1
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Butanda-Nuñez A, Rodríguez-Cortés O, Ramos-Martínez E, Cerbón MA, Escobedo G, Chavarría A. Silybin restores glucose uptake after tumour necrosis factor-alpha and lipopolysaccharide stimulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Adipocyte 2024; 13:2374062. [PMID: 38953241 PMCID: PMC11221471 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2024.2374062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a low-grade chronic inflammatory process characterized by higher circulating TNFα levels, thus contributing to insulin resistance. This study evaluated the effect of silybin, the main bioactive component of silymarin, which has anti-inflammatory properties, on TNFα levels and its impact on glucose uptake in the adipocyte cell line 3T3-L1 challenged with two different inflammatory stimuli, TNFα or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Silybin's pre-treatment effect was evaluated in adipocytes pre-incubated with silybin (30 or 80 µM) before challenging with the inflammatory stimuli (TNFα or LPS). For the post-treatment effect, the adipocytes were first challenged with the inflammatory stimuli and then post-treated with silybin. After treatments, TNFα production, glucose uptake, and GLUT4 protein expression were determined. Both inflammatory stimuli increased TNFα secretion, diminished GLUT4 expression, and significantly decreased glucose uptake. Silybin 30 µM only reduced TNFα secretion after the LPS challenge. Silybin 80 µM as post-treatment or pre-treatment decreased TNFα levels, improving glucose uptake. However, glucose uptake enhancement induced by silybin did not depend on GLUT4 protein expression. These results show that silybin importantly reduced TNFα levels and upregulates glucose uptake, independently of GLUT4 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Butanda-Nuñez
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Octavio Rodríguez-Cortés
- Laboratorio 103, SEPI, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Espiridión Ramos-Martínez
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Cerbón
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Galileo Escobedo
- Laboratorio de Proteómica y Metabolómica, Hospital General de México “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anahí Chavarría
- Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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2
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Abstract
Cells of the mammalian innate immune system have evolved to protect the host from various environmental or internal insults and injuries which perturb the homeostatic state of the organism. Among the lymphocytes of the innate immune system are natural killer (NK) cells, which circulate and survey host tissues for signs of stress, including infection or transformation. NK cells rapidly eliminate damaged cells in the blood or within tissues through secretion of cytolytic machinery and production of proinflammatory cytokines. To perform these effector functions while traversing between the blood and tissues, patrolling NK cells require sufficient fuel to meet their energetic demands. Here, we highlight the ability of NK cells to metabolically adapt across tissues, during times of nutrient deprivation and within tumor microenvironments. Whether at steady state, or during viral infection and cancer, NK cells readily shift their nutrient uptake and usage in order to maintain metabolism, survival, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca B. Delconte
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joseph C. Sun
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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3
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Turpin T, Thouvenot K, Gonthier MP. Adipokines and Bacterial Metabolites: A Pivotal Molecular Bridge Linking Obesity and Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis to Target. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1692. [PMID: 38136564 PMCID: PMC10742113 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipokines are essential mediators produced by adipose tissue and exert multiple biological functions. In particular, adiponectin, leptin, resistin, IL-6, MCP-1 and PAI-1 play specific roles in the crosstalk between adipose tissue and other organs involved in metabolic, immune and vascular health. During obesity, adipokine imbalance occurs and leads to a low-grade pro-inflammatory status, promoting insulin resistance-related diabetes and its vascular complications. A causal link between obesity and gut microbiota dysbiosis has been demonstrated. The deregulation of gut bacteria communities characterizing this dysbiosis influences the synthesis of bacterial substances including lipopolysaccharides and specific metabolites, generated via the degradation of dietary components, such as short-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine metabolized into trimethylamine-oxide in the liver and indole derivatives. Emerging evidence suggests that these bacterial metabolites modulate signaling pathways involved in adipokine production and action. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the molecular links between gut bacteria-derived metabolites and adipokine imbalance in obesity, and emphasizes their roles in key pathological mechanisms related to oxidative stress, inflammation, insulin resistance and vascular disorder. Given this interaction between adipokines and bacterial metabolites, the review highlights their relevance (i) as complementary clinical biomarkers to better explore the metabolic, inflammatory and vascular complications during obesity and gut microbiota dysbiosis, and (ii) as targets for new antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and prebiotic triple action strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marie-Paule Gonthier
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), 97410 Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France; (T.T.); (K.T.)
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4
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Garcia C, Andersen CJ, Blesso CN. The Role of Lipids in the Regulation of Immune Responses. Nutrients 2023; 15:3899. [PMID: 37764683 PMCID: PMC10535783 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism plays a major role in the regulation of the immune system. Exogenous (dietary and microbial-derived) and endogenous (non-microbial-derived) lipids play a direct role in regulating immune cell activation, differentiation and expansion, and inflammatory phenotypes. Understanding the complexities of lipid-immune interactions may have important implications for human health, as certain lipids or immune pathways may be beneficial in circumstances of acute infection yet detrimental in chronic inflammatory diseases. Further, there are key differences in the lipid effects between specific immune cell types and location (e.g., gut mucosal vs. systemic immune cells), suggesting that the immunomodulatory properties of lipids may be tissue-compartment-specific, although the direct effect of dietary lipids on the mucosal immune system warrants further investigation. Importantly, there is recent evidence to suggest that lipid-immune interactions are dependent on sex, metabolic status, and the gut microbiome in preclinical models. While the lipid-immune relationship has not been adequately established in/translated to humans, research is warranted to evaluate the differences in lipid-immune interactions across individuals and whether the optimization of lipid-immune interactions requires precision nutrition approaches to mitigate or manage disease. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which lipids regulate immune responses and the influence of dietary lipids on these processes, highlighting compelling areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christopher N. Blesso
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (C.G.); (C.J.A.)
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5
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Machado M, Costa EM, Silva S, Rodriguez-Alcalá LM, Gomes AM, Pintado M. Understanding the Anti-Obesity Potential of an Avocado Oil-Rich Cheese through an In Vitro Co-Culture Intestine Cell Model. Molecules 2023; 28:5923. [PMID: 37570893 PMCID: PMC10421176 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, with consumers' requirements shifting towards more natural solutions and the advent of nutraceutical-based approaches, new alternatives for obesity management are being developed. This work aimed to show, for the first time, the potential of avocado oil-fortified cheese as a viable foodstuff for obesity management through complex in vitro cellular models. The results showed that oleic and palmitic acids' permeability through the Caco-2/HT29-MTX membrane peaked at the 2h mark, with the highest apparent permeability being registered for oleic acid (0.14 cm/s). Additionally, the permeated compounds were capable of modulating the metabolism of adipocytes present in the basal compartment, significantly reducing adipokine (leptin) and cytokine (MPC-1, IL-10, and TNF-α) production. The permeates (containing 3.30 µg/mL of palmitic acid and 2.16 µg/mL of oleic acid) also presented an overall anti-inflammatory activity upon Raw 264.7 macrophages, reducing IL-6 and TNF-α secretion. Despite in vivo assays being required, the data showed the potential of a functional dairy product as a valid food matrix to aid in obesity management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo M. Costa
- CBQF Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Manuela Pintado
- CBQF Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
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6
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Kuziel G, Moore BN, Haugstad GP, Arendt LM. Fibrocytes enhance mammary gland fibrosis in obesity. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23049. [PMID: 37342915 PMCID: PMC10316715 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300399rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Obesity rates continue to rise, and obese individuals are at higher risk for multiple types of cancer, including breast cancer. Obese mammary fat is a site of chronic, macrophage-driven inflammation, which enhances fibrosis within adipose tissue. Elevated fibrosis within the mammary gland may contribute to risk for obesity-associated breast cancer. To understand how inflammation due to obesity enhanced fibrosis within mammary tissue, we utilized a high-fat diet model of obesity and elimination of CCR2 signaling in mice to identify changes in immune cell populations and their impact on fibrosis. We observed that obesity increased a population of CD11b+ cells with the ability to form myofibroblast-like colonies in vitro. This population of CD11b+ cells is consistent with fibrocytes, which have been identified in wound healing and chronic inflammatory diseases but have not been examined in obesity. In CCR2-null mice, which have limited ability to recruit myeloid lineage cells into obese adipose tissue, we observed reduced mammary fibrosis and diminished fibrocyte colony formation in vitro. Transplantation of myeloid progenitor cells, which are the cells of origin for fibrocytes, into the mammary glands of obese CCR2-null mice resulted in significantly increased myofibroblast formation. Gene expression analyses of the myeloid progenitor cell population from obese mice demonstrated enrichment for genes associated with collagen biosynthesis and extracellular matrix remodeling. Together these results show that obesity enhances recruitment of fibrocytes to promote obesity-induced fibrosis in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevra Kuziel
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison,
Madison WI 53706, U.S.A
| | - Brittney N. Moore
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706, U.S.A
| | - Grace P. Haugstad
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706, U.S.A
| | - Lisa M. Arendt
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison,
Madison WI 53706, U.S.A
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706, U.S.A
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7
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Callegari IOM, Rocha GZ, Oliveira AG. Physical exercise, health, and disease treatment: The role of macrophages. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1061353. [PMID: 37179836 PMCID: PMC10166825 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1061353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Subclinical inflammation is linked to comorbidities and risk factors, consolidating the diagnosis of chronic non-communicable diseases, such as insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, hepatic steatosis, and some types of cancer. In this context, the role of macrophages is highlighted as a marker of inflammation as well as for the high power of plasticity of these cells. Macrophages can be activated in a wide range between classical or proinflammatory, named M1, and alternative or anti-inflammatory, also known as M2 polarization. All nuances between M1 and M2 macrophages orchestrate the immune response by secreting different sets of chemokines, while M1 cells promote Th1 response, the M2 macrophages recruit Th2 and Tregs lymphocytes. In turn, physical exercise has been a faithful tool in combating the proinflammatory phenotype of macrophages. This review proposes to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms in which physical exercise can help control inflammation and infiltration of macrophages within the non-communicable diseases scope. During obesity progress, proinflammatory macrophages predominate in adipose tissue inflammation, which reduces insulin sensitivity until the development of type 2 diabetes, progression of atherosclerosis, and diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this case, physical activity restores the balance between the proinflammatory/anti-inflammatory macrophage ratio, reducing the level of meta-inflammation. In the case of cancer, the tumor microenvironment is compatible with a high level of hypoxia, which contributes to the advancement of the disease. However, exercise increases the level of oxygen supply, favoring macrophage polarization in favor of disease regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu O. M. Callegari
