1
|
Bukkuri A, Adler FR. Of criminals and cancer: The importance of social bonds and innate morality on cellular societies. Cells Dev 2024:203964. [PMID: 39151750 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2024.203964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
The current dogma in cancer biology contends that cancer is an identity problem: mutations in a cell's DNA cause it to "go rogue" and proliferate out of control. However, this largely ignores the role of cell-cell interaction and fails to explain phenomena such as cancer reversion, the existence of cancers without mutations, and foreign-body carcinogenesis. In this proof-of-concept paper, we draw on criminology to propose that cancer may alternatively be conceptualized as a relational problem: Although a cell's genetics is essential, the influence of its interaction with other cells is equally important in determining its phenotype. We create a simple agent-based network model of interactions among normal and cancer cells to demonstrate this idea. We find that both high mutation rates and low levels of connectivity among cells can promote oncogenesis. Viewing cancer as a breakdown in communication networks among cells in a tissue complements the gene-centric paradigm nicely and provides a novel perspective for understanding and treating cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuraag Bukkuri
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| | - Frederick R Adler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Furukawa M, Tada H, Raju R, Wang J, Yokoi H, Yamada M, Shikama Y, Saito T, Saido TC, Matsushita K. Effects of tooth loss on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in app knock-in mice. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:329-338. [PMID: 38521152 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) experience behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), which significantly affect their quality of life. It is known that 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) plays a crucial role in the development of BPSD. While the relationship between tooth loss and AD symptoms has been acknowledged, the aspect of aggression has not been focused on until now. Despite the established importance of 5-HT in BPSD, how tooth loss is related to the exacerbation of AD symptoms, especially in terms of aggression, remains largely unexplored. Although nutritional status is known to influence the progression of dementia, the specific effect of tooth loss on peripheral symptoms, notably aggression, is not well understood. METHODS In our study, we conducted maxillary molar extractions in aged C57BL/6J and AppNL-G-F mice and observed their condition over a 3-month period. During this time, we documented significant behavioral and genetic differences between mice in the control groups and mice that underwent tooth extraction. Notably, mice that underwent tooth extraction exhibited a considerable decline in cognitive function and increased in aggression 3 months after tooth extraction compared with the control groups (C57BL/6J and AppNL-G-Fmice). RESULTS Our findings suggest that molar loss may lead to reduced 5-HT levels in the hippocampus, possibly mediated by the trigeminal nerve, contributing to the development of aggression and BPSD in AD. CONCLUSION This study sheds light on the intricate relationships between oral health, 5-HT, and AD symptoms, offering valuable insights into potential therapeutic avenues for managing BPSD in patients with dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masae Furukawa
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-cho, Obu City, Aichi 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Hirobumi Tada
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, 55 Nadakayama, Yokone-cho, Obu City, Aichi 474-8651, Japan; Department of Integrative Physiology, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-cho, Obu City, Aichi 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Resmi Raju
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-cho, Obu City, Aichi 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Jingshu Wang
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-cho, Obu City, Aichi 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Haruna Yokoi
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-cho, Obu City, Aichi 474-8511, Japan; Department of Geriatric Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai City, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Mitsuyoshi Yamada
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-cho, Obu City, Aichi 474-8511, Japan; Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya City, Aichi 464-8651, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Shikama
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-cho, Obu City, Aichi 474-8511, Japan; Department of Geriatric Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai City, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya City, Aichi 467-0001, Japan; Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako City, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako City, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Kenji Matsushita
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-cho, Obu City, Aichi 474-8511, Japan; Department of Geriatric Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai City, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Smith M, Miller S. The Evolution of Forensic Genomics: Regulating Massively Parallel Sequencing. JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2024; 21:365-372. [PMID: 37966660 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-023-10316-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Forensic genomics now enables law enforcement agencies to undertake rapid and detailed analysis of suspect samples using a technique known as massively parallel sequencing (MPS), including information such as physical traits, biological ancestry, and medical conditions. This article discusses the implications of MPS and provides ethical analysis, drawing on the concept of joint rights applicable to genomic data, and the concept of collective moral responsibility (understood as joint moral responsibility) that are applicable to law enforcement investigations that utilize genomic data. The widespread and unconstrained use of this technology without appropriate legal protections of individual moral rights and associated accountability mechanisms, could potentially not only involve violations of individual moral rights but also lead to an unacceptable shift in the balance of power between governments and the citizenry. We argue that in light of the rights of victims and the security benefits for society, there is a collective moral responsibility for individuals to submit their DNA to law enforcement and for MPS to be used where other, less invasive techniques are not effective. However, this application should be limited by legislation, including that any data obtained should be directly relevant to the investigation and should be destroyed at the conclusion of the investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Smith
- Charles Sturt University, 10 Brisbane Avenue, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
| | - Seumas Miller
- Charles Sturt University, 10 Brisbane Avenue, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bulla J, Lindner JF, Mier D, Schulze TG, Senner F, Schlögl-Flierl K. [Genetic studies on forensic-psychiatric inpatients? : Clinical, ethical and legal considerations]. DER NERVENARZT 2024; 95:262-267. [PMID: 38372772 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-024-01624-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on people deprived of liberty raises serious questions, especially concerning behavioral genetic studies. QUESTION Does including criminally detained patients with mental disorders in genetic studies lead to a gain of new knowledge and can this be ethically and legally justified? METHOD Evaluation of existing literature and interdisciplinary reflection. RESULTS After a review of research ethics and legal norms, we consider the benefits and risks of behavioral genetic research, taking the unique situation of test persons deprived of their liberty into account. The fundamental right to freedom of research also justifies foundational research in forensic psychiatry and psychotherapy. The possible future benefits of improving treatment plans must be weighed against the risks resulting from potential data leaks and inappropriate public reception of research results. Then we analyze possible threats to voluntary and informed consent to study participation in more detail by the ethical concept of vulnerability. Alongside problems with grasping complex issues, above all dependencies and power dynamics in the correctional system play a pivotal role. Recommendations on the ethical and legal inclusion of this study population are given. CONCLUSION Including criminally detained study participants can be ethically and legally justified when autonomous consent is supported by specific organizational and legal procedures and measures, for example via a clear professional and organizational separation of correction and research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bulla
- Klinik für Forensische Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Zentrum für Psychiatrie Reichenau, Feursteinstraße 55, 78479, Reichenau, Deutschland.
- Universität Ulm, Ulm, Deutschland.
| | - Josef Franz Lindner
- Lehrstuhl für Öffentliches Recht, Medizinrecht und Rechtsphilosophie, Universität Augsburg, Augsburg, Deutschland
| | - Daniela Mier
- Fachbereich Psychologie, AG Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Deutschland
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, LMU München, München, Deutschland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Norton College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fanny Senner
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, LMU München, München, Deutschland
- Zentrum für Psychiatrie Südwürttemberg, Ravensburg, Deutschland
- Universität Ulm, Ulm, Deutschland
| | - Kerstin Schlögl-Flierl
- Lehrstuhl für Moraltheologie, Zentrum für Interdisziplinäre Gesundheitsforschung, Universität Augsburg, Augsburg, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ma Y, Chen H, Li H, Zhao Z, An Q, Shi C. Targeting monoamine oxidase A: a strategy for inhibiting tumor growth with both immune checkpoint inhibitors and immune modulators. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:48. [PMID: 38349393 PMCID: PMC10864517 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03622-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is a membrane-bound mitochondrial enzyme present in almost all vertebrate tissues that catalyzes the degradation of biogenic and dietary-derived monoamines. MAOA is known for regulating neurotransmitter metabolism and has been implicated in antitumor immune responses. In this review, we retrospect that MAOA inhibits the activities of various types of tumor-associated immune cells (such as CD8+ T cells and tumor-associated macrophages) by regulating their intracellular monoamines and metabolites. Developing novel MAOA inhibitor drugs and exploring multidrug combination strategies may enhance the efficacy of immune governance. Thus, MAOA may act as a novel immune checkpoint or immunomodulator by influencing the efficacy and effectiveness of immunotherapy. In conclusion, MAOA is a promising immune target that merits further in-depth exploration in preclinical and clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Ma
- Division of Cancer Biology, Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730030, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanmu Chen
- Division of Cancer Biology, Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Yan'an University, 580 Bao-Ta Street, Yanan, 716000, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Division of Cancer Biology, Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhite Zhao
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingling An
- Division of Cancer Biology, Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhong Shi
- Division of Cancer Biology, Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Furukawa M, Tada H, Raju R, Wang J, Yokoi H, Yamada M, Shikama Y, Matsushita K. Long-Term Soft-Food Rearing in Young Mice Alters Brain Function and Mood-Related Behavior. Nutrients 2023; 15:2397. [PMID: 37242280 PMCID: PMC10222696 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between caloric and nutrient intake and overall health has been extensively studied. However, little research has focused on the impact of the hardness of staple foods on health. In this study, we investigated the effects of a soft diet on brain function and behavior in mice from an early age. Mice fed a soft diet for six months exhibited increased body weight and total cholesterol levels, along with impaired cognitive and motor function, heightened nocturnal activity, and increased aggression. Interestingly, when these mice were switched back to a solid diet for three months, their weight gain ceased, total cholesterol levels stabilized, cognitive function improved, and aggression decreased, while their nocturnal activity remained high. These findings suggest that long-term consumption of a soft diet during early development can influence various behaviors associated with anxiety and mood regulation, including weight gain, cognitive decline, impaired motor coordination, increased nocturnal activity, and heightened aggression. Therefore, the hardness of food can impact brain function, mental well-being, and motor skills during the developmental stage. Early consumption of hard foods may be crucial for promoting and maintaining healthy brain function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masae Furukawa
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan; (R.R.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (M.Y.); (Y.S.)
