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Lagan S, Shott ME, Frank GKW. Adverse childhood experiences, low self-esteem, and salient stimulus response in eating disorders. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2024; 32:618-632. [PMID: 38349113 DOI: 10.1002/erv.3064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are elevated in individuals with eating disorders (EDs), but how the neurobiology of EDs and ACEs interact is unclear. METHODS Women 18-45 years old with anorexia nervosa (AN, n = 38), bulimia nervosa (BN, n = 32), or healthy controls (n = 60) were assessed for ACEs and ED behaviours and performed a taste-conditioning task during brain imaging. Mediation analyses tested relationships between ACE score, self-esteem, and ED behaviours. RESULTS ACE scores were elevated in EDs and correlated positively with body mass index (p = 0.001), drive for thinness (p = 0.001), and body dissatisfaction (p = 0.032); low self-esteem mediated the relationship between ACEs and body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, and bulimia severity. ACE scores correlated negatively (FDR-corrected) with unexpected, salient stimulus receipt in AN (substantia nigra) and BN (anterior cingulate, frontal and insular cortex, ventral striatum, and substantia nigra). When ACE scores were included in the model, unexpected stimulus receipt brain response was elevated in EDs in the anterior cingulate and ventral striatum. CONCLUSIONS ACEs attenuate unexpected salient stimulus receipt response, which may be a biological marker for altered valence or hedonic tone perception in EDs. Low self-esteem mediates the relationships between ACEs and ED behaviours. Adverse childhood experiences should be assessed in biological studies, and their effects targeted in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lagan
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Megan E Shott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Guido K W Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
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2
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Dodd K, Legget KT, Cornier MA, Novick AM, McHugo M, Berman BD, Lawful BP, Tregellas JR. Relationship between functional connectivity and weight-gain risk of antipsychotics in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2024; 267:173-181. [PMID: 38552340 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms by which antipsychotic medications (APs) contribute to obesity in schizophrenia are not well understood. Because AP effects on functional brain connectivity may contribute to weight effects, the current study investigated how AP-associated weight-gain risk relates to functional connectivity in schizophrenia. METHODS Fifty-five individuals with schizophrenia (final N = 54) were divided into groups based on previously reported AP weight-gain risk (no APs/low risk [N = 19]; moderate risk [N = 17]; high risk [N = 18]). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was completed after an overnight fast ("fasted") and post-meal ("fed"). Correlations between AP weight-gain risk and functional connectivity were assessed at the whole-brain level and in reward- and eating-related brain regions (anterior insula, caudate, nucleus accumbens). RESULTS When fasted, greater AP weight-gain risk was associated with increased connectivity between thalamus and sensorimotor cortex (pFDR = 0.021). When fed, greater AP weight-gain risk was associated with increased connectivity between left caudate and left precentral/postcentral gyri (pFDR = 0.048) and between right caudate and multiple regions, including the left precentral/postcentral gyri (pFDR = 0.001), intracalcarine/precuneal/cuneal cortices (pFDR < 0.001), and fusiform gyrus (pFDR = 0.008). When fed, greater AP weight-gain risk was also associated with decreased connectivity between right anterior insula and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (pFDR = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS APs with higher weight-gain risk were associated with greater connectivity between reward-related regions and sensorimotor regions when fasted, perhaps relating to motor anticipation for consumption. Higher weight-gain risk APs were also associated with increased connectivity between reward, salience, and visual regions when fed, potentially reflecting greater desire for consumption following satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Dodd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Anschutz Health Sciences Building, 1890 N Revere Ct, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, 12705 E Montview Blvd Suite 100, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kristina T Legget
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Anschutz Health Sciences Building, 1890 N Revere Ct, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Research Service, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, 1700 N Wheeling St, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Marc-Andre Cornier
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Clinical Sciences Building, CSB 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Andrew M Novick
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Anschutz Health Sciences Building, 1890 N Revere Ct, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Maureen McHugo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Anschutz Health Sciences Building, 1890 N Revere Ct, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Benjamin P Lawful
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Anschutz Health Sciences Building, 1890 N Revere Ct, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jason R Tregellas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Anschutz Health Sciences Building, 1890 N Revere Ct, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Research Service, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, 1700 N Wheeling St, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Camacho-Barcia L, Giel KE, Jiménez-Murcia S, Álvarez Pitti J, Micali N, Lucas I, Miranda-Olivos R, Munguia L, Tena-Sempere M, Zipfel S, Fernández-Aranda F. Eating disorders and obesity: bridging clinical, neurobiological, and therapeutic perspectives. Trends Mol Med 2024; 30:361-379. [PMID: 38485648 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Eating disorders (EDs) and obesity are complex health conditions sharing various risk and maintenance factors, intensified in cases of comorbidity. This review explores the similarities and connections between these conditions, examining different facets from a multidisciplinary perspective, among them comorbidities, metabolic and psychological factors, neurobiological aspects, and management and therapy implications. We aim to investigate the common characteristics and complexities of weight and EDs and explore their interrelationships in individuals who experience both. The rising prevalence of EDs in people with obesity necessitates integrated approaches to study this comorbidity and to identify and analyze both common and distinct features of these conditions. This review may offer new opportunities for simultaneous prevention and management approaches, as well as future lines of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Camacho-Barcia
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Katrin Elisabeth Giel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Centre of Excellence for Eating Disorders (KOMET), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Germany
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Álvarez Pitti
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Department, Consorcio Hospital General, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Innovation in Paediatrics and Technologies-iPEDITEC- research group, Research Foundation, Consorcio Hospital General, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nadia Micali
- Eating Disorders Research Unit, Psychiatric Centre Ballerup, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Psychiatric Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ignacio Lucas
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Romina Miranda-Olivos
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucero Munguia
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Centre of Excellence for Eating Disorders (KOMET), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Germany
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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4
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Loizou P, Panagiotou G, Zanos P, Paraskevopoulos E. Exploring the neurofunctional impairments and cognitive biases concerning food and body related stimuli in anorexia nervosa: An integrated EEG and eye-tracking study protocol. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299529. [PMID: 38547188 PMCID: PMC10977685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) exhibit significant cognitive and neural disturbances compared to healthy individuals when processing food and body-related stimuli. These disturbances not only contribute to the manifestation and chronification of their pathological eating behaviour but also underscore the complex interplay of cognitive, emotional, and neurobiological factors in AN. However, the precise underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms of these disturbances remain a compelling area of investigation. METHODS This study presents a protocol developed for conducting a cross-sectional quasi-experimental study using a mixed model ANOVA approach with a crossover design. Our participants will consist of 20 patients with an active diagnosis of AN, 20 Overweight/obese individuals, and 20 Healthy Controls (HCs) with a normal BMI. An integrated eye-tracking and EEG methodology will be used in conjunction, with the primary aim of assessing participants' cognitive and neural processing towards high and low-calorie food stimuli. On an exploratory level, by utilizing the same methods, the present study will also investigate AN patients' responses towards high weight, normal weight, low weight, and self-body pictures, as well as towards images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) characterized by elevated valence and arousal levels. Additionally, behavioural methods such as yes or no questions, and self-reported questionnaires will be administered. The EEG and eye-tracking data will be analysed at early (50-300 ms) and late (350-500 ms) time intervals. DISCUSSION The investigation of the underlying cognitive and neural processes employed by patients with AN during the processing of food and body-related stimuli can help us develop a better understanding of the cognitive and neural mechanisms that contribute to the manifestation and maintenance of the disorder and assist in the development of more effective screening methods. ETHICAL APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE Ethical approval for the study has been obtained by the Cyprus National Bioethics Committee on 27.04.2023 (ΕΕΒΚ/ΕΠ/2023/19), and by the University of Cyprus (20.02.2023). Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Panos Zanos
- Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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5
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Walle R, Petitbon A, Fois GR, Varin C, Montalban E, Hardt L, Contini A, Angelo MF, Potier M, Ortole R, Oummadi A, De Smedt-Peyrusse V, Adan RA, Giros B, Chaouloff F, Ferreira G, de Kerchove d'Exaerde A, Ducrocq F, Georges F, Trifilieff P. Nucleus accumbens D1- and D2-expressing neurons control the balance between feeding and activity-mediated energy expenditure. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2543. [PMID: 38514654 PMCID: PMC10958053 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46874-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence points to dysregulations of the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) in eating disorders (ED), however its precise contribution to ED symptomatic dimensions remains unclear. Using chemogenetic manipulations in male mice, we found that activity of dopamine D1 receptor-expressing neurons of the NAc core subregion facilitated effort for a food reward as well as voluntary exercise, but decreased food intake, while D2-expressing neurons have opposite effects. These effects are congruent with D2-neurons being more active than D1-neurons during feeding while it is the opposite during running. Chronic manipulations of each subpopulations had limited effects on energy balance. However, repeated activation of D1-neurons combined with inhibition of D2-neurons biased behavior toward activity-related energy expenditure, whilst the opposite manipulations favored energy intake. Strikingly, concomitant activation of D1-neurons and inhibition of D2-neurons precipitated weight loss in anorexia models. These results suggest that dysregulations of NAc dopaminoceptive neurons might be at the core of EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Walle
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Anna Petitbon
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Giulia R Fois
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR5293 F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Varin
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Enrica Montalban
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lola Hardt
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Andrea Contini
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Mylène Potier
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, F-, 33175, Gradignan, France
| | - Rodrigue Ortole
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Asma Oummadi
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Roger A Adan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584CG, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Altrecht Eating Disorders Rintveld, Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Bruno Giros
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Université de Paris Cité, INCC UMR 8002, CNRS; F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Francis Chaouloff
- Endocannabinoids and NeuroAdaptation, NeuroCentre INSERM U1215, 33077, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, 33077, Bordeaux, France
| | - Guillaume Ferreira
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alban de Kerchove d'Exaerde
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabien Ducrocq
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Pierre Trifilieff
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
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6
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Gorrell S, Shott ME, Pryor T, Frank GKW. Neural Response to Expecting a Caloric Sweet Taste Stimulus Predicts Body Mass Index Longitudinally Among Young Adult Women With Anorexia Nervosa. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024; 9:298-304. [PMID: 37506848 PMCID: PMC10811282 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an often-chronic illness, and we lack biomarkers to predict long-term outcome. Recent neuroimaging studies using caloric taste stimuli suggest that paradigms that have tested conditioned neural responses to expectation or salient stimulus receipt may underpin behaviors. However, whether activation of those neural circuits can predict long-term outcome has not been studied. METHODS We followed women treated for AN (n = 35, mean age [SD] = 23 [7] years) and tested whether functional imaging brain response during a taste conditioning paradigm could predict posttreatment body mass index (BMI). We anticipated greater neural activity relative to caloric stimulus expectation and that dopamine-related receipt conditions would predict lower posttreatment BMI, indicating fear-associated arousal. RESULTS Follow-up occurred at mean (SD) = 1648 (1216) days after imaging. Stimulus expectation in orbitofrontal and striatal regions and BMI and BMI change at follow-up were negatively correlated, and these correlations remained significant for the right superior orbitofrontal cortex and BMI change after multiple comparison correction (r = -0.484, p = .003). This relationship remained significant after including time between brain scanning and follow-up in the model. Reward prediction error response did not predict long-term BMI. CONCLUSIONS The orbitofrontal cortex is involved in learning and conditioning, and these data implicate this region in learned caloric stimulus expectation and long-term prediction of weight outcomes in AN. Thus, conditioned elevated brain response to the anticipation of receiving a caloric stimulus may drive food avoidance, suggesting that breaking such associations is central for long-term recovery from AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Gorrell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Megan E Shott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California
| | | | - Guido K W Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California.