- Department of Physical Education, Bioscience Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Z. Rocha
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre G. Oliveira
- Department of Physical Education, Bioscience Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Kim YI, Lee ES, Song EJ, Shin DU, Eom JE, Shin HS, Kim JE, Oh JY, Nam YD, Lee SY. Lacticaseibacillus paracasei AO356 ameliorates obesity by regulating adipogenesis and thermogenesis in C57BL/6J male mice. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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9
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Lu J, Zhu D, Lu J, Liu J, Wu Z, Liu L. Dietary supplementation with low and high polymerization inulin ameliorates adipose tissue inflammation via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway mediated by gut microbiota disturbance in obese dogs. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:624-632. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Bremner SK, Al Shammari WS, Milligan RS, Hudson BD, Sutherland C, Bryant NJ, Gould GW. Pleiotropic effects of Syntaxin16 identified by gene editing in cultured adipocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1033501. [PMID: 36467416 PMCID: PMC9716095 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1033501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes play multiple roles in the regulation of glucose metabolism which rely on the regulation of membrane traffic. These include secretion of adipokines and serving as an energy store. Central to their energy storing function is the ability to increase glucose uptake in response to insulin, mediated through translocation of the facilitative glucose transporter GLUT4 to the cell surface. The trans-Golgi reticulum localized SNARE protein syntaxin 16 (Sx16) has been identified as a key component of the secretory pathway required for insulin-regulated trafficking of GLUT4. We used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate 3T3-L1 adipocytes lacking Sx16 to understand the role of the secretory pathway on adipocyte function. GLUT4 mRNA and protein levels were reduced in Sx16 knockout adipocytes and insulin stimulated GLUT4 translocation to the cell surface was reduced. Strikingly, neither basal nor insulin-stimulated glucose transport were affected. By contrast, GLUT1 levels were upregulated in Sx16 knockout cells. Levels of sortilin and insulin regulated aminopeptidase were also increased in Sx16 knockout adipocytes which may indicate an upregulation of an alternative GLUT4 sorting pathway as a compensatory mechanism for the loss of Sx16. In response to chronic insulin stimulation, Sx16 knockout adipocytes exhibit elevated insulin-independent glucose transport and significant alterations in lactate metabolism. We further show that the adipokine secretory pathways are impaired in Sx16 knockout cells. Together this demonstrates a role for Sx16 in the control of glucose transport, the response to elevated insulin, cellular metabolic profiles and adipocytokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun K. Bremner
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Woroud S. Al Shammari
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Roderick S. Milligan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brian D. Hudson
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Calum Sutherland
- Department of Cellular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nia J. Bryant
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Gwyn W. Gould
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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11
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Wu L, Yuan A, Tian X, Cao J, Qi X, Wei Y, Shen S. Cell-Membrane-Coated Cationic Nanoparticles Disguised as Macrophages for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:50499-50506. [PMID: 36397312 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance. In this process, innate immune cells play a crucial role in recognizing the stimuli (free fatty acid, lipopolysaccharide, and cytokines) and mediating the inflammatory response, contributing to the development of T2DM. Neutralizing inflammatory cytokines and blocking the inflammation cascade provide great potential for the treatment of T2DM. Here, we applied a macrophage membrane as a bait, which could specifically recognize and bind the stimuli, to encapsulate nanoparticles and capture the stimuli, further preventing inflammation. The in vivo experiment results suggest that the nanoparticles could reduce the production of proinflammatory cytokines, decrease insulin resistance, and realize significant therapeutic effects for T2DM. A potential strategy is thus offered for blocking immune response, holding a wide application in metabolic and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Anran Yuan
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xiangrong Tian
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Jin Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xueyong Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Song Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
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12
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The Mechanisms of Systemic Inflammatory and Immunosuppressive Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure and Application Prospect of Single-Cell Sequencing. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:5091275. [PMID: 36387424 PMCID: PMC9646330 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5091275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a complex clinical syndrome, and patients often have high short-term mortality. It occurs with intense systemic inflammation, often accompanied by a proinflammatory event (such as infection or alcoholic hepatitis), and is closely related to single or multiple organ failure. Liver inflammation begins when innate immune cells (such as Kupffer cells (KCs)) are activated by binding of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from pathogenic microorganisms or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) of host origin to their pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Activated KCs can secrete inflammatory factors as well as chemokines and recruit bone marrow-derived cells such as neutrophils and monocytes to the liver to enhance the inflammatory process. Bacterial translocation may contribute to ACLF when there are no obvious precipitating events. Immunometabolism plays an important role in the process (including mitochondrial dysfunction, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism). The late stage of ACLF is mainly characterized by immunosuppression. In this process, the dysfunction of monocyte and macrophage is reflected in the downregulation of HLA-DR and upregulation of MER tyrosine kinase (MERTK), which weakens the antigen presentation function and reduces the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. We also describe the specific function of bacterial translocation and the gut-liver axis in the process of ACLF. Finally, we also describe the transcriptomics in HBV-ACLF and the recent progress of single-cell RNA sequencing as well as its potential application in the study of ACLF in the future, in order to gain a deeper understanding of ACLF in terms of single-cell gene expression.
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13
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Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are essential to normal growth, metabolism, and body composition, but in acromegaly, excesses of these hormones strikingly alter them. In recent years, the use of modern methodologies to assess body composition in patients with acromegaly has revealed novel aspects of the acromegaly phenotype. In particular, acromegaly presents a unique pattern of body composition changes in the setting of insulin resistance that we propose herein to be considered an acromegaly-specific lipodystrophy. The lipodystrophy, initiated by a distinctive GH-driven adipose tissue dysregulation, features insulin resistance in the setting of reduced visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass and intra-hepatic lipid (IHL) but with lipid redistribution, resulting in ectopic lipid deposition in muscle. With recovery of the lipodystrophy, adipose tissue mass, especially that of VAT and IHL, rises, but insulin resistance is lessened. Abnormalities of adipose tissue adipokines may play a role in the disordered adipose tissue metabolism and insulin resistance of the lipodystrophy. The orexigenic hormone ghrelin and peptide Agouti-related peptide may also be affected by active acromegaly as well as variably by acromegaly therapies, which may contribute to the lipodystrophy. Understanding the pathophysiology of the lipodystrophy and how acromegaly therapies differentially reverse its features may be important to optimizing the long-term outcome for patients with this disease. This perspective describes evidence in support of this acromegaly lipodystrophy model and its relevance to acromegaly pathophysiology and the treatment of patients with acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela U. Freda
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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14
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Kochumon S, Jacob T, Koshy M, Al-Rashed F, Sindhu S, Al-Ozairi E, Al-Mulla F, Rosen ED, Ahmad R. Palmitate Potentiates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced IL-6 Production via Coordinated Acetylation of H3K9/H3K18, p300, and RNA Polymerase II. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 209:731-741. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
IL-6 is elevated in obese individuals and participates in the metabolic dysfunction associated with that condition. However, the mechanisms that promote IL-6 expression in obesity are incompletely understood. Because elevated levels of palmitate and LPS have been reported in obesity, we investigated whether these agents interact to potentiate IL-6 production. In this study, we report that LPS induces higher levels of IL-6 in human monocytes in the presence of palmitate. Notably, the priming effect of palmitate is associated with enhanced p300 binding and transcription factor recruitment to Il6 promoter regions. Gene silencing of p300 blocks this action of palmitate. RNA polymerase II recruitment was also enhanced at the Il6 promoter in palmitate/LPS-exposed cells. Acetylation levels of H3K9 and H3K18 were increased in monocytes treated with palmitate. Moreover, LPS stimulation of palmitate-treated cells led to increased levels of the transcriptionally permissive acetylation marks H3K9/H3K18 in the Il6 promoter compared with LPS alone. The effect of palmitate on LPS-induced IL-6 production was suppressed by the inhibition of histone acetyltransferases. Conversely, histone deacetylase inhibitors trichostatin A or sodium butyrate can substitute for palmitate in IL-6 production. Esterification of palmitate with CoA was involved, whereas β-oxidation and ceramide biosynthesis were not required, for the induction of IL-6 and H3K9/H3K18 acetylation. Monocytes of obese individuals showed significantly higher H3K9/H3K18 acetylation and Il6 expression. Overall, our findings support a model in which increased levels of palmitate in obesity create a setting for LPS to potentiate IL-6 production via chromatin remodeling, enabling palmitate to contribute to metabolic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihab Kochumon
- *Immunology and Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Texy Jacob
- *Immunology and Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Merin Koshy
- *Immunology and Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Fatema Al-Rashed
- *Immunology and Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Sardar Sindhu
- *Immunology and Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ebaa Al-Ozairi
- †Medical Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- ‡Genetics and Bioinformatics Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Evan D. Rosen
- §Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; and
- ¶Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rasheed Ahmad
- *Immunology and Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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15
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RANKL Impairs the TLR4 Pathway by Increasing TRAF6 and RANK Interaction in Macrophages. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7740079. [PMID: 35463988 PMCID: PMC9019442 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7740079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High serum levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG) are found in patients with obesity, type 2 diabetes, sepsis, or septic shock and are associated with a high mortality rate in stroke. The primary known function of OPG is to bind to the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), and by doing so, it inhibits the binding between RANKL and its receptor (RANK). TLR4 signaling in macrophages involves TRAF6 recruitment and contributes to low-grade chronic inflammation in adipose tissue. LPS is a classical activator of the TLR4 pathway and induces the expression of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. We have previously observed that in the presence of RANKL, there is no LPS-induced activation of TLR4 in macrophages. In this study, we investigated the crosstalk between RANK and TLR4 pathways in macrophages stimulated with both RANKL and LPS to unveil the role of OPG in inflammatory processes. We found that RANKL inhibits TLR4 activation by binding to RANK, promoting the binding between TRAF6 and RANK, lowering TLR4 activation and the expression of proinflammatory mediators. Furthermore, high OPG levels aggravate inflammation by inhibiting RANKL. Our findings elect RANKL as a candidate for drug development as a way to mitigate the impact of obesity-induced inflammation in patients.