| | - Hirobumi Tada
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Wellness, Shigakkan University, Obu 474-8651, Japan;
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan
| | - Resmi Raju
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan; (R.R.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (M.Y.); (Y.S.)
| | - Jingshu Wang
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan; (R.R.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (M.Y.); (Y.S.)
| | - Haruna Yokoi
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan; (R.R.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (M.Y.); (Y.S.)
| | - Mitsuyoshi Yamada
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan; (R.R.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (M.Y.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan
| | - Yosuke Shikama
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan; (R.R.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (M.Y.); (Y.S.)
| | - Kenji Matsushita
- Department of Oral Disease Research, Geroscience Research Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan; (R.R.); (J.W.); (H.Y.); (M.Y.); (Y.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xiao L, Li X, Fang C, Yu J, Chen T. Neurotransmitters: promising immune modulators in the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1118637. [PMID: 37215113 PMCID: PMC10196476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1118637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is modified by its cellular or acellular components throughout the whole period of tumor development. The dynamic modulation can reprogram tumor initiation, growth, invasion, metastasis, and response to therapies. Hence, the focus of cancer research and intervention has gradually shifted to TME components and their interactions. Accumulated evidence indicates neural and immune factors play a distinct role in modulating TME synergistically. Among the complicated interactions, neurotransmitters, the traditional neural regulators, mediate some crucial regulatory functions. Nevertheless, knowledge of the exact mechanisms is still scarce. Meanwhile, therapies targeting the TME remain unsatisfactory. It holds a great prospect to reveal the molecular mechanism by which the interplay between the nervous and immune systems regulate cancer progression for laying a vivid landscape of tumor development and improving clinical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luxi Xiao
- Department of General Surgery and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Nanfang Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xunjun Li
- Department of General Surgery and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Nanfang Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuanfa Fang
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiang Yu
- Department of General Surgery and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Nanfang Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of General Surgery and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Nanfang Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sun D, Wang Q, Xu Y. Influencing factors for assessment of criminal responsibility in patients with mental disorders: A forensic case analysis between 2010 and 2020. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2023; 86:101854. [PMID: 36528930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2022.101854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In China, police departments usually initiate assessment of criminal responsibility after patients with mental disorders commit crimes. However, the specific conditions demanding assessment are not clearly stipulated by law. Few studies have been conducted on the epidemiological characteristics and assessment of criminal responsibility in patients with mental disorders. This study aimed to analyze the features and identify influencing factors for assessment of criminal responsibility for patients with mental disorders in a single-center cohort. METHODS Cases undergoing criminal responsibility assessment at the Center of Forensic Science, East China University of Political Science and Law in Shanghai (CFS, ECUPL) between 2010 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Criminal responsibility was categorized as criminal irresponsibility, diminished criminal responsibility, and full criminal responsibility. Differences among the groups were then statistically analyzed. RESULTS In the study period, 437 patients including 361 males (82.61%) were referred for criminal responsibility assessment. Their ages ranged from 15 years to 91 years. After assessment, the number of cases with criminal irresponsibility, diminished criminal responsibility, and full criminal responsibility were 196 (44.85%), 181 (41.42%), and 60 (13.73%), respectively. The Chi-square test and nominal regression analysis showed that influencing factors for assessment of criminal responsibility comprised crime in public places (OR = 14.734; 95% CI: 1.463-148.424), crime in victim's residence (OR = 10.852; 95% CI: 1.068-110.214), crime in suspect's residence (OR = 9.542; 95% CI: 1.046-87.092), forensic psychiatric diagnosis of F1X (OR = 0.014,0.011; 95%CI:0.001-0.261,0-0.5), F2X (OR = 5.75; 95%CI:1.315-23.145), F4X (OR = 0.077; 95%CI:0.016-0.38,) and F6X (OR = 0.112,0.075; 95% CI: 0.022-0.558,0.006-0.959), criminal object of property (OR = 9.989; 95% CI: 1.305-76.455), cases of theft (OR = 0.09, 0.087; 95% CI: 0.013-0.648,0.012-0.654), and cases of endangering public security (OR = 0.152, 0.205; 95% CI: 0.034-0.678, 0.045-0.931). CONCLUSION Crime in public places, suspect's residence and victim's residence, forensic psychiatric diagnosis of F1X, F2X, F4X and F6X, criminal object of property, case types of theft and endangering public security were influencing factors in assessment of criminal responsibility. Therefore, special attention should be paid to patients with mental disorders under such circumstances in order to avoid bias on assessment of criminal responsibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daming Sun
- Forensic Science Center, East China University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Forensic Science Center, East China University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yajun Xu
- Department of psychology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Odintsova VV, Hagenbeek FA, van der Laan CM, van de Weijer S, Boomsma DI. Genetics and epigenetics of human aggression. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 197:13-44. [PMID: 37633706 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821375-9.00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
There is substantial variation between humans in aggressive behavior, with its biological etiology and molecular genetic basis mostly unknown. This review chapter offers an overview of genomic and omics studies revealing the genetic contribution to aggression and first insights into associations with epigenetic and other omics (e.g., metabolomics) profiles. We allowed for a broad phenotype definition including studies on "aggression," "aggressive behavior," or "aggression-related traits," "antisocial behavior," "conduct disorder," and "oppositional defiant disorder." Heritability estimates based on family and twin studies in children and adults of this broadly defined phenotype of aggression are around 50%, with relatively small fluctuations around this estimate. Next, we review the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) which search for associations with alleles and also allow for gene-based tests and epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) which seek to identify associations with differently methylated regions across the genome. Both GWAS and EWAS allow for construction of Polygenic and DNA methylation scores at an individual level. Currently, these predict a small percentage of variance in aggression. We expect that increases in sample size will lead to additional discoveries in GWAS and EWAS, and that multiomics approaches will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular underpinnings of aggression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika V Odintsova
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction and Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Mental Health Division, Amsterdam Public Health (APH) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona A Hagenbeek
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Mental Health Division, Amsterdam Public Health (APH) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Camiel M van der Laan
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steve van de Weijer
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction and Development (AR&D) Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li J, Ouyang L, Liu X, Wang Q, Min Z, Liu G, Zhong Y, Zhang N, Wang C, Liu N. The influence of NOS1AP gene polymorphisms and childhood abuse on antisocial personality disorder in Chinese male violent inmates. Personal Ment Health 2022; 17:184-193. [PMID: 36463909 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a common behavioral pattern that causes sufferers to ignore or violate the rights of others. Though its cause is still unclear, previous studies have shown that childhood maltreatment is closely related to ASPD. The NOS1AP gene is associated with various neuropsychiatric diseases, but a linkage between it and ASPD has not yet been discovered. This study recruited ASPD and non-ASPD male subjects who had committed violent crimes from a prison in Nanjing, China. By comparing the two groups' genotypes, allele frequencies, and histories of childhood abuse, we explored the interaction between the NOS1AP gene and childhood maltreatment on the pathogenesis of ASPD. The results showed that polymorphism rs945713 in the NOS1AP gene was associated with ASPD and furthermore that this SNP may be involved in regulating the effect of childhood abuse on ASPD. This study found that childhood trauma increases the risk of ASPD in violent adult male inmates; for prisoners with ASPD, it is critical to pay attention to their childhood trauma and take early psychological intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Li
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lichen Ouyang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyao Liu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiuyu Wang
- Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhang Min
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Liu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Zhong
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun Wang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Institute of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Na Liu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Theorizing the Role of Dopaminergic Polymorphic Risk Alleles with Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED), Violent/Aggressive Behavior and Addiction: Justification of Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) Testing. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12121946. [PMID: 36556167 PMCID: PMC9784939 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12121946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific studies have provided evidence that there is a relationship between violent and aggressive behaviors and addictions. Genes involved with the reward system, specifically the brain reward cascade (BRC), appear to be associated with various addictions and impulsive, aggressive, and violent behaviors. In our previous research, we examined the Taq A1 allele (variant D2 dopamine receptor gene) and the DAT-40 base repeat (a variant of the dopamine transporter gene) in 11 Caucasian boys at the Brown School in San Marcus, Texas, diagnosed with intermittent explosive disorder. Thirty supernormal controls were screened to exclude several reward-deficit behaviors, including pathological violence, and genotyped for the DRD2 gene. Additionally, 91 controls were screened to exclude ADHD, pathological violence, alcoholism, drug dependence, and tobacco abuse, and their results were compared with DAT1 genotype results. In the schoolboys vs. supercontrols, there was a significant association with the D2 variant and a trend with the dopamine transporter variant. Results support our hypothesis and the involvement of at least two gene risk alleles with adolescent violent/aggressive behaviors. This study and the research presented in this paper suggest that violent/aggressive behaviors are associated with a greater risk of addiction, mediated via various genes linked to the BRC. This review provides a contributory analysis of how gene polymorphisms, especially those related to the brain reward circuitry, are associated with violent behaviors.