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Forester G, Schaefer LM, Johnson JS, Amponsah T, Dvorak RD, Wonderlich SA. Neurocognitive reward processes measured via event-related potentials are associated with binge-eating disorder diagnosis and ecologically-assessed behavior. Appetite 2024; 193:107151. [PMID: 38061612 PMCID: PMC10872539 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024]
Abstract
Altered reward processing has been implicated in the onset and maintenance of binge-eating disorder (BED). However, it is unclear which precise neurocognitive reward processes may contribute to BED. In the present study, 40 individuals with BED and 40 age-, sex-, and BMI-matched controls completed a reward (incentive delay) task while their neural activity was recorded using electroencephalography (EEG). Individuals with BED also completed a 10-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol assessing binge-eating behavior in the natural environment. Event-related potential (ERP) analysis of the EEG indicated that individuals with BED had stronger anticipatory (CNV) and outcome-related (RewP) neural reward activity to food and monetary rewards, compared to controls. However, within the BED group, greater frequency of binge eating during the EMA protocol was associated with stronger anticipatory (CNV) but weaker outcome-related (RewP) neural reward activity. These associations within the BED group were unique to food, and not monetary, rewards. Although preliminary, these results suggest that both anticipatory ("wanting") and outcome ("liking") reward processes may be generally amplified in BED. However, they also suggest that among individuals with BED, disorder severity may be associated with increased anticipatory reward processes ("wanting"), but relatively decreased reward-outcome processing ("liking"), of food rewards specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Forester
- Center for Biobehavioral Research, Sanford Research, USA.
| | - Lauren M Schaefer
- Center for Biobehavioral Research, Sanford Research, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Johnson
- Center for Biobehavioral Research, Sanford Research, USA; Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, USA
| | - Theresah Amponsah
- Center for Biobehavioral Research, Sanford Research, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, USA
| | - Robert D Dvorak
- Center for Biobehavioral Research, Sanford Research, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, USA
| | - Stephen A Wonderlich
- Center for Biobehavioral Research, Sanford Research, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, USA
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Oudijn MS, Linders JTW, Lok A, Schuurman PR, van den Munckhof P, van Elburg AA, van Wingen GA, Mocking RJT, Denys D. Neural effects of deep brain stimulation on reward and loss anticipation and food viewing in anorexia nervosa: a pilot study. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:140. [PMID: 37605212 PMCID: PMC10440869 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00863-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe and life-threatening psychiatric disorder. Initial studies on deep brain stimulation (DBS) in severe, treatment-refractory AN have shown clinical effects. However, the working mechanisms of DBS in AN remain largely unknown. Here, we used a task-based functional MRI approach to understand the pathophysiology of AN. METHODS We performed functional MRI on four AN patients that participated in a pilot study on the efficacy, safety, and functional effects of DBS targeted at the ventral limb of the capsula interna (vALIC). The patients and six gender-matched healthy controls (HC) were investigated at three different time points. We used an adapted version of the monetary incentive delay task to probe generic reward processing in patients and controls, and a food-specific task in patients only. RESULTS At baseline, no significant differences for reward anticipation were found between AN and HC. Significant group (AN and HC) by time (pre- and post-DBS) interactions were found in the right precuneus, right putamen, right ventral and medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC). No significant interactions were found in the food viewing task, neither between the conditions high-calorie and low-calorie food images nor between the different time points. This could possibly be due to the small sample size and the lack of a control group. CONCLUSION The results showed a difference in the response of reward-related brain areas post-DBS. This supports the hypotheses that the reward circuitry is involved in the pathogenesis of AN and that DBS affects responsivity of reward-related brain areas. Trial registration Registered in the Netherlands Trial Register ( https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/3322 ): NL3322 (NTR3469).
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Oudijn
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC)-Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - J T W Linders
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC)-Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Lok
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC)-Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P R Schuurman
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC)-Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P van den Munckhof
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC)-Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A A van Elburg
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G A van Wingen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC)-Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R J T Mocking
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC)-Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Denys
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC)-Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Spix M, Schutzeichel F, Jansen A. Can you learn to starve yourself? Inducing food avoidance in the laboratory. Behav Res Ther 2023; 166:104340. [PMID: 37267783 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The restriction of energy intake is a central and persistent symptom of anorexia nervosa. Recent models of the disorder suggest that food restrictions are learned avoidance behaviours, which are acquired and maintained by classical and operant conditioning. The present study aims to test this learning model of food restriction. It investigates whether introducing negative consequences for the intake of tasty high-calorie food and introducing positive consequences for its avoidance can create food avoidance, increase fear of food, and decrease eating desires in healthy individuals. 104 women were randomly assigned to an experimental or control condition and completed an appetitive conditioning and avoidance learning task. While the experimental condition received money after avoiding the tasty high-calorie food item and heard an aversive sound after not avoiding food intake, the control condition never received these consequences. In the extinction phase, reward and punishment discontinued for both conditions. We measured avoidance frequency, mouse movements, fear, eating desires and stimulus liking. Participants in the experimental condition avoided the food more often than controls and showed increased fear, reduced eating desires and less liking for cues associated with food intake. These results support the notion that food avoidance behaviours, reduced eating desires and fear of food can be learned via classical and operant conditioning. Conditioning paradigms might be a useful tool to study the development and maintenance of food restriction in anorexia nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Spix
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.
| | - Franziska Schutzeichel
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Anita Jansen
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.
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10
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Eddy KT, Plessow F, Breithaupt L, Becker KR, Slattery M, Mancuso CJ, Izquierdo AM, Van De Water AL, Kahn DL, Dreier MJ, Ebrahimi S, Deckersbach T, Thomas JJ, Holsen LM, Misra M, Lawson EA. Neural activation of regions involved in food reward and cognitive control in young females with anorexia nervosa and atypical anorexia nervosa versus healthy controls. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:220. [PMID: 37353543 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) and atypical AN (AtypAN) are complex neurobiological illnesses that typically onset in adolescence with an often treatment-refractory and chronic illness trajectory. Aberrant eating behaviors in this population have been linked to abnormalities in food reward and cognitive control, but prior studies have not examined respective contributions of clinical characteristics and metabolic state. Research is needed to identify specific disruptions and inform novel intervention targets to improve outcomes. Fifty-nine females with AN (n = 34) or AtypAN (n = 25), ages 10-22 years, all ≤90% expected body weight, and 34 age-matched healthy controls (HC) completed a well-established neuroimaging food cue paradigm fasting and after a standardized meal, and we used ANCOVA models to investigate main and interaction effects of Group and Appetitive State on blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) activation for the contrast of exposure to high-calorie food images minus objects. We found main effects of Group with greater BOLD activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), hippocampus, caudate, and putamen for AN/AtypAN versus HC groups, and in the three-group model including AN, AtypAN, and HC (sub-)groups, where differences were primarily driven by greater activation in the AtypAN subgroup versus HC group. We found a main effect of Appetitive State with increased premeal BOLD activation in the hypothalamus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and caudate for models that included AN/AtypAN and HC groups, and in BOLD activation in the nucleus accumbens for the model that included AN, AtypAN, and HC (sub-)groups. There were no interaction effects of Group with Appetitive State for any of the models. Our findings demonstrate robust feeding-state independent group effects reflecting greater neural activation of specific regions typically associated with reward and cognitive control processing across AN and AtypAN relative to healthy individuals in this food cue paradigm. Differential activation of specific brain regions in response to the passive viewing of high-calorie food images may underlie restrictive eating behavior in this clinical population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamryn T Eddy
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Franziska Plessow
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauren Breithaupt
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kendra R Becker
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meghan Slattery
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Avery L Van De Water
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Women's Health, Department of Medicine, and Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Danielle L Kahn
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melissa J Dreier
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seda Ebrahimi
- Cambridge Eating Disorders Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thilo Deckersbach
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- University of Applied Sciences, Diploma Hochschule, Bad Sooden-Allendorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer J Thomas
- Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura M Holsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Women's Health, Department of Medicine, and Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Madhusmita Misra
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mass General for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Lawson
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Steding J, Ritschel F, Boehm I, Geisler D, King JA, Roessner V, Smolka MN, Zepf FD, Ehrlich S. The effects of acute tryptophan depletion on instrumental reward learning in anorexia nervosa - an fMRI study. Psychol Med 2023; 53:3426-3436. [PMID: 35343412 PMCID: PMC10277771 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721005493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serotonin (5-HT) hypothesis of anorexia nervosa (AN) posits that individuals predisposed toward or recovered from AN (recAN) have a central nervous hyperserotonergic state and therefore restrict food intake as a means to reduce 5-HT availability (via diminished tryptophan-derived precursor supply) and alleviate associated negative mood states. Importantly, the 5-HT system has also been generally implicated in reward processing, which has also been shown to be altered in AN. METHODS In this double-blind crossover study, 22 individuals recAN and 25 healthy control participants (HC) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing an established instrumental reward learning paradigm during acute tryptophan depletion (ATD; a dietary intervention that lowers central nervous 5-HT availability) as well as a sham depletion. RESULTS On a behavioral level, the main effects of reward and ATD were evident, but no group differences were found. fMRI analyses revealed a group × ATD × reward level interaction in the ventral anterior insula during reward anticipation as well as in the medial orbitofrontal cortex during reward consumption. DISCUSSION The precise pattern of results is suggestive of a 'normalization' of reward-related neural responses during ATD in recAN compared to HC. Our results lend further evidence to the 5-HT hypothesis of AN. Decreasing central nervous 5-HT synthesis and availability during ATD and possibly also by dieting may be a means to normalize 5-HT availability and associated brain processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Steding
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franziska Ritschel
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ilka Boehm
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel Geisler