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16
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Jack BU, Mamushi M, Viraragavan A, Dias S, Pheiffer C. Comparing the effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha, lipopolysaccharide and palmitic acid on lipid metabolism and inflammation in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Life Sci 2022; 297:120422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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17
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Kotlyarov S, Kotlyarova A. Involvement of Fatty Acids and Their Metabolites in the Development of Inflammation in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031308. [PMID: 35163232 PMCID: PMC8835729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite all the advances of modern medicine, atherosclerosis continues to be one of the most important medical and social problems. Atherosclerosis is the cause of several cardiovascular diseases, which are associated with high rates of disability and mortality. The development of atherosclerosis is associated with the accumulation of lipids in the arterial intima and the disruption of mechanisms that maintain the balance between the development and resolution of inflammation. Fatty acids are involved in many mechanisms of inflammation development and maintenance. Endothelial cells demonstrate multiple cross-linkages between lipid metabolism and innate immunity. In addition, these processes are linked to hemodynamics and the function of other cells in the vascular wall, highlighting the central role of the endothelium in vascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Kotlyarova
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia;
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18
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Feng L, Huang F, Ma Y, Tang J. The Effect of High-Fat Diet and Exercise Intervention on the TNF-α Level in Rat Spleen. Front Immunol 2021; 12:671167. [PMID: 34975827 PMCID: PMC8714663 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.671167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) consumption can trigger chronic inflammation in some tissues. However, it remains unclear if HFD induces chronic inflammation in the spleen. This investigation aims to address the effect of HFD consumption and exercise intervention on the level of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the spleen. Rats were subjected to HFD feeding and/or moderate-intensity treadmill running. The TNF-α levels in plasma and spleen were detected by ELISA. The mass and total cell numbers of the spleen were measured. In addition, the expression of TNF-α and its relevant gene mRNAs in macrophages from the spleen were analyzed by qRT-PCR. We found that HFD consumption did not significantly affect the mass and total cell numbers of the spleen. However, HFD consumption significantly increased splenic TNF-α level, the expression of TNF-α, toll-like receptor 4, and nuclear factor κB p65 mRNAs. In contrast, the expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 7 subunit (α7nAChR) mRNA in macrophages was downregulated. Additionally, exercise abolished the increase in splenic TNF-α level as well as the abnormal expression of TNF-α and related gene mRNAs in macrophages in HFD-fed rats. In conclusion, our results reveal that HFD consumption increases TNF-α level in the spleen, which is along with upregulation of the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB mRNAs as well as downregulation of the expression of α7nAChR mRNA in splenic macrophages in rats. Exercise abolished detrimental effects of HFD on TNF-α level in the spleen and prevented abnormal expression of these genes in the macrophages from rat spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Feng
- Sport Hospital Affiliated to Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feiyun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinan Ma
- Department of Physical Education, Yili Normal University, Yining, China
- *Correspondence: Yinan Ma, ; Jialing Ting,
| | - Jialing Tang
- Department of P.E., Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Yinan Ma, ; Jialing Ting,
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19
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Shi J, Li W, Zhang F, Park JH, An H, Guo S, Duan Y, Wu D, Hayakawa K, Lo EH, Ji X. CCL2 (C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2) Biomarker Responses in Central Versus Peripheral Compartments After Focal Cerebral Ischemia. Stroke 2021; 52:3670-3679. [PMID: 34587791 PMCID: PMC8545911 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.032782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose Inflammatory mediators in blood have been proposed as potential biomarkers in stroke. However, a direct relationship between these circulating factors and brain-specific ischemic injury remains to be fully defined. Methods An unbiased screen in a nonhuman primate model of stroke was used to find out the most responsive circulating biomarker flowing ischemic stroke. Then this phenomenon was checked in human beings and mice. Finally, we observed the temporospatial responsive characteristics of this biomarker after ischemic brain injury in mice to evaluate the direct relationship between this circulating factor and central nervous system–specific ischemic injury. Results In a nonhuman primate model, an unbiased screen revealed CCL2 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 2) as a major response factor in plasma after stroke. In mouse models of focal cerebral ischemia, plasma levels of CCL2 showed a transient response, that is, rapidly elevated by 2 to 3 hours postischemia but then renormalized back to baseline levels by 24 hours. However, a different CCL2 temporal profile was observed in whole brain homogenate, cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated brain microvessels, with a progressive increase over 24 hours, demonstrating a mismatch between brain versus plasma responses. In contrast to the lack of correlation with central nervous system responses, 2 peripheral compartments showed transient profiles that matched circulating plasma signatures. CCL2 protein in lymph nodes and adipose tissue was significantly increased at 2 hours and renormalized by 24 hours. Conclusions These findings may provide a cautionary tale for biomarker pursuits in plasma. Besides a direct central nervous system response, peripheral organs may also contribute to blood signatures in complex and indirect ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfei Shi
- Cerebrovascular and Neuroscience Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wenlu Li
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fang Zhang
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ji Hyun Park
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hong An
- Cerebrovascular and Neuroscience Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuzhen Guo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yunxia Duan
- Cerebrovascular and Neuroscience Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wu
- Cerebrovascular and Neuroscience Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kazuhide Hayakawa
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eng H. Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xunming Ji
- Cerebrovascular and Neuroscience Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Departments of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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20
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Immuno-regenerative biomaterials for in situ cardiovascular tissue engineering - Do patient characteristics warrant precision engineering? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113960. [PMID: 34481036 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In situ tissue engineering using bioresorbable material implants - or scaffolds - that harness the patient's immune response while guiding neotissue formation at the site of implantation is emerging as a novel therapy to regenerate human tissues. For the cardiovascular system, the use of such implants, like blood vessels and heart valves, is gradually entering the stage of clinical translation. This opens up the question if and to what extent patient characteristics influence tissue outcomes, necessitating the precision engineering of scaffolds to guide patient-specific neo-tissue formation. Because of the current scarcity of human in vivo data, herein we review and evaluate in vitro and preclinical investigations to predict the potential role of patient-specific parameters like sex, age, ethnicity, hemodynamics, and a multifactorial disease profile, with special emphasis on their contribution to the inflammation-driven processes of in situ tissue engineering. We conclude that patient-specific conditions have a strong impact on key aspects of in situ cardiovascular tissue engineering, including inflammation, hemodynamic conditions, scaffold resorption, and tissue remodeling capacity, suggesting that a tailored approach may be required to engineer immuno-regenerative biomaterials for safe and predictive clinical applicability.