Collapse
|
12
|
Brown J, Li Z, Wang X, Kim YJ, Wang YC, Zuo Y, Hong W, Wang P, Li B, Yang L. Nanoformulation improves antitumor efficacy of MAOI immune checkpoint blockade therapy without causing aggression-related side effects. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:970324. [PMID: 36120311 PMCID: PMC9475110 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.970324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MAOIs, a well-established class of antidepressant that operate through the inhibition of monoamine oxidase to increase available serotonin, have recently been identified as a surprisingly effective candidate for the circumvention of tumor-induced immune suppression due to their abilities to enhance antitumor T cell activity through autocrine serotonin signaling and depolarize alternatively activated tumor-associated macrophages through a reduction in reactive oxygen species production. However, this impressive class of antidepressants-turned-cancer-drugs can induce aggressive behavioral side effects when administered in immunotherapeutic doses. In this study, we investigated the possibility of avoiding these neurological side effects while simultaneously improving antitumor activity by establishing crosslinked multilamellar liposomal vesicles (cMLVs) containing the MAOI phenelzine (PLZ). Our results showed that cMLV-PLZ treatment increases antitumor efficacy in a B16-OVA mouse melanoma model compared to treatment with free phenelzine. We also found that nanoformulation resulted in the complete elimination of MAOI-related aggression. These findings suggest a promising direction for the future of MAOIs repurposed for cancer immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Brown
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yu Jeong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yu-Chen Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yanning Zuo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Weizhe Hong
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Pin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Bo Li, ; Lili Yang,
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Bo Li, ; Lili Yang,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mohammad GS, Joca S, Starnawska A. The Cannabis-Induced Epigenetic Regulation of Genes Associated with Major Depressive Disorder. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1435. [PMID: 36011346 PMCID: PMC9407536 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of depression is increasing worldwide, as is the number of people suffering from treatment-resistant depression; these patients constitute 30% of those treated. Unfortunately, there have not been significant advances in the treatment of this disorder in the past few decades. Exposure to cannabis and cannabis-derived compounds impacts depression symptomatology in different ways, with evidence indicating that cannabidiol has antidepressant effects; there have been mixed results with medical cannabis. Even though the exact molecular mechanisms of the action underlying changes in depression symptomatology upon exposure to cannabis and cannabis-derived compounds are still unknown, there is strong evidence that these agents have a widespread impact on epigenetic regulation. We hypothesized that exposure to cannabis or cannabis-derived compounds changes the DNA methylation levels of genes associated with depression. To test this hypothesis, we first performed a literature search to identify genes that are differentially methylated upon exposure to cannabis and cannabis-derived compounds, as reported in methylome-wide association studies. We next checked whether genes residing in loci associated with depression, as identified in the largest currently available genome-wide association study of depression, were reported to be epigenetically regulated by cannabis or cannabis-related compounds. Multiple genes residing in loci associated with depression were found to be epigenetically regulated by exposure to cannabis or cannabis-derived compounds. This epigenomic regulation of depression-associated genes by cannabis or cannabis-derived compounds was reported across diverse organisms, tissues, and developmental stages and occurred in genes crucial for neuronal development, functioning, survival, and synapse functioning, as well as in genes previously implicated in other mental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sâmia Joca
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Anna Starnawska
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, CGPM, Center for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hu J, Johnson TA, Zhang H, Cheng HW. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Gut Microbiota Modulates Conspecific Aggression in Diversely Selected Laying Hens. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061081. [PMID: 35744601 PMCID: PMC9230770 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays an important role in regulating brain function, influencing psychological and emotional stability. The correlations between conspecific aggression, gut microbiota, and physiological homeostasis were further studied in inbred laying chicken lines, 63 and 72, which were diversely selected for Marek’s disease, and they also behave differently in aggression. Ten sixty-week-old hens from each line were sampled for blood, brain, and cecal content. Neurotransmitters, cytokines, corticosterone, and heterophil/lymphocyte ratios were determined. Cecal microbiota compositions were determined by bacterial 16s rRNA sequencing, and functional predictions were performed. Our data showed that the central serotonin and tryptophan levels were higher in line 63 compared to line 72 (p < 0.05). Plasma corticosterone, heterophil/lymphocyte ratios, and central norepinephrine were lower in line 63 (p < 0.05). The level of tumor necrosis factor α tended to be higher in line 63. Faecalibacterium, Oscillibacter, Butyricicoccus, and Bacteriodes were enriched in line 63 birds, while Clostridiales vadin BB60, Alistipes, Mollicutes RF39 were dominated in line 72. From the predicted bacterial functional genes, the kynurenine pathway was upregulated in line 72. These results suggested a functional linkage of the line differences in serotonergic activity, stress response, innate immunity, and gut microbiota populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Hu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Timothy A. Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Correspondence: (T.A.J.); (H.-W.C.)
| | - Huanmin Zhang
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA;
| | - Heng-Wei Cheng
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Correspondence: (T.A.J.); (H.-W.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Paiva T, Canas-Simião H. Sleep and violence perpetration: A review of biological and environmental substrates. J Sleep Res 2022; 31:e13547. [PMID: 35037316 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Violence is a worldwide societal burden that negatively impacts individual health, wellbeing and economic development. Evidence suggests a bidirectional relationship between sleep changes and violence. This review details, evaluates and discusses the biological and demographic substrates linking sleep and violence perpetration, and summarizes the overlap of brain areas, functional neuronal systems and genetic features involved, not including violent behaviours during sleep. Knowledge on the biological variables that affect the individual's susceptibility to violent behaviour may have implications for criminology, management of detentions and rehabilitation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Paiva
- Sleep and Medicine Center (CENC), Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Instituto de Saúde Ambiental - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hugo Canas-Simião
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental (CHLO); Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC); Sleep and Medicine Center (CENC), Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Borinskaya SA, Rubanovich AV, Larin AK, Kazantseva AV, Davydova YD, Generozov EV, Khusnutdinova EK, Yankovsky NK. Epigenome-Wide Association Study of CpG Methylation in Aggressive Behavior. RUSS J GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795421120048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
17
|
The Modulatory Role of Serotonin on Human Impulsive Aggression. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:447-457. [PMID: 34266672 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis of chronically low brain serotonin levels as pathophysiologically linked to impulsive aggression has been around for several decades. Whereas the theory was initially based on indirect methods to probe serotonin function, our understanding of the neural mechanisms involved in impulsive aggression has progressed with recent advances in neuroimaging. The review integrates evidence based on data from several neuroimaging domains in humans. In vivo molecular neuroimaging findings demonstrate associations between impulsive aggression and high serotonin 1B and serotonin 4 receptor binding, high serotonin transporter levels, and low monoamine oxidase A levels, suggesting that low interstitial serotonin levels are a neurobiological risk factor for impulsive aggressive behavior. Imaging genetics suggests that serotonergic-related genetic polymorphisms associate with antisocial behavior, and some evidence indicates that the low-expressing monoamine oxidase A genotype specifically predisposes to impulsive aggression, which may be mediated by effects on corticolimbic function. Interventions that (presumably) alter serotonin levels have effects on brain activity within brain regions involved in impulsive aggression, notably the amygdala, dorsal striatum, anterior cingulate, insula, and prefrontal cortex. Based on these findings, we propose a model for the modulatory role of serotonin in impulsive aggression. Future studies should ensure that clinical features unique for impulsive aggression are appropriately assessed, and we propose investigations of knowledge gaps that can help confirm, refute, or modify our proposed model of impulsive aggression.
Collapse
|
18
|
Objective Video-Based Assessment of ADHD-Like Canine Behavior Using Machine Learning. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102806. [PMID: 34679828 PMCID: PMC8532741 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This paper applies machine learning techniques to propose an objective video-based method for assessing the degree of canine ADHD-like behavior in veterinary consultation room. The method is evaluated using clinical data of dog patients in a veterinary clinic, as well as in a focus group of experts. Abstract Canine ADHD-like behavior is a behavioral problem that often compromises dogs’ well-being, as well as the quality of life of their owners; early diagnosis and clinical intervention are often critical for successful treatment, which usually involves medication and/or behavioral modification. Diagnosis mainly relies on owner reports and some assessment scales, which are subject to subjectivity. This study is the first to propose an objective method for automated assessment of ADHD-like behavior based on video taken in a consultation room. We trained a machine learning classifier to differentiate between dogs clinically treated in the context of ADHD-like behavior and health control group with 81% accuracy; we then used its output to score the degree of exhibited ADHD-like behavior. In a preliminary evaluation in clinical context, in 8 out of 11 patients receiving medical treatment to treat excessive ADHD-like behavior, H-score was reduced. We further discuss the potential applications of the provided artifacts in clinical settings, based on feedback on H-score received from a focus group of four behavior experts.