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joseph A. King
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Veit Roessner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital C. G. Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Florian Daniel Zepf
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Eating Disorder Treatment and Research Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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12
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Garcia-Burgos D, Wilhelm P, Vögele C, Munsch S. Food Restriction in Anorexia Nervosa in the Light of Modern Learning Theory: A Narrative Review. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13020096. [PMID: 36829325 PMCID: PMC9952578 DOI: 10.3390/bs13020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Improvements in the clinical management of anorexia nervosa (AN) are urgently needed. To do so, the search for innovative approaches continues at laboratory and clinical levels to translate new findings into more effective treatments. In this sense, modern learning theory provides a unifying framework that connects concepts, methodologies and data from preclinical and clinical research to inspire novel interventions in the field of psychopathology in general, and of disordered eating in particular. Indeed, learning is thought to be a crucial factor in the development/regulation of normal and pathological eating behaviour. Thus, the present review not only tries to provide a comprehensive overview of modern learning research in the field of AN, but also follows a transdiagnostic perspective to offer testable explanations for the origin and maintenance of pathological food rejection. This narrative review was informed by a systematic search of research papers in the electronic databases PsycInfo, Scopus and Web of Science following PRISMA methodology. By considering the number and type of associations (Pavlovian, goal-directed or habitual) and the affective nature of conditioning processes (appetitive versus aversive), this approach can explain many features of AN, including why some patients restrict food intake to the point of life-threatening starvation and others restrict calorie intake to lose weight and binge on a regular basis. Nonetheless, it is striking how little impact modern learning theory has had on the current AN research agenda and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Garcia-Burgos
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Psychobiology, The “Federico Olóriz” Institute of Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Peter Wilhelm
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Claus Vögele
- Institute for Health and Behaviour, Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg, 4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Simone Munsch
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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13
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Frank GKW, Shott ME, Pryor T, Swindle S, Stoddard J. Brain reward response in adolescents and young adults with anorexia nervosa is moderated by changes in body weight and sweetness perception. Int J Eat Disord 2022; 55:1799-1810. [PMID: 36135728 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe psychiatric illness with complex etiology. Recently, we found elevated striatal brain response to sweet taste stimuli in adolescents and young adults with AN. Here, we tested the hypothesis that nutritional rehabilitation normalizes prediction error activation, a measure for dopamine-related reward circuit response, to salient caloric taste stimuli in AN. METHODS A total of 28 individuals with AN (age = 16 ± 2 years; body mass index [BMI] = 16 ± 1) who previously underwent brain imaging while performing a taste prediction error task using sucrose as salient caloric stimulus, participated in a second brain imaging scan (BMI = 18 ± 1) after intensive specialized eating disorder treatment (41 ± 15 days). A total of 31 healthy controls (age = 16 ± 3 years; BMI = 21 ± 2) were also studied on two occasions. RESULTS At baseline, individuals with AN demonstrated an elevated salience response in bilateral caudate head and nucleus accumbens, and right ventral striatum. At the second scan, elevated response was only found in the right nucleus accumbens. A moderator analysis indicated that greater increase in BMI and greater decrease in sweetness perception predicted lesser prediction error response at the second scan in AN. CONCLUSION Consistent with the previously reported monetary stimulus-response, elevated taste prediction error response in AN was largely absent after weight restoration. This study indicates that changes in BMI and sweet taste perception are independent moderators of change of brain salience response in adolescents and young adults with AN. The study points toward dynamic changes in the brain reward circuitry in AN and highlights the importance of nutrition and weight restoration in that process. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT AN is a severe psychiatric illness. Biological factors that integrate neurobiology and behavior could become important targets to improve treatment outcome. This study highlights the importance of weight normalization and taste perception the normalization of brain function, and food type or taste-specific interventions could help in the recovery process. Furthermore, the study suggests that food-related and nonfood-related reward processing adapts to illness state in AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido K W Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Medical Behavior Unit, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Megan E Shott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Skylar Swindle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Joel Stoddard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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14
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Lucherini Angeletti L, Innocenti M, Felciai F, Ruggeri E, Cassioli E, Rossi E, Rotella F, Castellini G, Stanghellini G, Ricca V, Northoff G. Anorexia nervosa as a disorder of the subcortical-cortical interoceptive-self. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:3063-3081. [PMID: 36355249 PMCID: PMC9803759 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by a diminished capacity in perceiving the physiological correlates of interoceptive sensations, namely bodily self-consciousness. Given the neural division of self-processing into interoceptive-, exteroceptive- and mental-self, we hypothesize neural deficits in the interoceptive-processing regions in AN. METHODS To prove this, we reviewed resting state (rs), task and rest-task studies in AN literature. RESULTS Neuronal data demonstrate the following in AN: (i) decreased rs-functional connectivity (rsFC) of subcortical-cortical midline structures (SCMS); (ii) reduced rsFC between medial (default-mode network/DMN and salience network/SN) and lateral (executive-control network/ECN) cortical regions; (iii) decreased rsFC in mainly the regions of the interoceptive-self; (iv) altered activity with overall increased activity in response to sensory/body image stimuli, especially in the regions of the interoceptive-self; (v) lack of a clear task-related distinction between own's and others' body image. CONCLUSION These data may indicate that rs-hypoconnectivity between SCMS, as neural correlate of a reduced intero-exteroceptive integration resulting in self-objectification, might be linked to overall increased activity in interoceptive regions during sensory/body image stimuli in AN, engendering an "anxious bodily self." LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I: Systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lucherini Angeletti
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, University of Florence, Largo G. Alessandro Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy.
| | - Matteo Innocenti
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, University of Florence, Largo G. Alessandro Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Federica Felciai
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, University of Florence, Largo G. Alessandro Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Emanuele Ruggeri
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, University of Florence, Largo G. Alessandro Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Emanuele Cassioli
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, University of Florence, Largo G. Alessandro Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Eleonora Rossi
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, University of Florence, Largo G. Alessandro Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Castellini
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, University of Florence, Largo G. Alessandro Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Stanghellini
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Valdo Ricca
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychiatry Unit, University of Florence, Largo G. Alessandro Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Georg Northoff
- Mental Health Centre, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research & University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Centre for Neural Dynamics, Faculty of Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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15
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Altered Reinforcement Learning from Reward and Punishment in Anorexia Nervosa: Evidence from Computational Modeling. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2022; 28:1003-1015. [PMID: 34839845 PMCID: PMC9148374 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617721001326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Anorexia nervosa (AN) is associated with altered sensitivity to reward and punishment. Few studies have investigated whether this results in aberrant learning. The ability to learn from rewarding and aversive experiences is essential for flexibly adapting to changing environments, yet individuals with AN tend to demonstrate cognitive inflexibility, difficulty set-shifting and altered decision-making. Deficient reinforcement learning may contribute to repeated engagement in maladaptive behavior. METHODS This study investigated learning in AN using a probabilistic associative learning task that separated learning of stimuli via reward from learning via punishment. Forty-two individuals with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5 restricting-type AN were compared to 38 healthy controls (HCs). We applied computational models of reinforcement learning to assess group differences in learning, thought to be driven by violations in expectations, or prediction errors (PEs). Linear regression analyses examined whether learning parameters predicted BMI at discharge. RESULTS AN had lower learning rates than HC following both positive and negative PE (p < .02), and were less likely to exploit what they had learned. Negative PE on punishment trials predicted lower discharge BMI (p < .001), suggesting individuals with more negative expectancies about avoiding punishment had the poorest outcome. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show lower rates of learning in AN following both positive and negative outcomes, with worse punishment learning predicting less weight gain. An inability to modify expectations about avoiding punishment might explain persistence of restricted eating despite negative consequences, and suggests that treatments that modify negative expectancy might be effective in reducing food avoidance in AN.
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16
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Frank GKW, Shott ME, Sternheim LC, Swindle S, Pryor TL. Persistence, Reward Dependence, and Sensitivity to Reward Are Associated With Unexpected Salience Response in Girls but Not in Adult Women: Implications for Psychiatric Vulnerabilities. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:1170-1182. [PMID: 33872764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is a critical period for the development of not only personality but also psychopathology. These processes may be specific to sex, and brain reward circuits may have a role. Here, we studied how reward processing and temperament associations differ across adolescent and adult females. METHODS A total of 29 adolescent girls and 41 adult women completed temperament assessments and performed a classical taste conditioning paradigm during brain imaging. Data were analyzed for the dopamine-related prediction error response. In addition, unexpected stimulus receipt or omission and expected receipt response were also analyzed. Heat maps identified cortical-subcortical brain response associations. RESULTS Adolescents showed stronger prediction error and unexpected receipt and omission responses (partial η2 = 0.063 to 0.166; p = .001 to .043) in insula, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and striatum than adults. Expected stimulus receipt response was similar between groups. In adolescents versus adults, persistence was more strongly positively related to prediction error (OFC, insula, striatum; Fisher's z = 1.704 to 3.008; p = .001 to .044) and unexpected stimulus receipt (OFC, insula; Fisher's z = 1.843 to 2.051; p = .014 to .033) and negatively with omission (OFC, insula, striatum; Fisher's z = -1.905 to -3.069; p = .001 to .028). Reward sensitivity and reward dependence correlated more positively with unexpected stimulus receipt and more negatively with stimulus omission response in adolescents. Adolescents showed significant correlations between the striatum and FC for unexpected stimulus receipt and omission that correlated with persistence but were absent in adults. CONCLUSIONS Associations between temperamental traits and brain reward response may provide neurotypical markers that contribute to developing adaptive or maladaptive behavior patterns when transitioning from adolescence to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido K W Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; Eating Disorders Center for Treatment and Research, UC San Diego Health, San Diego, California.