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21
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Reyes AWB, Huy TXN, Vu SH, Kim HJ, Lee JJ, Choi JS, Lee JH, Kim S. Protection of palmitic acid treatment in RAW264.7 cells and BALB/c mice during Brucella abortus 544 infection. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e18. [PMID: 33774934 PMCID: PMC8007444 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We previously elucidated the protective mechanism of Korean red ginseng oil (RGO) against Brucella abortus infection, and our phytochemical analysis revealed that palmitic acid (PA) was an abundant component of RGO. Consequently, we investigated the contribution of PA against B. abortus. Objectives We aimed to investigate the efficacy of PA against B. abortus infection using a murine cell line and a murine model. Methods Cell viability, bactericidal, internalization, and intracellular replication, western blot, nitric oxide (NO), and superoxide (O2-) analyses and flow cytometry were performed to determine the effects of PA on the progression of B. abortus infection in macrophages. Flow cytometry for cytokine analysis of serum samples and bacterial counts from the spleens were performed to determine the effect of PA in a mouse model. Results PA did not affect the growth of B. abortus. PA treatment in macrophages did not change B. abortus uptake but it did attenuate the intracellular survivability of B. abortus. Incubation of cells with PA resulted in a modest increase in sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression. Compared to control cells, reduced nitrite accumulation, augmented O2-, and enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine production were observed in PA-treated B. abortus-infected cells. Mice orally treated with PA displayed a decreased serum interleukin-10 level and enhanced bacterial resistance. Conclusions Our results suggest that PA participates in the control of B. abortus within murine macrophages, and the in vivo study results confirm its efficacy against the infection. However, further investigations are encouraged to completely characterize the mechanisms involved in the inhibition of B. abortus infection by fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tran Xuan Ngoc Huy
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Son Hai Vu
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Jin Ju Lee
- Bacterial Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Jeong Soo Choi
- Bacterial Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
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22
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Rosa Neto JC, Calder PC, Curi R, Newsholme P, Sethi JK, Silveira LS. The Immunometabolic Roles of Various Fatty Acids in Macrophages and Lymphocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168460. [PMID: 34445165 PMCID: PMC8395092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages and lymphocytes demonstrate metabolic plasticity, which is dependent partly on their state of activation and partly on the availability of various energy yielding and biosynthetic substrates (fatty acids, glucose, and amino acids). These substrates are essential to fuel-based metabolic reprogramming that supports optimal immune function, including the inflammatory response. In this review, we will focus on metabolism in macrophages and lymphocytes and discuss the role of fatty acids in governing the phenotype, activation, and functional status of these important cells. We summarize the current understanding of the pathways of fatty acid metabolism and related mechanisms of action and also explore possible new perspectives in this exciting area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Cesar Rosa Neto
- Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Cell Biology and Development, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
- LIM-26, Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Philip C. Calder
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (P.C.C.); (J.K.S.)
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Rui Curi
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo 01506-000, Brazil;
| | - Philip Newsholme
- Curtin Medical School and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia;
| | - Jaswinder K. Sethi
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (P.C.C.); (J.K.S.)
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Loreana S. Silveira
- Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Cell Biology and Development, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
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23
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Santamarina AB, Pisani LP, Baker EJ, Marat AD, Valenzuela CA, Miles EA, Calder PC. Anti-inflammatory effects of oleic acid and the anthocyanin keracyanin alone and in combination: effects on monocyte and macrophage responses and the NF-κB pathway. Food Funct 2021; 12:7909-7922. [PMID: 34250536 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01304a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte recruitment and activation of macrophages are essential for homeostasis but are also related to the development and progression of cardiometabolic diseases. The management of inflammation with dietary components has been widely investigated. Two components that may influence inflammation are unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid (OA; 18:1cis-9) and antioxidant compounds like anthocyanins. Molecular and metabolic effects of such bioactive compounds are usually investigated in isolation, whereas they may be present in combination in foods or the diet. Considering this, we aimed to analyze the effects of OA and the anthocyanin keracyanin (AC) alone and in combination on toll-like receptor-mediated inflammatory responses in monocytes and macrophages. For this, THP-1-derived macrophages and monocytes were exposed to 3 treatments: OA, AC, or the combination (OAAC) and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Inflammation-related gene expression and protein concentrations of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, and IL-10 were assessed. Also, NFκBp65, IκBα, and PPAR-γ protein expression were determined. OA, AC, and OAAC decreased pNFκBp65, PPARγ, IκBα, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP-1 and increased IL-10. MCP-1 protein expression was lower with OAAC than with either OA and AC alone. Compared to control, OAAC decreased mRNA for TLR4, IκKα, IκBα, NFκB1, MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β more than OA or AC did alone. Also, IL-10 mRNA was increased by OAAC compared with control, OA, and AC. In summary, OA and AC have anti-inflammatory effects individually but their combination (OAAC) exerts a greater effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline B Santamarina
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, 11015-020, Brazil
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24
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The promising antischistosomal activity of oleic acid-loaded polymeric nanocapsules for oral administration. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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25
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Turner L, Santosa S. Putting ATM to BED: How Adipose Tissue Macrophages Are Affected by Bariatric Surgery, Exercise, and Dietary Fatty Acids. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:1893-1910. [PMID: 33979430 PMCID: PMC8483961 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing adiposity in obesity, adipose tissue macrophages contribute to adipose tissue malfunction and increased circulating proinflammatory cytokines. The chronic low-grade inflammation that occurs in obesity ultimately gives rise to a state of metainflammation that increases the risk of metabolic disease. To date, only lifestyle and surgical interventions have been shown to be somewhat effective at reversing the negative consequences of obesity and restoring adipose tissue homeostasis. Exercise, dietary interventions, and bariatric surgery result in immunomodulation, and for some individuals their effects are significant with or without weight loss. Robust evidence suggests that these interventions reduce chronic inflammation, in part, by affecting macrophage infiltration and promoting a phenotypic switch from the M1- to M2-like macrophages. The purpose of this review is to discuss the impact of dietary fatty acids, exercise, and bariatric surgery on cellular characteristics affecting adipose tissue macrophage presence and phenotypes in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Turner
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Metabolism, Obesity, and Nutrition Lab, PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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26
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Ghadimi D, Nielsen A, Hassan MFY, Fölster-Holst R, Ebsen M, Frahm SO, Röcken C, de Vrese M, Heller KJ. Modulation of Proinflammatory Bacteria- and Lipid-Coupled Intracellular Signaling Pathways in a Transwell Triple Co-Culture Model by Commensal Bifidobacterium Animalis R101-8. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:161-181. [PMID: 33135616 DOI: 10.2174/1871523019999201029115618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Following a fat-rich diet, alterations in gut microbiota contribute to enhanced gut permeability, metabolic endotoxemia, and low grade inflammation-associated metabolic disorders. To better understand whether commensal bifidobacteria influence the expression of key metaflammation-related biomarkers (chemerin, MCP-1, PEDF) and modulate the pro-inflammatory bacteria- and lipid-coupled intracellular signaling pathways, we aimed at i) investigating the influence of the establishment of microbial signaling molecules-based cell-cell contacts on the involved intercellular communication between enterocytes, immune cells, and adipocytes, and ii) assessing their inflammatory mediators' expression profiles within an inflamed adipose tissue model. MATERIAL AND METHODS Bifidobacterium animalis R101-8 and Escherichia coli TG1, respectively, were added to the apical side of a triple co-culture model consisting of intestinal epithelial HT-29/B6 cell line, human monocyte-derived macrophage cells, and adipose-derived stem cell line in the absence or presence of LPS or palmitic acid. mRNA expression levels of key lipid metabolism genes HILPDA, MCP-1/CCL2, RARRES2, SCD, SFRP2 and TLR4 were determined using TaqMan qRT-PCR. Protein expression levels of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), key metaflammation-related biomarkers including adipokines (chemerin and PEDF), chemokine (MCP- 1) as well as cellular triglycerides were assessed by cell-based ELISA, while those of p-ERK, p-JNK, p-p38, NF-κB, p-IκBα, pc-Fos, pc-Jun, and TLR4 were assessed by Western blotting. RESULTS B. animalis R101-8 inhibited LPS- and palmitic acid-induced protein expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α concomitant with decreases in chemerin, MCP-1, PEDF, and cellular triglycerides, and blocked NF-kB and AP-1 activation pathway through inhibition of p- IκBα, pc-Jun, and pc-Fos phosphorylation. B. animalis R101-8 downregulated mRNA and protein levels of HILPDA, MCP-1/CCL2, RARRES2, SCD and SFRP2 and TLR4 following exposure to LPS and palmitic acid. CONCLUSION B. animalis R101-8 improves biomarkers of metaflammation through at least two molecular/signaling mechanisms triggered by pro-inflammatory bacteria/lipids. First, B. animalis R101-8 modulates the coupled intracellular signaling pathways via metabolizing saturated fatty acids and reducing available bioactive palmitic acid. Second, it inhibits NF-kB's and AP-1's transcriptional activities, resulting in the reduction of pro-inflammatory markers. Thus, the molecular basis may be formed by which commensal bifidobacteria improve intrinsic cellular tolerance against excess pro-inflammatory lipids and participate in homeostatic regulation of metabolic processes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darab Ghadimi
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institute, Hermann-Weigmann-Str 1, D-24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Annegret Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institute, Hermann-Weigmann-Str 1, D-24103 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Regina Fölster-Holst
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Schittenhelmstr. 7, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Ebsen
- Department of Pathology, Städtisches MVZ Kiel GmbH (Kiel City Hospital), Chemnitzstr.33, 24116 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sven Olaf Frahm
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum (MVZ), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Dr. Rabenhorst, Prüner Gang 7, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Institute of Pathology, Kiel University, University Hospital, Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3/14, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael de Vrese
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institute, Hermann-Weigmann-Str 1, D-24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - Knut J Heller
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institute, Hermann-Weigmann-Str 1, D-24103 Kiel, Germany
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27
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Does C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 (CCL2) Link Obesity to a Pro-Inflammatory State? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031500. [PMID: 33540898 PMCID: PMC7867366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of how obesity contributes to the development of cardio-metabolic diseases are not entirely understood. Obesity is frequently associated with adipose tissue dysfunction, characterized by, e.g., adipocyte hypertrophy, ectopic fat accumulation, immune cell infiltration, and the altered secretion of adipokines. Factors secreted from adipose tissue may induce and/or maintain a local and systemic low-grade activation of the innate immune system. Attraction of macrophages into adipose tissue and altered crosstalk between macrophages, adipocytes, and other cells of adipose tissue are symptoms of metabolic inflammation. Among several secreted factors attracting immune cells to adipose tissue, chemotactic C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) (also described as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)) has been shown to play a crucial role in adipose tissue macrophage infiltration. In this review, we aimed to summarize and discuss the current knowledge on CCL2 with a focus on its role in linking obesity to cardio-metabolic diseases.
