks of miRNAs and transcription factors allowed the identification of key nodes likely controlling metabolism and immune response. Moreover, we identified the putative role of the transcription factor PU.1 in the regulation of PPARγ-mediated thermogenic response of subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Therefore, the present study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms that regulate non-shivering thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Rodó
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Miquel Garcia
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estefania Casana
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Muñoz
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Jambrina
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Sacristan
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sylvie Franckhauser
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignasi Grass
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronica Jimenez
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fatima Bosch
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Omran F, Murphy AM, Younis AZ, Kyrou I, Vrbikova J, Hainer V, Sramkova P, Fried M, Ball G, Tripathi G, Kumar S, McTernan PG, Christian M. The impact of metabolic endotoxaemia on the browning process in human adipocytes. BMC Med 2023; 21:154. [PMID: 37076885 PMCID: PMC10116789 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunctional adipose tissue (AT) is known to contribute to the pathophysiology of metabolic disease, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This dysfunction may occur, in part, as a consequence of gut-derived endotoxaemia inducing changes in adipocyte mitochondrial function and reducing the proportion of BRITE (brown-in-white) adipocytes. Therefore, the present study investigated whether endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) directly contributes to impaired human adipocyte mitochondrial function and browning in human adipocytes, and the relevant impact of obesity status pre and post bariatric surgery. METHODS Human differentiated abdominal subcutaneous (AbdSc) adipocytes from participants with obesity and normal-weight participants were treated with endotoxin to assess in vitro changes in mitochondrial function and BRITE phenotype. Ex vivo human AbdSc AT from different groups of participants (normal-weight, obesity, pre- and 6 months post-bariatric surgery) were assessed for similar analyses including circulating endotoxin levels. RESULTS Ex vivo AT analysis (lean & obese, weight loss post-bariatric surgery) identified that systemic endotoxin negatively correlated with BAT gene expression (p < 0.05). In vitro endotoxin treatment of AbdSc adipocytes (lean & obese) reduced mitochondrial dynamics (74.6% reduction; p < 0.0001), biogenesis (81.2% reduction; p < 0.0001) and the BRITE phenotype (93.8% reduction; p < 0.0001). Lean AbdSc adipocytes were more responsive to adrenergic signalling than obese AbdSc adipocytes; although endotoxin mitigated this response (92.6% reduction; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data suggest that systemic gut-derived endotoxaemia contributes to both individual adipocyte dysfunction and reduced browning capacity of the adipocyte cell population, exacerbating metabolic consequences. As bariatric surgery reduces endotoxin levels and is associated with improving adipocyte functionality, this may provide further evidence regarding the metabolic benefits of such surgical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Omran
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Alice M Murphy
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Awais Z Younis
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Research Institute for Health & Wellbeing, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Graham Ball
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Human Sciences Research Centre, College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Sudhesh Kumar
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Philip G McTernan
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
| | - Mark Christian
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
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23
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Munoz M, Zamudio A, McCann M, Gil V, Xu P, Liew CW. Activation of brown adipose tissue by a low-protein diet ameliorates hyperglycemia in a diabetic lipodystrophy mouse model. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2701883. [PMID: 37034803 PMCID: PMC10081364 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2701883/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Long-term ad libitum dietary restrictions, such as low-protein diets (LPDs), improve metabolic health and extend the life span of mice and humans. However, most studies conducted thus far have focused on the preventive effects of LPDs on metabolic syndromes. To test the therapeutic potential of LPD, we treated a lipodystrophy mouse model IR FKO (adipose-specific insulin receptor knockout) in this study. We have previously shown that IR FKO mice have profound insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and whitenng of interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT), closely mimicking the phenotypes in lipoatrophic diabetic patients. Here, we demonstrate that 14-day of LPD (5.1% kcal from protein) feeding is sufficient to reduce postprandial blood glucose, improve insulin resistance, and normalize glucose tolerance in the IR FKO mice. This profound metabolic improvement is associated with BAT activation and increase in whole body energy expenditure. To confirm, we showed that surgical denervation of BAT attenuated the beneficial metabolic effects of LPD feeding in IR FKO mice, including the 'browning' effects on BAT and the glucose-ameliorating results. However, BAT denervation failed to affect the body weight-lowering effects of LPD. Together, our results imply a therapeutic potential to use LPD for the treatment of lipoatrophic diabetes.
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24
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Merlo E, Zimerman J, Dos Santos FCF, Zanol JF, da Costa CS, Carneiro PH, Miranda-Alves L, Warner GR, Graceli JB. Subacute and low dose of tributyltin exposure leads to brown adipose abnormalities in male rats. Toxicol Lett 2023; 376:26-38. [PMID: 36638932 PMCID: PMC9928871 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT) is an obesogenic endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) linked with several metabolic complications. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the principal site for thermogenesis, making it a potential target for obesity management and metabolic disease. However, few studies have evaluated TBT effect on BAT function. In this investigation, we assessed whether subacute (15 days) and low dose of TBT exposure (100 ng/kg/day) results in abnormal BAT morphophysiology in adult male rats. Body temperature, BAT morphology, inflammation, oxidative stress, collagen deposition and BAT metabolic gene expression markers were assessed in room temperature (Room, ∼24 ºC) and after cold tolerance test (Cold, ∼4 ºC) conditions. A reduction in body temperature was observed in both Room and Cold conditions in TBT rats, suggesting abnormal BAT thermogenic function. Changes in BAT morphology were observed in TBT rats, with an increase in BAT lipid accumulation, an increase in BAT unilocular adipocyte number and a decrease in BAT multilocular adipocyte number in Room condition. All these parameters were opposite in Cold condition TBT rats, leading to a borderline increase in BAT UCP1 protein expression. An increase in BAT mast cell number was observed in TBT rats in Room condition. An increase in ED1 protein expression (macrophage marker) was observed in TBT rats in Cold condition. Oxidative stress and collagen deposition increased in both Room and Cold conditions in TBT rats. TBT exposure caused a borderline increase in BAT COL1A1 protein expression in Cold condition. Further, strong negative correlations were observed between body temperature and BAT lipid accumulation, and BAT lipid accumulation and multilocular adipocyte number. Thus, these data suggest that TBT exposure impaired BAT morphophysiology through impacts on lipid accumulation, inflammation, fibrosis and oxidative stress in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Merlo
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Jeanini Zimerman
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | | | - Jordana F Zanol
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Charles S da Costa
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Carneiro
- Experimental Endocrinology Research, Development and Innovation Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, Ilha do Governador, Cidade Universitária, UFRJ, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leandro Miranda-Alves
- Experimental Endocrinology Research, Development and Innovation Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, Ilha do Governador, Cidade Universitária, UFRJ, RJ, Brazil
| | - Genoa R Warner
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA
| | - Jones B Graceli
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil.