| | - Megan E Shott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Lot C Sternheim
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Skylar Swindle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
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17
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Forester G, Schaefer LM, Dodd DR, Johnson JS. The potential application of event-related potentials to enhance research on reward processes in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2022; 55:1484-1495. [PMID: 36214253 PMCID: PMC9633412 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reward-related processes have been posited as key mechanisms underlying the onset and persistence of eating disorders, prompting a growing body of research in this area. Existing studies have primarily utilized self-report, behavioral, and functional magnetic resonance imaging measures to interrogate reward among individuals with eating disorders. However, limitations inherent in each of these methods (e.g., poor temporal resolution) may obscure distinct neurocognitive reward processes, potentially contributing to underdeveloped models of reward dysfunction within eating disorders. The temporal precision of event-related potentials (ERPs), derived from electroencephalography, may thus offer a powerful complementary tool for elucidating the neurocognitive underpinnings of reward. Indeed, a considerable amount of research in other domains of psychopathology (e.g., depression, substance use disorders), as well as studies investigating food reward among non-clinical samples, highlights the utility of ERPs for probing reward processes. However, no study to date has utilized ERPs to directly examine reward functioning in eating disorders. METHODS In this paper, we review evidence underscoring the clinical utility of ERP measures of reward, as well as a variety of reward-related tasks that can be used to elicit specific ERP components with demonstrated relevance to reward processing. We then consider the ways in which these tasks/components may be used to help answer a variety of open questions within the eating disorders literature on reward. RESULTS/DISCUSSION Given the promise of ERP measures of reward to the field of eating disorders, we ultimately hope to spur and guide research in this currently neglected area. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Abnormalities in reward functioning appear to contribute to eating disorders. Event-related potentials (ERPs) offer temporally precise measures of neurocognitive reward processing and thus may be important tools for understanding the relationship between reward and disordered eating. However, research in this area is currently lacking. This paper attempts to facilitate the use of ERPs to study reward among individuals with eating disorders by reviewing the relevant theories and methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren M. Schaefer
- Center for Biobehavioral Research, Sanford Research
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences
| | | | - Jeffrey S. Johnson
- Center for Biobehavioral Research, Sanford Research
- Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University
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18
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Hurley MM, Nawari AN, Chen VX, O'Brien SC, Sabir AI, Goodman EJ, Wiles LJ, Biswas A, Aston SA, Khambadkone SG, Tamashiro KL, Moran TH. Adolescent female rats recovered from the activity-based anorexia display blunted hedonic responding. Int J Eat Disord 2022; 55:1042-1053. [PMID: 35689569 PMCID: PMC9545546 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As patients with anorexia nervosa tend to "like" palatable tastants less than controls, we set out to model this preclinically by using the taste reactivity test (TRT) to assess hedonic state in rats following weight restoration from a bout of activity-based anorexia (ABA). METHOD Female rats (n = 31) were surgically implanted with an intraoral catheter, which allowed experimenters to assess baseline TRT to six tastants. Following baseline TRT, animals were either exposed to the activity-based anorexia condition (ABA; 1.5HR chow/ad lib wheel until 25% weight loss), kept sedentary (SED; ad lib chow/locked wheel), given access to running wheels with ad lib chow access (RW; ad lib chow/wheel), or were body weight matched to the ABA group (BWM; restricted chow/locked wheel). Following 25% weight loss, wheels were locked and food returned to ABA rats. Paired RW groups had their wheels locked and paired BWM rats were given ad lib access to food. Animals were given 10 days to recover prior to a second TRT. Videos were analyzed for liking (tongue protrusions) and disliking (gape) behaviors. RESULTS The ABA group displayed a significant within-subject reduction in cumulative lick responses to water and 1 M sucrose. Additionally, we found the SED and ABA group displayed a significant within-subject reduction in cumulative lick responses to .1 M sucrose. Positive hedonic responses did not decline in either the BWM or the RW groups. DISCUSSION The data show a novel phenomenon that a history of ABA results in an anhedonia phenotype that mirrors aspects of AN. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Patients recovered from anorexia nervosa report anhedonia, or the lack of pleasure in consuming palatable foods. Unfortunately, the biological mechanism underpinning anhedonia in anorexia nervosa is not well understood. The current study assessed hedonic state in adolescent female rats prior to and 10 days recovered following the activity-based anorexia paradigm. Age-matched, running wheel-matched and body weight-matched control groups were also tested at the same time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. Hurley
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral SciencesThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Ashraf N. Nawari
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral SciencesThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Victoria X. Chen
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral SciencesThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Shannon C. O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral SciencesThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Aliasgher I. Sabir
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral SciencesThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Ethan J. Goodman
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral SciencesThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Lucas J. Wiles
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral SciencesThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Aditi Biswas
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral SciencesThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Sean Andrew Aston
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral SciencesThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Seva G. Khambadkone
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral SciencesThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kellie L. Tamashiro
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral SciencesThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Timothy H. Moran
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral SciencesThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Dan O, Wertheimer E, Levy I. A Neuroeconomics Approach to Obesity. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:860-868. [PMID: 34861975 PMCID: PMC8960474 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a heterogeneous condition that is affected by physiological, behavioral, and environmental factors. Value-based decision making is a useful framework for integrating these factors at the individual level. The disciplines of behavioral economics and reinforcement learning provide tools for identifying specific cognitive and motivational processes that may contribute to the development and maintenance of obesity. Neuroeconomics complements these disciplines by studying the neural mechanisms underlying these processes. We surveyed recent literature on individual decision characteristics that are most frequently implicated in obesity: discounting the value of future outcomes, attitudes toward uncertainty, and learning from rewards and punishments. Our survey highlighted both consistent and inconsistent behavioral findings. These findings underscore the need to examine multiple processes within individuals to identify unique behavioral profiles associated with obesity. Such individual characterization will inform future studies on the neurobiology of obesity as well as the design of effective interventions that are individually tailored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohad Dan
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University,Wu-Tsai Institute, Yale University
| | - Emily Wertheimer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University,Wu-Tsai Institute, Yale University
| | - Ifat Levy
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
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20
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Gorrell S, Shott ME, Frank GK. Associations between aerobic exercise and dopamine-related reward-processing: Informing a model of human exercise engagement. Biol Psychol 2022; 171:108350. [PMID: 35561818 PMCID: PMC9869713 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Endurance or aerobic exercise has many physical and mental health benefits, but less is known about the specific impact that cardiovascular activity may have on dopamine-associated brain circuits involved in reward processing and mood regulation in humans. Understanding such effects will help to explain individual differences in both exercise uptake and maintenance. This study evaluated neural response to a classical taste-conditioning reward prediction error task with the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging, along with data on self-reported aerobic exercise among healthy young adult females (N = 111). Results indicated positive associations between reported aerobic exercise and regional brain response that remained significant after multiple comparison correction for the right medial orbital frontal cortex response to unexpected sucrose receipt (r = 0.315, p = .0008). The medial orbitofrontal cortex is implicated in reward and outcome value computation and the results suggest that aerobic exercise may strengthen this circuitry, or reciprocally, higher orbitofrontal cortical activity may reinforce exercise behavior. The findings aid in developing a model of how exercise engagement can modify reward-circuit function and could be used therapeutically in conditions associated with altered brain salience response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Gorrell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Megan E. Shott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Guido K.W. Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA
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21
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Hartman-Petrycka M, Klimacka-Nawrot E, Ziora K, Suchecka W, Gorczyca P, Rojewska K, Błońska-Fajfrowska B. Sweet, Salty, and Umami Taste Sensitivity and the Hedonic Perception of Taste Sensations in Adolescent Females with Anorexia Nervosa. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051042. [PMID: 35268017 PMCID: PMC8912533 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to perform analysis of sensitivity to sweet, salty, and umami tastes based on three measurement methods and of the hedonic perception of taste sensations in adolescent females with anorexia nervosa (AN). The aim of the research was to confirm the results of other authors in terms of the perception of sweet and salty taste in patients with AN, and then develop knowledge about the perception of umami taste, which is still insufficiently studied. METHOD A total of 110 females with an age ranging from 13 to 19 years, including 50 newly diagnosed patients with a restrictive subtype of AN and 60 healthy controls participated in gustatory research involving analyses of taste perception (recognition thresholds, ability to identify the taste correctly, taste intensity, and hedonic response) applying the sip and spit method. RESULTS Females with AN showed reduced sensitivity to salty taste and increased sensitivity to umami taste and, more often than healthy controls, wrongly classified the taste of solutions with a low sucrose concentration. Patients with AN assessed the sodium chloride and monosodium glutamate tastes less negatively than did control participants, and they did not show differences in their hedonic assessment of sucrose. CONCLUSIONS The taste sensitivity alterations in females with AN demonstrated in this paper do not entail decreased hedonic assessment of taste experiences. Based on our results, we cannot consider the observed variation in taste sensitivity in patients with AN to be a factor that increases their negative attitude toward food consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hartman-Petrycka
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (E.K.-N.); (W.S.); (B.B.-F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-322699830
| | - Ewa Klimacka-Nawrot
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (E.K.-N.); (W.S.); (B.B.-F.)
| | - Katarzyna Ziora
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Wanda Suchecka
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (E.K.-N.); (W.S.); (B.B.-F.)
| | - Piotr Gorczyca
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Rojewska
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Public Clinical Hospital No.1, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Barbara Błońska-Fajfrowska
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (E.K.-N.); (W.S.); (B.B.-F.)