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28
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Okechukwu CC, Pirro NT, Chappell MC. Evidence that angiotensin II does not directly stimulate the MD2-TLR4 innate inflammatory pathway. Peptides 2021; 136:170436. [PMID: 33181267 PMCID: PMC7855779 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a critical role in the regulation of blood pressure. Inappropriate activation of the RAS, particularly stimulation of the ACE-Ang II-AT1 receptor axis is a key factor in hypertension and AT1R antagonists (ARBs) are first line therapies in the treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Accumulating evidence suggests that the Ang II-AT1R axis may stimulate both innate and adaptive immune systems. Indeed, recent studies suggest that Ang II stimulates inflammatory events in an AT1R-independent manner by binding the MD2 accessory protein of the TLR4 complex in renal NRK-52E cells. Direct Ang II stimulation of the TLR4 complex is clinically relevant as ARBs increase circulating Ang II levels. Thus, the current study further investigated Ang II stimulation of the TLR4 pathway to release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine CCL2 under identical conditions to the TLR4 ligands LPS and palmitate in the NRK-52E cells. Although LPS (1 ng/mL) and palmitate (100 μM) stimulated CCL2 release 20-fold, Ang II (0.1-10 μM) failed to induce CCL2 release. Both the LPS and palmitate CCL2 responses were abolished by the TLR4 inhibitor Tak242 and significantly reduced by the MD2 inhibitor L48H37. Ang II (1 μM) had no additive effects on LPS (1 ng/mL) or palmitate (100 μM), and the ARB candesartan failed to attenuate CCL2 release to either agent alone. Ang II also failed to induce the release of the putative TLR4 ligand HMBG1. These studies failed to confirm that Ang II directly stimulates the MD2-TLR4 complex to induce cytokine release in NRK-52E cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Okechukwu
- Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Nancy T Pirro
- Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mark C Chappell
- Hypertension & Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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Charles-Messance H, Mitchelson KA, De Marco Castro E, Sheedy FJ, Roche HM. Regulating metabolic inflammation by nutritional modulation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 146:706-720. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Obese Adipose Tissue Secretion Induces Inflammation in Preadipocytes: Role of Toll-Like Receptor-4. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092828. [PMID: 32947825 PMCID: PMC7551792 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In obesity, the dysfunctional adipose tissue (AT) releases increased levels of proinflammatory adipokines such as TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β and free fatty acids (FFAs), characterizing a chronic, low-grade inflammation. Whilst FFAs and proinflammatory adipokines are known to elicit an inflammatory response within AT, their relative influence upon preadipocytes, the precursors of mature adipocytes, is yet to be determined. Our results demonstrated that the conditioned medium (CM) derived from obese AT was rich in FFAs, which guided us to evaluate the role of TLR4 in the induction of inflammation in preadipocytes. We observed that CM derived from obese AT increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and NF-ĸB nuclear translocation together with IL-6, TNFα, and IL-1β in 3T3-L1 cells in a TLR4-dependent manner. Furthermore, TLR4 signaling was involved in the increased expression of C/EBPα together with the release of leptin, adiponectin, and proinflammatory mediators, in response to the CM derived from obese AT. Our results suggest that obese AT milieu secretes lipokines, which act in a combined paracrine/autocrine manner, inducing inflammation in preadipocytes via TLR4 and ROS, thus creating a paracrine loop that facilitates the differentiation of adipocytes with a proinflammatory profile.
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Gori M, Altomare A, Cocca S, Solida E, Ribolsi M, Carotti S, Rainer A, Francesconi M, Morini S, Cicala M, Pier Luca Guarino M. Palmitic Acid Affects Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Integrity and Permeability In Vitro. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050417. [PMID: 32414055 PMCID: PMC7278681 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid (PA), a long-chain saturated fatty acid, might activate innate immune cells. PA plays a role in chronic liver disease, diabetes and Crohn’s disease, all of which are associated with impaired intestinal permeability. We investigated the effect of PA, at physiological postprandial intestinal concentrations, on gut epithelium as compared to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ethanol, using an in vitro gut model, the human intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2 grown on transwell inserts. Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were evaluated; epithelial barrier integrity was investigated by measuring the paracellular flux of fluorescein, and through RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence of tight junction (TJ) and adherens junction (AJ) mRNAs and proteins, respectively. In PA-exposed Caco-2 monolayers, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were not detected. A significant increase in fluorescein flux was observed in PA-treated monolayers, after 90 min and up to 360 min, whereas with LPS and ethanol, this was only observed at later time-points. Gene expression and immunofluorescence analysis showed TJ and AJ alterations only in PA-exposed monolayers. In conclusion, PA affected intestinal permeability without inducing cytotoxicity or oxidative stress. This effect seemed to be faster and stronger than those with LPS and ethanol. Thus, we hypothesized that PA, besides having an immunomodulatory effect, might play a role in inflammatory and functional intestinal disorders in which the intestinal permeability is altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuele Gori
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.C.); (E.S.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.P.L.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel: +39-062-2541-9108
| | - Annamaria Altomare
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.C.); (E.S.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.P.L.G.)
| | - Silvia Cocca
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.C.); (E.S.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.P.L.G.)
| | - Eleonora Solida
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.C.); (E.S.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.P.L.G.)
| | - Mentore Ribolsi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.C.); (E.S.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.P.L.G.)
| | - Simone Carotti
- Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (M.F.); (S.M.)
| | - Alberto Rainer
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maria Francesconi
- Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (M.F.); (S.M.)
| | - Sergio Morini
- Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (M.F.); (S.M.)
| | - Michele Cicala
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.C.); (E.S.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.P.L.G.)
| | - Michele Pier Luca Guarino
- Gastroenterology Unit, Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.A.); (S.C.); (E.S.); (M.R.); (M.C.); (M.P.L.G.)
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de Araujo Junior RF, Eich C, Jorquera C, Schomann T, Baldazzi F, Chan AB, Cruz LJ. Ceramide and palmitic acid inhibit macrophage-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 468:153-168. [PMID: 32222879 PMCID: PMC7145792 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that ceramide (Cer) and palmitic acid (PA) possess the ability to modulate switching of macrophage phenotypes and possess anti-tumorigenic effects; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether Cer and PA could induce switching of macrophage polarization from the tumorigenic M2- towards the pro-inflammatory M1-phenotype, and whether this consequently altered the potential of colorectal cancer cells to undergo epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), a hallmark of tumor progression. Our study showed that Cer- and PA-treated macrophages increased expression of the macrophage 1 (M1)-marker CD68 and secretion of IL-12 and attenuated expression of the macrophage 2 (M2)-marker CD163 and IL-10 secretion. Moreover, Cer and PA abolished M2 macrophage-induced EMT and migration of colorectal cancer cells. At the molecular level, this coincided with inhibition of SNAI1 and vimentin expression and upregulation of E-cadherin. Furthermore, Cer and PA attenuated expression levels of IL-10 in colorectal cancer cells co-cultured with M2 macrophages and downregulated STAT3 and NF-κB expression. For the first time, our findings suggest the presence of an IL-10-STAT3-NF-κB signaling axis in colorectal cancer cells co-cultured with M2 macrophages, mimicking the tumor microenvironment. Importantly, PA and Cer were powerful inhibitors of this signaling axis and, consequently, EMT of colorectal cancer cells. These results contribute to our understanding of the immunological mechanisms that underlie the anti-tumorigenic effects of lipids for future combination with drugs in the therapy of colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimundo Fernandes de Araujo Junior
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil. .,Post-Graduation Programme in Structural and Functional Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil. .,Post-Graduation Programme in Health Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil. .,Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Christina Eich
- Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Jorquera
- Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Timo Schomann
- Percuros B.V., 2333 CL, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fabio Baldazzi
- Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alan B Chan
- Percuros B.V., 2333 CL, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Luis J Cruz
- Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Tamara C, Nerea LB, Belén BS, Aurelio S, Iván C, Fernando S, Javier B, Felipe CF, María P. Vesicles Shed by Pathological Murine Adipocytes Spread Pathology: Characterization and Functional Role of Insulin Resistant/Hypertrophied Adiposomes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2252. [PMID: 32214011 PMCID: PMC7139903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently emerged as a relevant way of cell to cell communication, and its analysis has become an indirect approach to assess the cell/tissue of origin status. However, the knowledge about their nature and role on metabolic diseases is still very scarce. We have established an insulin resistant (IR) and two lipid (palmitic/oleic) hypertrophied adipocyte cell models to isolate EVs to perform a protein cargo qualitative and quantitative Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Mass Spectra (SWATH) analysis by mass spectrometry. Our results show a high proportion of obesity and IR-related proteins in pathological EVs; thus, we propose a panel of potential obese adipose tissue EV-biomarkers. Among those, lipid hypertrophied vesicles are characterized by ceruloplasmin, mimecan, and perilipin 1 adipokines, and those from the IR by the striking presence of the adiposity and IR related transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein ig-h3 (TFGBI). Interestingly, functional assays show that IR and hypertrophied adipocytes induce differentiation/hypertrophy and IR in healthy adipocytes through secreted EVs. Finally, we demonstrate that lipid atrophied adipocytes shed EVs promote macrophage inflammation by stimulating IL-6 and TNFα expression. Thus, we conclude that pathological adipocytes release vesicles containing representative protein cargo of the cell of origin that are able to induce metabolic alterations on healthy cells probably exacerbating the disease once established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camino Tamara
- Grupo Obesidómica, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.T.); (L.-B.N.); (C.I.); (S.F.); (B.J.)
| | - Lago-Baameiro Nerea
- Grupo Obesidómica, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.T.); (L.-B.N.); (C.I.); (S.F.); (B.J.)
| | - Bravo Susana Belén
- Unidad de Proteómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Sueiro Aurelio
- Grupo Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (S.A.); (C.F.F.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Couto Iván
- Grupo Obesidómica, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.T.); (L.-B.N.); (C.I.); (S.F.); (B.J.)