Collapse
|
19
|
A Common CDH13 Variant Is Associated with Low Agreeableness and Neural Responses to Working Memory Tasks in ADHD. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091356. [PMID: 34573337 PMCID: PMC8471784 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell—cell signaling gene CDH13 is associated with a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, and major depression. CDH13 regulates axonal outgrowth and synapse formation, substantiating its relevance for neurodevelopmental processes. Several studies support the influence of CDH13 on personality traits, behavior, and executive functions. However, evidence for functional effects of common gene variation in the CDH13 gene in humans is sparse. Therefore, we tested for association of a functional intronic CDH13 SNP rs2199430 with ADHD in a sample of 998 adult patients and 884 healthy controls. The Big Five personality traits were assessed by the NEO-PI-R questionnaire. Assuming that altered neural correlates of working memory and cognitive response inhibition show genotype-dependent alterations, task performance and electroencephalographic event-related potentials were measured by n-back and continuous performance (Go/NoGo) tasks. The rs2199430 genotype was not associated with adult ADHD on the categorical diagnosis level. However, rs2199430 was significantly associated with agreeableness, with minor G allele homozygotes scoring lower than A allele carriers. Whereas task performance was not affected by genotype, a significant heterosis effect limited to the ADHD group was identified for the n-back task. Heterozygotes (AG) exhibited significantly higher N200 amplitudes during both the 1-back and 2-back condition in the central electrode position Cz. Consequently, the common genetic variation of CDH13 is associated with personality traits and impacts neural processing during working memory tasks. Thus, CDH13 might contribute to symptomatic core dysfunctions of social and cognitive impairment in ADHD.
Collapse
|
20
|
Checknita D, Tiihonen J, Hodgins S, Nilsson KW. Associations of age, sex, sexual abuse, and genotype with monoamine oxidase a gene methylation. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1721-1739. [PMID: 34424394 PMCID: PMC8536631 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epigenome-wide studies report higher methylation among women than men with decreasing levels with age. Little is known about associations of sex and age with methylation of monoamine oxidase A (MAOA). Methylation of the first exonic and partial first intronic region of MAOA has been shown to strengthen associations of interactions of MAOA-uVNTR genotypes and adversity with aggression and substance misuse. Our study examined associations of sex and age with MAOA first exon and intron methylation levels in 252 women and 157 men aged 14–73 years. Participants included adolescents recruited at a substance misuse clinic, their siblings and parents, and healthy women. Women showed ~ 50% higher levels of exonic, and ~ 15% higher intronic, methylation than men. Methylation levels were similar between younger (M = 22.7 years) and older (M = 46.1 years) participants, and stable across age. Age modified few associations of methylation levels with sex. MAOA genotypes modified few associations of methylation with sex and age. Higher methylation levels among women were not explained by genotype, nor interaction of genotype and sexual abuse. Findings were similar after adjusting for lifetime diagnoses of substance dependence (women = 24.3%; men = 34.2%). Methylation levels were higher among women who experienced sexual abuse than women who did not. Results extend on prior studies by showing that women display higher levels of methylation than men within first intronic/exonic regions of MAOA, which did not decrease with age in either sex. Findings were not conditioned by genotype nor interactions of genotype and trauma, and indicate X-chromosome inactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Checknita
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Psychiatry Building R5:00 c/o Jari Tiihonen, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Centre for Clinical Research, Västmanland County Council, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jari Tiihonen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Psychiatry Building R5:00 c/o Jari Tiihonen, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm City Council, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sheilagh Hodgins
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Psychiatry Building R5:00 c/o Jari Tiihonen, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.,Département de Psychiatrie et Addictologie, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kent W Nilsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Centre for Clinical Research, Västmanland County Council, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang YC, Wang X, Yu J, Ma F, Li Z, Zhou Y, Zeng S, Ma X, Li YR, Neal A, Huang J, To A, Clarke N, Memarzadeh S, Pellegrini M, Yang L. Targeting monoamine oxidase A-regulated tumor-associated macrophage polarization for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3530. [PMID: 34112755 PMCID: PMC8192781 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is a promising strategy to modify the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and improve cancer immunotherapy. Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) is an enzyme best known for its function in the brain; small molecule MAO inhibitors (MAOIs) are clinically used for treating neurological disorders. Here we observe MAO-A induction in mouse and human TAMs. MAO-A-deficient mice exhibit decreased TAM immunosuppressive functions corresponding with enhanced antitumor immunity. MAOI treatment induces TAM reprogramming and suppresses tumor growth in preclinical mouse syngeneic and human xenograft tumor models. Combining MAOI and anti-PD-1 treatments results in synergistic tumor suppression. Clinical data correlation studies associate high intratumoral MAOA expression with poor patient survival in a broad range of cancers. We further demonstrate that MAO-A promotes TAM immunosuppressive polarization via upregulating oxidative stress. Together, these data identify MAO-A as a critical regulator of TAMs and support repurposing MAOIs for TAM reprogramming to improve cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiaji Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, and Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Samuel Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoya Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adam Neal
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Angela To
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Clarke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sanaz Memarzadeh
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, and Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sanfilippo C, Castrogiovanni P, Imbesi R, Lazzarino G, Di Pietro V, Li Volti G, Tibullo D, Barbagallo I, Lazzarino G, Avola R, Musumeci G, Fazio F, Vinciguerra M, Di Rosa M. Sex-dependent monoamine oxidase isoforms expression patterns during human brain ageing. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 197:111516. [PMID: 34097937 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Human behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is among the most investigated genetic determinants of violent behaviors, while the monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) is explored in Parkinson's disease. We collected twenty-four post-mortem brain tissue datasets of 3871 and 1820 non-demented males and females, respectively, who died from causes not attributable to neurodegenerative diseases. The gene expressions of MAOA and MAOB (MAO genes) were analyzed in these subjects, who were further stratified according to age into eleven groups ranging from late Infancy (5-9 months) to centenarians (>100 years). MAO genes were differently expressed in brains during the entire life span. In particular, maximal and minimal expression levels were found in early life and around the teen years. Females tended to have higher MAO gene levels throughout their lives than those found in age-matched males, even when expressions were separately measured in different brain regions. We demonstrated the existence of age- and sex- related variations in the MAO transcript levels in defined brain regions. More in-depth protein studies are needed to confirm our preliminary results obtained only on messenger RNAs in order to establish the role played by MAO genes in human development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sanfilippo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Strada Statale 113, C.da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Castrogiovanni
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Rosa Imbesi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lazzarino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Pietro
- Neurotrauma and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Ignazio Barbagallo
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lazzarino
- UniCamillus - Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via di Sant'Alessandro 8, 00131, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Avola
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Fazio
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, Health Science, San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- International Clinical Research Center (FNUSA-ICRC), St' Anne University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michelino Di Rosa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang X, Li B, Kim YJ, Wang YC, Li Z, Yu J, Zeng S, Ma X, Choi IY, Di Biase S, Smith DJ, Zhou Y, Li YR, Ma F, Huang J, Clarke N, To A, Gong L, Pham AT, Moon H, Pellegrini M, Yang L. Targeting monoamine oxidase A for T cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabh2383. [PMID: 33990379 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abh2383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) is an enzyme best known for its function in the brain, where it breaks down neurotransmitters and thereby influences mood and behavior. Small-molecule MAO inhibitors (MAOIs) have been developed and are clinically used for treating depression and other neurological disorders. However, the involvement of MAO-A in antitumor immunity has not been reported. Here, we observed induction of the Maoa gene in tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Maoa knockout mice exhibited enhanced antitumor T cell immunity and suppressed tumor growth. MAOI treatment significantly suppressed tumor growth in preclinical mouse syngeneic and human xenograft tumor models in a T cell-dependent manner. Combining MAOI and anti-PD-1 treatments generated synergistic tumor suppression effects. Clinical data correlation studies associated intratumoral MAOA expression with T cell dysfunction and decreased patient survival in a broad range of cancers. We further demonstrated that MAO-A restrains antitumor T cell immunity through controlling intratumoral T cell autocrine serotonin signaling. Together, these data identify MAO-A as an immune checkpoint and support repurposing MAOI antidepressants for cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yu Jeong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yu-Chen Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jiaji Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Samuel Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xiaoya Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - In Young Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stefano Di Biase
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Drake J Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nicole Clarke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Angela To
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Laura Gong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alexander T Pham
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Heesung Moon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
How should we theorize about justice in the genomic era? Politics Life Sci 2021; 40:106-125. [PMID: 33949837 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2021.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The sequencing of the human genome and advances in gene therapy and genomic editing, coupled with embryo selection techniques and a potential gerontological intervention, are some examples of the rapid technological advances of the "genetic revolution." This article addresses the methodological issue of how we should theorize about justice in the genomic era. Invoking the methodology of non-ideal theory, I argue that theorizing about justice in the genomic era entails theorizing about (1) the new inequalities that the genetic revolution could exacerbate (e.g., genetic discrimination, disability-related injustices, and gender inequality), and (2) those inequalities that the genetic revolution could help us mitigate (e.g., the risks of disease in early and late life). By doing so, normative theorists can ensure that we develop an account of justice that takes seriously not only individual rights, equality of opportunity, the cultural and sociopolitical aspects of disability, and equality between the sexes, but also the potential health benefits (to both individuals and populations) of attending to the evolutionary causes of morbidity and disability.