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22
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Nasser JA, Albajri E, Lanza L, Gilman A, Altayyar M, Thomopoulos D, Bruneau M. Interaction of Protein Preloads and Physical Activity on Intake of an Ultra-Processed, High Sugar/High Fat Food/Low Protein Food. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14040884. [PMID: 35215530 PMCID: PMC8874527 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
“Loss of control, LOC” eating is a major contributor to the development of obesity. Dietary protein is known to promote satiety, but little attention has been paid to the ability of protein, consumed in close proximity to snacking (20 min), to reduce the intake of ultra-processed, low-protein snack foods. We hypothesized that a high-protein preload (HP, 8 g of protein) consumed in close proximity to eating an ultra-processed snack food would reduce intake of the snack food as compared to a low-protein preload (LP, 1.2 g of protein). Two laboratory test meals were conducted, and the intake of ice cream (1.99 kcal/gram) after consuming dairy-based liquid preloads was measured. Habitual physical activity, a potential modulator of satiety, was assessed by a self-reporting questionnaire. Thirty (responders) out of 50 participants reduced their intake of ice cream after the HP preload, with a significant difference in intake observed between the responders and non-responders (−30 ± 25 and 18 ± 18 g, F (1, 49) = 54.36, p < 0.001 for responders and non-responders, respectively). Our data demonstrate that protein consumed in close proximity to ultra-processed snack food can reduce caloric intake by ~60 kcal, which could potentially reduce body weight by at least 5 pounds per year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Nasser
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (L.L.); (A.G.); (M.A.); (D.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +267-359-5834; Fax: +267-359-5843
| | - Eram Albajri
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Lisa Lanza
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (L.L.); (A.G.); (M.A.); (D.T.)
| | - Abigail Gilman
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (L.L.); (A.G.); (M.A.); (D.T.)
| | - Mansour Altayyar
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (L.L.); (A.G.); (M.A.); (D.T.)
| | - Dimitra Thomopoulos
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (L.L.); (A.G.); (M.A.); (D.T.)
| | - Michael Bruneau
- Department of Health Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA;
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23
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Brondel L, Quilliot D, Mouillot T, Khan NA, Bastable P, Boggio V, Leloup C, Pénicaud L. Taste of Fat and Obesity: Different Hypotheses and Our Point of View. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030555. [PMID: 35276921 PMCID: PMC8838004 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity results from a temporary or prolonged positive energy balance due to an alteration in the homeostatic feedback of energy balance. Food, with its discriminative and hedonic qualities, is a key element of reward-based energy intake. An alteration in the brain reward system for highly palatable energy-rich foods, comprised of fat and carbohydrates, could be one of the main factors involved in the development of obesity by increasing the attractiveness and consumption of fat-rich foods. This would induce, in turn, a decrease in the taste of fat. A better understanding of the altered reward system in obesity may open the door to a new era for the diagnosis, management and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Brondel
- Centre for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, UMR 6265 CNRS, 1324 INRAE, University of Burgundy, Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-3-80681677 or +33-6-43213100
| | - Didier Quilliot
- Unité Multidisciplinaire de la Chirurgie de L’obésité, University Hospital Nancy-Brabois, 54500 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France;
| | - Thomas Mouillot
- Centre for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, UMR 6265 CNRS, 1324 INRAE, University of Burgundy, Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (C.L.)
- Department of Hepato-Gastro-Enterology, University Hospital, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Naim Akhtar Khan
- Physiologie de Nutrition & Toxicologie (NUTox), UMR/UB/AgroSup 1231, University of Burgundy, Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France;
| | | | | | - Corinne Leloup
- Centre for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, UMR 6265 CNRS, 1324 INRAE, University of Burgundy, Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; (T.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Luc Pénicaud
- Institut RESTORE, Toulouse University, CNRS U-5070, EFS, ENVT, Inserm U1301 Toulouse, 31432 Toulouse, France;
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24
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Adolescent female rats prone to the activity based anorexia (ABA) paradigm have altered hedonic responses and cortical astrocyte density compared to resistant animals. Appetite 2022; 168:105666. [PMID: 34461195 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anhedonia, which in part involves the lack of pleasure in consuming palatable food, is a long-lasting symptom observed in patients both when acutely ill and when long term recovered from Anorexia Nervosa. The neurocircuitry underlying this phenomenon is not well understood. Here we use the preclinical activity-based anorexia (ABA) model in adolescent female rats to assess the impact of excessive exercise, limited food intake and acute weight loss, on adolescent female rat orofacial responding to intraoral sucrose, as measured by the taste reactivity test (TRT). Animals were identified as either prone or resistant to this paradigm based on a weight loss criterion. Measures of food intake, running wheel activity, taste reactivity and medial prefrontal cortex astrocyte expression were compared across groups. METHODS Adolescent female rats implanted with an intraoral catheter were given a TRT using 1 M (M) sucrose at baseline, max weight loss (25% weight loss from start of ABA or 7 full days on the paradigm) or 10 days recovered from the ABA paradigm. Animals were sacrificed after the final TRT and astrocyte density was measured via immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Animals resistant to the ABA paradigm ran less than prone animals during the ABA period. Additionally, we found that resistant animals displayed more cumulative 'liking' responses to sucrose compared to prone animals at maximum weight loss. Finally, we found prone animals 10-days recovered from ABA had reduced medial prefrontal cortex astrocyte density compared to levels in resistant animals. DISCUSSION Rats presented with the physiological challenge of the ABA paradigm either adapt their behavior to stabilize their body weight (i.e. resistant), or rapidly lose weight (i.e. prone). Furthermore, we found that prone animals have reduced orofacial responding to 1 M sucrose at maximum weight loss compared to responses in resistant animals, and this anhedonia-like behavior may be a result of reduced astrocyte density that affects cortical function.
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Abstract
Anhedonia is frequently observed among individuals with eating disorders (ED), though its relevance to ED pathology and clinical outcomes remain poorly understood. This chapter will present the latest findings regarding anhedonia in ED, with the majority of data available for anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). We consider anhedonia from the mechanistic lens of altered reward processing, with attention given to subjective experience, neurotransmitter function, neural correlates, and cognitive performance corresponding to distinct components of reward (i.e., liking, wanting, and learning). Findings from animal models are also highlighted. The chapter concludes with a discussion of implications for treatment and future directions aimed at better understanding anhedonia in ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, UCSD Eating Disorders Center for Treatment and Research, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Carina S Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, UCSD Eating Disorders Center for Treatment and Research, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Walter H Kaye
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, UCSD Eating Disorders Center for Treatment and Research, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christina E Wierenga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, UCSD Eating Disorders Center for Treatment and Research, San Diego, CA, USA.
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26
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Mishima R, Isobe M, Noda T, Tose K, Kawabata M, Noma S, Murai T. Structural brain changes in severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: A multimodal magnetic resonance imaging study of gray matter volume, cortical thickness, and white matter integrity. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2021; 318:111393. [PMID: 34670165 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Whole-brain T1-weighted imaging and diffusion tensor imaging was performed in 35 adult women with anorexia nervosa (AN) and 35 healthy controls. We conducted voxel-based group comparisons for gray matter volume (GMV), cortical thickness (CT), and fractional anisotropy (FA) values, using age and total intracranial volume as nuisance covariates. We then conducted the same group comparisons for these three measures, but this time also controlled for the following global pathological measures: total GMV, mean CT across the whole brain, and mean FA across the entire white matter skeleton. Compared with the healthy controls, AN patients had lower GMV and CT in widespread cortical regions, and smaller FA values in widespread white matter regions. After controlling for global parameters, almost all of the differences between the two groups disappeared, except for higher CT in the medial orbital gyrus and parietal operculum in the AN group. Structural brain changes in AN are likely to be composed of both global and region-specific changes. The former changes are likely to have a dominant impact, while the latter changes might in part explain the disease-specific pathophysiology of AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Mishima
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaracho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Isobe
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaracho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Noda
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaracho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keima Tose
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaracho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiko Kawabata
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaracho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shun'ichi Noma
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaracho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Noma Kokoro Clinic, 5-322-1 Fukakusa-Sujikaibashi, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiya Murai
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawaracho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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27
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Foldi CJ, Morris MJ, Oldfield BJ. Executive function in obesity and anorexia nervosa: Opposite ends of a spectrum of disordered feeding behaviour? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 111:110395. [PMID: 34217755 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Higher-order executive functions such as decision-making, cognitive flexibility and behavioural control are critical to adaptive success in all aspects of life, including the maintenance of a healthy body weight by regulating food intake. Performance on tasks designed to assess these aspects of cognition is impaired in individuals with obesity and anorexia nervosa (AN); conditions at either end of a spectrum of body weight disturbance. While the conceptualisation of obesity and AN as mirror images of each other makes some sense from a metabolic point of view, whether or not these conditions also reflect opposing states of executive function is less clear. Here, we review evidence from neurocognitive and neuroimaging studies to compare the direction and extent of executive dysfunction in subjects with obesity and AN and how these are underpinned by changes in structure and function of subregions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Both conditions of extreme body weight disturbance are associated with impaired decision-making and cognitive inflexibility, however, impulsive behaviour presents in opposing directions; obesity being associated with reduced behavioural control and AN being associated with elevated control over behaviour with respect to food and feeding. Accordingly, the subregions of the PFC that guide inhibitory control and valuation of action outcomes (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex) show opposite patterns of activation in subjects with obesity compared to those with AN, whereas the subregions implicated in cognitive and behavioural flexibility (ventromedial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex) show alterations in the same direction in both conditions but with differential extent of dysfunction. We synthesise these findings in the context of the utility of animal models of obesity and AN to interrogate the detail of the neurobiological contributions to cognition in patient populations and the utility of such detail to inform future treatment strategies that specifically target executive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire J Foldi
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton 3800, Australia; Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 23 Innovation Walk, Clayton 3800, Australia.