- Servicio de Cirugía Plástica y Reparadora, Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Santos Fernando
- Grupo Obesidómica, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.T.); (L.-B.N.); (C.I.); (S.F.); (B.J.)
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Baltar Javier
- Grupo Obesidómica, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.T.); (L.-B.N.); (C.I.); (S.F.); (B.J.)
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Casanueva F. Felipe
- Grupo Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (S.A.); (C.F.F.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pardo María
- Grupo Obesidómica, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.T.); (L.-B.N.); (C.I.); (S.F.); (B.J.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Kim HL, Ha AW, Kim WK. Effect of saccharin on inflammation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and the related mechanism. Nutr Res Pract 2020; 14:109-116. [PMID: 32256985 PMCID: PMC7075742 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2020.14.2.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Excessive intake of simple sugars induces obesity and increases the risk of inflammation. Thus, interest in alternative sweeteners as a sugar substitute is increasing. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of saccharin on inflammation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. MATERIALS/METHODS 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated into adipocytes. The adipocytes were treated with saccharin (0, 50, 100, and 200 µg/mL) for 24 h. Inflammation was induced by exposure of treated adipocytes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 18 h and cell proliferation was measured. The concentration of nitric oxide (NO) was measured by using Griess reagent. Protein expressions of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and inhibitor κB (IκB) were determined by western blot analysis. The mRNA expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the amount of NO and the mRNA expression of iNOS in the LPS-treated group were increased by about 17.6% and 46.9%, respectively, (P < 0.05), and those parameter levels were significantly decreased by saccharin treatment (P < 0.05). Protein expression of NF-κB was decreased and that of IκB was increased by saccharin treatment (P < 0.05). Saccharin decreased the mRNA expression of COX-2 and the inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-α) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that saccharin can inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory responses in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Lin Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, 119, Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 31116, Korea
| | - Ae Wha Ha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Natural Nutraceuticals Industrialization Research Center, DanKook University, Chungnam 31116, Korea
| | - Woo Kyoung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, 119, Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam 31116, Korea
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Microvesicles and exosomes in metabolic diseases and inflammation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 51:27-39. [PMID: 31917095 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases are based on a dysregulated crosstalk between various cells such as adipocytes, hepatocytes and immune cells. Generally, hormones and metabolites mediate this crosstalk that becomes alterated in metabolic syndrome including obesity and diabetes. Recently, Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are emerging as a novel way of cell-to-cell communication and represent an attractive strategy to transfer fundamental informations between the cells through the transport of proteins and nucleic acids. EVs, released in the extracellular space, circulate via the various body fluids and modulate the cellular responses following their interaction with the near and far target cells. Clinical and experimental data support their role as biomarkers and bioeffectors in several diseases includimg also the metabolic syndrome. Despite numerous studies on the role of macrophages in the development of metabolic diseases, to date, there are little informations about the influence of metabolic stress on the EVs produced by macrophages and about the role of the released vesicles in the organism. Here, we review current understanding about the role of EVs in metabolic diseases, mainly in inflammation status burst. This knowledge may play a relevant role in health monitoring, medical diagnosis and personalized medicine.
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A global perspective on the crosstalk between saturated fatty acids and Toll-like receptor 4 in the etiology of inflammation and insulin resistance. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 77:101020. [PMID: 31870728 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.101020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is featured by chronic systemic low-grade inflammation that eventually contributes to the development of insulin resistance. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important mediator that triggers the innate immune response by activating inflammatory signaling cascades. Human, animal and cell culture studies identified saturated fatty acids (SFAs), the dominant non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) in the circulation of obese subjects, as non-microbial agonists that trigger the inflammatory response via activating TLR4 signaling, which acts as an important causative link between fatty acid overload, chronic low-grade inflammation and the related metabolic aberrations. The interaction between SFAs and TLR4 may be modulated through the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88-dependent and independent signaling pathway. Greater understanding of the crosstalk between dietary SFAs and TLR4 signaling in the pathogenesis of metabolic imbalance may facilitate the design of a more efficient pharmacological strategy to alleviate the risk of developing chronic diseases elicited in part by fatty acid overload. The current review discusses recent advances in the impact of crosstalk between SFAs and TLR4 on inflammation and insulin resistance in multiple cell types, tissues and organs in the context of metabolic dysregulation.
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Huang X, Yan D, Xu M, Li F, Ren M, Zhang J, Wu M. Interactive association of lipopolysaccharide and free fatty acid with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes: A community-based cross-sectional study. J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10:1438-1446. [PMID: 30950561 PMCID: PMC6825935 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Increased blood lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or free fatty acid (FFA) levels correlate with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the interactive effect of serum LPS and FFA levels on the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study included 2,553 community-dwelling Chinese adults. Fasting serum LPS levels were determined using the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Chromogenic Endpoint assay, and FFA levels were determined using an enzymatic method. The participants were divided into three groups according to the tertiles of LPS or FFA levels or nine groups according to the tertiles of LPS and FFA levels. The odd ratios (ORs) for type 2 diabetes were estimated using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS We found that higher serum LPS or FFA levels were associated with higher high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels (P < 0.001), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance levels (P < 0.001) and ORs for type 2 diabetes (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, there were significant interactions between LPS and FFA in terms of the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level (P < 0.001), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance level (P < 0.001) and ORs for type 2 diabetes (P < 0.001). In the fully adjusted logistic regression model, the OR for participants with type 2 diabetes in the higher LPS and FFA level group were 6.58 (95% confidence interval 3.05-14.18, P < 0.001) compared with that in participants in the lower LPS and FFA level group. CONCLUSIONS The interaction between LPS and FFA was associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in community-dwelling Chinese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuji Huang
- Department of EndocrinologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Dan Yan
- Department of EndocrinologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Mingtong Xu
- Department of EndocrinologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Feng Li
- Department of EndocrinologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Meng Ren
- Department of EndocrinologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of EndocrinologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Muchao Wu
- Department of EndocrinologySun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Chen P, Wang YY, Chen C, Guan J, Zhu HH, Chen Z. The immunological roles in acute-on-chronic liver failure: An update. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2019; 18:403-411. [PMID: 31303562 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) refers to the acute deterioration of liver function that occurs in patients with chronic liver disease. ACLF is characterized by acute decompensation, organ failure and high short-term mortality. Numerous studies have been conducted and remarkable progress has been made regarding the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of this disease in the last decade. The present review was to summarize the advances in this field. DATA SOURCES A comprehensive search in PubMed and EMBASE was conducted using the medical subject words "acute-on-chronic liver failure", "ACLF", "pathogenesis", "predictors", and "immunotherapy" combined with free text terms such as "systemic inflammation" and "immune paralysis". Relevant papers published before October 31, 2018, were included. RESULTS ACLF has two marked pathophysiological features, namely, excessive systemic inflammation and susceptibility to infection. The systemic inflammation is mainly manifested by a significant increase in the levels of plasma pro-inflammatory factors, leukocyte count and C-reactive protein. The underlying mechanisms are unclear and may be associated with decreased immune inhibitory cells, abnormal expression of cell surface molecules and intracellular regulatory pathways in immune cells and increased damage-associated molecular patterns in circulation. However, the main cause of susceptibility to infection is immune paralysis. Immunological paralysis is characterized by an attenuated activity of immune cells. The mechanisms are related to elevations of immune inhibitory cells and the concentration of plasma anti-inflammatory molecules. Some immune biological indicators, such as soluble CD163, are used to explore the pathogenesis and prognosis of the disease, and some immunotherapies, such as glucocorticoids and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, are effective on ACLF. CONCLUSIONS Overwhelming systemic inflammation and susceptibility to infection are two key features of ACLF. A better understanding of the state of a patient's immune system will help to guide immunotherapy for ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yun-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jun Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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Sindhu S, Kochumon S, Shenouda S, Wilson A, Al-Mulla F, Ahmad R. The Cooperative Induction of CCL4 in Human Monocytic Cells by TNF-α and Palmitate Requires MyD88 and Involves MAPK/NF-κB Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184658. [PMID: 31546972 PMCID: PMC6770648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation, also known as metabolic inflammation, is a hallmark of obesity and parallels with the presence of elevated circulatory levels of free fatty acids and inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. CCL4/MIP-1β chemokine plays a key role in the adipose tissue monocyte recruitment. Increased circulatory levels of TNF-α, palmitate and CCL4 are co-expressed in obesity. We asked if the TNF-α/palmitate could interact cooperatively to augment the CCL4 production in human monocytic cells and macrophages. THP-1 cells/primary macrophages were co-treated with TNF-α/palmitate and CCL4 mRNA/protein expression was assessed using qRT-PCR/ELISA. TLR4 siRNA, a TLR4 receptor-blocking antibody, XBlue™-defMyD cells and pathway inhibitors were used to decipher the signaling mechanisms. We found that TNF-α/palmitate co-stimulation augmented the CCL4 expression in monocytic cells and macrophages compared to controls (p < 0.05). TLR4 suppression or neutralization abrogated the CCL4 expression in monocytic cells. Notably, CCL4 cooperative induction in monocytic cells was: (1) Markedly less in MyD88-deficient cells, (2) IRF3 independent, (3) clathrin dependent and (4) associated with the signaling mechanism involving ERK1/2, c-Jun, JNK and NF-κB. In conclusion, TNF-α/palmitate co-stimulation promotes the CCL4 expression in human monocytic cells through the mechanism involving a TLR4-MyD88 axis and MAPK/NF-κB pathways. These findings unravel a novel mechanism of the cooperative induction of CCL4 by TNF-α and palmitate which could be relevant to metabolic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sardar Sindhu