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25
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Saito M, Okamatsu-Ogura Y. Thermogenic Brown Fat in Humans: Implications in Energy Homeostasis, Obesity and Metabolic Disorders. World J Mens Health 2023:41.e26. [PMID: 36792089 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.220224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals including humans, there are two types of adipose tissue, white and brown adipose tissues (BATs). White adipose tissue is the primary site of energy storage, while BAT is a specialized tissue for non-shivering thermogenesis to dissipate energy as heat. Although BAT research has long been limited mostly in small rodents, the rediscovery of metabolically active BAT in adult humans has dramatically promoted the translational studies on BAT in health and diseases. It is now established that BAT, through its thermogenic and energy dissipating activities, plays a role in the regulation of body temperature, whole-body energy expenditure, and body fatness. Moreover, increasing evidence has demonstrated that BAT secretes various paracrine and endocrine factors, which influence other peripheral tissues and control systemic metabolic homeostasis, suggesting BAT as a metabolic regulator, other than for thermogenesis. In fact, clinical studies have revealed an association of BAT not only with metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and fatty liver, but also with cardiovascular diseases including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Thus, BAT is an intriguing tissue combating obesity and related metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on human BAT, focusing its patho-physiological roles in energy homeostasis, obesity and related metabolic disorders. The effects of aging and sex on BAT are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Saito
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Yuko Okamatsu-Ogura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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26
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Takeda Y, Harada Y, Yoshikawa T, Dai P. Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism in the Regulation of Thermogenic Brown Fats and Human Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021352. [PMID: 36674862 PMCID: PMC9861294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown fats specialize in thermogenesis by increasing the utilization of circulating blood glucose and fatty acids. Emerging evidence suggests that brown adipose tissue (BAT) prevents the incidence of obesity-associated metabolic diseases and several types of cancers in humans. Mitochondrial energy metabolism in brown/beige adipocytes regulates both uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-dependent and -independent thermogenesis for cold adaptation and the utilization of excess nutrients and energy. Many studies on the quantification of human BAT indicate that mass and activity are inversely correlated with the body mass index (BMI) and visceral adiposity. Repression is caused by obesity-associated positive and negative factors that control adipocyte browning, de novo adipogenesis, mitochondrial energy metabolism, UCP1 expression and activity, and noradrenergic response. Systemic and local factors whose levels vary between lean and obese conditions include growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, neurotransmitters, and metal ions such as selenium and iron. Modulation of obesity-associated repression in human brown fats is a promising strategy to counteract obesity and related metabolic diseases through the activation of thermogenic capacity. In this review, we highlight recent advances in mitochondrial metabolism, thermogenic regulation of brown fats, and human metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukimasa Takeda
- Department of Cellular Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (P.D.); Tel.: +81-75-251-5444 (Y.T.); +81-75-251-5135 (P.D.)
| | - Yoshinori Harada
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Yoshikawa
- Department of Cellular Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research, 103-5 Tanaka-Monzen-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8225, Japan
| | - Ping Dai
- Department of Cellular Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (P.D.); Tel.: +81-75-251-5444 (Y.T.); +81-75-251-5135 (P.D.)
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27
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Harb E, Kheder O, Poopalasingam G, Rashid R, Srinivasan A, Izzi-Engbeaya C. Brown adipose tissue and regulation of human body weight. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2023; 39:e3594. [PMID: 36398906 PMCID: PMC10077912 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 30% of the global population is affected by obesity. Traditional non-surgical measures for weight loss have limited efficacy and tolerability. Therefore, there is a need for novel, effective therapies. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been implicated in physiological energy expenditure, indicating that it could be targeted to achieve weight loss in humans. The use of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18 F-FDG) positron emission tomography-computed tomography-(PET-CT) imaging has enabled the discovery of functionally active BAT in the supraclavicular, subclavian, and thoracic spine regions of human adults. This review aims to discuss the reasons behind the renewed interest in BAT, assess whether it is metabolically important in humans, and evaluate its feasibility as a therapeutic target for treating obesity. SOURCES OF MATERIAL PubMed Central, Europe PMC, Medline. FINDINGS In vivo studies have shown that BAT activity is regulated by thyroid hormones and the sympathetic nervous system. Furthermore, BAT uniquely contains uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) that is largely responsible for non-shivering thermogenesis. Cold exposure can increase BAT recruitment through the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT); however, this technique has practical limitations that may preclude its use. Currently available medicines for humans, such as the β3-adrenergic receptor agonist mirabegron or the farnesoid X receptor agonist obeticholic acid, have generated excitement, although adverse effects are a concern. Capsinoids represent a tolerable alternative, which require further investigation. CONCLUSIONS The use of currently available BAT-activating agents alone is unlikely to achieve significant weight loss in humans. A combination of BAT activation with physical exercise and modern, successful dietary strategies represents a more realistic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa Harb
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Omar Kheder
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Razi Rashid
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Akash Srinivasan
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Chioma Izzi-Engbeaya
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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28