| | - Margaret J Morris
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, High Street, Randwick 2052, Australia
| | - Brian J Oldfield
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton 3800, Australia; Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 23 Innovation Walk, Clayton 3800, Australia
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28
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current article discusses five neural vulnerability theories for weight gain and reviews evidence from prospective studies using imaging and behavioral measures reflecting neural function, as well as randomized experiments with humans and animals that are consistent or inconsistent with these theories. RECENT FINDINGS Recent prospective imaging studies examining predictors of weight gain and response to obesity treatment, and repeated-measures imaging studies before and after weight gain and loss have advanced knowledge of etiologic processes and neural plasticity resulting from weight change. Overall, data provide strong support for the incentive sensitization theory of obesity and moderate support for the reward surfeit theory, inhibitory control deficit theory, and dynamic vulnerability model of obesity, which attempted to synthesize the former theories into a single etiologic model. Data provide little support for the reward deficit theory. Important directions for future studies are delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Stice
- Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Sonja Yokum
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
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29
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Nelson TD, Brock RL, Yokum S, Tomaso CC, Savage CR, Stice E. Much Ado About Missingness: A Demonstration of Full Information Maximum Likelihood Estimation to Address Missingness in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:746424. [PMID: 34658780 PMCID: PMC8514662 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.746424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The current paper leveraged a large multi-study functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) dataset (N = 363) and a generated missingness paradigm to demonstrate different approaches for handling missing fMRI data under a variety of conditions. The performance of full information maximum likelihood (FIML) estimation, both with and without auxiliary variables, and listwise deletion were compared under different conditions of generated missing data volumes (i.e., 20, 35, and 50%). FIML generally performed better than listwise deletion in replicating results from the full dataset, but differences were small in the absence of auxiliary variables that correlated strongly with fMRI task data. However, when an auxiliary variable created to correlate r = 0.5 with fMRI task data was included, the performance of the FIML model improved, suggesting the potential value of FIML-based approaches for missing fMRI data when a strong auxiliary variable is available. In addition to primary methodological insights, the current study also makes an important contribution to the literature on neural vulnerability factors for obesity. Specifically, results from the full data model show that greater activation in regions implicated in reward processing (caudate and putamen) in response to tastes of milkshake significantly predicted weight gain over the following year. Implications of both methodological and substantive findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Nelson
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Rebecca L Brock
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Sonja Yokum
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Cara C Tomaso
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Cary R Savage
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Eric Stice
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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30
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Frank GKW, Shott ME, Stoddard J, Swindle S, Pryor TL. Association of Brain Reward Response With Body Mass Index and Ventral Striatal-Hypothalamic Circuitry Among Young Women With Eating Disorders. JAMA Psychiatry 2021; 78:1123-1133. [PMID: 34190963 PMCID: PMC8246338 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Eating disorders are severe psychiatric disorders; however, disease models that cross subtypes and integrate behavior and neurobiologic factors are lacking. OBJECTIVE To assess brain response during unexpected receipt or omission of a salient sweet stimulus across a large sample of individuals with eating disorders and healthy controls and test for evidence of whether this brain response is associated with the ventral striatal-hypothalamic circuitry, which has been associated with food intake control, and whether salient stimulus response and eating disorder related behaviors are associated. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this cross-sectional functional brain imaging study, young adults across the eating disorder spectrum were matched with healthy controls at a university brain imaging facility and eating disorder treatment program. During a sucrose taste classic conditioning paradigm, violations of learned associations between conditioned visual and unconditioned taste stimuli evoked the dopamine-related prediction error. Dynamic effective connectivity during expected sweet taste receipt was studied to investigate hierarchical brain activation between food intake relevant brain regions. The study was conducted from June 2014 to November 2019. Data were analyzed from December 2019 to February 2020. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Prediction error brain reward response across insula and striatum; dynamic effective connectivity between hypothalamus and ventral striatum; and demographic and behavior variables and their correlations with prediction error brain response and connectivity edge coefficients. RESULTS Of 317 female participants (197 with eating disorders and 120 healthy controls), the mean (SD) age was 23.8 (5.6) years and mean (SD) body mass index was 20.8 (5.4). Prediction error response was elevated in participants with anorexia nervosa (Wilks λ, 0.843; P = .001) and in participants with eating disorders inversely correlated with body mass index (left nucleus accumbens: r = -0.291; 95% CI, -0.413 to -0.167; P < .001; right dorsal anterior insula: r = -0.228; 95% CI, -0.366 to -0.089; P = .001), eating disorder inventory-3 binge eating tendency (left nucleus accumbens: r = -0.207; 95% CI, -0.333 to -0.073; P = .004; right dorsal anterior insula: r = -0.220; 95% CI, -0.354 to -0.073; P = .002), and trait anxiety (left nucleus accumbens: r = -0.148; 95% CI, -0.288 to -0.003; P = .04; right dorsal anterior insula: r = -0.221; 95% CI, -0.357 to -0.076; P = .002). Ventral striatal to hypothalamus directed connectivity was positively correlated with ventral striatal prediction error in eating disorders (r = 0.189; 95% CI, 0.045-0.324; P = .01) and negatively correlated with feeling out of control after eating (right side: r = -0.328; 95% CI, -0.480 to -0.164; P < .001; left side: r = -0.297; 95% CI, -0.439 to -0.142; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The results of this cross-sectional imaging study support that body mass index modulates prediction error and food intake control circuitry in the brain. Once altered, this circuitry may reinforce eating disorder behaviors when paired with behavioral traits associated with overeating or undereating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido K. W. Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, San Diego
| | - Megan E. Shott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, San Diego
| | - Joel Stoddard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora
| | - Skylar Swindle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, San Diego
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Harnischfeger F, O’Connell F, Weiss M, Axelrod B, Hajnal A, Czaja K, Di Lorenzo PM, Dando R. Sprague Dawley Rats Gaining Weight on a High Energy Diet Exhibit Damage to Taste Tissue Even after Return to a Healthy Diet. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093062. [PMID: 34578940 PMCID: PMC8465157 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many reports detail taste dysfunction in humans and animals with obesity. For example, mice consuming an obesogenic diet for a short period have fewer taste buds than their lean littermates. Further, rats with diet-induced obesity (DIO) show blunted electrophysiological responses to taste in the brainstem. Here, we studied the effects of high energy diet (HED)-induced peripheral taste damage in rats, and whether this deficiency could be reversed by returning to a regular chow diet. Separate groups of rats consumed a standard chow diet (Chow), a HED for 10 weeks followed by a return to chow (HED/chow), or a HED for 10 weeks followed by a restricted HED that was isocaloric with consumption by the HED/chow group (HED/isocal). Fungiform taste papilla (FP) and circumvallate taste bud abundance were quantified several months after HED groups switched diets. Results showed that both HED/chow and HED/isocal rats had significantly fewer FP and lower CV taste bud abundance than control rats fed only chow. Neutrophil infiltration into taste tissues was also quantified, but did not vary with treatment on this timeline. Finally, the number of cells undergoing programmed cell death, measured with caspase-3 staining, inversely correlated with taste bud counts, suggesting taste buds may be lost to apoptosis as a potential mechanism for the taste dysfunction observed in obesity. Collectively, these data show that DIO has lasting deleterious effects on the peripheral taste system, despite a change from a HED to a healthy diet, underscoring the idea that obesity rather than diet predicts damage to the taste system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Harnischfeger
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (F.H.); (B.A.)
| | - Flynn O’Connell
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA; (F.O.); (M.W.); (P.M.D.L.)
| | - Michael Weiss
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA; (F.O.); (M.W.); (P.M.D.L.)
| | - Brandon Axelrod
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (F.H.); (B.A.)
| | - Andras Hajnal
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Krzysztof Czaja
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Patricia M. Di Lorenzo
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA; (F.O.); (M.W.); (P.M.D.L.)
| | - Robin Dando
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (F.H.); (B.A.)
- Correspondence:
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32
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Obesity-induced taste dysfunction, and its implications for dietary intake. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:1644-1655. [PMID: 34031530 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00855-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of obesity has dramatically increased in recent years, and poses a public health challenge for which an effective and scalable intervention strategy is yet to be found. Our food choices are one of the primary drivers of obesity, where the overconsumption of energy from foods high in fat and sugar can be particularly problematic. Unfortunately, these same foods also tend to be highly palatable. We select foods more on their sensory properties than on any other factor, such as price, convenience, or healthfulness. Previous evidence from human sensory studies has suggested a depressed sense of taste in panelists with obesity. Evidence from animal models also demonstrates a clear deficiency in taste buds occurring with obesity, suggesting that damage to the taste system may result from an obese state. In this review only taste, as opposed to smell, will be examined. Here we seek to bring together evidence from a diverse array of human and animal studies into taste response, dietary intake, and physiology, to better understand changes in taste with obesity, with the goal of understanding whether taste may provide a novel target for intervention in the treatment of obesity.
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Zhu J, Chen F, Luo L, Wu W, Dai J, Zhong J, Lin X, Chai C, Ding P, Liang L, Wang S, Ding X, Chen Y, Wang H, Qiu J, Wang F, Sun C, Zeng Y, Fang J, Jiang X, Liu P, Tang G, Qiu X, Zhang X, Ruan Y, Jiang S, Li J, Zhu S, Xu X, Li F, Liu Z, Cao G, Chen D. Single-cell atlas of domestic pig cerebral cortex and hypothalamus. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:1448-1461. [PMID: 36654371 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The brain of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) has drawn considerable attention due to its high similarities to that of humans. However, the cellular compositions of the pig brain (PB) remain elusive. Here we investigated the single-nucleus transcriptomic profiles of five regions of the PB (frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, and hypothalamus) and identified 21 cell subpopulations. The cross-species comparison of mouse and pig hypothalamus revealed the shared and specific gene expression patterns at the single-cell resolution. Furthermore, we identified cell types and molecular pathways closely associated with neurological disorders, bridging the gap between gene mutations and pathogenesis. We reported, to our knowledge, the first single-cell atlas of domestic pig cerebral cortex and hypothalamus combined with a comprehensive analysis across species, providing extensive resources for future research regarding neural science, evolutionary developmental biology, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Fang Chen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; MGI, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Lihua Luo
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Weiying Wu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brian Medicine, and the MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310031, China
| | - Jinxia Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jixing Zhong
- School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xiumei Lin
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Chaochao Chai
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Peiwen Ding
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Langchao Liang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Shiyou Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Xiangning Ding
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Yin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Jiaying Qiu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | - Chengcheng Sun
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuying Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jian Fang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Xiaosen Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Ping Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; MGI, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Gen Tang
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Xin Qiu
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | - Yetian Ruan
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | | | | | - Shida Zhu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Fang Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Gang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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From Desire to Dread-A Neurocircuitry Based Model for Food Avoidance in Anorexia Nervosa. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112228. [PMID: 34063884 PMCID: PMC8196668 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is a severe psychiatric illness associated with food avoidance. Animal models from Berridge et al. over the past decade showed that environmental ambience, pleasant or fear inducing, can trigger either appetitive (desire) or avoidance (dread) behaviors in animals via frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens dopamine D1 and D2 receptors, and hypothalamus. Those mechanisms could be relevant for understanding anorexia nervosa. However, models that translate animal research to explain the psychopathology of anorexia nervosa are sparse. This article reviews animal and human research to find evidence for whether this model can explain food avoidance behaviors in anorexia nervosa. Research on anorexia nervosa suggests fear conditioning to food, activation of the corticostriatal brain circuitry, sensitization of ventral striatal dopamine response, and alterations in hypothalamic function. The results support the applicability of the animal neurocircuitry derived model and provide directions to further study the pathophysiology that underlies anorexia nervosa.