- Animal and Imaging Core Facility, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait,
| | - Shihab Kochumon
- Microbiolgy and Immunology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait,
| | - Steve Shenouda
- Microbiolgy and Immunology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait,
| | - Ajit Wilson
- Microbiolgy and Immunology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait,
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Genetics & Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait,
| | - Rasheed Ahmad
- Microbiolgy and Immunology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15462, Kuwait,
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Changes in Plasma Free Fatty Acids Associated with Type-2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092022. [PMID: 31466350 PMCID: PMC6770316 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with increased total plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations and an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. The exact mechanisms by which the plasma FFA profile of subjects with T2DM changes is unclear, but it is thought that dietary fats and changes to lipid metabolism are likely to contribute. Therefore, establishing the changes in concentrations of specific FFAs in an individual’s plasma is important. Each type of FFA has different effects on physiological processes, including the regulation of lipolysis and lipogenesis in adipose tissue, inflammation, endocrine signalling and the composition and properties of cellular membranes. Alterations in such processes due to altered plasma FFA concentrations/profiles can potentially result in the development of insulin resistance and coagulatory defects. Finally, fibrates and statins, lipid-regulating drugs prescribed to subjects with T2DM, are also thought to exert part of their beneficial effects by impacting on plasma FFA concentrations. Thus, it is also interesting to consider their effects on the concentration of FFAs in plasma. Collectively, we review how FFAs are altered in T2DM and explore the likely downstream physiological and pathological implications of such changes.
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Korbecki J, Bajdak-Rusinek K. The effect of palmitic acid on inflammatory response in macrophages: an overview of molecular mechanisms. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:915-932. [PMID: 31363792 PMCID: PMC6813288 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid whose blood concentration is elevated in obese patients. This causes inflammatory responses, where toll-like receptors (TLR), TLR2 and TLR4, play an important role. Nevertheless, palmitic acid is not only a TLR agonist. In the cell, this fatty acid is converted into phospholipids, diacylglycerol and ceramides. They trigger the activation of various signaling pathways that are common for LPS-mediated TLR4 activation. In particular, metabolic products of palmitic acid affect the activation of various PKCs, ER stress and cause an increase in ROS generation. Thanks to this, palmitic acid also strengthens the TLR4-induced signaling. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of inflammatory response induced by palmitic acid. In particular, we focus on describing its effect on ER stress and IRE1α, and the mechanisms of NF-κB activation. We also present the mechanisms of inflammasome NLRP3 activation and the effect of palmitic acid on enhanced inflammatory response by increasing the expression of FABP4/aP2. Finally, we focus on the consequences of inflammatory responses, in particular, the effect of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 on insulin resistance. Due to the high importance of macrophages and the production of proinflammatory cytokines by them, this work mainly focuses on these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 St., 40-752, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Karolina Bajdak-Rusinek
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 St., 40-752, Katowice, Poland
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Zhang J, Diao B, Lin X, Xu J, Tang F. TLR2 and TLR4 mediate an activation of adipose tissue renin-angiotensin system induced by uric acid. Biochimie 2019; 162:125-133. [PMID: 31002842 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Both hyperuricemia and adipose tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are closely associated with multiple metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. We previously reported that uric acid could upregulate tissue RAS in adipocytes. In the present study, we aimed to reveal the involvement of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in uric acid-induced RAS activation in adipose tissue. A hyperuricemia rat model fed with a high-fructose diet and rat primary adipocytes were used in this study. Here, we inhibited TLR2 and TLR4 expression in adipose tissue and cultured adipocytes using small interfering RNA (siRNA). We found that high fructose-fed rats had hyperuricemia, higher body weight and greater adipose tissue content. We also found that hyperuricemia rats had raising blood pressure, higher expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and RAS components in adipose tissue, which could be prevented by TLR2/4-siRNA infection. In vitro study, uric acid caused a dose- and time-dependent increase in the mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in rat adipocytes. Uric acid could increase inflammatory cytokines and upregulate tissue RAS in rat adipocytes, which were both blocked with TLR2/4-siRNA infection. TNF-α and IL-6 could also result in an activation of tissue RAS expression in adipocytes. In conclusion, TLR2/4 mediated adipose inflammation plays a key role in RAS activation induced by uric acid in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Central War Zone General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China.
| | - Bo Diao
- Department of Clinical Experiment, Central War Zone General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Central War Zone General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinxiu Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Central War Zone General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Central War Zone General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
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Role of Dietary Lipids in Modulating Inflammation through the Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010117. [PMID: 30626117 PMCID: PMC6357048 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and its resolution is a tenuous balance that is under constant contest. Though several regulatory mechanisms are employed to maintain homeostasis, disruptions in the regulation of inflammation can lead to detrimental effects for the host. Of note, the gut and microbial dysbiosis are implicated in the pathology of systemic chronic low-grade inflammation which has been linked to several metabolic diseases. What remains to be described is the extent to which dietary fat and concomitant changes in the gut microbiota contribute to, or arise from, the onset of metabolic disorders. The present review will highlight the role of microorganisms in host energy regulation and several mechanisms that contribute to inflammatory pathways. This review will also discuss the immunomodulatory effects of the endocannabinoid system and its link with the gut microbiota. Finally, a brief discussion arguing for improved taxonomic resolution (at the species and strain level) is needed to deepen our current knowledge of the microbiota and host inflammatory state.
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The Effect and Mechanism of KLF7 in the TLR4/NF- κB/IL-6 Inflammatory Signal Pathway of Adipocytes. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:1756494. [PMID: 30598636 PMCID: PMC6287150 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1756494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the role and possible molecular mechanism of Krüppel-like factor 7 (KLF7) in the TLR4/NF-κB/IL-6 inflammatory signaling pathway activated by free fatty acids (FFA). Methods The mRNA and protein expression levels of KLF7 and the factors of TLR4/NF-κB/IL-6 inflammatory signal pathways were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blotting after cell culture with different concentrations of palmitic acid (PA). The expression of KLF7 or TLR4 in adipocytes was upregulated or downregulated; after that, the mRNA and protein expression levels of these key factors were detected. KLF7 expression was downregulated while PA stimulated adipocytes, and then the mRNA and protein expressions of KLF7/p65 and downstream inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were detected. The luciferase reporter assay was used to determine whether KLF7 had a transcriptional activation effect on IL-6. Results (1) High concentration of PA can promote the expression of TLR4, KLF7, and IL-6 in adipocytes. (2) TLR4 positively regulates KLF7 expression in adipocytes. (3) KLF7 positively regulates IL-6 expression in adipocytes. (4) PA promotes IL-6 expression via KLF7 in adipocytes. (5) KLF7 has a transcriptional activation on IL-6. Conclusion PA promotes the expression of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 by activating the TLR4/KLF7/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway. In addition, KLF7 may directly bind to the IL-6 promoter region and thus activate IL-6.
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Li T, Gao D, Du M, Cheng X, Mao X. Casein glycomacropeptide hydrolysates inhibit PGE2 production and COX2 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells via Akt mediated NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Food Funct 2018; 9:2524-2532. [PMID: 29666854 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01989k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A casein glycomacropeptide hydrolysate (GMPH) was found to possess inhibitory activity against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in our previous study. In the current study, the inhibitory effect and the underlying molecular mechanism of GMPH on inflammatory response in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages were further investigated. Results showed that GMPH significantly suppressed LPS-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) production. GMPH reduced the production of prostaglandin E2 (PEG2) and the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) in LPS-stimulated macrophages. GMPH also attenuated LPS-induced phosphorylation of MAPK (c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38) and protein kinase B (Akt). Furthermore, GMPH inhibited nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-κB) activation by suppressing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, which was markedly reversed by LY294002, an Akt inhibitor. These results demonstrated that GMPH exerts anti-inflammatory functions through the inactivation of MAPK and Akt in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, therefore may hold potential to ameliorate inflammation-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiange Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China.