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Fernández-Peña C, Reimúndez A, Viana F, Arce VM, Señarís R. Sex differences in thermoregulation in mammals: Implications for energy homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1093376. [PMID: 36967809 PMCID: PMC10030879 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1093376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermal homeostasis is a fundamental process in mammals, which allows the maintenance of a constant internal body temperature to ensure an efficient function of cells despite changes in ambient temperature. Increasing evidence has revealed the great impact of thermoregulation on energy homeostasis. Homeothermy requires a fine regulation of food intake, heat production, conservation and dissipation and energy expenditure. A great interest on this field of research has re-emerged following the discovery of thermogenic brown adipose tissue and browning of white fat in adult humans, with a potential clinical relevance on obesity and metabolic comorbidities. However, most of our knowledge comes from male animal models or men, which introduces unwanted biases on the findings. In this review, we discuss how differences in sex-dependent characteristics (anthropometry, body composition, hormonal regulation, and other sexual factors) influence numerous aspects of thermal regulation, which impact on energy homeostasis. Individuals of both sexes should be used in the experimental paradigms, considering the ovarian cycles and sexual hormonal regulation as influential factors in these studies. Only by collecting data in both sexes on molecular, functional, and clinical aspects, we will be able to establish in a rigorous way the real impact of thermoregulation on energy homeostasis, opening new avenues in the understanding and treatment of obesity and metabolic associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfonso Reimúndez
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Félix Viana
- Institute of Neuroscience, University Miguel Hernández (UMH)-CSIC, Alicante, Spain
| | - Victor M. Arce
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- *Correspondence: Rosa Señarís, ; Victor M. Arce,
| | - Rosa Señarís
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- *Correspondence: Rosa Señarís, ; Victor M. Arce,
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Gunawardana S. Brown Adipose Tissue Transplantation. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2662:193-202. [PMID: 37076682 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3167-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic benefits of brown adipose tissue (BAT) are well known. Increasing the BAT content and/or activity is a proposed therapeutic approach to combat metabolic disease. Activation and induction of endogenous BAT have achieved varying degrees of success in correcting obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease, with some limitations. Transplantation of BAT from healthy donors is another approach proven safe and effective in rodent models. In diet-induced models of obesity and insulin resistance, BAT transplants prevent obesity, increase insulin sensitivity, and improve glucose homeostasis and whole-body energy metabolism. In mouse models of insulin-dependent diabetes, subcutaneous transplantation of healthy BAT produces long-term euglycemia without the need for insulin or immunosuppression. Considering the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of healthy BAT, transplantation may be a more effective approach to combat metabolic disease in the long term. Here we describe in detail the technique for subcutaneous BAT transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadra Gunawardana
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Anmyungambi Decoction Ameliorates Obesity through Activation of Non-Shivering Thermogenesis in Brown and White Adipose Tissues. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010049. [PMID: 36670911 PMCID: PMC9854861 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a burden to global health. Non-shivering thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) is a novel strategy for obesity treatment. Anmyungambi (AMGB) decoction is a multi-herb decoction with clinical anti-obesity effects. Here, we show the effects of AMGB decoction using high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL6/J mice. All four versions of AMGB decoction (100 mg/kg/day, oral gavage for 28 days) suppressed body weight gain and obesity-related blood parameters in the HFD-fed obese mice. They also inhibited adipogenesis and induced lipolysis in inguinal WAT (iWAT). Especially, the AMGB-4 with 2:1:3:3 composition was the most effective; thus, further studies were performed with the AMGB-4 decoction. The AMGB-4 decoction displayed a dose-dependent body weight gain suppression. Serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and blood glucose decreased as well. In epididymal WAT, iWAT, and BAT, the AMGB-4 decoction increased lipolysis markers. Additionally, the AMGB-4 decoction-fed mice showed an increased non-shivering thermogenic program in BAT and iWAT. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and suppressed antioxidative factors induced by the HFD feeding were also altered to normal levels by the AMGB-4 decoction treatment. Overall, our study supports the clinical use of AMGB decoction for obesity treatment by studying its mechanisms. AMGB decoction alleviates obesity through the activation of the lipolysis-thermogenesis program and the elimination of pathological ROS in thermogenic adipose tissues.
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Colas C, Mouchiroud M, Al Dow M, Kolnohuz A, Gélinas Y, Caron A, Laplante M. DEPTOR loss impairs brown adipocyte development in vitro but has limited impacts in mice. Mol Metab 2022; 67:101660. [PMID: 36535626 PMCID: PMC9827061 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth and metabolism. In mice, activation of mTOR controls cold adaptation by promoting the recruitment and the activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT). DEP-domain containing mTOR-interacting protein (DEPTOR) interacts with mTOR to modulate its activity. Whether DEPTOR levels are modulated by cold in BAT and whether this protein regulates brown adipocyte development and thermogenic activation has never been tested. METHODS DEPTOR levels were measured in mouse tissues upon cold exposure and in brown preadipocytes following the induction of adipogenesis. Lentiviruses expressing short-hairpin RNA were used to repress DEPTOR expression in brown preadipocytes in vitro. Conditional deletion of DEPTOR in brown preadipocytes and in mature brown fat cells was achieved by crossing DEPTOR floxed mice with either Myf5-Cre or Ucp1-CreERT2 mice. These animals were exposed to cold and extensively phenotyped. RESULTS DEPTOR is highly expressed in BAT and its levels are induced by chronic cold exposure, a condition that triggers BAT expansion and activation. Supporting a role for DEPTOR in brown fat cell recruitment, we found that DEPTOR is induced during brown adipocyte development and that its depletion impairs adipogenesis in vitro. This adipogenic lesion was associated with defects in both Akt activation and the expression of key adipogenic regulators. Conditional deletion of DEPTOR in brown preadipocytes or mature brown fat cells did not impact BAT recruitment and thermogenesis in mice but slightly reduced the expression of adipogenic and lipogenic genes. CONCLUSIONS DEPTOR is highly expressed in BAT and its levels are dynamically regulated during brown fat cell development and upon cold exposure. Although DEPTOR depletion severely represses brown fat adipogenesis in vitro, its deletion is dispensable for BAT development, recruitment, and thermogenic activation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Colas
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval (CRIUCPQ), 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, QC, Canada, G1R 3S3
| | - Mathilde Mouchiroud
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval (CRIUCPQ), 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, QC, Canada, G1R 3S3
| | - Manal Al Dow
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval (CRIUCPQ), 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, QC, Canada, G1R 3S3
| | - Alona Kolnohuz
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval (CRIUCPQ), 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, QC, Canada, G1R 3S3
| | - Yves Gélinas
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval (CRIUCPQ), 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, QC, Canada, G1R 3S3
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval (CRIUCPQ), 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V0A6
| | - Mathieu Laplante
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval (CRIUCPQ), 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, QC, Canada, G1R 3S3; Département de Médecine, Université Laval, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V0A6.