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35
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Roxbury CR, Bernstein IA, Lin SY, Rowan NR. Association Between Chemosensory Dysfunction and Diet Quality in United States Adults. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2021; 36:47-56. [PMID: 34000836 DOI: 10.1177/19458924211016611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests chemosensory dysfunction (CSD) patients have altered diet, but population-level evidence assessing diet quality in CSD patients is lacking. OBJECTIVE We examined the association between CSD and diet quality in a representative sample of United States adults. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 2831 adults aged greater than 40 years from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey who completed the taste/smell questionnaire and examination. Mean nutrient intake in subjects with self-reported olfactory/gustatory dysfunction (sOD/sGD) and measured olfactory/gustatory dysfunction (mOD/mGD) were compared to those without CSD using univariate Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. The Healthy Eating Index (HEI), a validated measure of diet quality, was calculated. The proportion of subjects with CSD with bottom-quartile HEI was compared to those without CSD using multivariate logistic regression, adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic covariates. RESULTS The population-weighted prevalence of sOD, sGD, mOD, and mGD was 20.1%, 14.4%, 15.9% and 25.6%, respectively. Subjects with mOD had lower mean intake of total calories, total fat, protein, sodium, and potassium compared to normal subjects (1873.4 ± 49.6 vs 2010.2 ± 24.2 kcal, 72.3 ± 2.7 vs 78.6 ± 1.0 gm, 74.0 ± 2.5 vs 80.4 ± 0.6 gm, 3122 ± 97.2 vs 3353.2 ± 37.0 mg, 2509.8 ± 69.8 vs 2684.7 ± 26.1 mg, P < 0.05 respectively). When controlling for sociodemographic factors and comorbidities, subjects with sOD were more likely to have bottom-quartile HEI compared to normal subjects (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.04-1.70). CONCLUSIONS This population-level study suggests an association between poor diet quality and variation in dietary intake in patients with CSD, which warrants further investigation and suggests the possible need for nutritional counseling for CSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Roxbury
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Isaac A Bernstein
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sandra Y Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nicholas R Rowan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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36
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Arsalidou M, Vijayarajah S, Sharaev M. Basal ganglia lateralization in different types of reward. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 14:2618-2646. [PMID: 31927758 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Reward processing is a fundamental human activity. The basal ganglia are recognized for their role in reward processes; however, specific roles of the different nuclei (e.g., nucleus accumbens, caudate, putamen and globus pallidus) remain unclear. Using quantitative meta-analyses we assessed whole-brain and basal ganglia specific contributions to money, erotic, and food reward processing. We analyzed data from 190 fMRI studies which reported stereotaxic coordinates of whole-brain, within-group results from healthy adult participants. Results showed concordance in overlapping and distinct cortical and sub-cortical brain regions as a function of reward type. Common to all reward types was concordance in basal ganglia nuclei, with distinct differences in hemispheric dominance and spatial extent in response to the different reward types. Food reward processing favored the right hemisphere; erotic rewards favored the right lateral globus pallidus and left caudate body. Money rewards engaged the basal ganglia bilaterally including its most anterior part, nucleus accumbens. We conclude by proposing a model of common reward processing in the basal ganglia and separate models for money, erotic, and food rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Arsalidou
- Department of Psychology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation. .,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Sagana Vijayarajah
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maksim Sharaev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
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37
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Mollick JA, Chang LJ, Krishnan A, Hazy TE, Krueger KA, Frank GKW, Wager TD, O'Reilly RC. The Neural Correlates of Cued Reward Omission. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:615313. [PMID: 33679345 PMCID: PMC7928384 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.615313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to our understanding of positive prediction error signals occurring due to unexpected reward outcomes, less is known about the neural circuitry in humans that drives negative prediction errors during omission of expected rewards. While classical learning theories such as Rescorla-Wagner or temporal difference learning suggest that both types of prediction errors result from a simple subtraction, there has been recent evidence suggesting that different brain regions provide input to dopamine neurons which contributes to specific components of this prediction error computation. Here, we focus on the brain regions responding to negative prediction error signals, which has been well-established in animal studies to involve a distinct pathway through the lateral habenula. We examine the activity of this pathway in humans, using a conditioned inhibition paradigm with high-resolution functional MRI. First, participants learned to associate a sensory stimulus with reward delivery. Then, reward delivery was omitted whenever this stimulus was presented simultaneously with a different sensory stimulus, the conditioned inhibitor (CI). Both reward presentation and the reward-predictive cue activated midbrain dopamine regions, insula and orbitofrontal cortex. While we found significant activity at an uncorrected threshold for the CI in the habenula, consistent with our predictions, it did not survive correction for multiple comparisons and awaits further replication. Additionally, the pallidum and putamen regions of the basal ganglia showed modulations of activity for the inhibitor that did not survive the corrected threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Mollick
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Luke J Chang
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Anjali Krishnan
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Guido K W Frank
- UCSD Eating Disorder Center for Treatment and Research, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tor D Wager
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Randall C O'Reilly
- Department of Psychology and Computer Science Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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38
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García-Cabrerizo R, Carbia C, O Riordan KJ, Schellekens H, Cryan JF. Microbiota-gut-brain axis as a regulator of reward processes. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1495-1524. [PMID: 33368280 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our gut harbours trillions of microorganisms essential for the maintenance of homeostasis and host physiology in health and disease. In the last decade, there has been a growing interest in understanding the bidirectional pathway of communication between our microbiota and the central nervous system. With regard to reward processes there is accumulating evidence from both animal and human studies that this axis may be a key factor in gating reward valence. Focusing on the mesocorticolimbic pathway, we will discuss how the intestinal microbiota is involved in regulating brain reward functions, both in natural (i.e. eating, social or sexual behaviours) and non-natural reinforcers (drug addiction behaviours including those relevant to alcohol, psychostimulants, opioids and cannabinoids). We will integrate preclinical and clinical evidence suggesting that the microbiota-gut-brain axis could be implicated in the development of disorders associated with alterations in the reward system and how it may be targeted as a promising therapeutic strategy. Cover Image for this issue: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15065.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carina Carbia
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Harriet Schellekens
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Wonderlich JA, Bershad M, Steinglass JE. Exploring Neural Mechanisms Related to Cognitive Control, Reward, and Affect in Eating Disorders: A Narrative Review of FMRI Studies. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:2053-2062. [PMID: 34188475 PMCID: PMC8232881 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s282554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have contributed to our understanding of possible neural abnormalities among individuals with eating disorders. Many of these studies have focused on three domains: 1) cognitive control, 2) reward processing, and 3) affective processing. This review attempts to summarize the recent fMRI findings across these domains among the most well-characterized eating disorders: anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED). Though the literature is a bit murky, a few major themes have emerged. Cognitive control systems are affected among individuals across eating disorder diagnoses, but effects seem least pronounced in AN. Specifically, individuals with all eating disorders appear to show decreased prefrontal activation during cognitive control, but there is less evidence in AN linking decreased prefrontal activation with behavior. There is some evidence that the reinforcing value of food is reduced in AN, but individuals with BN and BED show hyperactivation to rewarding food-related stimuli, suggesting the reinforcing value of food may be enhanced. However, more complex reward processing paradigms show that individuals with BN and BED exhibit hypoactivation to reward anticipation and provide mixed results with regards to reward receipt. There are fewer neuroimaging findings related to affective processing, yet behavioral findings suggest affective processing is important in understanding eating disorders. Though the extant literature is complicated, these studies represent a foundation from which to build and provide insight into potential neurobiological mechanisms that may contribute to the pathophysiology of eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Wonderlich
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariya Bershad
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joanna E Steinglass
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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40
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Tahıllıoğlu A, Özcan T, Yüksel G, Majroh N, Köse S, Özbaran B. Is aripiprazole a key to unlock anorexia nervosa?: A case series. Clin Case Rep 2020; 8:2827-2834. [PMID: 33363831 PMCID: PMC7752603 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.3271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aripiprazole contributes an increase in body mass index and attenuation in anorexia nervosa (AN) symptoms, leading clinical improvements with lower side-effect profile; but it is not enough to cure comorbid depressive symptoms in AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akın Tahıllıoğlu
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineEge UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Tuğçe Özcan
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineEge UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Gamze Yüksel
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineEge UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Noorjahan Majroh
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineEge UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Sezen Köse
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineEge UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Burcu Özbaran
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryFaculty of MedicineEge UniversityIzmirTurkey
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Role of Neuroendocrine, Immune, and Autonomic Nervous System in Anorexia Nervosa-Linked Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197302. [PMID: 33023273 PMCID: PMC7582625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa represents a severe mental disorder associated with food avoidance and malnutrition. In patients suffering from anorexia nervosa, cardiovascular complications are the main reason leading to morbidity and mortality. However, the origin and pathological mechanisms leading to higher cardiovascular risk in anorexia nervosa are still unclear. In this aspect, the issue of exact pathological mechanisms as well as sensitive biomarkers for detection of anorexia nervosa-linked cardiovascular risk are discussed. Therefore, this review synthesised recent evidence of dysfunction in multiple neuroendocrine axes and alterations in the immune system that may represent anorexia nervosa-linked pathological mechanisms contributing to complex cardiovascular dysregulation. Further, this review is focused on identification of non-invasive biomarkers for the assessment of increased cardiovascular risk in anorexia nervosa that can be linked to a clinical application. Complex non-invasive assessment of cardiovascular autonomic regulation—cardiac vagal control (heart rate variability), sympathetic vascular activity (blood pressure variability), and cardiovascular reflex control (baroreflex sensitivity)—could represent a promising tool for early diagnosis, personalized therapy, and monitoring of therapeutic interventions in anorexia nervosa particularly at a vulnerable adolescent age.