Collapse
|
25
|
Wendelberg L. An Ontological Framework to Facilitate Early Detection of 'Radicalization' (OFEDR)-A Three World Perspective. J Imaging 2021; 7:60. [PMID: 34460716 PMCID: PMC8321290 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging7030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an ontology that involves using information from various sources from different disciplines and combining it in order to predict whether a given person is in a radicalization process. The purpose of the ontology is to improve the early detection of radicalization in persons, thereby contributing to increasing the extent to which the unwanted escalation of radicalization processes can be prevented. The ontology combines findings related to existential anxiety that are related to political radicalization with well-known criminal profiles or radicalization findings. The software Protégé, delivered by the technical field at Stanford University, including the SPARQL tab, is used to develop and test the ontology. The testing, which involved five models, showed that the ontology could detect individuals according to "risk profiles" for subjects based on existential anxiety. SPARQL queries showed an average detection probability of 5% including only a risk population and 2% on a whole test population. Testing by using machine learning algorithms proved that inclusion of less than four variables in each model produced unreliable results. This suggest that the Ontology Framework to Facilitate Early Detection of 'Radicalization' (OFEDR) ontology risk model should consist of at least four variables to reach a certain level of reliability. Analysis shows that use of a probability based on an estimated risk of terrorism may produce a gap between the number of subjects who actually have early signs of radicalization and those found by using probability estimates for extremely rare events. It is reasoned that an ontology exists as a world three object in the real world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Wendelberg
- Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 2815 Gjøvik, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wolde A, Tesfaye Y, Yitayih Y. Psychopathy and Associated Factors Among Newly Admitted Prisoners in Correctional Institution Located in Bench Sheko and West Omo Zone, South West Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:261-273. [PMID: 33688279 PMCID: PMC7935445 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s294013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Psychopathy is an emerging health and behavioral problem worldwide. Psychopathy is linked to risk substance use, maltreatment, violence, crime, and reoffending, but little is known about psychopathy in low income countries like Ethiopia. Therefore, we assessed the prevalence and factors associated with psychopathy among newly-admitted prisoners in Bench Sheko and West Omo zone correctional center, Mizan Aman, Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 20 to July 19, 2019, among 411 (N=422) newly-admitted Bench Sheko and West Omo zone correctional center prisoners by using a consecutive sampling technique. A semi-structured and interviewer administered psychopathy checklist revised tool was used for screening psychopathy. WHO, ASSIST tool was used for screening risk use of khat, tobacco, and alcohol. Trauma, maltreatment, and social support were assessed with a life event checklist, adverse life experience screening tool, and Oslo social support scale, respectively. In addition, Criminal and clinical history of the prisoner was also assessed. The data was entered into Epi-data 3.1 and exported to Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 21 for statistical analysis. A logistic regression model was used. Variables with a p-value less than 0.05 in the final fitting model were declared as independent predictors of psychopathy. Results The prevalence of psychopathy was 24.3%. Childhood maltreatment (AOR=6, 95% CI=2.2–17.5), risky khat use (AOR=4.6, 95% CI=2.4–8.7), poor social support (AOR=3.5, 95% CI=1.9–6.6), family history of imprisonment (AOR=3, 95% CI=1.5–6), history of trauma (AOR=2.3, 95% CI=1.1–4.8), and reoffending (AOR=2, 95% CI=1.1–3.8) were positively associated variables with psychopathy. Conclusion Psychopathy is highly prevalent among newly-admitted prisoners. Integrated efforts involving relevant stakeholders are needed to design strategies for early screening of psychopathy to prevent reoffending, and management of risk substance use at admission is crucial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asrat Wolde
- Department of Psychiatry, Colleague of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Tesfaye
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yimenu Yitayih
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
The neurobiology of human aggressive behavior: Neuroimaging, genetic, and neurochemical aspects. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 106:110059. [PMID: 32822763 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In modern societies, there is a strive to improve the quality of life related to risk of crimes which inevitably requires a better understanding of brain determinants and mediators of aggression. Neurobiology provides powerful tools to achieve this end. Pre-clinical and clinical studies show that changes in regional volumes, metabolism-function and connectivity within specific neural networks are related to aggression. Subregions of prefrontal cortex, insula, amygdala, basal ganglia and hippocampus play a major role within these circuits and have been consistently implicated in biology of aggression. Genetic variations in proteins regulating the synthesis, degradation, and transport of serotonin and dopamine as well as their signal transduction have been found to mediate behavioral variability observed in aggression. Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions represent additional important risk factors for aggressiveness. Considering the social burden of pathological forms of aggression, more basic and translational studies should be conducted to accelerate applications to clinical practice, justice courts, and policy making.
Collapse
|
28
|
Qadeer MI, Amar A, Huang YY, Min E, Galfalvy H, Hasnain S, Mann JJ. Association of serotonin system-related genes with homicidal behavior and criminal aggression in a prison population of Pakistani Origin. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1670. [PMID: 33462318 PMCID: PMC7813852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), 5-HT2A (HTR2A) and 5-HT2B (HTR2B) recepter genes, express proteins that are important regulators of serotonin reuptake and signaling, and thereby may contribute to the pathogenesis of aggressive criminal behavior. 370 sentenced murderers in Pakistani prisons and 359 men without any history of violence or criminal delinquency were genotyped for six candidate polymorphisms in SLC6A4, HTR2A and HTR2B genes. An association of higher expressing L/L and LA/LA variants of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was observed with homicidal behavior (bi-allelic: OR = 1.29, p = 0.016, tri-allelic: OR = 1.32, p = 0.015) and in the murderer group only with response to verbal abuse (OR = 2.11, p = 0.015), but not with other measures of self-reported aggression. L/L and LA/LA genotypes of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism were associated with higher aggression scores on STAX1 scale of aggression compared to lower expressing genotypes (S/S, S/LG, LG/LG) in prison inmates. No associations were apparent for other serotonergic gene polymorphisms analyzed. Using the Braineac and GTEx databases, we demonstrated significant eQTL based functional effects for rs25531 in HTTLPR and other serotonergic polymorphisms analyzed in different brain regions and peripheral tissues. In conclusion, these findings implicate SLC6A4* HTTLPR as a major genetic determinant associated with criminal aggression. Future studies are needed to replicate this finding and establish the biologic intermediate phenotypes mediating this relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Qadeer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Khyaban-e-Jamia Punjab, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan. .,Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Ali Amar
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Yung-Yu Huang
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eli Min
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hanga Galfalvy
- Mental Health Data Science Division, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shahida Hasnain
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Khyaban-e-Jamia Punjab, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - J John Mann
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Strickland J, Parry CL, Allan MM, Allan A. Alexithymia among Perpetrators of Violent Offences in Australia: Implications for Rehabilitation. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ap.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cate L. Parry
- School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University
| | | | - Alfred Allan
- School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kolla NJ, Bortolato M. The role of monoamine oxidase A in the neurobiology of aggressive, antisocial, and violent behavior: A tale of mice and men. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 194:101875. [PMID: 32574581 PMCID: PMC7609507 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, research has revealed that genetic factors shape the propensity for aggressive, antisocial, and violent behavior. The best-documented gene implicated in aggression is MAOA (Monoamine oxidase A), which encodes the key enzyme for the degradation of serotonin and catecholamines. Congenital MAOA deficiency, as well as low-activity MAOA variants, has been associated with a higher risk for antisocial behavior (ASB) and violence, particularly in males with a history of child maltreatment. Indeed, the interplay between low MAOA genetic variants and early-life adversity is the best-documented gene × environment (G × E) interaction in the pathophysiology of aggression and ASB. Additional evidence indicates that low MAOA activity in the brain is strongly associated with a higher propensity for aggression; furthermore, MAOA inhibition may be one of the primary mechanisms whereby prenatal smoke exposure increases the risk of ASB. Complementary to these lines of evidence, mouse models of Maoa deficiency and G × E interactions exhibit striking similarities with clinical phenotypes, proving to be valuable tools to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms underlying antisocial and aggressive behavior. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the knowledge on the involvement of MAOA in aggression, as defined by preclinical and clinical evidence. In particular, we show how the convergence of human and animal research is proving helpful to our understanding of how MAOA influences antisocial and violent behavior and how it may assist in the development of preventative and therapeutic strategies for aggressive manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Kolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) Research Imaging Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Violence Prevention Neurobiological Research Unit, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada; Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, ON, Canada; Translational Initiative on Antisocial Personality Disorder (TrIAD); Program of Research on Violence Etiology, Neurobiology, and Treatment (PReVENT).
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Translational Initiative on Antisocial Personality Disorder (TrIAD); Program of Research on Violence Etiology, Neurobiology, and Treatment (PReVENT).
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Association Analysis of Monoamine Oxidase-A Gene Promoter Polymorphism (MAOA uVNTR) for Antisocial Behavior: Absence of the Counting Number Repeats in Central Iran. ARCHIVES OF NEUROSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/ans.102247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The MAOA gene is located on the X chromosome (Xp11.23). Several studies have established a VNTR (Variable Number Tandem Repeat) polymorphism in the upstream of the MAOA gene transcriptional initiation region named uVNTR which is correlated with the risk of antisocial behavior. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between MAOA genotypes and the risk of violent behavior in a cohort of violent and age-matched non-violent individuals. Methods: In the current case-control study, MAOA uVNTR was genotyped in a cohort of 88 violent and 95 age-matched non-violent individuals. Individuals were genotyped for the MAOA uVNTR by performing PCR, gel electrophoresis, and sequencing. Furthermore, a chi-square test was performed using SPSS, and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: We identified three MAOA uVNTR allelic variants: They were harboring 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5 repeated sequences. Alleles with 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 repeats were not observed in any of the two examined groups. Conclusions: We did not detect a statistically appreciable association between antisocial behavior and allele frequencies in the studied population in central Iran.