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Ocobock C, Soppela P, Turunen M, Stenbäck V, Herzig KH. Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis among a small sample of reindeer herders from sub-Arctic Finland. J Physiol Anthropol 2022; 41:17. [PMID: 35443705 PMCID: PMC9022279 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-022-00290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Interest in human physiological responses to cold stress have seen a resurgence in recent years with a focus on brown adipose tissue (BAT), a mitochondria dense fat specialized for heat production. However, a majority of the work examining BAT has been conducted among temperate climate populations. Methods To expand our understanding of BAT thermogenesis in a cold climate population, we measured, using indirect calorimetry and thermal imaging, metabolic rate and body surface temperatures of BAT-positive and BAT-negative regions at room temperature, and mild cold exposure of resting participants from a small sample of reindeer herders (N = 22, 6 females) from sub-Arctic Finland. Results We found that most herders experienced a significant mean 8.7% increase in metabolic rates, preferentially metabolized fatty acids, and maintained relatively warmer body surface temperatures at the supraclavicular region (known BAT location) compared to the sternum, which has no associated BAT. These results indicate that the herders in this sample exhibit active BAT thermogenesis in response to mild cold exposure. Conclusions This study adds to the rapidly growing body of work looking at the physiological and thermoregulatory significance of BAT and the important role it may play among cold stressed populations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40101-022-00290-4.
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Zanol JF, Niño OMS, da Costa CS, Zimerman J, Silva NP, Oliveira TM, Maas EMSWD, Dos Santos FCF, Miranda-Alves L, Graceli JB. High-refined carbohydrate diet alters different metabolic functions in female rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 558:111774. [PMID: 36096379 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A diet containing refined carbohydrate (HCD) caused obesity and white adipose tissue (WAT) abnormalities, but it is unclear if HCD is linked with other metabolic dysfunctions in female models. Thus, we assessed whether HCD results in WAT, pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle (SM) and thyroid (TH) abnormalities in female rats. Female rats were fed with HCD for 15 days and metabolic morphophysiology, inflammation, oxidative stress (OS), and fibrosis markers were assessed. HCD rats presented large adipocytes, hyperleptinemia, and WAT OS. HCD caused irregular glucose metabolism, low insulin levels, and large pancreatic isle. Granulomas, reduced glycogen, and OS were observed in HCD livers. HCD caused hypertrophy and increased in glycogen in SM. HCD caused irregular TH morphophysiology, reduced colloid area and high T3 levels. In all selected tissues, inflammation and fibrosis were observed in HCD rats. Collectively, these data suggest that the HCD impairs metabolic function linked with irregularities in WAT, pancreas, liver, SM and TH in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana F Zanol
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Oscar M S Niño
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil; Faculty of Human Sciences and Education, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio-Meta, Colombia
| | - Charles S da Costa
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Jeanini Zimerman
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Natalia P Silva
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Thalita M Oliveira
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Edgar M S W D Maas
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | | | - Leandro Miranda-Alves
- Experimental Endocrinology Research, Development and Innovation Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, Ilha do Governador, Cidade Universitária, RJ, UFRJ, Brazil
| | - Jones B Graceli
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil.
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Nikolic M, Novakovic J, Ramenskaya G, Kokorekin V, Jeremic N, Jakovljevic V. Cooling down with Entresto. Can sacubitril/valsartan combination enhance browning more than coldness? Diabetol Metab Syndr 2022; 14:175. [PMID: 36419097 PMCID: PMC9686067 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-022-00944-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is a growing importance to induce a new treatment approach to encourage weight loss but also to improve maintenance of lost weight. It has been shown that promotion of brown adipose tissue (BAT) function or acquisition of BAT characteristics in white adipose tissue (terms referred as "browning") can be protective against obesity. MAIN TEXT Amongst numerous established environmental influences on BAT activity, cold exposure is the best interested technique due to its not only effects on of BAT depots in proliferation process but also de novo differentiation of precursor cells via β-adrenergic receptor activation. A novel combination drug, sacubitril/valsartan, has been shown to be more efficient in reducing cardiovascular events and heart failure readmission compared to conventional therapy. Also, this combination of drugs increases the postprandial lipid oxidation contributing to energy expenditure, promotes lipolysis in adipocytes and reduces body weight. To date, there is no research examining potential of combined sacubitril/valsartan use to promote browning or mechanisms in the basis of this thermogenic process. CONCLUSION Due to the pronounced effects of cold and sacubitril/valsartan treatment on function and metabolism of BAT, the primary goal of further research should focused on investigation of the synergistic effects of the sacubitril/valsartan treatment at low temperature environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Nikolic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jovana Novakovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | | | - Nevena Jeremic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
- First Moscow State Medical University IM Sechenov, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Human Pathology, First Moscow State Medical University IM Sechenov, Moscow, Russia
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Bae J, Yang Y, Xu X, Flaherty J, Overby H, Hildreth K, Chen J, Wang S, Zhao L. Naringenin, a citrus flavanone, enhances browning and brown adipogenesis: Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1036655. [PMID: 36438760 PMCID: PMC9686290 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1036655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) has provided new hope for obesity treatment and prevention. Functional BAT includes classical BAT and brown-like adipose tissue converted from white adipose tissue. By promoting thermogenesis (i.e., heat production) via uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), functional BAT can increase energy expenditure and aid obesity treatment and prevention. Naringenin (NAR) is a flavanone primarily found in citrus fruits. NAR has been reported to decrease body weight, increase energy expenditure in treated mice, and promote browning in human adipocytes. Here, we examined the effects of NAR on 3T3-L1 adipocytes' browning and β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (ISO)-stimulated thermogenic activation and classical murine brown adipogenesis. In addition, we demonstrated the signaling pathways and involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in the process. We found that NAR did not increase Ucp1 mRNA expression at the basal (i.e., non-ISO stimulated) condition. Instead, it enhanced Ucp1 and Pgc-1α up-regulation and thermogenesis under ISO-stimulated conditions in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. NAR promoted protein kinase A (PKA) activation and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK downstream of ISO stimulation and activated PPARγ. Pharmacological inhibition of either PKA or p38 and PPARγ knockdown attenuated Ucp1 up-regulation by NAR. Moreover, NAR promoted brown adipogenesis by increasing lipid accumulation, brown marker expression, and thermogenesis in murine brown adipocytes, which was also attenuated by PPARγ knockdown. Together, our results suggest that NAR may promote the development of functional BAT in part through PPARγ activation. NAR's role in combating human obesity warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Bae