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Neuser MP, Kühnel A, Svaldi J, Kroemer NB. Beyond the average: The role of variable reward sensitivity in eating disorders. Physiol Behav 2020; 223:112971. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Frank GKW, Kalina C, DeGuzman MC, Shott ME. Eye blink and reward prediction error response in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2020; 53:1544-1549. [PMID: 32567716 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional brain imaging has been used to study brain reward function and behavioral traits in anorexia nervosa (AN). Here we tested whether eye blink relates to behavior and brain imaging response as a method that is less costly and more accessible. METHOD We recruited 26 women with AN and 50 healthy matched controls. All underwent a reward-learning prediction error task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, eye blink was measured for spontaneous blink rate, baseline blink amplitude, and startle response to an auditory stimulus. RESULTS Baseline blink rate, amplitude and startle response were similar between groups. In AN, there were significant positive correlations between spontaneous blink rate and bulimia symptoms, and baseline blink amplitude and prediction error response in right-sided caudate, insula, and nucleus accumbens. Correlations between eye blink measures and body dissatisfaction or harm avoidance were no longer significant after multiple comparison adjustments. DISCUSSION This study provides evidence that measures of eye blink response can be related to brain prediction error response and eating disorder behavior in AN. The catecholamine dopamine contributes to both eye blink and prediction error response providing indirect evidence that it could be a neurobiological correlate that contributes to behaviors relevant to AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido K W Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | - Megan E Shott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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Backstage of Eating Disorder-About the Biological Mechanisms behind the Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092604. [PMID: 32867089 PMCID: PMC7551451 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) represents a disorder with the highest mortality rate among all psychiatric diseases, yet our understanding of its pathophysiological components continues to be fragmentary. This article reviews the current concepts regarding AN pathomechanisms that focus on the main biological aspects involving central and peripheral neurohormonal pathways, endocrine function, as well as the microbiome–gut–brain axis. It emerged from the unique complexity of constantly accumulating new discoveries, which hamper the ability to look at the disease in a more comprehensive way. The emphasis is placed on the mechanisms underlying the main symptoms and potential new directions that require further investigation in clinical settings.
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Alfano V, Mele G, Cotugno A, Longarzo M. Multimodal neuroimaging in anorexia nervosa. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:2178-2207. [PMID: 32770570 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe and complex psychiatric disorder characterized by intense fear about weight gain and finalized to food-related control behaviors. Growing interest has been demonstrated about neurobiological processes subtend to AN physiopathology. The present review aimed to collect neurostructural and neurofunctional available data from 2010 to 2019. Results have been organized according to the neuroimaging technique employed, also including a specific section on electroencephalographic results, mostly neglected in previous reviews. Diffuse cerebral vulnerability has been demonstrated and the contribution of several structures has been identified. Insula, cingulate cortex, parietal and frontal areas are primarily involved both by structural and functional perspectives. Moreover, consistent alterations in white matter integrity and brain electrical activity have been reported. Neuroimaging findings give a substantial contribution to AN pathophysiological description, also in order to understand altered but reversible processes in the passage from acute illness phase to disorder's remission, useful also for defining therapy.
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Chen EY, Zeffiro TA. Hunger and BMI modulate neural responses to sweet stimuli: fMRI meta-analysis. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:1636-1652. [PMID: 32555497 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-0608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Consuming sweet foods, even when sated, can lead to unwanted weight gain. Contextual factors, such as longer time fasting, subjective hunger, and body mass index (BMI), may increase the likelihood of overeating. Nevertheless, the neural mechanisms underlying these moderating influences on energy intake are poorly understood. METHODS We conducted both categorical meta-analysis and meta-regression of factors modulating neural responses to sweet stimuli, using data from 30 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) articles incorporating 39 experiments (N = 995) carried out between 2006 and 2019. RESULTS Responses to sweet stimuli were associated with increased activity in regions associated with taste, sensory integration, and reward processing. These taste-evoked responses were modulated by context. Longer fasts were associated with higher posterior cerebellar, thalamic, and striatal activity. Greater self-reported hunger was associated with higher medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), dorsal striatum, and amygdala activity and lower posterior cerebellar activity. Higher BMI was associated with higher posterior cerebellar and insular activity. CONCLUSIONS Variations in fasting time, self-reported hunger, and BMI are contexts associated with differential sweet stimulus responses in regions associated with reward processing and homeostatic regulation. These results are broadly consistent with a hierarchical model of taste processing. Hunger, but not fasting or BMI, was associated with sweet stimulus-related OFC activity. Our findings extend existing models of taste processing to include posterior cerebellar regions that are associated with moderating effects of both state (fast length and self-reported hunger) and trait (BMI) variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Y Chen
- TEDP (Temple Eating Disorders Program), Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
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Haynos AF, Lavender JM, Nelson J, Crow SJ, Peterson CB. Moving towards specificity: A systematic review of cue features associated with reward and punishment in anorexia nervosa. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 79:101872. [PMID: 32521390 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Models of anorexia nervosa (AN) posit that symptoms are maintained through deficient reward and enhanced punishment processing. However, theoretical and empirical inconsistencies highlight the need for a more nuanced conceptualization of this literature. Our goal was to comprehensively review the research on reward and punishment responding in AN from a cue-specific lens to determine which stimuli evoke or discourage reward and punishment responses in this population, and, ultimately, what properties these rewarding and punishing cues might share. A systematic review interrogating reward and punishment responses to specific cues yielded articles (n = 92) that examined responses to disorder relevant (e.g., food) and irrelevant (e.g., money) stimuli across self-report, behavioral, and biological indices. Overall, in most studies individuals with AN exhibited aversive responses to cues signaling higher body weights, social contexts, and monetary losses, and appetitive responses to cues for weight loss behaviors and thinness. Findings were more mixed on responses to palatable food and monetary gains. Results highlight that reward and punishment responding in AN are context specific and may be affected by varied stimulus qualities (e.g., predictability, controllability, delay, effort). Increasing specificity in future research on reward and punishment mechanisms in AN will better inform development of precisely-targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann F Haynos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.
| | - Jason M Lavender
- Military Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (MiCOR) Program, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America; The Metis Foundation, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Jillian Nelson
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States of America
| | - Scott J Crow
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; The Emily Program, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Carol B Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; The Emily Program, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
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Mercado D, Werthmann J, Campbell IC, Schmidt U. Study protocol of a randomised controlled feasibility study of food-related computerised attention training versus mindfulness training and waiting-list control for adults with overweight or obesity. Trials 2020; 21:66. [PMID: 31924255 PMCID: PMC6954613 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3932-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is a highly prevalent condition with multiple adverse health consequences. Widely available first-line treatments for obesity, such as dietary and other lifestyle interventions, typically have only short-term effects. Thus, new treatment approaches are needed. Novel interventions such as Attention Bias Modification Training (ABMT) and mindfulness-based interventions focus on modifying different maladaptive cognitive patterns typically present in people with obesity (e.g. attention bias to food cues); however, their mechanisms of action remain largely unknown. We describe the theoretical basis and the rationale for a study protocol of a feasibility randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing two attention trainings (ABMT vs Mindfulness Training [MT]) in people with overweight or obesity. The aim of this study is to inform the development of a large-scale RCT in relation to acceptability and attendance rates and to identify preliminary evidence for the interventions’ clinical efficacy and potential underlying mechanisms. Design Forty-five adults who are either overweight or obese (minimum body mass index of 25 kg/m2) will be randomly allocated to receive eight sessions over eight weeks of either computerised ABMT or MT or be on a waiting list. Clinical and cognitive outcomes will be assessed at baseline, post-treatment (8 weeks) and follow-up (12 weeks post-randomisation). These include mood, body composition and attention biases. Credibility and acceptability of the trainings will be assessed using questionnaires, and recruitment and retention rates will be recorded. Discussion Findings will inform the feasibility of developing a large-scale RCT that takes into consideration effect sizes for primary outcome measures and the acceptability of the design. The study will also provide preliminary evidence on the clinical efficacy of two different attention trainings for people with obesity and associated underlying mechanisms. Trial registration ISRCTN Registry, ISRCTN15745838. Registered on 22 May 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mercado
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jessica Werthmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Iain C Campbell
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK. .,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating disorders are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The etiology and maintenance of eating-disorder symptoms are not well understood. Evidence suggests that there may be gustatory alterations in patients with eating disorders. OBJECTIVE This article systematically reviews research assessing gustatory differences in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED). METHOD A systematic review was performed, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, examining taste and eating disorders. We reviewed electronic databases and identified 1,490 peer-reviewed English-language studies. Of these, 49 met inclusion criteria. RESULTS Studies employed psychophysical measures (n = 27), self-reported questionnaires (n = 5), and neuroimaging techniques (i.e., electroencephalography, functional magnetic resonance imaging; n = 17). Psychophysical studies showed that individuals with BN, in general, had greater preference for sweetness than healthy controls, and those with AN had a greater aversion for fat than controls. In neuroimaging studies, findings suggested that predictable administration of sweet-taste stimuli was associated with reduced activation in taste-reward regions of the brain among individuals with AN (e.g., insula, ventral, and dorsal striatum) but increased activation in BN and BED. DISCUSSION To our knowledge, this systematic review is the first to synthesize literature on taste differences in AN, BN, and BED. The inconsistency and variability in methods used across studies increased difficulties in comparing studies and disease processes. Further studies with well-defined population parameters are warranted to better understand how taste varies in patients with eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana M. Chao
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, The University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Weight and Eating Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Abhrarup Roy
- Sensory Science & Metabolism Unit, Biobehavioral Branch, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexis T. Franks
- Sensory Science & Metabolism Unit, Biobehavioral Branch, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paule V. Joseph
- Sensory Science & Metabolism Unit, Biobehavioral Branch, Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Jacquemot AMMC, Park R. The Role of Interoception in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa: A Narrative Review. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:281. [PMID: 32362843 PMCID: PMC7181672 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric illness characterized by extreme overvaluation of weight and disturbed eating. Despite having the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric illness, the etiology and neurobiology of AN are poorly understood. A growing body of research has begun to elucidate the role of reward processing, as well as cognitive and limbic networks, in the symptomology of AN. However, these advances have so far failed to contribute therapeutically, suggesting a new understanding may be necessary. A disturbance in the interoceptive system, involved in perceiving and interpreting the physiological condition of the body, has recently been proposed as a central mechanism of pathology in AN, through links to hunger and satiety, risk prediction errors, emotional awareness, and body dysmorphia. This review summarizes the existing literature in order to clarify possible underlying mechanisms and proposes a novel model of the neuro-circuitry of AN. Detailed neuroanatomical studies and new methods for studying interoception may allow further refinement of this model and the development of improved treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Park
- Medical Sciences Office, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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