Collapse
|
32
|
Intra-Group Lethal Gang Aggression in Domestic Pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus). Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081287. [PMID: 32731463 PMCID: PMC7459786 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aggression between pigs in pig husbandry is common during regrouping but rare in stable social groups. Farmers report the occurrence of lethal gang aggression in stable groups of pigs, whereby the group attacks one group member until it is dead. Our aim was to document this extreme type of aggression and to identify potential causes. Forty-two farmers, experiencing lethal gang aggression or not, filled out a survey about their farm management. From 91 victims, information was obtained on their injuries and body condition. Gang aggression occurred more on farms with deep straw bedding, a housing type commonly associated with better animal welfare. However, the presence of straw may also be related to other factors, which could not be disentangled here. Gang aggression did not relate to the genetic line, breeding company or feed type. It equally occurred between females and males and tended to occur more in winter. Victims were covered in injuries, but had a healthy body condition, whereas survivors had a lower body condition. Overall, the cause seems multi-factorial, and further research on the occurrence of lethal gang aggression is needed. Abstract Intraspecific coalitional aggression is rare among all species, especially within stable social groups. We report here numerous cases of intraspecific lethal gang aggression within stable groups of domestic pigs. The objective was to describe this extreme aggression and to identify potential causes. Management data were collected from farms with (n = 23) and without (n = 19) gang aggression. From one farm, 91 victims were assessed for skin injuries and body condition score. Lethal gang aggression was significantly associated with deep straw bedding, which may be related to various other factors. Gang aggression tended to occur more in winter, and was unrelated to genetic line, breeding company, group size or feed type. It occurred equally in female-only and mixed sex groups (male-only groups were not represented), from around eight weeks of age. Injuries typically covered the whole body and were more severe on the front of the body. Victims who survived had a lower body condition score and fewer injuries than victims found dead. There are still many unknowns as to why this abnormal social behaviour occurs and it deserves further research attention, both for its applied relevance to animal welfare as for the evolutionary background of lethal gang aggression.
Collapse
|
33
|
Blomström Å, Kosidou K, Kristiansson M, Masterman T. Infection during childhood and the risk of violent criminal behavior in adulthood. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 86:63-71. [PMID: 30807840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections during brain development appear to contribute to cognitive impairment and aggressive behavior, as well as to a number of developmental mental disorders closely associated with violent criminal behavior. Yet, no study has thus far ever investigated whether infections during brain development increases the risk of violent criminality later in life. In this population-based cohort study, about 2.2 million individuals born in Sweden between the years 1973 and 1995 were included in an effort to estimate the association between infections during childhood (registered ICD-10 diagnoses of infections incurred before the age of 14 years) and violent criminal behavior (registered convictions for a violent crime between the ages of 15 and 38 years, prior to December 31, 2011). After inclusion of several sociodemographic parameters, risks of violent criminal behavior conferred by childhood infections - expressed as hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) - were calculated by means of Cox regression. Mediation analyses were performed to explore the effect of psychiatric disorders on the association between infections during childhood and violent criminality. Results revealed a modest, yet significant, association between an infection during childhood and violent criminality later in life (adjusted HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.12-1.16). Infections during the first year of life and infections in the central nervous system were associated with the highest risks of subsequent violent criminality (adjusted HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.18-1.23, and adjusted HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.08-1.26, respectively). The association was partly mediated by the presence of a psychiatric disorder. In summary, independent of a wide range of covariates, our results suggest that infections during brain development could be part of the genesis of violent criminal behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Blomström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kyriaki Kosidou
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Kristiansson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Masterman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Seppänen A, Joelsson P, Ahlgren-Rimpiläinen A, Repo-Tiihonen E. Forensic psychiatry in Finland: an overview of past, present and future. Int J Ment Health Syst 2020; 14:29. [PMID: 32322299 PMCID: PMC7164302 DOI: 10.1186/s13033-020-00362-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a recent contrary trend, Finland has been for decades one of the most violent countries in Western Europe. Also, Finland has had one of the highest number of psychiatric beds per capita in Europe, although this, too, has seen a sharp decline. Against this background, among other national idiosyncrasies, Finland has developed its forensic psychiatric services. Here, we describe the legal, organizational and clinical structure of these services, and outline the historical and current issues that have shaped them. Finally, we consider future challenges facing the Finnish forensic service system, as part of wider European and global trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allan Seppänen
- 1Psychoses and Forensic Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,2Vanha Vaasa Hospital, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Petteri Joelsson
- 3National Institute for Health and Welfare, Forensic Psychiatry, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Deibel SH, McDonald RJ, Kolla NJ. Are Owls and Larks Different When it Comes to Aggression? Genetics, Neurobiology, and Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:39. [PMID: 32256322 PMCID: PMC7092663 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the contribution of circadian rhythms to aggression with a multifaceted approach incorporating genetics, neural networks, and behavior. We explore the hypothesis that chronic circadian misalignment is contributing to increased aggression. Genes involved in both circadian rhythms and aggression are discussed as a possible mechanism for increased aggression that might be elicited by circadian misalignment. We then discuss the neural networks underlying aggression and how dysregulation in the interaction of these networks evoked by circadian rhythm misalignment could contribute to aggression. The last section of this review will present recent human correlational data demonstrating the association between chronotype and/or circadian misalignment with aggression. With circadian rhythms and aggression being a burgeoning area of study, we hope that this review initiates more interest in this promising and topical area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Deibel
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Robert J McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AL, Canada
| | - Nathan J Kolla
- Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Genomics of human aggression: current state of genome-wide studies and an automated systematic review tool. Psychiatr Genet 2020; 29:170-190. [PMID: 31464998 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There are substantial differences, or variation, between humans in aggression, with its molecular genetic basis mostly unknown. This review summarizes knowledge on the genetic contribution to variation in aggression with the following three foci: (1) a comprehensive overview of reviews on the genetics of human aggression, (2) a systematic review of genome-wide association studies (GWASs), and (3) an automated tool for the selection of literature based on supervised machine learning. The phenotype definition 'aggression' (or 'aggressive behaviour', or 'aggression-related traits') included anger, antisocial behaviour, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder. The literature search was performed in multiple databases, manually and using a novel automated selection tool, resulting in 18 reviews and 17 GWASs of aggression. Heritability estimates of aggression in children and adults are around 50%, with relatively small fluctuations around this estimate. In 17 GWASs, 817 variants were reported as suggestive (P ≤ 1.0E), including 10 significant associations (P ≤ 5.0E). Nominal associations (P ≤ 1E) were found in gene-based tests for genes involved in immune, endocrine, and nervous systems. Associations were not replicated across GWASs. A complete list of variants and their position in genes and chromosomes are available online. The automated literature search tool produced literature not found by regular search strategies. Aggression in humans is heritable, but its genetic basis remains to be uncovered. No sufficiently large GWASs have been carried out yet. With increases in sample size, we expect aggression to behave like other complex human traits for which GWAS has been successful.
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Jager A, Amiri H, Bielczyk N, van Heukelum S, Heerschap A, Aschrafi A, Poelmans G, Buitelaar JK, Kozicz T, Glennon JC. Cortical control of aggression: GABA signalling in the anterior cingulate cortex. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 30:5-16. [PMID: 29274996 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reduced top-down control by cortical areas is assumed to underlie pathological forms of aggression. While the precise underlying molecular mechanisms are still elusive, it seems that balancing the excitatory and inhibitory tones of cortical brain areas has a role in aggression control. The molecular mechanisms underpinning aggression control were examined in the BALB/cJ mouse model. First, these mice were extensively phenotyped for aggression and anxiety in comparison to BALB/cByJ controls. Microarray data was then used to construct a molecular landscape, based on the mRNAs that were differentially expressed in the brains of BALB/cJ mice. Subsequently, we provided corroborating evidence for the key findings from the landscape through 1H-magnetic resonance imaging and quantitative polymerase chain reactions, specifically in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The molecular landscape predicted that altered GABA signalling may underlie the observed increased aggression and anxiety in BALB/cJ mice. This was supported by a 40% reduction of 1H-MRS GABA levels and a 20-fold increase of the GABA-degrading enzyme Abat in the ventral ACC. As a possible compensation, Kcc2, a potassium-chloride channel involved in GABA-A receptor signalling, was found increased. Moreover, we observed aggressive behaviour that could be linked to altered expression of neuroligin-2, a membrane-bound cell adhesion protein that mediates synaptogenesis of mainly inhibitory synapses. In conclusion, Abat and Kcc2 seem to be involved in modulating aggressive and anxious behaviours observed in BALB/cJ mice through affecting GABA signalling in the ACC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Jager
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Houshang Amiri
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Research Centre, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Bielczyk
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina van Heukelum
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arend Heerschap
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Armaz Aschrafi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Geert Poelmans
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey C Glennon
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Psychopathy is an extreme form of antisocial behavior, with about 1% prevalence in the general population, and 10-30% among incarcerated criminal offenders. Although the heritability of severe antisocial behavior is up to 50%, the genetic background is unclear. The underlying molecular mechanisms have remained unknown but several previous studies suggest that abnormal glucose metabolism and opioidergic neurotransmission contribute to violent offending and psychopathy. Here we show using iPSC-derived cortical neurons and astrocytes from six incarcerated extremely antisocial and violent offenders, three nonpsychopathic individuals with substance abuse, and six healthy controls that there are robust alterations in the expression of several genes and immune response-related molecular pathways which were specific for psychopathy. In neurons, psychopathy was associated with marked upregulation of RPL10P9 and ZNF132, and downregulation of CDH5 and OPRD1. In astrocytes, RPL10P9 and MT-RNR2 were upregulated. Expression of aforementioned genes explained 30-92% of the variance of psychopathic symptoms. The gene expression findings were confirmed with qPCR. These genes may be relevant to the lack of empathy and emotional callousness seen in psychopathy, since several studies have linked these genes to autism and social interaction.