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Xinyun Xu
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Jamie Flaherty
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Haley Overby
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Kelsey Hildreth
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Jiangang Chen
- Department of Public Health, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Shu Wang
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States,*Correspondence: Ling Zhao,
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Vosseler A, Machann J, Fritsche L, Prystupa K, Kübler C, Häring HU, Birkenfeld AL, Stefan N, Peter A, Fritsche A, Wagner R, Heni M. Interscapular fat is associated with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance independent of visceral fat mass. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:2233-2241. [PMID: 36192827 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dysregulated body fat distribution is a major determinant of various diseases. In particular, increased visceral fat mass and ectopic lipids in the liver are linked to metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, interscapular fat is considered to be a metabolically active fat compartment. METHODS This study measured interscapular fat mass and investigated its relationship with glucose metabolism in 822 individuals with a wide range of BMI values and different glucose tolerance statuses. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to quantify body fat depots, and an oral glucose tolerance test was performed to determine glucose metabolism. RESULTS Elevated interscapular fat mass was positively associated with age, BMI, and total body, visceral, and subcutaneous adipose tissue mass. High interscapular fat mass associated with elevated fasting glucose levels, glucose levels at 2 hours during the oral glucose tolerance test, glycated hemoglobin, and insulin resistance, independent of sex, age, and total body and visceral fat mass. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, interscapular fat might be a highly specific fat compartment with a potential impact on glucose metabolism and the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Vosseler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Section of Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Louise Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katsiaryna Prystupa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Kübler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Stefan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Robert Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
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Wang G, Song A, Bae M, Wang QA. Adipose Tissue Plasticity in Aging. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:4119-4132. [PMID: 36214190 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As a dynamic endocrine organ, white adipose tissue (WAT) stores lipids and plays a critical role in maintaining whole-body energy homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. A large group of the population over 65 years old suffer from increased WAT mass, especially in the visceral location. Visceral adiposity accelerates aging through promoting age-associated chronic conditions, significantly shortening life expectancy. Unlike WAT, brown adipose tissue (BAT) functions as an effective energy sink that burns and disposes of excess lipids and glucose upon activation of thermogenesis. Unfortunately, the thermogenic activity of BAT declines during aging. New appreciation of cellular and functional remodeling of WAT and BAT during aging has emerged in recent years. Efforts are underway to explore the potential underlying mechanisms behind these age-associated alterations in WAT and BAT and the impact of these alterations on whole-body metabolism. Lastly, it is intriguing to translate our knowledge obtained from animal models to the clinic to prevent and treat age-associated metabolic disorders. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 4119-4132, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Wang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Anying Song
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Marie Bae
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Qiong A Wang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
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Zarei M, Adeli S, Hosseini S, Daneshzad E. The effect of flaxseed intake on appetite reduction: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Phytother Res 2022; 36:3792-3804. [PMID: 35916016 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Appetite control has attracted many scientists' attention recently since it can lead to weight management and the prevention of further metabolic disorders. Many studies have been carried out to assess the effect of flaxseed on satiety perception but the results are controversial. This study aims to review these results comprehensively. PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane databases were searched for related papers on June 2021. The searched keywords for appetite were: visual analog scale, appetite, desire to eat, satiation, satiety, hunger, fullness, and for Flaxseed they were: flax, flax*, linseed*, lignin*, Linseed Oil, flaxseed, ground flaxseed, flaxseed oil, and Linum usitatissimum. The 13 included studies were inconsistent in results and some of them found no significant effect of flaxseed on the considered outcomes. However, three studies revealed a significant reduction in hunger perception as well as appetite. Moreover, two studies found a decreasing effect on prospective consumption. Three studies observed a positive significant effect on fullness and satiety. Although there are a limited number of documents related to the effect of flaxseed on appetite perception, or its equivalent terms, the available studies suggest the potential role of flaxseed in decreasing appetite and hunger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Zarei
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Adeli
- Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shabnam Hosseini
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Daneshzad
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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Min HY, Hwang J, Choi Y, Jo YH. Overexpressing the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 in mouse brown adipose tissue restores glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E231-E241. [PMID: 35830691 PMCID: PMC9423771 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00084.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in controlling glucose homeostasis. Increased glucose entry and glycolysis in BAT result in lactate production and release. The adipose tissue expresses the lactate receptor hydrocarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1), markedly downregulated in male diet-induced obese (DIO) and ob/ob mice. In this study, we examined the role of HCAR1 in BAT in controlling glucose homeostasis in male DIO mice. We overexpressed HCAR1 in BAT by injecting adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) expressing HCAR1 into the BAT pads of male DIO C57BL/6J mice. Overexpressing HCAR1 in BAT resulted in augmented glucose uptake by BAT in response to treatment with the HCAR1 agonist. HCAR1 overexpression elevated BAT temperature associated with increased thermogenic gene expression in BAT. HCAR1 overexpression prevented body weight gain in male DIO mice. Importantly, mice overexpressing HCAR1 in BAT exhibited improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. HCAR1 overexpression upregulated the Slc2a4 gene expression and promoted GLUT4 trafficking to the plasma membrane. In addition, mice overexpressing HCAR1 displayed a decrease in hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) phosphorylation and increased lipogenic enzyme gene expression in BAT. Unlike DIO mice, overexpressing HCAR1 in BAT of mice fed a low-fat diet did not change body weight gain and glucose homeostasis. Taken together, our results support the interpretation that HCAR1 expressed in BAT promotes glucose entry and reduces lipolysis in BAT of male DIO mice. As activation of HCAR1 in BAT restores body weight, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity in male DIO mice, our study suggests that interoceptive lactate detection via HCAR1 in BAT can regulate glucose and lipid substrate utilization and/or availability to promote healthy metabolism.NEW & NOTEWORTHY HCAR1 expressed in BAT can promote glucose entry and reduce lipolysis, resulting in body weight loss and increased insulin sensitivity. Hence, targeting HCAR1 in BAT would provide an alternative way to control body weight and euglycemia in individuals with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Young Min