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Appari M, Channon KM, McNeill E. Metabolic Regulation of Adipose Tissue Macrophage Function in Obesity and Diabetes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:297-312. [PMID: 28661198 PMCID: PMC6012981 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Obesity and diabetes are associated with chronic activation of inflammatory pathways that are important mechanistic links between insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and cardiovascular disease pathogenesis. The development of these metabolic diseases is associated with changes in both the number and phenotype of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs). Emerging lines of evidence have shown that ATMs release proinflammatory cytokines similar to classically activated M1 macrophages, which directly contribute to IR or T2D. In contrast, adipose tissue (AT) from lean healthy individuals contains macrophages with a less inflammatory M2 phenotype. Recent Advances: Recent research has shown that macrophage phenotype is linked to profound changes in macrophage cellular metabolism. CRITICAL ISSUES This review focuses on the role of macrophages in AT inflammation and obesity, and the metabolic changes in macrophage function that occur with activation that underpin their role in the pathogenesis of IR and T2D. We highlight current targets for altering macrophage metabolism from both within the field of metabolic disease and AT biology and more widely within inflammatory biology. FUTURE DIRECTIONS As our knowledge of macrophage metabolic programming in AT builds, there will be increasing scope for targeting this aspect of macrophage biology as a therapeutic strategy in metabolic diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 297-312.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Appari
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom .,2 Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Keith M Channon
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom .,2 Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen McNeill
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom .,2 Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
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Jiang WW, Gao LL, Wu M, Zhao T, Shen DL. [Effect of lipoxin A4 on the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 and TNF receptor-associated factor 6 in the liver of obese rats with sepsis]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2018; 20:578-584. [PMID: 30022762 PMCID: PMC7389195 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the protective effect of lipoxin A4 (LXA4) against sepsis induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats with obesity and its effect on the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) in the liver. METHODS A total of 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats aged three weeks were randomly divided into a normal group and an obesity group, with 30 rats in each group. A rat model of obesity was established by high-fat diet. Each of the two groups was further randomly divided into control group, sepsis group, and LXA4 group, and 8 rats were selected from each group. The rats in the control, sepsis, and LXA4 groups were treated with intraperitoneal injection of normal saline, LPS, and LXA4+LPS respectively. Twelve hours later, blood samples were collected from the heart and liver tissue samples were also collected. ELISA was used to measure the serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Western blot was used to measure the protein expression of TLR4 and TRAF6 in liver tissue. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of TLR4 and TRAF6. RESULTS After being fed with high-fat diet for 6 weeks, the obesity group had significantly higher average weight and Lee's index than the normal group (P<0.05). Compared with the normal group, the obesity group had significant increases in the serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α (P<0.05). In the normal group or the obesity group, the sepsis subgroup had significant increases in the serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α compared with the control subgroup (P<0.05), while the LXA4 subgroup had significant reductions in the two indices compared with the sepsis subgroup (P<0.05). Compared with the normal group, the obesity group had significant increases in the protein and mRNA expression of TLR4 and TRAF6 (P<0.05). In the normal group or the obesity group, the sepsis subgroup had significant increases in the protein and mRNA expression of TLR4 and TRAF6 compared with the control subgroup (P<0.05). Compared with the sepsis subgroup, the LXA4 subgroup had significant reductions in the protein and mRNA expression of TLR4 and TRAF6 (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS LXA4 can reduce the serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α and alleviate inflammatory response. LXA4 can inhibit the expression of TLR4 and TRAF6 in the liver of septic rats, possibly by inhibiting the TLR4 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Jiang
- Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China.
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Liu G, Li M, Saeed M, Xu Y, Ren Q, Sun C. αMSH inhibits adipose inflammation via reducing FoxOs transcription and blocking Akt/JNK pathway in mice. Oncotarget 2018; 8:47642-47654. [PMID: 28514752 PMCID: PMC5564594 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone (αMSH) abates inflammation in multiple tissues, while Forkhead box proteins O (FoxOs) stimulate inflammatory cascade. However, the relationship between αMSH and FoxOs in adipose inflammation remains unclear. In this study, we used LPS-induced inflammation model, attempted to interpret the function of αMSH in inflammation and the interactions with FoxOs. Results indicated that upon inflammatory situation, the secretion of αMSH and the expression of its receptor MC5R were greatly decreased, but FoxOs expressions were elevated. After the treatment with αMSH, LPS-induced adipose inflammation together with FoxOs expressions was significantly reduced. Conversely, when Foxo1, Foxo3a or Foxo4 overexpressed in αMSH treated inflammatory mouse model, all the anti-inflammatory impacts of αMSH were found disappeared. We further studied the mechanisms by which αMSH exerts its anti-inflammatory impacts and how FoxOs reverse αMSH's function. Foxo4 was found as a negative regulator for MC5R transcription in αMSH inhibited inflammation. Moreover, a negative role was found of αMSH in regulating both Akt and JNK signal pathways by observing the enhanced the anti-inflammatory impacts of pathway-specific inhibitors with αMSH treatment. Our findings demonstrate αMSH plays a key role in the prevention of adipose inflammation and inflammatory diseases by down-regulating Akt/JNK signal pathway and negatively interacting with FoxOs, which brings up αMSH as a novel candidate factor in the adipose anti-inflammation process in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guannv Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Meihang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yatao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qian Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Ahmad R, Al-Roub A, Kochumon S, Akther N, Thomas R, Kumari M, Koshy MS, Tiss A, Hannun YA, Tuomilehto J, Sindhu S, Rosen ED. The Synergy between Palmitate and TNF-α for CCL2 Production Is Dependent on the TRIF/IRF3 Pathway: Implications for Metabolic Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3599-3611. [PMID: 29632147 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine CCL2 (also known as MCP-1) is a key regulator of monocyte infiltration into adipose tissue, which plays a central role in the pathophysiology of obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance. It remains unclear how CCL2 production is upregulated in obese humans and rodents. Because elevated levels of the free fatty acid (FFA) palmitate and TNF-α have been reported in obesity, we studied whether these agents interact to trigger CCL2 production. Our data show that treatment of THP-1 and primary human monocytic cells with palmitate and TNF-α led to a marked increase in CCL2 production compared with either treatment alone. Mechanistically, we found that cooperative production of CCL2 by palmitate and TNF-α did not require MyD88, but it was attenuated by blocking TLR4 or TRIF. IRF3-deficient cells did not show synergistic CCL2 production in response to palmitate/TNF-α. Moreover, IRF3 activation by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid augmented TNF-α-induced CCL2 secretion. Interestingly, elevated NF-κB/AP-1 activity resulting from palmitate/TNF-α costimulation was attenuated by TRIF/IRF3 inhibition. Diet-induced C57BL/6 obese mice with high FFAs levels showed a strong correlation between TNF-α and CCL2 in plasma and adipose tissue and, as expected, also showed increased adipose tissue macrophage accumulation compared with lean mice. Similar results were observed in the adipose tissue samples from obese humans. Overall, our findings support a model in which elevated FFAs in obesity create a milieu for TNF-α to trigger CCL2 production via the TLR4/TRIF/IRF3 signaling cascade, representing a potential contribution of FFAs to metabolic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasheed Ahmad
- Immunology Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait;
| | - Areej Al-Roub
- Immunology Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait
| | - Shihab Kochumon
- Immunology Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait
| | - Nadeem Akther
- Immunology Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait
| | - Reeby Thomas
- Immunology Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait
| | - Manju Kumari
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Merin S Koshy
- Immunology Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait
| | - Ali Tiss
- Proteomics Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait; and
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Immunology Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait
| | - Sardar Sindhu
- Immunology Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City 15462, Kuwait
| | - Evan D Rosen
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215
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Hall CJ, Sanderson LE, Lawrence LM, Pool B, van der Kroef M, Ashimbayeva E, Britto D, Harper JL, Lieschke GJ, Astin JW, Crosier KE, Dalbeth N, Crosier PS. Blocking fatty acid-fueled mROS production within macrophages alleviates acute gouty inflammation. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1752-1771. [PMID: 29584621 DOI: 10.1172/jci94584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gout is the most common inflammatory arthritis affecting men. Acute gouty inflammation is triggered by monosodium urate (MSU) crystal deposition in and around joints that activates macrophages into a proinflammatory state, resulting in neutrophil recruitment. A complete understanding of how MSU crystals activate macrophages in vivo has been difficult because of limitations of live imaging this process in traditional animal models. By live imaging the macrophage and neutrophil response to MSU crystals within an intact host (larval zebrafish), we reveal that macrophage activation requires mitochondrial ROS (mROS) generated through fatty acid oxidation. This mitochondrial source of ROS contributes to NF-κB-driven production of IL-1β and TNF-α, which promote neutrophil recruitment. We demonstrate the therapeutic utility of this discovery by showing that this mechanism is conserved in human macrophages and, via pharmacologic blockade, that it contributes to neutrophil recruitment in a mouse model of acute gouty inflammation. To our knowledge, this study is the first to uncover an immunometabolic mechanism of macrophage activation that operates during acute gouty inflammation. Targeting this pathway holds promise in the management of gout and, potentially, other macrophage-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bregina Pool
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Jacquie L Harper
- Malaghan Institute for Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Graham J Lieschke
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Nicola Dalbeth
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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