Collapse
|
40
|
Guillen Gonzalez D, Bittlinger M, Erk S, Müller S. Neuroscientific and Genetic Evidence in Criminal Cases: A Double-Edged Sword in Germany but Not in the United States? Front Psychol 2019; 10:2343. [PMID: 31681122 PMCID: PMC6805698 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the Study The study examines how neurobiological and genetic explanations of psychopathy influence decision-making of German law students about legal and moral responsibility and sentencing of a defendant in a case of manslaughter. Previous studies from the United States and Germany have been criticized because they partly contradict legal analyses of real-world criminal cases. With a modified design, which integrates the main criticism, we re-examined the impact of biological explanations for psychopathy on decision-making in the courtroom. Methods We developed an improved quasi-experimental design to probe three case vignettes presenting different explanations of psychopathy in a criminal case of manslaughter. All three vignettes present the same information about a forensic expert's testimony that is said to report compelling evidence for the diagnosis of "psychopathy." The independent variable being manipulated is the type of information supporting the expert diagnosis: either no biological explanation of "psychopathy" versus a neurological explanation (brain injury) versus a genetic explanation (MAOA gene). The outcome measure is a questionnaire on legal and moral responsibility, free will, the type of custody, and the duration of the sentence. The study is adequately powered. We openly publish the data and all statistical analyses as reproducible R scripts. Results The answers of German law students (n = 317) indicate that the omission of a neurobiological explanation is significantly associated with higher ratings of legal responsibility while compared to no biological explanation. However, there was no significant difference on the prison sentencing and type of custody assigned. Furthermore, there was no difference in the self-reported impact of the explanation of psychopathy on the participants' decision-making. Conclusion Our findings from German law students corroborates previous research on German judges but is markedly distinct from studies on United States judges. Whereas in the United States, biological information seems to have a mitigating effect, it seems to increase the rate of involuntary commitment to forensic psychiatric hospitals in Germany.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Guillen Gonzalez
- Research Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt University of Berlin, Corporate Member of the Free University of Berlin, Charité - Berlin University of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Merlin Bittlinger
- QUEST - Center for Transforming Biomedical Research, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Erk
- Research Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt University of Berlin, Corporate Member of the Free University of Berlin, Charité - Berlin University of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Müller
- Research Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt University of Berlin, Corporate Member of the Free University of Berlin, Charité - Berlin University of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Montplaisir R, Lee E, Moreno-De-Luca D, Myers WC. Mosaic trisomy 20 and mitigation in capital crimes sentencing: A review and case report. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2019; 37:512-521. [PMID: 31389076 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trisomy 20 is a genetic abnormality in which individuals have an extra copy of chromosome 20. Complete trisomy 20 is rare and believed to be incompatible with life. A mosaic form of trisomy 20, in which only some cells or tissues contain the extra chromosome, is a relatively commonly encountered chromosomal abnormality found during prenatal testing, and c. 90% result in a normal phenotype. However, despite the absence of a consistent phenotype, certain findings have been reported across multiple cases of mosaic trisomy 20. These include an array of morphological findings, developmental delays, and learning disabilities. Beyond physical manifestations, a wide range of developmental and learning delays have also been reported. In this work, we provide an overview of the trisomy 20 literature and a case report of a young adult male with mosaic trisomy 20 who committed homicide. His developmental and life history, eventual diagnosis of mosaic trisomy 20, similarities and differences in his condition compared with prior research findings, and potentially new phenotypic findings associated with trisomy 20 that he manifested (childhood visual hallucinations, self-injury, polydactyly) are presented. Additionally, the potential role of this genetic diagnosis in his neuropsychiatric history and its successful application as a mitigating factor at his capital sentencing trial are described. We did not identify other similar cases during our search of major scientific and legal databases. As a backdrop, the use of genetics in criminal trials is on the rise, and courts are increasingly likely to accept behavioral genetics evidence; therefore, it is crucial that the legal system is well acquainted with the opportunities and limitations of these approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rose Montplaisir
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Erica Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Daniel Moreno-De-Luca
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Wade C Myers
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Fairchild G, Hawes DJ, Frick PJ, Copeland WE, Odgers CL, Franke B, Freitag CM, De Brito SA. Conduct disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2019; 5:43. [PMID: 31249310 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-019-0095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Conduct disorder (CD) is a common and highly impairing psychiatric disorder that usually emerges in childhood or adolescence and is characterized by severe antisocial and aggressive behaviour. It frequently co-occurs with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and often leads to antisocial personality disorder in adulthood. CD affects ~3% of school-aged children and is twice as prevalent in males than in females. This disorder can be subtyped according to age at onset (childhood-onset versus adolescent-onset) and the presence or absence of callous-unemotional traits (deficits in empathy and guilt). The aetiology of CD is complex, with contributions of both genetic and environmental risk factors and different forms of interplay among the two (gene-environment interaction and correlation). In addition, CD is associated with neurocognitive impairments; smaller grey matter volume in limbic regions such as the amygdala, insula and orbitofrontal cortex, and functional abnormalities in overlapping brain circuits responsible for emotion processing, emotion regulation and reinforcement-based decision-making have been reported. Lower hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic reactivity to stress has also been reported. Management of CD primarily involves parent-based or family-based psychosocial interventions, although stimulants and atypical antipsychotics are sometimes used, especially in individuals with comorbid ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David J Hawes
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul J Frick
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA and Institute for Learning Science and Teacher Education, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Candice L Odgers
- Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Barbara Franke
- Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Christine M Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephane A De Brito
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Langevin S, Mascheretti S, Côté SM, Vitaro F, Boivin M, Turecki G, Tremblay RE, Ouellet-Morin I. Cumulative risk and protection effect of serotonergic genes on male antisocial behaviour: results from a prospective cohort assessed in adolescence and early adulthood. Br J Psychiatry 2019; 214:137-145. [PMID: 30774060 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2018.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heritability of antisocial behaviour is estimated at approximately 50% and involves multiple genes.AimsTo investigate the cumulative genetic effects of 116 single nucleotide polymorphisms mapping to 11 candidate serotonergic genes and antisocial behaviours, in adolescence and in early adulthood. METHOD Participants were 410 male members of the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Kindergarten Children, a population-based cohort followed up prospectively from age 6 to age 23. The serotonergic genes were selected based on known physiological processes and prior associations with antisocial behaviours. Antisocial behaviours were self-reported and assessed by using semi-structured interviews in adolescence and in adulthood. RESULTS Cumulative, haplotype-based contributions of serotonergic genes conferring risk and protection for antisocial behaviours were detected by using multilocus genetic profile risk scores (MGPRSs) and multilocus genetic profile protection scores (MGPPSs). Cumulatively, haplotype-based MGPRSs and MGPPSs contributed to 9.6, 8.5 and 15.2% of the variance in general delinquency in adolescence, property/violent crimes in early adulthood and physical partner violence in early adulthood, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study extends previous research by showing a cumulative effect of multiple haplotypes conferring risk and protection to antisocial behaviours in adolescence and early adulthood. The findings further support the relevance of concomitantly considering multiple serotonergic polymorphisms to better understand the genetic aetiology of antisocial behaviours. Future studies should investigate the interplay between risk and protective haplotype-based multilocus genetic profile scores with the environment. DECLARATION OF INTEREST I.O.-M. holds a Canada Research Chair in the developmental origins of vulnerability and resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Langevin
- School of Criminology,University of Montreal and The Montreal Mental Health University Institute,Canada
| | - Sara Mascheretti
- Centre-affiliated Researcher,Child Psychopathology Unit,Scientific Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Eugenio Medea,Italy
| | - Sylvana M Côté
- Full Professor,School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Canada and Bordeaux Population Health Inserm 1219, University of Bordeaux,France
| | - Frank Vitaro
- Full Professor,School of Psychoeducation,University of Montreal,Canada
| | - Michel Boivin
- Full Professor,School of Psychology, Laval University,Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Full Professor,McGill Group for Suicide Studies,Douglas Mental Health University Institute and McGill University,Canada
| | - Richard E Tremblay
- Emeritus Professor,Psychology Department,University of Montreal,Canadaand School of Public Health,University College Dublin,Ireland
| | - Isabelle Ouellet-Morin
- Associate Professor,School of Criminology,University of Montreal and The Montreal Mental Health University Institute,Canada
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ling S, Umbach R, Raine A. Biological explanations of criminal behavior. PSYCHOLOGY, CRIME & LAW : PC & L 2019; 25:626-640. [PMID: 31327915 PMCID: PMC6640871 DOI: 10.1080/1068316x.2019.1572753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing literature on biological explanations of antisocial and criminal behavior. This paper provides a selective review of three specific biological factors - psychophysiology (with the focus on blunted heart rate and skin conductance), brain mechanisms (with a focus on structural and functional aberrations of the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and striatum), and genetics (with an emphasis on gene-environment and gene-gene interactions). Overall, understanding the role of biology in antisocial and criminal behavior may help increase the explanatory power of current research and theories, as well as inform policy and treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shichun Ling
- Department of Criminology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca Umbach