- The Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York
| | - Jiyeon Hwang
- The Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York
| | - Yuna Choi
- The Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York
| | - Young-Hwan Jo
- The Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, New York
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Van Schaik L, Kettle C, Green R, Wundersitz D, Gordon B, Irving HR, Rathner JA. Both caffeine and Capsicum annuum fruit powder lower blood glucose levels and increase brown adipose tissue temperature in healthy adult males. Front Physiol 2022; 13:870154. [PMID: 36017333 PMCID: PMC9395699 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.870154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a combination of respiratory gas exchange, infrared thermography, and blood glucose (BGL) analysis, we have investigated the impact of Capsicum annuum (C. annuum) fruit powder (475 mg) or caffeine (100 mg) on metabolic activity in a placebo controlled (lactose, 100 mg) double-blinded three-way cross-over-design experiment. Metabolic measurements were made on day 1 and day 7 of supplementation in eight adult male participants (22.2 ± 2 years of age, BMI 23 ± 2 kg/m2, x̅ ± SD). Participants arrived fasted overnight and were fed a high carbohydrate meal (90 g glucose), raising BGL from fasting baseline (4.4 ± 0.3 mmol/L) to peak BGL (8.5 ± 0.3 mmol/L) 45 min after the meal. Participants consumed the supplement 45 min after the meal, and both caffeine and C. annuum fruit powder restored BGL (F (8,178) = 2.2, p = 0.02) to near fasting levels within 15 min of supplementation compared to placebo (120 min). In parallel both supplements increased energy expenditure (F (2, 21) = 175.6, p < 0.001) over the 120-min test period (caffeine = 50.74 ± 2 kcal/kg/min, C. annuum fruit = 50.95 ± 1 kcal/kg/min, placebo = 29.34 ± 1 kcal/kg/min). Both caffeine and C. annuum fruit powder increased supraclavicular fossa temperature (F (2,42) = 32, p < 0.001) on both day 1 and day 7 of testing over the 120-min test period. No statistical difference in core temperature or reference point temperature, mean arterial pressure or heart rate was observed due to supplementation nor was any statistical difference seen between day 1 and day 7 of intervention. This is important for implementing dietary ingredients as potential metabolism increasing supplements. Together the results imply that through dietary supplements such as caffeine and C. annuum, mechanisms for increasing metabolism can be potentially targeted to improve metabolic homeostasis in people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Van Schaik
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Lachlan Van Schaik,
| | - Christine Kettle
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Rod Green
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Wundersitz
- Department of Rural Allied Health, Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Brett Gordon
- Department of Rural Allied Health, Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen R. Irving
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph A. Rathner
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Horino M, Ikeda K, Yamada T. The Role of Thermogenic Fat Tissue in Energy Consumption. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3166-3179. [PMID: 35877443 PMCID: PMC9317885 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44070219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian adipose tissues are broadly divided into white adipose tissue (WAT) and thermogenic fat tissue (brown adipose tissue and beige adipose tissue). Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is the central protein in thermogenesis, and cells that exhibit induced UCP1 expression and appear scattered throughout WAT are called beige adipocytes, and their induction in WAT is referred to as “beiging”. Beige adipocytes can differentiate from preadipocytes or convert from mature adipocytes. UCP1 was thought to contribute to non-shivering thermogenesis; however, recent studies demonstrated the presence of UCP1-independent thermogenic mechanisms. There is evidence that thermogenic fat tissue contributes to systemic energy expenditure even in human beings. This review discusses the roles that thermogenic fat tissue plays in energy consumption and offers insight into the possibility and challenges associated with its application in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Scheel AK, Espelage L, Chadt A. Many Ways to Rome: Exercise, Cold Exposure and Diet-Do They All Affect BAT Activation and WAT Browning in the Same Manner? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094759. [PMID: 35563150 PMCID: PMC9103087 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans and the possibility to recruit beige cells with high thermogenic potential within white adipose tissue (WAT) depots opened the field for new strategies to combat obesity and its associated comorbidities. Exercise training as well as cold exposure and dietary components are associated with the enhanced accumulation of metabolically-active beige adipocytes and BAT activation. Both activated beige and brown adipocytes increase their metabolic rate by utilizing lipids to generate heat via non-shivering thermogenesis, which is dependent on uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Non-shivering thermogenesis elevates energy expenditure and promotes a negative energy balance, which may ameliorate metabolic complications of obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) such as insulin resistance (IR) in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Despite the recent advances in pharmacological approaches to reduce obesity and IR by inducing non-shivering thermogenesis in BAT and WAT, the administered pharmacological compounds are often associated with unwanted side effects. Therefore, lifestyle interventions such as exercise, cold exposure, and/or specified dietary regimens present promising anchor points for future disease prevention and treatment of obesity and T2DM. The exact mechanisms where exercise, cold exposure, dietary interventions, and pharmacological treatments converge or rather diverge in their specific impact on BAT activation or WAT browning are difficult to determine. In the past, many reviews have demonstrated the mechanistic principles of exercise- and/or cold-induced BAT activation and WAT browning. In this review, we aim to summarize not only the current state of knowledge on the various mechanistic principles of diverse external stimuli on BAT activation and WAT browning, but also present their translational potential in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Scheel
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz-Center for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (A.K.S.); (L.E.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, 85764 München, Germany
| | - Lena Espelage
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz-Center for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (A.K.S.); (L.E.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, 85764 München, Germany
| | - Alexandra Chadt
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz-Center for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (A.K.S.); (L.E.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, 85764 München, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +49-211-3382-577/430