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Behavioral Sciences Training in Drug Abuse Research, NYU Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology; Psychiatry, and Psychology; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Vevera J, Zarrei M, Hartmannová H, Jedličková I, Mušálková D, Přistoupilová A, Oliveriusová P, Trešlová H, Nosková L, Hodaňová K, Stránecký V, Jiřička V, Preiss M, Příhodová K, Šaligová J, Wei J, Woodbury-Smith M, Bleyer AJ, Scherer SW, Kmoch S. Rare copy number variation in extremely impulsively violent males. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 18:e12536. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vevera
- Department of Psychiatry; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine; Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
- Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education; Prague Czech Republic
- Psychology Department; National Institute of Mental Health; Klecany Czech Republic
| | - Mehdi Zarrei
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology; The Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Hana Hartmannová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Jedličková
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Dita Mušálková
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Anna Přistoupilová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petra Oliveriusová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Helena Trešlová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Nosková
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Hodaňová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Stránecký
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Václav Jiřička
- Prison Service of the Czech Republic, Directorate General; Department of Psychology; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Marek Preiss
- Psychology Department; National Institute of Mental Health; Klecany Czech Republic
- Psychology Department; University of New York in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Příhodová
- Psychology Department; National Institute of Mental Health; Klecany Czech Republic
| | - Jana Šaligová
- Children's Faculty Hospital; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; Kosice Slovakia
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Pavel Jozef Šafárik University Kosice; Kosice Slovakia
| | - John Wei
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology; The Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Marc Woodbury-Smith
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology; The Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Anthony J. Bleyer
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
- Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine; Medical Center Blvd.; Winston-Salem North Carolina USA
| | - Stephen W. Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology; The Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Stanislav Kmoch
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Beskow LM, Hammack CM, Brelsford KM. Thought leader perspectives on benefits and harms in precision medicine research. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207842. [PMID: 30475858 PMCID: PMC6258115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine research is underway to identify targeted approaches to improving health and preventing disease. However, such endeavors raise significant privacy and confidentiality concerns. The objective of this study was to elucidate the potential benefits and harms associated with precision medicine research through in-depth interviews with a diverse group of thought leaders, including primarily U.S.-based experts and scholars in the areas of ethics, genome research, health law, historically-disadvantaged populations, informatics, and participant-centric perspectives, as well as government officials and human subjects protections leaders. The results suggest the prospect of an array of individual and societal benefits, as well as physical, dignitary, group, economic, psychological, and legal harms. Relative to the way risks and harms are commonly described in consent forms for precision medicine research, the thought leaders we interviewed arguably emphasized a somewhat different set of issues. The return of individual research results, harm to socially-identifiable groups, the value-dependent nature of many benefits and harms, and the risks to the research enterprise itself emerged as important cross-cutting themes. Our findings highlight specific challenges that warrant concentrated care during the design, conduct, dissemination, and translation of precision medicine research and in the development of consent materials and processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Beskow
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. Hammack
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Brelsford
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Davydova JD, Litvinov SS, Enikeeva RF, Malykh SB, Khusnutdinova EK. Recent advances in genetics of aggressive behavior. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2018. [DOI: 10.18699/vj18.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important problems of modern neurobiology and medicine is an understanding of the mechanisms of normal and pathological behavior of a person. Aggressive behavior is an integral part of the human psyche. However, environmental risk factors, mental illness and somatic diseases can lead to increased aggression to be the biological basis of antisocial behavior in a human society. An important role in development of aggressive behavior belongs to the hereditary factors that may be linked to abnormal functioning of neurotransmitter systems in the brain yet the underlying genetic mechanisms remain unclear, which is due to a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertions and deletions in the structure of genes that encode the components of the neurotransmitter systems. The most studied candidate genes for aggressive behavior are serotonergic (TPH1, TPH2, HTR2A, SLC6A4) and dopaminergic (DRD4, SLC6A3) system genes, as well as the serotonin or catecholamine metabolizing enzyme genes (COMT, MAOA). In addition, there is evidence that the hypothalamic-pituitary system genes (OXT, OXTR, AVPR1A, AVPR1B), the sex hormone receptors genes (ER1, AR), neurotrophin (BDNF) and neuronal apoptosis genes (CASP3, BAX) may also be involved in development of aggressive behavior. The results of Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have demonstrated that FYN, LRRTM4, NTM, CDH13, DYRK1A and other genes are involved in regulation of aggressive behavior. These and other evidence suggest that genetic predisposition to aggressive behavior may be a very complex process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Davydova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Centre of RAS
| | - S. S. Litvinov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Centre of RAS
| | - R. F. Enikeeva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Centre of RAS
| | - S. B. Malykh
- Psychological Institute, Russian Academy of Education
| | - E. K. Khusnutdinova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Centre of RAS; Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hollerbach P, Johansson A, Ventus D, Jern P, Neumann CS, Westberg L, Santtila P, Habermeyer E, Mokros A. Main and interaction effects of childhood trauma and the MAOA uVNTR polymorphism on psychopathy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 95:106-112. [PMID: 29843018 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Psychopathy is characterized by callous affect, interpersonal manipulation, a deviant lifestyle, and antisocial behavior. Previous research has linked psychopathic traits to childhood trauma, but also to the upstream variable number tandem repeat (uVNTR) polymorphism of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene. An interaction between childhood trauma and MAOA genotype has been associated with antisocial behavior, but so far little is known about interaction effects of childhood trauma and the MAOA uVNTR on psychopathy. In order to bridge this gap, we used data of 1531 male and 1265 female twins and their siblings from a Finnish community sample to estimate structural equation models. The psychopathy and childhood trauma constructs were conceptualized as bifactor models with one general and two orthogonal group factors. Data comprised self-reports on childhood trauma and psychopathic traits as well as MAOA uVNTR genotype. In both genders, childhood trauma was associated with the general factor that represents the overarching psychopathy construct, and with the group factor that captures social deviance, but not with the group factor capturing psychopathic core personality traits. Women with a low activity variant of the MAOA uVNTR reported slightly higher levels of psychopathy than those with a high activity allele, but only with respect to the general psychopathy factor. There was no evidence for an interaction effect between MAOA uVNTR genotype and childhood trauma on psychopathy in either gender. Our results suggest that psychopathy in general and social deviance in particular are associated with childhood trauma in men and women, and that psychopathic traits are subject to variation in the MAOA uVNTR genotype in women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Hollerbach
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Ada Johansson
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Daniel Ventus
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
| | - Patrick Jern
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
| | - Craig S Neumann
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, USA.
| | - Lars Westberg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Pekka Santtila
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Faculty of Arts and Sciences, New York University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Elmar Habermeyer
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Andreas Mokros
- Department of Psychology, FernUniversität in Hagen (University of Hagen), Hagen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wiers CE, Towb PC, Hodgkinson CA, Shen PH, Freeman C, Miller G, Lindgren E, Shokri-Kojori E, Demiral ŞB, Kim S, Tomasi D, Sun H, Wang GJ, Goldman D, Volkow ND. Association of genetic ancestry with striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1711-1716. [PMID: 29112197 PMCID: PMC5938168 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite ethnic differences in allele frequencies of variants in dopaminergic genes associated with dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability (D2R), no study to date has investigated the relationship between genetic ancestry and striatal D2R. Here, we show that ancestry-informative markers significantly predict dorsal striatal D2R in 117 healthy ethnically diverse residents of the New York metropolitan area using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) with [11C]raclopride (P<0.0001), while correcting for age, sex, BMI, education, smoking status, and estimated socioeconomic status (ZIP codes). Effects of ethnicity on D2R were not driven by variation in dopaminergic candidate genes. Instead, candidate gene associations with striatal D2R were diminished when correcting for ancestry. These findings imply that future studies investigating D2 receptor genes should covary for genetic ancestry or study homogeneous populations. Moreover, ancestry studies on human neurobiology should control for socioeconomic differences between ethnic groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinde E. Wiers
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - Par C. Towb
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - Colin A. Hodgkinson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20852, Maryland
| | - Pei-Hong Shen
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20852, Maryland
| | - Clara Freeman
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - Gregg Miller
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - Elsa Lindgren
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - Ehsan Shokri-Kojori
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - Şükrü Barış Demiral
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - Sunny Kim
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - Dardo Tomasi
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - Hui Sun
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20852, Maryland
| | - Gene-Jack Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20852, Maryland
| | - Nora D. Volkow
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland,National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|