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Kuroiwa M, Hamaoka‐Fuse S, Amagasa S, Kime R, Endo T, Tanaka R, Kurosawa Y, Hamaoka T. Impact of brown adipose tissue vascular density on body adiposity in healthy Japanese infants and children. Obes Sci Pract 2022; 8:190-198. [PMID: 35388351 PMCID: PMC8976546 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective The importance of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is well recognized in healthy infants and children. However, information regarding age‐related changes in BAT vascular density (BAT‐d) and the impact of BAT‐d on body adiposity are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the normal values of BAT‐d, factors influencing BAT‐d, and the impact of BAT‐d on body adiposity in healthy infants and children. Methods This study included 240 participants (127 girls and 113 boys) aged 1 month to 5 years. The tissue total hemoglobin concentration in the supraclavicular region adjusted according to the subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness (SAT) ([total‐Hb‐Adj]sup) as BAT‐d. SAT in the deltoid and interscapular regions (SATdel+int), the Kaup index (body weight [g]/height or length [cm]/height or length [cm] × 10) as body adiposity, and fertilization season were also measured. Results The [total‐Hb‐Adj]sup of boys was higher than that of girls (r = 0.277, p = 0.009). Younger children had a significantly higher Kaup index (r = 0.495, p < 0.001) and SATdel+int (r = 0.614, p < 0.001) than older children. Children who had higher [total‐Hb‐Adj]sup had a significantly lower Kaup index (r = 0.495, p = 0.037) and SATdel+int (r = 0.614, p < 0.001). Conclusion The [total‐Hb‐Adj]sup, as a parameter of BAT‐d, is negatively correlated with body adiposity in children aged 1 month to 5 years, and BAT might affect human obesity to a much greater extent than expected. To prevent or treat obesity in early childhood, the level of BAT‐d should be considered when using a dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Kuroiwa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Sayuri Hamaoka‐Fuse
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Shiho Amagasa
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Ryotaro Kime
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Tasuki Endo
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Riki Tanaka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuko Kurosawa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Takafumi Hamaoka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
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PET/MRI-evaluated brown adipose tissue activity may be related to dietary MUFA and omega-6 fatty acids intake. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4112. [PMID: 35260768 PMCID: PMC8904502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An investigation of new ways to activate brown adipose tissue (BAT) is highly valuable, as it is a possible tool for obesity prevention and treatment. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationships between dietary intake and BAT activity. The study group comprised 28 healthy non-smoking males aged 21–42 years. All volunteers underwent a physical examination and 75-g OGTT and completed 3-day food intake diaries to evaluate macronutrients and fatty acid intake. Body composition measurements were assessed using DXA scanning. An FDG-18 PET/MR was performed to visualize BAT activity. Brown adipose tissue was detected in 18 subjects (67% normal-weight individuals and 33% overweight/obese). The presence of BAT corresponded with a lower visceral adipose tissue (VAT) content (p = 0.04, after adjustment for age, daily kcal intake, and DXA Lean mass). We noted significantly lower omega-6 fatty acids (p = 0.03) and MUFA (p = 0.02) intake in subjects with detected BAT activity after adjustment for age, daily average kcal intake, and DXA Lean mass, whereas omega-3 fatty acids intake was comparable between the two groups. BAT presence was positively associated with the concentration of serum IL-6 (p = 0.01) during cold exposure. Our results show that BAT activity may be related to daily omega-6 fatty acids intake.
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45
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Guan Y, Yan Z. Molecular Mechanisms of Exercise and Healthspan. Cells 2022; 11:872. [PMID: 35269492 PMCID: PMC8909156 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthspan is the period of our life without major debilitating diseases. In the modern world where unhealthy lifestyle choices and chronic diseases taper the healthspan, which lead to an enormous economic burden, finding ways to promote healthspan becomes a pressing goal of the scientific community. Exercise, one of humanity's most ancient and effective lifestyle interventions, appears to be at the center of the solution since it can both treat and prevent the occurrence of many chronic diseases. Here, we will review the current evidence and opinions about regular exercise promoting healthspan through enhancing the functionality of our organ systems and preventing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntian Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA;
- Center for Skeletal Muscle Research at the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA;
- Center for Skeletal Muscle Research at the Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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Levy SB, Klimova TM, Zakharova RN, Fedorov AI, Fedorova VI, Baltakhinova ME, Bondy M, Atallah D, Thompson-Vasquez J, Dong K, Debertine A, Leonard WR. Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis among young adults in northeastern Siberia and Midwest United States and its relationship with other biological adaptations to cold climates. Am J Hum Biol 2022; 34:e23723. [PMID: 35156253 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent research suggests that brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a functional role in non-shivering thermogenesis; however, few studies have examined population variation in BAT or its relationship with other mechanisms of adaptation to cold stress. This study characterized BAT thermogenesis and other adaptive responses to low temperatures among Indigenous Siberian young adults and young adults living near Chicago, IL. MATERIALS AND METHODS We recruited 72 Yakut participants (42 females; 30 males) and 54 participants in Evanston, IL (40 females; 14 males). Anthropometric dimensions and resting metabolic rate (RMR) were measured, and we calculated percent divergence in RMR from expected values (divRMR). We also quantified change in supraclavicular temperature, sternum temperature, and energy expenditure after a mild cooling condition. RESULTS Participants in Yakutia were less likely to shiver during the cooling condition (p < .05) and exhibited significantly greater evidence of BAT thermogenesis, warmer sternum temperatures, and higher divRMR than participants in Evanston (p < .05). Additionally, the relationship between change in supraclavicular temperature and energy expenditure differed between the two samples. CONCLUSIONS Yakut young adults displayed greater evidence of BAT thermogenesis in response to mild cooling compared with young adults living near Chicago, IL. Furthermore, the relationship between BAT thermogenesis and change in energy expenditure appears to be stronger among Yakut adults. Adults that exhibited greater metabolic response to cold stress, such as higher BAT thermogenesis and divRMR, maintained warmer sternum temperatures. These results highlight the degree to which adaptation to cold climates involves multiple integrated biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie B Levy
- Department of Anthropology, CUNY Hunter College, New York City, New York, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolution Primatology, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Tatiana M Klimova
- North-Eastern Federal University named M.K. Ammosov, Yakutsk, Russia.,Yakutsk Scientific Center for Complex Medical Problems, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Raisa N Zakharova
- North-Eastern Federal University named M.K. Ammosov, Yakutsk, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Madison Bondy
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dania Atallah
- College of Medicine, Kansas City University, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Kaylin Dong
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anne Debertine
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - William R Leonard
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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Xu Z, Chen W, Wang L, You W, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhao J, Shan T. UCP1 Knockin Induces Lipid Dynamics and Transcriptional Programs in the Skeletal Muscles of Pigs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:808095. [PMID: 35096834 PMCID: PMC8790096 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.808095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), the hallmark protein responsible for nonshivering thermogenesis in adipose tissue (especially brown adipose tissue) has regained researchers' attention in the context of metabolic disorders following the realization that UCP1 can be activated in adult humans and reconstituted in pigs. Both skeletal muscle and adipose tissue are highly dynamic tissues that interact at the metabolic and hormonal level in response to internal and external stress, and they coordinate in maintaining whole-body metabolic homeostasis. Here, we utilized lipidomics and transcriptomics to identify the altered lipid profiles and regulatory pathways in skeletal muscles from adipocyte-specific UCP1 knock-in (KI) pigs. UCP1 KI changed the contents of glycerophospholipids and acyl carnitines of skeletal muscles. Several metabolic regulatory pathways were more enriched in the UCP1 KI skeletal muscle. Comparison of the transcriptomes of adipose and skeletal muscle suggested that nervous system or chemokine signaling might account for the crosstalk between these two tissues in UCP1 KI pigs. Comparison of the lipid biomarkers from UCP1 KI pigs and other mammals suggested associations between UCP1 KI-induced metabolic alternations and metabolic and muscle dysfunction. Our study reveals the lipid dynamics and transcriptional programs in the skeletal muscle of UCP1 KI pigs and suggests that a network regulates metabolic homeostasis between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziye Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wentao Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liyi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing You
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Ocobock C, Niclou A. Commentary—fat but fit…and cold? Potential evolutionary and environmental drivers of metabolically healthy obesity. Evol Med Public Health 2022; 10:400-408. [PMID: 36071988 PMCID: PMC9447378 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As global obesity rates continue to rise, it is important to understand the origin, role and range of human variation of body mass index (BMI) in assessing health and healthcare. A growing body of evidence suggests that BMI is a poor indicator of health across populations, and that there may be a metabolically healthy obese phenotype. Here, we review the reasons why BMI is an inadequate tool for assessing cardiometabolic health. We then suggest that cold climate adaptations may also render BMI an uninformative metric. Underlying evolutionary and environmental drivers may allow for heat conserving larger body sizes without necessarily increasing metabolic health risks. However, there may also be a potential mismatch between modern obesogenic environments and adaptations to cold climates, highlighting the need to further investigate the potential for metabolically healthy obese phenotypes among circumpolar and other populations as well as the broader meaning for metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Ocobock
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, IN, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Institute for Educational Initiatives, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Alexandra Niclou
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Kulterer OC, Herz CT, Prager M, Schmöltzer C, Langer FB, Prager G, Marculescu R, Kautzky-Willer A, Hacker M, Haug AR, Kiefer FW. Brown Adipose Tissue Prevalence Is Lower in Obesity but Its Metabolic Activity Is Intact. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:858417. [PMID: 35432192 PMCID: PMC9009254 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.858417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its high metabolic activity, brown adipose tissue (BAT) has become a promising target for the development of novel treatment concepts for metabolic disease. Despite several reports of a negative association between the presence of active BAT and obesity, very little is known about the quantitative and qualitative differences of BAT in lean and obese individuals. Systematic studies directly comparing cold-induced BAT activity in leanness and obesity are currently lacking. Here we studied BAT mass and function in 31 lean and 64 obese men and women. After a standardized cooling protocol using a water-perfused vest, 18F-FDG-positron emission tomography/computed tomography scans were performed, and BAT was delineated using lean body-mass adjusted standardized uptake value (SUV) thresholds in anatomic regions with fat radiodensity. Cold-induced thermogenesis (CIT), a functional readout of BAT activity, was quantified by indirect calorimetry. Active BAT was present in a significantly higher proportion of lean than obese individuals (58% vs. 33%, p=0.019). In these participants with active BAT, however, BAT volume and activity did not differ between leanness and obesity. Accordingly, CIT was similar in both weight groups. BAT metrics were not related to adiposity or total fat mass per se. However, in obese participants a strong negative correlation existed between visceral adipose tissue and BAT volume, 18F-FDG uptake and CIT. In summary, despite a significantly lower prevalence of BAT, the metabolic activity and thermogenic capacity of BAT appears to be still intact in obesity and is inversely associated with visceral fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana C. Kulterer
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carsten T. Herz
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene Prager
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Schmöltzer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix B. Langer
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Prager
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rodrig Marculescu
- Division of Medical-Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kautzky-Willer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander R. Haug
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian W. Kiefer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Florian W. Kiefer,
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Rahbani JF, Chouchani ET, Spiegelman BM, Kazak L. Measurement of Futile Creatine Cycling Using Respirometry. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2448:141-153. [PMID: 35167096 PMCID: PMC9165624 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2087-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Thermogenic adipose tissue plays a vital function in regulating whole-body energy expenditure and nutrient homeostasis due to its capacity to dissipate chemical energy as heat, in a process called non-shivering thermogenesis. A reduction of creatine levels in adipocytes impairs thermogenic capacity and promotes diet-induced obesityKazak et al, Cell 163, 643-55, 2015; Kazak et al, Cell Metab 26, 660-671.e3, 2017; Kazak et al, Nat Metab 1, 360-370, 2019). Mechanistically, thermogenic respiration can be promoted by the liberation of an excess quantity of ADP that is dependent on addition of creatine. A model of a two-enzyme system, which we term the Futile Creatine Cycle, has been posited to support this thermogenic action of creatine. Futile creatine cycling can be monitored in purified mitochondrial preparations wherein creatine-dependent liberation of ADP is monitored through the measurement of oxygen consumption under ADP-limiting conditions. The current model proposes that, in thermogenic fat cells, mitochondria-targeted creatine kinase B (CKB) uses mitochondrial-derived ATP to phosphorylate creatine (Rahbani JF, Nature 590, 480-485, 2021). The creatine kinase reaction generates phosphocreatine and ADP, and ADP stimulates respiration. Next, a pool of mitochondrial phosphocreatine is directly hydrolyzed by a phosphatase, to regenerate creatine. The liberated creatine can then engage mitochondrial CKB to trigger another round of this cycle to support ADP-dependent respiration. In this model, the coordinated action of creatine phosphorylation and phosphocreatine hydrolysis triggers a futile cycle that produces a molar excess of mitochondrial ADP to promote thermogenic respiration (Rahbani JF, Nature 590, 480-485, 2021; Kazak and Cohen, Nat Rev Endocrinol 16, 421-436, 2020). Here, we provide a detailed method to perform respiratory measurements on isolated mitochondria and calculate the stoichiometry of creatine-dependent ADP liberation. This method provides a direct measure of the futile creatine cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janane F Rahbani
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Edward T Chouchani
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce M Spiegelman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lawrence Kazak
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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